Arabic Verb Inflectional Morphology1. Arabic verbs inflect for the following grammatical categories: .1 Subject agreement in person 1)st2 ,nd, and 3rd,( number (singular اï»ï»£Ùï»Ø±Ùد, dual اï»ï»£Ùïºï»§Ùﯽ, and plural اï»ïºÙﻣï»), and gender (masculine اï»ï»£Ùذï®ï± ر and feminine اï»ï»£ÙØ¤ï»§ï± Ø«), .2 Tense/aspect (perfect اï»ï»£ïºïº¿ï»² vs. imperfect اï»ï»£ïº¿ïºØ±Ø¹), .3 Mood ...
Arabic Verb Inflectional Morphology1 Arabic verbs inflect for the following grammatical categories: 1. Subject agreement in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular ُفرد َ الم, dual المُث ّنى, and plural )الجمع, and gender (masculine ر المُذ َّك and feminine )المُؤ َّنث, َ 2. Tense/aspect (perfect الماضي vs. imperfect )المضارع, 3. Mood (indicative المرفوع, subjunctive المنصوب, and the jussive )المجزوم, and 4. Voice (active ال َمعلوم vs. passive )ال َمجھول. We discuss the morphology and uses of each in turn.
Tense/aspect morphology Verb morphology in the perfect الماضي
The perfect is mainly used in past tense contexts.
The perfect is also used in what is called hypothetical past, as in conditional clauses introduced by لو/إذا (= ‘if’).
.ﻟو ﻛﻧت ﻣﻠﻳوﻧﻳ اًر ﻻﺷﺗرﻳت طﺎﺋرة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
.إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺟو ﻣﺷﻣﺳﺎً ﻏداً ﺳﺄذﻫب إﻟﻰ ﺑﻳرﻟﻧﺟﺗون
1
This handout is based on Chapters 21, 34, and 35, of Karin Ryding’s A Reference Grammar for Modern Standard Arabic, which is on reserve at the Davis Library.
1
Middlebury College
Arabic Linguistics
Spring 2012
Verb morphology in the imperfect المضارع
The imperfect is used with habitual events and actions in‐progress. .ﻫم ﻳﻠﻌﺑون ﻛرة اﻟﻘدم اﻵن
Expressing the future المستقبل in MSA The future is expressed via the prefix سـ or the morpheme وف َ َ س before the imperfect form of َ the verb. .ﺳﺄﻋود إﻟﻰ ﻏرﻓﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد اﻟﺻف
.ﺳوف ﻧﺳﺎﻓر إﻟﻰ وﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻳوﻳورك ﻓﻲ ﻋطﻠﺔ اﻟرﺑﻳﻊ
2
Middlebury College
Arabic Linguistics
Spring 2012
Mood morphology Verb morphology in the indicative mood المضارع المرفوع
The indicative mood is the default form of the verb in Arabic. If no subjunctive or jussive particle occurs before the verb, the verb will appear in the indicative form. .أذﻫب إﻟﻰ ﺻف اﻟﻌرﺑﻳﺔ ﻛﻝ ﺻﺑﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻣﻧﺔ ُ ﺗﻔﺗﺢ اﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ؟ ُ ﻫﻝ ﺗﻌرﻓﻳن ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﺎﻋﺔ
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Spring 2012
Middlebury College
Arabic Linguistics
المضارع المنصوبVerb morphology in the subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the event, and is marked by
Verb morphology in the jussive mood المضارع المجزوم
The jussive mood is typically marked by the negative particle لَم and the conditional particle ْإن. .ﻳذﻫب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺻف أﻣس ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣرﻳض ﻟم ْ .ﺗﻧﺟﺢ ﺗذاﻛر إن ْ ْ
The verb also appears in the jussive in the imperative. The imperative in MSA is identical to the imperfect verb form minus the prefix ta‐. !ذاﻛروا
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