1119 (2005); see also Maureen Carroll, Aggregation for Me, but ...... 170 See Carroll, supra note 6, at 2033; see, e.g., Davis, 874 F. Supp. ..... Shelby County, ...
ARTICLES MULTIPLE CHANCELLORS: REFORMING THE NATIONAL INJUNCTION Samuel L. Bray
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 418 I.
THE ORIGINS OF THE NATIONAL INJUNCTION .......................................................... 424 A. The Absence of the National Injunction from Traditional Equity ............................. 425 B. The Changing Scope of Injunctions Against Federal Defendants .............................. 428
1. No National Injunctions (to the 1960 s) .................................................................. 428 2. The Emergence of National Injunctions (from the 1960 s) .................................... 437 II.
WHY DID THE NATIONAL INJUNCTION EMERGE? .................................................... 445 A. The Structural Precondition: Multiple Chancellors ..................................................... 446 B. Two Ideological Shifts ...................................................................................................... 448 C. Other Changes?.................................................................................................................. 452
III. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE NATIONAL INJUNCTION .......................................... 457 A. The Incentive to Forum Shop ......................................................................................... 457 B. The Effect on Judicial Decisionmaking ......................................................................... 461 C. The Risk of Conflicting Injunctions ............................................................................... 462 D. The Doctrinal Inconsistencies ......................................................................................... 464 IV. THE FAILURE OF EXISTING LIMITS ............................................................................... 465 V.
WHERE SHOULD WE GO FROM HERE? ......................................................................... 469 A. Injunctions Should Be Plaintiff Protective................................................................... 469 B. Objections .......................................................................................................................... 473
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Differential Treatment ................................................................................................. 473 Regulatory Disruption ................................................................................................. 476 Regulatory Entrenchment ........................................................................................... 476 Plaintiff Detection ....................................................................................................... 478 A Standard, Not a Rule .............................................................................................. 479
MULTIPLE CHANCELLORS: REFORMING THE NATIONAL INJUNCTION Samuel L. Bray In several recent high-profile cases, federal district judges have issued injunctions that apply across the nation, controlling the defendants’ behavior with respect to nonparties. This Article analyzes the scope of injunctions to restrain the enforcement of a federal statute, regulation, or order. This analysis shows the consequences of the national injunction: more forum shopping, worse judicial decisionmaking, a risk of conflicting injunctions, and tension with other doctrines and practices of the federal courts. This Article shows that the national injunction is a recent development in the history of equity. There was a structural shift at the Fou
Jan 25, 2008 - GAME THEORY AND THE LAW (Harvard Univ. Press 1994); ..... another way in instrumental reason or in a progressive or evolutionary reading.
This Article examines a recent and dramatic transformation in the relationship between the President (and his staff) and the administrative state. Professor Kagan.
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of a particular trial, but also to the use of such tools in the de- sign of the trial system as a ... subject is the use of mathematics as a tool for decisionmaking rather than simply as a ...... complicates the optimization process. The trial decisi
dictive analytics now threaten to tip the scales entirely, placing privacy ...... social control and produces the arrogant breed who are our masters. Control is short-.
