Nov 29, 2012 - with Biomass Fuels production. Willow being ... land for biomass production .... Willow trees from heavy
Trees in Phytoremediation
Grete Gansauer BZ 572 November 29, 2012
Outline Why trees make good phytoremediators Species currently used in phytoremediation Pollutant clean up and methods
Organic Remediation Inorganic Remediation Some Case Studies
Capturing Economic Value from projects
Why trees are awesome They *can* grow fast And use a lot of water (high transpiration
rates) They are large
Their root systems are also large and deep Large, microbially diverse rhizosphere Potential for ecological restoration
They are woody They grow in bad places They are perennials Their products have economic value
Tree species used for remediation Riparian tree species are
Poplar
common
Willow
Genipa americana Mulberry Legumes
Eucalyptus Evergreens?
High transpiration and
water uptake rates Fastest growers Clean up pollution in water Not used for merchantable timber
Species of Acacia accumulate Cadmium Ornamental Mulberry
Methods of Tree-remediation Stabilization Rhizofiltration* Riparian Buffer Strips
Extraction* Volatilization* Stimulation
Degradation Detoxification
Riparian Buffer Strip in Wisconsin
Historical and Current Uses of Trees in Phytoremdiation Use of trees in Phytoremediation since the early 1990’s Organic pollutant clean up: TCE, TNT, PAH, MTBE
Inorganic pollutant clean up: Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn
Phytoremediation in conjunction
with Biomass Fuels production
Willow being grown on contaminated land for biomass production
Trees and Organic Remediation TCE Poplar volatilization, stabilization, stimulation
Naphthalene Eucalyptus rhizodegradation
MTBE Poplar hybrids
Pines
PAH Mulberry
Using Eucalyptus to remediate Naphthalene
Trees and Metal Remediation Potential for accumulation & phytoextraction Cadmium Willow Legumes (Acacia, Mimosa, Anadenantera) Genipa americana
Lead Eucalyptus Legumes Mangrove
Chromium Genipa americana
Genipa americana and Cr South American Rainforest Species Phytostabilization and Rhizofiltration of two
harmful Cr ions
Chromium in action
Rhizofiltration of Cr3+ on roots Phytostabilization of Cr6+ Cr6+ converted to Cr3+ in plant
Adsorbed Cr on roots, but did
not translocate Cr to the shoot Cr lowered PS rate Lower K concentration in leaves w/ Cr
Riparian Buffer potential? Rhizofiltration of Zn and Cd as well Genipa americana
Meanwhile, in Europe… Phytoextraction and Biomass Fuels
Production Short-Rotation Coppice Willow plantations Biomass plantations on former agricultural land (contaminated?) Irrigated with waste water
Trees are harvested every 3-5 years
Willows being irrigated with industrial wastewater Willow coppice regeneration.
Phytoextraction with Salix viminalis Concentration of Cd in willow-planted
soil was 12% lower than control soil (field study) Willow-planted soils had “significantly higher Carbon” Microbial stimulation potential?
Negligible difference in soil pH Willows in alkaline soils accumulated the
most Cd
Willows planted on former agricultural land near a wastewater treatment plant.
High irrigation rates…even with waste
water! High accumulation of Zn and Cd in willow leaves
Removed 5% Zn and 20% Cd from the
soil (greenhouse study)
Biomass Biproducts Metals accumulated in
shoot, shoot harvested for fuel Burned in a Fluidized Bed Reactor Metals not combusted, still found in ash Don’t re-scatter
contaminated ashes onsite for fertilizer!
Questions! What are two reasons that trees good candidates for
phytoremediation? Name one Tree species I mentioned and how it can be used for phytoremediation.
References 1.
Arnold, C.W. 2007. Phytovolatilization of oxygenatied compounds from gasoline-impacted groundwater at an underground storage tank site via conifers. International Journal of Phytoremediation. Vol. 9, iss. 1. pp. 53-69.
2.
Aronsson, P. & Perttu, K. 2001. Willow vegetation filters for wastewater treatment and soil remediation combined with biomass production. Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 77 iss. 2. pp 293–299
3.
Barbosa, Rena Mirian T. et al. 2007. A physiological analysis of Genipa americana: a potenital phytoremediator tree for chromium-polluted watersheds. Environmental and Experimental Botany. Vol. 61, iss. 3. pp. 264-271.
4.
Burken, J.G. 1996. Hybrid poplar tree phytoremediation of volatile organic compounds. Americal Chemical Society. Vol. 212. pp. 106-110.
5.
Dimitriou and Ioannis et al. 2012. Changes in organic carbon and trace elements in the soil of willow short-rotation coppice plantations. Bioenergy Res. Vol. 5. pp 563-572.
6.
Hong, M.S. 2001. Phytoremediation of MTBE from a groundwater plume. Environmental Science. Vol. 35 iss. 6. pp. 1231-1239.
7.
Klang-Westin, E. & Eriksson, J. 2003. Potential of Salix as phytoextractor for Cd on moderately contaminated soils. Plant and Soil, Vol. 249, iss. 1. pp 127– 137.
8.
Ma, X.X. 2004. Phytoremediation of MTBE with hybrid poplar trees. International Journal of Phytoremediation Vol 6., iss. 2. pp 157-167.
9.
Peng, X.C. 2012. Lead tolerance and accumulation in three cultivars of Eucalyptus urophyllaXEgrandis: implication for phytoremediation” Environmental Earth Studies. Vol. 67, iss. 5. pp. 1515-1520.
10.
Pereira, A.C.C. 2012. Heavy metals concentration in tree species used for revegetation of contaminated area”. Revista 43, iss. 4. pp. 641-647.
11.
Santana, Kaline B. et al. 2012. Physiological analyses of Genipa americana reveals a tree with ability as phytostabilizer and rhizofilter of chromium ions for phytoremediation of polluted watersheds. Environmental and Experimental Botany. Vol. 80. pp 35-42.
12.
Souza, V.L. et. al. 2010. Morphophysiological responses and programmed cell death induced by cadmium in Genipa americana (Rubiaceae). Biometals. Vol. 24. pp: 59-71
13.
Stomp, A.M. et al. 1993. Genetic improvement of tree species for remediation of hazardous wastes. Tissue Culture Association, In Vitro Cell Division of Biology. Vol. 29. pp 227-232.
14.
Syc, Michael et al. 2012. Willow trees from heavy metals phytoextraction as energy crops. Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic Journal of Biomass and Bioenergy. Vol. 37. pp 106-113.
15.
Xingmao, M. et al. 2004. Phytoremediation of MTBE with hybrid poplar trees. International Journal of Phytoremediation. Vol. 6, iss. 2. pp 157-167
Ciencia Agronomica. Vol.
