BLAKE'S WORD BANK Upper Primary Peter ... - Blake Education [PDF]

978 1 86509 773 2

Upper Primary

© Peter Clutterbuck and Blake Education 2000 Reprinted 2007 Blake’s Word Bank: Upper ISBN-13: 978 1 86509 773 2 ISBN-10: 1 86509 773 X

Blake Education Locked Bag 2022 Glebe NSW 2037 www.blake.com.au Publisher: Sharon Dalgleish Editors: Diana Grivas and Tricia Dearborn Designed and illustrated by Jobi Murphy Printed by Bekaam Printers

Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 19, 157 Liverpool Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 E-mail: [email protected] Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above.

Contents—An Overview Detailed List of Contents How to Use Blake’s Word Bank

4 8

Part One—Sounds

12 13 15 24 37 45 62 67

Part Two—Spelling

72 73 77 78 79 82 88 89 91 93 94

45 Sounds of the English Language Vowel Sounds Vowel Digraphs Consonant Digraphs Consonant Blends Other Consonant Sounds Some Other Important Sounds The 200 Most Used Words Homophones Compound Words Silent Letters Words with Double Consonants Contractions Plurals Spelling Rules Frequently Misspelt Words Graded Word Lists

Part Three—Grammar

100 101 110 111 112 118 122 123

Part Four—Vocabulary

124 125 127 128 132 136 137 138 138 139 140 141

Nouns Pronouns Prepositions Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions

Synonyms Antonyms Prefixes Suffixes Homographs Anagrams Onomatopoeia Palindromes Portmanteau Words Phobias Eponyms

Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary

3

Detailed List of Contents Contents—An Overview How to Use Blake’s Word Bank The Symbols Used in This Book Uses of the Word Bank Some Fun Activities using Word Bank Lists

4

3 8 8 8 9

Part One—Sounds

12

45 Sounds of the English Language

13

Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = short /a/ sound ‘a’ = long /a/ sound ‘a’ = /ar/ sound ‘a’ = short /o/ sound ‘e’ = short /e/ sound ‘e’ = long /e/ sound ‘i’ = short /i/ sound ‘i’ = long /i/ sound ‘o’ = short /o/ sound ‘o’ = long /o/ sound ‘o’ = short /u/ sound ‘u’ = short /u/ sound ‘u’ = long /u/ sound ‘u’ = short /oo/ sound

15 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 21 22 23 23

Vowel Digraphs ‘ai’ = long /a/ sound ‘ay’ = long /a/ sound ‘ar ‘= /ar/ sound ‘au’ = /or/ sound ‘au’ = short /o/ sound ‘aw’ = /or/ sound ‘ea’ = long /e/ sound ‘ea’ = long /a/ sound ‘ea’ = short /e/ sound ‘ee’ = long /e/ sound ‘ei’ = long /e/ sound ‘ei’ = long /a/ sound ‘ey’ = long /e/ sound ‘ey’ = long /a/ sound ‘er’ = /er/ sound ‘ew’ = long /oo/ sound ‘ew’ = long /u/ sound ‘ie’ = long /e/ sound ‘ie’ = long /i/ sound

24 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31


‘ir’ = /er/ sound ‘oa’ = long /o/ sound ‘oi’ = /oi/ sound ‘oy’ = /oi/ sound ‘oo’ = long /oo/ sound ‘oo’ = short /oo/ sound ‘or’ = /or/ sound ‘ow’ = /ow/ sound ‘ow’ = long /o/ sound ‘ou’ = /ow/ sound ‘ou’ = long /oo/ sound ‘ou’ = short /u/ sound ‘ur’ = /er/ sound

31 32 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound ‘ch’ = /k/ sound ‘ch’ = /sh/ sound ‘ph’ = /f/ sound ‘qu’ = /qu/ sound ‘qu’ = /k/ sound ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound ‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound ‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound ‘wh’ = /w/ sound ‘wh’ = /h/ sound

37 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41

Consonant Digraphs—Final and Medial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound ‘ch’ = /k/ sound ‘ck’ = /k/ sound ‘gh’ = /f/ sound silent /gh/ ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound ‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound ‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound

42 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44

Consonant Blends—Initial /bl/ blend /br/ blend /cl/ blend /cr/ blend /dr/ blend /fl/ blend /fr/ blend /gl/ blend /gr/ blend /pl/ blend /pr/ blend ‘sc’ = /sk/ blend /scr/ blend /sk/ blend /sl/ blend /sm/ blend /sn/ blend /sp/ blend

45 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary

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/spl/ blend /spr/ blend /st/ blend /str/ blend /sw/ blend /tr/ blend /tw/ blend

54 54 55 55 56 56 56

Consonant Blends—Final and Medial /ct/ blend /ft/ blend /lt/ blend /mp/ blend /nd/ blend /nt/ blend /pt/ blend /sk/ blend /st/ blend

57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61

Other Consonant Sounds—Initial ‘sch’ = /sk/ blend ‘sch’ = /sh/ sound ‘shr’ ‘squ’

62 62 62 62 62

Other Consonant Sounds—Final and Medial ‘dge’ ‘ght’ = /t/ sound ‘nce’ ‘nch’ /ng/ sound ‘nge’ /nk/ sound ‘tch’ = /ch/ sound

63 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66

Some Other Important Sounds ‘c’ = /s/ sound (soft c) ‘c’ = /k/ sound (hard c) ‘g’ = /j/ sound (soft g) ‘g’ = /g/ sound (hard g) ‘y’ = long /e/ sound ‘y’ = long /i/ sound ‘ci’ = /sh/ sound ‘ce’ = /sh/ sound ‘si’ = /sh/ sound ‘ti’ = /sh/ sound ‘si’ = /zh/ sound

67 67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 70 71 71

Part Two—Spelling

The 200 Most Used Words The first 100 most used words The next 100 most used words Homophones Compound Words Silent Letters b, c, g, h, k, l, n, p, s, t, w 6


72 73 73 73 77 78 79

Words with Double Consonants bb, cc, dd, ff, gg, kk, ll, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt, zz Contractions Plurals Spelling Rules Frequently Misspelt Words Graded Word lists Grade Five Grade Six

Part Three—Grammar

Nouns Common Nouns Common nouns—animals Proper Nouns Countries Cities Languages Celebrations Terms of Address Abstract Nouns Collective Nouns Collective nouns—groups of animals Pronouns Common Pronouns Possessive pronouns Prepositions Verbs Regular verbs Irregular verbs Action verbs Saying verbs Thinking and feeling verbs To be To have Adjectives Descriptive adjectives Determiners Number adjectives Comparative adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions

Part Four—Vocabulary Synonyms Antonyms Prefixes Suffixes Homographs Anagrams Onomatopoeia Palindromes Portmanteau Words Phobias Eponyms


82 88 89 91 93 94 94 97 100 101 101 103 104 104 105 106 107 107 108 108 109 110 110 110 111 112 112 113 115 115 115 116 117 118 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 127 128 132 136 137 138 138 139 140 141 7

How to Use Blake’s Word Bank The Symbols Used in this Book

Uses of the Word Bank

A straightforward system has been used throughout Blake’s Word Bank to distinguish clearly between letter patterns and the sounds they make.

Blake’s Word Bank has been structured to maximise flexibility, allowing you to adapt and utilise the material to successfully meet the needs of all students. For example, the lists of sounds in the Sounds section can be used for both reading and spelling activities, and the words in the Grammar section can also be used for vocabulary building.

Two oblique signs / / are used to indicate a sound. For example, the sound that ‘sh’ makes in the word ‘shop’ is referred to as the /sh/ sound. The sound that ‘br’ makes in ‘bread’ is referred to as the /br/ blend. Where a vowel can make two different sounds, these are distinguished by calling them the long and the short vowel sound. For example, the ‘a’ in ‘cat’ makes the short /a/ sound.The ‘a’ in ‘cape’ makes the long /a/ sound. Pages 13-14 contain a summary of these sounds, with examples. Letter patterns are referred to with quotation marks around them. The /sh/ sound can be made by various letter patterns including u ‘sh’ as in shop u ‘ch’ as in chef u ‘ti’ as in nation. The letter pattern ‘ea’ can make various sounds: u long /e/ sound, as in peace u short /e/ sound, as in spread u long /a/ sound, as in steak.

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Below are some suggested uses for Blake’s Word Bank. u Use word lists to increase students’ interest in words and ideas, and to extend their vocabulary and understanding of language concepts. u Phonic groups and year level spelling lists can be used for reinforcement, revision and enrichment. For example, an individual senior grade student experiencing difficulties in spelling may be best assisted by reinforcement of phonic areas to strengthen his or her spelling skills. Alternatively, a competent younger student may be directed to more difficult lists for enrichment purposes. u Both the Grammar and Vocabulary sections provide teachers with accessible examples of parts of speech and specific word types.These can be used for quick reference when a supply of words is needed for individual or group learning sessions, or to provide more examples of a specific word type or part of speech similar to the one already under discussion.


Some Fun Activities using Word Bank Lists Part 1 Sounds

What Am I?

Classifying

Using words from the lists in this book, give students clues to a word which they must guess. for example:

Write a number of words on the chalkboard, or prepare a photocopied sheet, using lists from this book. Have children classify the words into their sound groups, for example: short u sound

long u sound

clutch

amuse

skunk

music

I begin with a ‘qu’ sound. I am a place where stone is mined. I am a __________ . (quarry)

Out of Place On the chalkboard or a prepared sheet write groups of words in which one word is the odd one out. Have students determine which word doesn’t belong, for example:

Paper Search

refuse

Choose a word from one of the lists, and write it on the chalkboard. Discuss the sound with the student, for example:

‘Slum’ is the odd word out because its ‘u’ represents a short u sound, whereas in the other words the ‘u’ represents the long u sound.

loaves

Word Hunts

‘oa’ in this word represents the long o sound

fortune

slum

secure

Have children search through newspapers, books, etc to find and record words that contain the same sound.

Prepare lists on the chalkboard in which students are given the initial sound and then must complete the word so it fits the clue. (Dictionaries may be used.) For example:

Sorting

dr_______ a fantastical fire-breathing creature

Using words from the lists in this book, prepare cards on which are written words containing specific sound units. Have students sort the cards into these units.

sp_______ a leafy vegetable

Add Ons Write words on the chalkboard leaving out specific sound units, for example consonant digraphs. (See lists in this book.) Challenge students to add the correct digraph, for example: (th ch) ___ ermometer

Remember! Present a flash card to students with a word on it. Have students write that word, then add three words that contain the same sound. For example: train

strain

chain

vain

Adding Write words on the board leaving out silent letters (use words from the lists in this book). Have students add the missing silent letters. For example: iland

(island)

thum

(thumb)

thisle

(thistle) Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary


9

Part 2 Spelling

Part 3 Grammar

Add the Doubles

Alphabet Words

Write a number of words on the chalkboard leaving a space where double letters should appear. Challenge students to add the correct double letters.

Have students write the alphabet vertically on a page. Challenge them to list a common noun beginning with each letter. For example:

(pp dd)

(ss tt)

a

aluminium

sa___le

ma___ress

b

bruise

c

cardigan . . .

Compound Concentration Prepare a set of cards which, when placed together, form compound words. (Use words from the list in this book.) Place the cards face down and have students take turns to turn over two. If the words together make a compound word, the student keeps it as a pair. If not, the cards are turned down again. Continue until no more compounds can be made.

Combining Words Have students think up their own two-word compounds and print them on flash cards. Have them cut the flash cards into the two separate words. In pairs, have students race to see which pair can match the most cards in the shortest time.

Jumbled Words Have students unjumble words which you have written on the chalkboard, selected from the Graded Word Lists in this book. It may be useful and less confusing for some students to keep sound units or chunks of words intact when you jumble them, for example ‘chenkit’ (for ‘kitchen’). (i) glejun

(ii) chenkit

Alternately, have students write an adjective for each word, for example: a

amicable

b

boisterous

c

courageous

Match Ups Provide students with lists of nouns and lists of verbs or adjectives. Ask them to match the nouns with the verb or adjectives. dogs bark (verb) savage dogs (adjective)

Sorting Write a list of words on the chalkboard. Have students sort them into their part of speech. jump under

happily monkeys

slowly sweet

lift before

cautious rock

Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Preposition

Which is Better? Write sentences on the chalkboard. Have students identify the best verb, that is, the most expressive. For example:

Proofing

The rabbit (ran bolted) across the paddock.

Write a story on the board using list words from this book. Have students identify the words you have deliberately misspelt. For example:

Word Pyramids

My unkle saw a volcanoe when he went to Amerrica.

Have students choose a noun from the list of common nouns, then build a pyramid of words associated with that noun, for example: horse bridle gallop grass

10

Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary


saddle

canter chaff

trot carrots

clover

Part 4 Vocabulary Prefix (or suffix) race Give a prefix (or suffix) from the list in this book to students, and ask them to list as many words as they can that contain that prefix (or suffix), within a given time. Have them select a piece of text from a book they are reading and list all the words that contain prefixes (or suffixes).

Prefix Opposites Write words on the chalkboard. Have students choose the correct prefix to make each word mean its opposite. Have them write the full word. For example: un

anti

___septic

in ___visible

___likely

Portmanteau Words Discuss with students what is meant by a portmanteau word. (A portmanteau word is a word made by telescoping or blending two other words, for example, smog = smoke + fog.) Show students other examples from the list in this book, then challenge them to make up their own portmanteau words.

Matching Write a list of words on the chalkboard, and beside it write a list of jumbled synonyms (or antonyms) for these words. Have students unjumble the words, then match each to its partner. For example, using synonyms: adore

lyear

alter

orerr

premature

olve

mistake

chngea

Anagram Cloze Using the lists in this book, write cloze sentences on the chalkboard. For example: This cup is quite _____________ (lance). Challenge the students to rearrange the word in parentheses to make a word that fits in the space (in this example, ‘clean’).

Pairs Write words on the chalkboard. Have students write both a synonym and an antonym for that word. For example:

Where is it from?

Synonym

Antonym

big

large

small

loud

noisy

quiet

Using the eponym lists in this book, write words on the chalkboard. Have students, with the aid of an atlas, locate on a map where the word came from. For example, chihuahua comes from Mexico.


11

Part One

Sounds

12



45 Sounds of the English Language Vowel Sounds Sound

Words

/a/ (short) /e/ (short) /i/ (short) /o/ (short) /u/ (short) /a/ (long) /e/ (long) /i/ (long) /o/ (long) /u/ (long) /air/ /ar/ /er/ /oi/ /oo/ (long) /oo/ (short) /or/

cat, mat, apple peg, bed, head, said fig, women, build, busy, mystery dog, wash rub, come, young snake, train, stay eve, cheese, flea, she, lazy bind, pie, time, by, dye, buy, thigh go, toe, cone, coat, low, though, yeoman fuel, cue, cute, few, pneumonia stair, care, where, wear, heir far, pass, palm her, bird, fur, word, journey, heard boil, boy boot, through, do, soup, blue, grew look, put, woman, should for, haul, raw, chalk, ball, board, door, pour, bore, war, ought cow, loud, bough

/ow/


13

Consonant Sounds /b/ bind, cab, rubber /d/ dome, add, stayed /f/ fan, puff, photograph, laugh /g/ got, egg, ghost /h/ horse, hotel, hen, who /j/ jug, ginger, gypsy, bridge /k/ cut, kite, rock, queue /l/ lot, ball, handle /m/ mass, swimming, lamb /n/ nice, funnel, knot, gnome, pneumatic /p/ pan, happy /r/ race, burr, wring, rhythm /s/ sit, dress, since, city, psalm /t/ tip, little, picked /v/ van, skivvy, shelve /w/ worse, win, wall, why /y/ yellow /x/ box, x-rays /z/ zoo, buzz, as, xylophone /ch/ chop, patch /ng/ bring, song /qu/ quote, choir /sh/ ship, sugar, ancient, tension, dictation, ocean /th/ (unvoiced) think, throw /th/ (voiced) that, them, these /zh/ treasure

14



Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = short /a/ sound animal bandit bachelor barrier baton battery bland brand camel canal canteen canvas canyon capital caravan chance clamp cramp dance

demand dragon drastic elastic exact expand family fancy fantasy fashion fraction frantic glance gnat grant gravel handle handsome hanging

January kidnap ladder lamb language mechanic panic panther radical rapid raptor salad sandal satin scamper tactful taxi telegraph


15

Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = long /a/ sound apricot apron bacon basin bathe behave blame brakes capable crane case chase daze debate decorate

16

disgrace engage escape evade exhale graceful haste investigate lately lazy maze mistake parade paste quake



radiator radio range related safety sage sake scrape stage stake strange tasty wage whale

Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = /ar/ sound banana blast brass broadcast

calves fasten flask halves

koala master passed pastime telecast

‘a’ = short /o/ sound quality quantity quarrelled squadron

squash swallow swamp wallet

watched


17

Vowel Sounds ‘e’= short /e/ sound cadet chest clef cobweb dense dentist depend develop dwell electric electron element eleven

fetch fleck flesh fresh helmet insect invent ledge level never pebble pledge quench

scent select seven shred skeleton sledge stress swept velvet wedge wreck wrench yelp zest

‘e’ = long /e/ sound compete completely convene

18

discrete evening extreme



female meander secrete serene

Vowel Sounds ‘i’ = short /i/ sound admit adrift blitz bridge comic consist district elastic electric exist fantastic hospital inhabit insect inspect instant invent invest knit limb limit liquid nibble picnic prison quill signal

simmer sister skill strict stitch swift tickle twist twitch until vision vivid whim whiskers wit wrist


19

Vowel Sounds ‘i’ = long /i/ sound advice apologise bile brine capsize chime chives confide decide

20

describe entire fertile fragile grime guide hive hostile item magnetise mobile organise polite projectile provide require



rite science shire shrine silent siren spider spike spine stride strife swipe thrive vampire vice whine

Vowel Sounds ‘o’ = short /o/ sound adopt bottle broth closet common complex compost conduct consonant

constant contact content continent dodge forest forgot lodge lollipop

monster product profit shock solid tropical wombat

‘o’ = long /o/ sound chrome cove explode frozen hotel lonely

microscope prone quote scope stroke telephone

telescope throne token yoke zone

‘o’ = short /u/ sound among comfort

lovely sponge

wonderful


21

Vowel Sounds ‘u’ = short /u/ sound adult clutch conduct crumb crunch custom drudge dumb fluster fuzz

22

glut grudge grumpy humble hundred husband product ruffle skunk slum



sprung struck sunset swung trunk trust umbrella unjust until upset

Vowel Sounds ‘u’ = long /u/ sound accuse bugle confuse costume endure fortune

fumes future introduce manure molecule perfume

produce refuse secure useless volume

‘u’ = short /oo/ sound cushion

shush

sugar


23

Vowel Digraphs Note: A digraph is a pair of letters representing a single sound.

‘ai’ = long /a/ sound acquaint aide available braise campaign claimed complaint container entertain explain failure fainted

faintly faithful frail hailstorm maintain mermaid obtain praise proclaim quail quaint rainbow

raising refrain remain saint slain strait taint vain waif waist waive

‘ay’ = long /a/ sound allay array betray dismay

24

Friday gangway hooray payment



prayed subway yesterday wayward

Vowel Digraphs ‘ar’ = /ar/ sound apartment article bargain barge barter cardigan cargo

carnival charcoal cigar depart farther garment guard

harvest marble marvellous particle remarkable separate snarl starch


25

Vowel Digraphs—‘au’ Sounds Note: ‘au’ can represent two sounds: (i) /or/ sound as in saucer (ii) short /o/ sound as in sausage.

‘au’ = /or/ sound applause audition authentic automatic autumn daub daunt

exhaust flaunt fraud fraught gaudy gauze haughty

jaunt launder nausea pauper saucer saunter tarpaulin taut

‘au’ = short /o/ sound auction

cauliflower

laurel sausage

‘aw’ = /or/ sound awesome awkward awning bawl brawl

26

drawl flaw gnaw mohawk outlaw



pawn scrawl shawl sprawl strawberries trawler

Vowel Digraphs—‘ea’ Sounds Note: ‘ea’ can represent three sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in beat and meat (ii) long /a/ sound as in break and steak (iii) short /e/ sound as in head and bread.

‘ea’ = long /e/ sound appeal beak beast bleach bleak breach breathe cease cheat conceal crease decrease disease eagle feast feature

freak gleam grease heave ideal increase knead least leave measles peaceful peal preach reached reading really

reap reason retreat seaside season squeak streak teachers teak treaty tweak underneath weave yeast zeal

‘ea’ = long /a/ sound steak


27

Vowel Digraphs ‘ea’ = short /e/ sound breadth breakfast deafness death dread dreamt

endeavour heather heavily jealous meadow measure

pleasant sweat thread wealth weapon

‘ee’ = long /e/ sound breeze canteen cheerful committee corroboree creed deem degree exceed guarantee

28

heed keel leech preen proceed referee screech screen sleeping sneeze



spree squeeze steeple succeed teem teenager toffee tweet wheeze

Vowel Digraphs ‘ei’ and ‘ey’ Sounds Note: ‘ei’ and ‘ey’ represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ as in ceiling, monkey (ii) long /a/ as in vein, they.

‘ei’ = long /e/ sound ceiling conceive conceit

deceive either neither

receipt seize

‘ei’ = long /a/ sound freight neighbour

reign sleigh

vein weigh weight

‘ey’ = long /e/ sound alley chimney journey

kidney storey Sydney

trolley turkey valley volley

‘ey’ = long /a/ sound convey

prey

survey whey


29

Vowel Digraphs ‘er’ = /er/ sound alert berth desert deserve dessert merchant

mercury mermaid nervous observer prefer perfect

permanent reverse sermon serpent served verse

‘ew’ Sounds Note: ‘ew’ can represent two sounds: (i) long /oo/ sound as in blew and flew (ii) long /u/ sound as in new and few.

‘ew’ = long /oo/ sound chewing curlew

jewellery sewer

shrew strewn yew

‘ew’ = long /u/ sound askew curfew dewdrops

30

hewn nephew newspaper



newt renew skewer steward

Vowel Digraphs—‘ie’ Sounds Note: ‘ie’ can represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in niece (ii) long /i/ sound as in pie.

‘ie’ = long /e/ sound achievement belief besiege

frieze grieve handkerchief mantelpiece

relieve reprieve thieves wield

‘ie’ = long /i/ sound applied

relied

replied

‘ir’ = /er/ sound affirm birch birthday chirp circled confirm dirge flirt

girt girth infirm irk mirth quirk shirk smirk

squirm squirt stirring thirst virgin virtue whirr whirl


31

Vowel Digraphs ‘oa’ = long /o/ sound approach bloat boastful broach cloak coax

cocoa goad hoax loathe loaves moat

oaf reproach soaking stoat toadstool whoa

‘oi’ = /oi/ sound anoint appointment asteroid disappoint disjointed embroidery

embroil joist loiter moisture noisy ointment

poise poisonous quoit recoil rejoice turmoil turquoise

‘oy’ = /oi/ sound ahoy annoying deploy destroy

32

employer enjoyable enjoyment gargoyle



loyalty oyster ploy royalty

Vowel Digraphs—‘oo’ Sounds Note: ‘oo’ can represent two sounds: (i) long /oo/ sound as in boot and pool (ii) short /oo/ sound as in book and wood.

‘oo’ = long /oo/ sound bamboo booster cartoon choosing cockatoo croon cuckoo jackeroo

gloomy groove hooligan igloo lagoon kangaroo loosening moose

noose oozing roost schooner stoop swoop trooper wallaroo whoop

‘oo’ = short /oo/ sound booking cooking

crookedly goodness hooded

looking nook wooden


33

Vowel Digraphs ‘or’ = /or/ sound absorb accord adorn assort border chord distort dormitory encore enormous export

34

fortress gorge gorgeous hornet important morsel orb orchard orchestra organ organise



ornament orphan porpoise portion restore scorch scorn snorting sword therefore torment tornado

Vowel Digraphs—‘ow’ and ‘ou’ Sounds Note: ‘ow’ represents two sounds: (i) /ow/ sound as in how and cow (ii) long /o/ sound as in tow and low. ‘ou’ can represent three main sounds: (i) /ow/ sound as in cloud (ii) long /oo/ sound as in group and soup (iii) short /u/ sound as in touch and double.

‘ow’ = /ow/ sound coward drowsy endow eyebrows

glower jowls powder renown

rowdy township trowel vowel

‘ow’ = long /o/ sound blown burrow furrow

known meadow rainbow

sparrow thrown willow

‘ou’ = /ow/ sound astound bough compound denounce devour encounter

flounder foundry hound lounge mountain profound

shroud thousand trounce trousers vouch without


35

Vowel Digraphs ‘ou’ = long /oo/ sound group soup

troupe you

youth

‘ou = short /u/ sound country courage cousin

double nourish southern

touch trouble young

‘ur’ = /er/ sound absurd burden burly churn cur curd curse furnish furniture gurgle

36

hamburger murder murmur purchase pursue spur spurn suburb sunburn surgeon



surgery surly survey turf turkey turnip unfurl urgent urn

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ch’ Note: ‘ch’ can represent three sounds: (i) /ch/ sound as in chop and chin (ii) /k/ sound as in chemist and chaos (iii) /sh/ sound as in chef and champagne.

‘ch’ = /ch/ sound chafe challenge chamber champion chapel charcoal

chariot charity cheque chilblain children chime

chimney chimpanzee chink chisel chives chocolate churn

‘ch’ = /k/ sound chaos character charisma

chasm chemist chlorine

cholera chrome chronic

‘ch’ = /sh/ sound champagne

charade charlatan

chassis chivalry


37

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ph’ = /f/ sound pharmacy phantom pharaoh pharmacy pheasant phenomenon phial Philippines

38

philistine philosophy phobia phoenix phonetic phonics phoney phosphate



photocopy photograph phrase physical physician physics physiotherapy physique

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘qu’ Sounds Note: ‘qu’ represents two sounds: (i) /qu/ sound as in quack (ii) /k/ sound as in quiche and quay.

‘qu’ = /qu/ sound quadrangle quadrant quadrilateral quagmire quaff qualify quantity quantum

quarantine quark quartet quartz quaver queasy questionnaire quibble

quince quintet quip quirk quiver quota quotation quotient

‘qu’ = /k/ sound quay

queue

quiche

‘sh’ = /sh/ sound shale shallot shambles shamrock shanty sheen

sheer shire shield shoal shortage shred

shriek shrewd shrine shrivel shudder shuffle


39

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘th’ Sounds Note: ‘th’ can represent two sounds: (i) unvoiced /th/ sound as in thin, think (ii) voiced /th/ sound as in that.

‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound thatch thaw theatre theme theology thermometer thermos therapy

threshold thimble thorough thrash thread threaten thrifty thriller

‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound therefore

40

thence



thrive throb throng throttle throughout thud thump

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘wh’ Sounds Note: ‘wh’ can represent two sounds: (i) /w/ sound as in when and why (ii) /h/ sound as in who.

‘wh’ = /w/ sound whack wharf whatever wheatgerm wheelbarrow wheeze whenever

whirlpool whimper whimsical whine whinny whippet whirr

whisker whisky whisper whistle whiting whittle whoop whopper

‘wh’ = /h/ sound wholesale

whom


41

Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound achieve attach beseech birch

broach brooch coach detach

orchard preach screech

‘ch’ = /k/ sound orchestra

scheme

‘ck’ = /k/ sound beckon buckle bullock chuckle cockatoo cricket freckle hammock hockey jacket

42

knocked locker locket paddock peacock picket pickle pocket rockery rocket



slack socket stocking tackle thickness ticket trickle whack wicked wicket wreckage

Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘gh’ Sounds Note: ‘gh’ at the end of a word represents either an /f/ sound or is silent.

‘gh’ = /f/ sound cough enough

laugh laughter

rough tough trough

silent ‘gh’ although borough bough dough

high neigh plough sigh

sleigh thigh thorough though through

‘sh’ = /sh/ sound afresh abolish accomplish ambush astonish bishop brash Cornish

demolish distinguish English enmesh embellish establish extinguish furnish

languish lavish marsh mushroom perish polish Swedish vanish


43

Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘th’ Sounds Note: ‘th’ can represent two sounds: (i) unvoiced /th/ sound as in bath (ii) voiced /th/ sound as in smooth.

‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound aftermath athletic authorise beneath birth breadth death faithful

filth girth growth heath length marathon mathematics method mirth

nothing oath Perth sheath sloth thrash walkathon within wrath

‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound although bathe breathe

44

farther feather gathered



leather soothe together whether

Consonant Blends—Initial /bl/ blend bladder blanch bland blank blatant blazer bleach

bleak bleary blemish blender blight blindfold bliss blitz

blizzard bloat blockade blossom blotch blouse blubber blunder

/br/ blend bracelet bracket braise bramble brash brawn brazen Brazil

breadth breathe bridle brigade brilliant brine Brisbane brittle broach

broadcast broccoli bronze brooch brood browse bruise brunt brutal


45

Consonant Blends—Initial /cl/ blend clam clarify clarinet classical classify clause clef

cleft clench clergy clerk client climate climax climbed

clinic cloak cloister clone closet clover cluster clutch

/cr/ blend crackle crag cramp crank cranny crass crater cravat crave crayon crease create

46

creature creed creepy cremate crescent crevice crime criminal crimson cringe cripple critic



criticism crochet crockery crony crook croon croquet cruise crucial crusade crutch crux crystal

Consonant Blends—Initial /dr/ blend

dragged dragon dramatic drastic drawers drawl dray

dreadful dreamt dreary dredge dregs drivel drizzle

dromedary drool drone dropper drought drowsy drudge druid

/fl/ blend flabbergasted flabby flail flair flagon flagrant flamingo flammable flank

flannel flaunt flax flay fledgling flexible flimsy flinch flippant florid

florist flotilla flounce flounder flourish fluctuate fluent fluorescent fluoride flux


47

Consonant Blends—Initial /fr/ blend fraction fracture fragile fragment fragrant France frantic fraternal

fraud fraught frazzle freight frenzy frequency friar friction

frigate frightened frigid fritter frivolous frizzle frolic frugal frustrate

/gl/ blend glacier gladiator glamour glean

48

glib glimpse glisten glorious



glossary glucose glut glutton

Consonant Blends—Initial /gr/ blend gracious gradually graduate grammar granite grapple grateful gratify gratitude gravel

gravity greasy Greece grievance grieve grimace grime groceries groggy grope

gross grotesque grouch grove grovel grudge gruelling gruesome gruff grumble

/pl/ blend placard placid plague plaintiff plait plaque plateau platform platinum

platoon platter platypus plausible playful plead pleasant pleasure pleat

pledge plentiful pliable pliers plight plough plumage plummet plunder


49

Consonant Blends—Initial /pr/ blend practical practice prairie prance precaution precinct precious precipice precise predict preface prejudice premier premises preparation presence

50

preserve president prestige preview primitive principal prior prism privilege probably probe proceed procession produce product professional



professors profile progress prohibit promote prompt prone prong pronounce propeller property prophet propose protractor proverb provisions prudent

Consonant Blends—Initial ‘sc’ = /sk/ blend scaffold scald scallop scalpel scamper scandal scanner

scanty scapegoat scarlet scathing scavenger sceptical scope scorpion

Scotland scoundrel scourer scuba-diving sculptor scuffle scuttle scurvy

/scr/ blend scrabble scraggly scramble scraper scrapped

scrawl scrawny screech screwdriver scribe scrimp

scripture scroll scrounge scruff scruple scrutiny


51

Consonant Blends—Initial /sk/ blend skateboard skein skeleton

skiff skilful skillet skirmish

skulk skull skunk skyscraper

/sl/ blend slain slake slander slang slat slaughter slavery sleazy sleek sleet

52

sleigh slept sleuth slight slippery slither sliver slob slobber slogan sloop



sloth slouch slovenly sludge sluice slump slung slunk slur slush sly

Consonant Blends—Initial /sm/ blend smelt smirk smite

smitten smock smooch

smother smoulder smudge smuggle

/sn/ blend snag snapper snare snarl snazzy sneer

snicker snide sniffle snigger snipe snippet snivel

snooker snoop snorkel snout snub snuffle snuggle


53

Consonant Blends—Initial /sp/ blend spacious spaghetti Spain spangle spaniel sparse spasm spatter

spawn species specific specimen speckle spectator spectacle spectrum

spinach spindle spirit sponsor spontaneous spool spoor spouse spurt

/spl/ blend spleen splendid

splendour splinter

splotch splurge splutter

/spr/ blend spree sprig sprightly sprinkle

54

sprinter sprite sprocket sprout



spruce spruik sprung spry

Consonant Blends—Initial /st/ blend stadium stagnant staid stalagmite stallion stamina stampede standard startled stash stationary stationery

statistics statue status staunch stave stealthy steed steeple stenographer sterile stethoscope stint

stifle stirrup stomach stout stimulate storey stubble stubborn storage studio stupendous sturdy

/str/ blend straddle strafe straggle strait strand strangle strategy stratosphere

strenuous stress stretcher strew stride strife stringent stringy strive

strobe stroke stroll strove structure strudel struggle strum strut


55

Consonant Blends—Initial /sw/ blend swab swaddle swagger

swarthy swashbuckler swelter

swindle swivel swoon

/tr/ blend tract traction tradition tragedy tragic trailer trait traitor tranquil transform transistor transmit

transparent trapeze traverse trawl treacherous treacle treason tremendous tremor tribute trifle trigonometry

tripod trite triumph trombone troop trophy tropical trough trowel truant truce trudge

/tw/ blend twang tweak tweed tweezers

56

twiddle twig twilight twine



twinge twinkle twirl twist twitch

Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /ct/ blend abduct abstract addict affect afflict architect artefact aspect bisect cataract character compact conflict construct

contract contradict deduct defect defunct depict derelict detract dialect distract effect elect electric enact

evict extract genuflect hectic inflict instruct intact intellect intersect interval neglect obstruct retrospect subtract suspect


57

Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /ft/ blend adrift aft aircraft bereft

chairlift cleft daft deft forklift

hovercraft shoplift snowdrift tuft waft

/lt/ blend asphalt assault basalt consult default

58

inbuilt insult pelt quilt moult revolt



shelter somersault stilted thunderbolt vault welt

Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /mp/ blend amp blimp chump cramp crimp frump hemp hump imp

pamper pomp primp ramp revamp romp rump sample scamp

scrimp shrimp skimpy slump sump swamp tamper tramp trump

/nd/ blend abound almond amend attend beyond bland bound brand command commend compound comprehend

contend correspond demand descend diamond errand extend fend frond fund gland grind

ground hind island mound pound refund remind rotund strand trend withstand wound


59

Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /nt/ blend absent anoint appoint chant dint dismount event extent faint flaunt

flint fount glint grant indent intent jaunt lint mount punt

quaint rant resent saint shunt slant splint sprint squint taunt vent

/pt/ blend abrupt accept adapt adept adopt apt bankrupt concept

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conscript contempt corrupt crypt disrupt Egypt excerpt exempt inept



intercept interrupt manuscript opt postscript pre-empt rapt windswept wrapt

Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /sk/ blend asterisk basket

casket damask

obelisk whisker whisky

/st/ blend abreast accost adjust amongst analyst August ballast blest boast

chemist cyst disgust festival gist grist heist jest journalist

lest priest quest roast scientist tryst vast vest wrest zest


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Other Consonant Sounds—Initial ‘sch’ Sounds Note: ‘sch’ can represent two sounds: (i) /sk/ blend as in school (ii) /sh/ sound as in schnitzel.

‘sch’ = /sk/ blend scheme schizophrenia

schism scholar scholarship

school schoolroom schooner

‘sch’ = /sh/ sound schedule

schnitzel

‘shr’ shrapnel shrew shrewd

shriek shrift shrivel

shroud shrubbery shrunken

‘squ’ squab squadron squalid squall

62

squalor squander squatter squaw squeaky



squeamish squeegee squire squirm squirrel

Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial ‘dge’ abridge badger begrudge budge cadge cartridge dislodge

dredge drudge fidget fledge footbridge knowledge gadget midget

partridge pledge porridge sledge sludge smudge stodge trudge

‘ght’ = /t/ sound bight blight brought caught copyright delight distraught

draught drought fought fraught freight highlight insight

knight midnight moonlight sought thought twilight wrought


63

Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial ‘nce’ absence abundance advance ambulance appliance arrogance assistance audience balance coincidence commence conference confidence consequence convenience

convince defence enhance entrance essence evidence experience difference finance influence instance intelligence lance licence nuisance

obedience offence presence pronounce province reference residence romance sentence sequence silence stance substance tolerance violence

‘nch’ blanch cinch clench clinch drench

64

entrench French haunch lynch paunch quench



retrench scrunch stench trench wrench winch

Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial /ng/ sound anything billabong dugong during furlong headstrong

length ling nothing pang prolong prong sarong

singer something sprang strength tongue wrung zing

‘nge’ avenge challenge dangerous derange dungeon exchange expunge grange

grunge impinge infringe lozenge plunge ranger revenge scavenge

scrounge singe Stonehenge strangest syringe tinge twinge whinge


65

Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial /nk/ sound ankle blanket brink chink chunk crinkle debunk flank flunk

frank hank junket kink mink prank rank rink shank shrank

shrink skink skunk slunk spank sprinkle stunk swank twinkle wrinkle

‘tch’ = /ch/ sound bewitch blotch britches butterscotch clutch crotch crutch dispatch glitch

66

hitch hopscotch ketch kitchen notch ratchet retch satchel scratch



scotch snatch snitch splotch stretch swatch switch thatch twitch wretch

Some Other Important Sounds ‘c’ Sounds Note: ‘c’ represents two main sounds: (i) /s/ sound (soft c) when followed by e, i or y, as in cell (ii) /k/ sound (hard c) when followed by a, o or u, as in cat.

‘c’ = /s/ sound cedar celery central ceremony certain cigarette cinnamon civilisation

citizen cyclone cylinder deceive disgrace except justice instance

medicine palace receipt rhinoceros surface trace twice voice

‘c’ = /k/ sound cable calculate calendar canary cancel canoe canteen canyon capital capsule capture carbon

carnival carol catalogue caution coach cobweb cocoa collect colony column comment common

company compass concern conflict contain control correct cottage country court culture custom


67

Some Other Important Sounds ‘g’ Sounds Note: ‘g’ represents two main sounds: (i) /j/ sound (soft g) when followed by e, i or y, as in cage and giant (ii) /g/ sound (hard g) when followed by a, o, u, or another consonant, as in game, grand.

‘g’ = /j/ sound arrange average engine enrage general generation

generous genuine geography geometry gesture gigantic gymnasium

lounge oblige plunge revenge sponge suggest tragic

‘g’ = /g/ sound gadget galaxy gallant gallery gallon gallop gamble

68

garlic garment gasoline goggles gossip government groan



guarantee guard guest guide guilt guitar gutter

Some Other Important Sounds ‘y’ Sounds Note: ‘y’ can represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in city (ii) long /i/ sound as in fly.

‘y’ = long /e/ sound canary country county drowsy factory fancy

fury glory grocery hungry ivory liberty

memory mystery naughty nursery surgery zany

‘y’ = long /i/ sound apply defy deny magnify

mystify pacify purify qualify

rectify specify testify wry


69

Some Other Important Sounds /sh/ Sounds Note: A number of different letter patterns make a /sh/ sound: (i) ‘ci’ or ‘ce’ as in ancient and ocean. (ii) ‘si’ as in tension (iii) ‘ti’ as in patient and action.

‘ci’ = /sh/ sound ancient artificial beneficial conscious crucial deficient delicious electrician facial ferocious

financial gracious magician musician official officious physician precious proficient racial

social spacious special sufficient superficial suspicious tenacious vicious vivacious

‘ce’ = /sh/ sound cetacean

crustacean

ocean

‘si’= /sh/ sound admission compassion comprehension concession

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dimension extension mission obsession



omission passion permission tension

Some Other Important Sounds ‘ti’ = /sh/ action addition ambition ambitious attention cautious circumstantial collection confidential destination direction education essential expedition fictitious

fraction impartial impatient infectious influential initial inspection invention invitation lotion martial mention multiplication nutritious ostentatious

patient population position potential pretentious repetitious residential sensation sequential situation spatial station substantial superstitious torrential

‘si’ = /zh/ sound allusion collision conclusion conversion decision

division erosion explosion invasion occasion

persuasion seclusion television version vision


71

Part Two

Spelling

72



The 200 Most Used Words First 100 Most Used Words The following twelve words make up on average one quarter of all reading and writing: a and he I

in is it of

that the to was

The following 20 words together with the twelve words in the list above make up, on average, one third of all reading and writing: all are as at be but for

had have him his not on one

said so they we with you


73

The 200 Most Used Words First 100 Most Used Words The following 68 words together with the 32 above are the 100 most used words and make up one half of all reading and writing: about an back been before big by call came can come could did do down first from get go has her here if

74

into just like little look made make more me much must my no new now off old only or other our out over



right see she some their them then there this two up want well went were what when where which who will your

The 200 Most Used Words The Next 100 Most Used Words after again always am animal another any ask asleep away bad because best bird

black blue boy bring cool day dog don’t eat every far fast father fell

find five fly found four gave girl give going good got green hand have


75

The 200 Most Used Words The Next 100 Most Used Words (continued) head help home house how jump keep know last left let live long man many may men mother once

76

open own play put ran read red room round run sat saw say school should sing sit soon step



take tell than these thing think three time too tree under us very walk white why wish work would year

Homophones Note: Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and different meanings. aisle air birth border bore born bridle bury caught cereal council due formally freeze gamble great hanger him holy key idle lane lesson mare metal

isle

I’ll heir berth boarder boar borne bridal berry court serial counsel dew formerly frieze gambol grate hangar hymn wholly quay idol lain lessen mayor mettle

minor miner moose mousse more moor maw morning mourning muscle mussel navel naval night knight patients patience pedal peddle presents presence principle principal profit prophet root route sight site cite stationary stationery stork stalk taught taut threw through time thyme vain vein vane wave waive whale wail whose who’s weather whether wether


77

Compound Words Note: Compound words are two or more words joined together to make one new word.

What you join

Compound word

noun + noun

rainbow, hailstorm

adjective + noun

blackbird, barefoot

noun + adjective

footloose, headstrong

preposition + noun

outboard, inside

verb + noun

spoilsport, cutthroat

verb + adverb

farewell, walkover

coastline commonplace countryside courtyard downstairs downstream downtown driftwood dragnet earthquake elsewhere hamburger

78

handcuff handkerchief hayfever headlight heartbreak horseback horseshoe houseboat lookout pineapple pipeline roadworks



seahorse sheepskin shipwreck sideboard signwriter skateboard suitcase sunglasses toothache tombstone widespread

Silent Letters silent ‘b’ aplomb catacomb debtor

doorjamb doubtful plumber

subtle succumb thumbtack womb

silent ‘c’ ascend crescent scene scenery

scenic scent sceptre science

scientific scimitar scintillating scissors scythe

silent ‘g’ align assign campaign feign foreign

gnarled gnash gnat gnaw gnocchi

gnome gnu malign reign sovereign


79

Silent Letters silent ‘h’ dinghy honour

rhinoceros rhubarb

rhythm

silent ‘k’ knack knapsack knave knead knell

knelt knickers knick-knack knight knitting knives

knockabout knockout knoll knotted knowledge knuckle

silent ‘l’ balm

qualm

silent ‘n’ autumn column

80

condemn damn



hymn solemn

Silent Letters silent ‘p’ pneumatic pneumonia

psalm pseudonym

psychedelic psychology

silent ‘s’ aisle

debris

island isle

silent ‘t’ depot glisten gristle

moisten rapport thistle

trestle wrestle

silent ‘w’ wrack wracked wraith wrangle wrapped wrath wreak

wreath wreckage wrecked wrench wrest wrestle wretch

wring wrinkle writ writhe written wrought wrung wry


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Words with Double Consonants ‘bb’ abbreviate ebbed gibberish grubby hobble hubbub

lobby mobbed nabbed rabbi rabble scabbard

snobby squabble stubborn throbbed wobble

‘cc’ accelerate accent accept access accessory accident accommodate accordion account accountant

82

accurate accuse broccoli buccaneer cappuccino desiccated hiccough mecca moccasin occasion



occupied occupy occur occurred raccoon soccer succeed success successful succumb tobacco

Words with Double Consonants ‘dd’ bedridden bidder Buddha cheddar

eddy shoddy shudder straddle

toddler trodden twiddle waddle

‘ff’ affair afford buffalo caffeine daffodil dandruff duffle coat efficient graffiti

gruff jiffy bag muffled office officer official puffin ruffian ruffle

saffron scaffold scruffy sheriff shuffle suffer sufficient suffocate truffle waffle


83

Words with Double Consonants ‘gg’ aggravate aggressive chugged exaggerate flogged gaggle

groggy haggard hogged scraggly sluggish snigger

snuggle squiggle stagger struggle suggestion toboggan toggle

‘kk’ trekked trekking

yakka yakked

yakking

‘ll’ actually allergy alligator allocate ballot collapse collection collide

84

downfall excellent finally gallop gazelle gorilla illegal illusion



intelligent jewellery swollen travelling umbrella usually willow windmill

Words with Double Consonants ‘mm’ accommodate comma comment commerce commit committee dilemma gimmick

hammock immaculate immature immediate immigrate immoral immune mammoth

rummy shimmer simmer stammer summarise summit summon symmetry

‘nn’ annexe anniversary announce antenna bannister beginning

cannibal cinnamon connotation innocent innovate mannequin

mayonnaise millennium pennant personnel sonnet whinny

‘pp’ appeal appear appendix applause application appointment apprentice

approach dapple disappear disappoint equipped grapple hippopotamus

kidnapped ripple sapphire snippet supplement supply support


85

Words with Double Consonants ‘rr’ arrange arrogant barricade barrister carriage correspond corridor corroboree corrupt currency

horrible hurricane irregular irrigate irritate larrikin marriage marrow narrative occurred

porridge squirrel stirrup surrender terror terrible terrific territory warrant warrior

‘ss’ access ambassador assembly assignment bliss business carcass caress classical confess delicatessen discuss essential express

86

glossary goddess hairdresser harass harness hessian hostess impress issue massage message messenger mission necessary



passenger possess process professor reassure scissors session successful tactless tenderness tissue vessel waitress witness

Words with Double Consonants ‘tt’ abattoir admitted attempt attention attic attitude attract cigarette confetti cottage ditto

forgotten gazette getting ghetto handwritten lattice lottery matter mutton nitty-gritty palette

petticoat quitter regatta serviette settlement silhouette spaghetti wattle whittle witty

‘zz’ bedazzle blizzard buzzard embezzle

frazzled gizzards jacuzzi mezzanine

mozzarella pizazz quizzed


87

Contractions Contractions are formed when one or more letters are omitted from a word or phrase and replaced with an apostrophe. The following are examples of common contractions.

88

Word or phrase

Contraction

Word or phrase

Contraction

I am you are she is, he is we are they are it is here is that is who is is not are not was not cannot could not do not does not did not has not had not will not would not

I’m you’re she’s, he’s we’re they’re it’s here’s that’s who’s isn’t aren’t wasn’t can’t couldn’t don’t doesn’t didn’t hasn’t hadn’t won’t wouldn’t

I have you have she has, he has we have they have I had you had she had, he had we had they had I will you will she will, he will we will they will I would you would she had, he had we had they had

I’ve you’ve she’s, he’s we’ve they’ve I’d you’d she’d, he’d we’d they’d I’ll you’ll she’ll, he’ll we’ll they’ll I’d you’d she’d, he’d we’d they’d



Plurals Note: Plural simply means more than one. (a) Most nouns form their plurals by simply adding s, for example: castle fi castles

window fi windows

(b) Nouns that end in ch, sh, s, z or x add es to form their plurals, for example: catch fi catches wish fi wishes

bus fi buses dress fi dresses

buzz fi buzzes fox fi foxes

(c) For nouns that end in a y before which there is a vowel we simply add s to make the plural, for example boy fi boys. However, is there is a consonant before the y, change the y to i and add es, for example: lady fi ladies

pony fi ponies

story fi stories

(d) Some nouns that end in f or fe simply add s to form their plurals, for example: chief fi chiefs

gulf fi gulfs

giraffe fi giraffes

Some, however, change the f (or fe) to ves, for example: leaf fi leaves loaf fi loaves

knife fi knives thief fi thieves

calf fi calves wolf fi wolves

Some plurals are sometimes spelt ves or sometimes with simply an s. hoof fi hoofs or hooves

wharf fi wharfs or wharves


89

Plurals (e) Most nouns ending in o add es to make their plurals. (This is often true of larger or foreign words.) Some examples are: echo fi echoes hero fi heroes

mango fi mangoes volcano fi volcanoes

But a few simply add s, for example: banjo fi banjos kangaroo fi kangaroos photo fi photos

piano fi pianos radio fi radios solo fi solos

(f) A few nouns have only one word to indicate both singular and plural, for example: cod deer

salmon series

sheep species

(g) A few nouns have no singular form at all, for example: jeans pants pliers

scissors shears shorts

spectacles tongs trousers

(h) Some nouns make their plural by changing their letter structure, for example: brother fi brethren child fi children foot fi feet

90

goose fi geese louse fi lice man fi men



mouse fi mice tooth fi teeth woman fi women

Spelling Rules (a) Use i before e except after c when the sound is ee. i before e mischief, handkerchief, niece except after c when the sound is ee conceit, receipt, receive (An exception to this rule is ‘weird’.) When the sound is ay the words are usually spelled ‘ei’, for example reign. (b) When a single syllable word has a single vowel and ends in a single consonant, double the consonant when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel or with y. hop fi hopping fi hopped bag fi baggy But if the suffix itself begins with a consonant, this rule does not apply, for example: wonder + ful = wonderful glad + ly = gladly (See also rule (f).) (c) When a word has more than one syllable and the accent falls in the last syllable, double the first consonant when adding a suffix, for example: refer + ing = referring (d) A final y preceded by a consonant becomes i when a suffix is added, except in the case of the suffix ing, for example: bury fi buried lovely fi lovelier carry fi carried but carry + ing = carrying.


91

Spelling Rules (e) For words that end in a silent e following a consonant, the e is usually retained when we add a suffix that begins with a consonant, for example: care + ful = careful bare + ness = bareness But if the suffix begins with a vowel we drop the final e, for example: hope + ing = hoping sense + ible = sensible There are exceptions to the rule, some for obvious reasons, for example: singe fi singeing (otherwise it would be ‘singing’) dye fi dyeing (otherwise it would be ‘dying’). (f) If a word ends in two consonants and we wish to add a suffix such as ed or ing, no letters are doubled, for example: mend fi mended post fi posting (g) When a compound word is formed by adding a prefix or suffix ending in ll only one l is kept, for example: joy + full = joyful all + most = almost Remember only one word in the English language ends in full and that is the word full itself! Note, however, still + ness fi stillness, and full + ness fi fullness.

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Frequently Misspelt Words accommodation ache address admittance aeroplane afford anchor aquarium athletics attached awful beautiful beginning believe burglar buried business carriage climbed committee cupboard diary different disappear disappoint

escape especially exhibit favourite February film government guarantee guard hurt interest jewellery judge ladies library lightning minute necessary occasion probably propeller receipt safety scissors separate

since something sometimes sure surprise swimming symptom terrible though thought through traveller trouble truly Tuesday useful using usually weather Wednesday welcome whether whole women woollen


93

Graded Word Lists Grade 5 again allowed alone always around asked because before beginning behind believe birthday blood bottle brush bucket build buy

94

carry catch chair cheese coast could crown didn’t died dinner dream drink dry



early earth easy elephant evening express fairy felt few find finish first full getting glove goes grandfather grandmother

Graded Word Lists Grade 5 (continued) hair hear here hollow hour

lamb large learn leave little

off once opened other outside

ice-cream inside invite iron island

many match mean message middle mixed moment money motor music

pair paper past pencil people person pocket police pulled

jelly judge jumped jungle just kitchen knee knew knife knot

narrow nearly niece noise north number nurse


95

Graded Word Lists Grade 5 (continued)

96

quarter queen quick quiet quite

taken talk thirsty though through

rabbit reach ready right rode

ugly uncle under until used

said shall should skin some sound speed sugar

valley vase visit voice volcano



warm weak went were when where would writing wrote year yelled yellow young your

Graded Word Lists Grade 6 ache address against all right aloud already another awful babies bandage beautiful because between blossom bottom bought brakes brought burnt

careful centre certain climate climbed clothes coarse collect coming corner correct couple cousin cupboard daughter dear delighted different direction discovered

enemy enjoyed enough escape except failed February flood forest forty frightened garage ghost giant grey guess


97

Graded Word Lists Grade 6 (continued) happened harvest heaven heavy hoping hospital hotel idea important including insects instead invent jacket January joined journey judge juice junior

98

kettle kidney kilometre kindergarten knowledge

naughty necessary needle neighbour newspaper

ladies laughed lean leather listened lonely lying

o’clock obeyed ocean often orchestra oxygen

million minute mistake model modern month



palm peace picnic picture plenty present prison problem product promise pupil purple

Graded Word Lists Grade 6 (continued) quarrel quarter queer question quiz radio reason replied reptile rough safety scared secret shadow shoulder since single soup spoilt surface surround

they’re those tomorrow touch towards travelled trouble truth tunnel turned umbrella union universe unusual urgent useful valuable vanish vehicle vitamin vowel

wanted while whistle wonderful worry worst written yacht yawn yeast yield young zebra zero zigzag zinc zone


99

Part Three

Grammar

100 Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary

Nouns Common Nouns Note: A common noun is the name of any ordinary thing you can see and touch. aeroplane airport ambulance aquarium atmosphere bannister bathroom bedroom chalkboard bridge builder calendar camera caravan carton cassettes certificate chalk church

closet continent country cricket cyclone diary dictionary dressing gown dustpan envelope equator eraser farmer fireplace football freezer garage garbage bin goal posts

greenhouse hallway handbag helicopter highway horse hurricane jewellery kitchen letterbox library lifeboat lighthouse lightning mantelpiece meteor minerals netball court notebook


101

Nouns Common Nouns (continued) office parachute photograph playground plumber post office pot plants projector purse pyjamas railway rainforest razor refrigerator rocket sander

school scissors screwdriver shampoo skyscraper slippers soccer speakers speedboat sports ground stereo suit swamp swimming pool tea towel teapot


telegraph pole telephone television toiletries toothbrush trousers tyres vegetables video volcano wallet wardrobe washing machine wheelbarrow window workbench

Nouns Common Nouns—Animals alligator antelope bandicoot caterpillar centipede cheetah chimpanzee cockroach crocodile cuckoo dinosaur dragonfly eagle

echidna goanna grasshopper guinea pig hippopotamus jaguar jellyfish locust marsupial mosquito numbat octopus pelican

penguin platypus porpoise reindeer seahorse scorpion shark squirrel swordfish Tasmanian devil termite tortoise weasel witchetty grub


103

Nouns Proper nouns Note: A proper noun is the special name of a specific person, place or thing. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.

Countries Argentina Australia Austria Baghdad Belgium Brazil Britain Cambodia Canada Chile China Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark East Timor England Egypt Ethiopia Fiji

France Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jamaica Kenya Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Mali


Malaysia Malta Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Samoa Scotland Senegal

Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland

Syria Thailand Tonga Tunisia Turkey Ukraine

United States of America Vanuatu Vietnam Wales Yugoslavia Zimbabwe

Cities Adelaide Amsterdam Athens Auckland Bangkok Barcelona Beijing Beirut Belfast Berlin Bombay Brisbane Cairo Chicago Darwin Delhi

Dili Dublin Edinburgh Florence Frankfurt Havana Jakarta Jerusalem Johannesburg London Los Angeles Madrid Manila Melbourne Montreal Moscow

New York Paris Perth Port Moresby Prague Rio de Janeiro Rome Sydney Tokyo Toronto Vancouver Vienna Warsaw Washington Wellington


105

Nouns Languages Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Indonesia Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Filipino Finnish Flemish French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hungarian Icelandic Italian Japanese


Khmer Korean Kurdish Malay Malta Maori Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Serbian Spanish Swahili Swedish Thai Tongan Turkish Urdu Vietnamese Welsh

Nouns Celebrations All Saints’ Day Anzac Day Australia Day Bastille Day Boxing Day Buddha’s Birthday (Waisak/Wesak/Vesak Day) Chinese New Year Christmas Day Christmas Eve Easter Emperor’s Birthday (Japan) Halloween Hanukkah Jewish Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)

Jewish New Year (Rosh Hashanah) Jewish Passover May Day Melbourne Cup Day Muslim New Year (Muharram) New Year’s Day Queen’s Birthday (Australia and UK) Ramadan Remembrance Day Shrove Tuesday St Patrick’s Day St Valentine’s Day Thanksgiving Day Waitangi Day

Terms of Address Captain Dame Dr/Doctor Father Lady Lord

Judge/Justice Madam Master Miss Mr Mrs

Ms Reverend Sir Your Highness Your Honour Your Worship


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Nouns Abstract Nouns Note: An abstract noun is the name of something that can’t be recognised by the five senses—you can’t touch, taste, hear, smell or see it—it can only be recognised by the mind, for example, love, anger, honesty. affection boredom confidence consideration danger despair dismay

distress excitement experience failure gladness happiness honesty

imagination kindness laziness loneliness peril pleasure possibility satisfaction

Collective Nouns Note: A collective noun is the name given to a group of persons or things. assembly bevy bouquet

committee congregation convoy


meeting organisation quiver

Nouns Collective Nouns—Groups of Animals barren (mules) bevy (quail) business (ferrets) charm (finches) covey (partridges) down (hares) drift (wild pigs) flight (doves, swallows) gaggle (geese) game (swans) glaring (cats) host (sparrows) kennel (hounds)

kindle (kittens) kit (pigeons) labour (moles) muster (peacocks) rookery (penguins, seals) shoal (fish) skulk (foxes) sloth (bears) tiding (magpies) troop (kangaroos, monkeys) unkindness (ravens) watch (nightingales) wedge (swans in flight)


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Pronouns Note: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.

Common Pronouns Note: If a pronoun is the subject or part of the subject of a sentence, it is in the nominative case, for example ‘she’ in ‘ She is coming to my house.’ If a pronoun is the object or indirect object of a sentence, it is in the objective case, for example ‘her’ in ‘I will play with her .’ Nominative

First person (speaking) Second person (spoken to)

Objective Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

I

we

me

us

you

you

you

you

they

her, him, it

them

Third person she, he, it (spoken about)

Possessive Pronouns Note: Possessive pronouns show ownership. Singular

Plural

First person (speaking)

mine

ours

Second person (spoken to)

yours

yours

Third person (spoken about)

hers, his, its

theirs


Prepositions Note: Prepositions show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words. Preposition means placed in front so they are usually found in front the of nouns or pronouns. They often refer to the position of things. aboard against among around beneath

between beyond during except opposite

through towards underneath without


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Verbs Regular verbs Note: Most verbs form their tenses in a regular way according to the following table.

Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

I watch

I watched

I have watched

She plays

She played

She has played

Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

Present Participle

accept bake believe climb correct cough doze finish flood jump melt pour scrub slice sneeze snore sway toss

accepted baked believed climbed corrected coughed dozed finished flooded jumped melted poured scrubbed sliced sneezed snored swayed tossed

accepted baked believed climbed corrected coughed dozed finished flooded jumped melted poured scrubbed sliced sneezed snored swayed tossed

accepting baking believing climbing correcting coughing dozing finishing flooding jumping melting pouring scrubbing slicing sneezing snoring swaying tossing


Verbs Irregular verbs Note: Irregular verbs don’t form the past tense by simply adding ed, as regular verbs do. Instead, the verb changes. Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

(I am)

(I was)

(I have been)

Present Participle (I am being)

am bear beat become begin bite bleed blow break bring build burst buy catch choose creep deal do draw drink drive eat fall feel fight flee fly forget freeze

was bore beat became began bit bled blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose crept dealt did drew drank drove ate fell felt fought fled flew forgot froze

been borne beaten become begun bitten bled blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen crept dealt done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought fled flown forgotten frozen

being bearing beating becoming beginning biting bleeding blowing breaking bringing building bursting buying catching choosing creeping dealing doing drawing drinking driving eating falling feeling fighting fleeing flying forgetting freezing


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Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

Present Participle

give go grow hang (person) hang (thing) hide hold hurt kneel know lay leave lie ride ring rise run see seek sew show sing sink speak spring steal strike swear swell swim take teach tear think throw tread weave wind wring write

gave went grew hanged hung hid held hurt knelt knew laid left lay rode rang rose ran saw sought sewed showed sang sank spoke sprang stole struck swore swelled swam took taught tore thought threw trod wove wound wrung wrote

given gone grown hanged hung hidden held hurt knelt known laid left lain ridden rung risen run seen sought sewn shown sung sunk spoken sprung stolen struck sworn swollen swum taken taught torn thought thrown trodden woven wound wrung written

giving going growing hanging hanging hiding holding hurting kneeling knowing laying leaving lying riding ringing rising running seeing seeking sewing showing singing sinking speaking springing stealing striking swearing swelling swimming taking teaching tearing thinking throwing treading weaving winding wringing writing


Verbs Note: Verbs can be divided into four main groups: (i) action verbs, for example, jump (ii) saying verbs, for example, discuss (iii) thinking and feeling verbs, for example, feel, know (iv) having and being verbs, for example, am, has.

Action verbs arrive bounce feed gather hurry measure

poke protect scatter scrub search squeeze

stretch stroke struggle tumble whistle wriggle

Saying verbs announce clarify convey declare

define exclaim gossip inform

instruct remark swear wail

Thinking and feeling verbs consider design detest doubt enjoy forecast

imagine organise prefer realise reason recall

remember satisfy suffer suppose understand wonder


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Verbs Being–To Be Present tense

Past tense

Past participle –been

I am she is he is it is we are you are they are

I was she was he was it was we were you were they were

I have been she has been he has been it has been we have been you have been they have been

Present participle–being

Future tense–will be

I am being she is being he is being it is being we are being you are being they are being

I will be she will be he will be it will be we will be you will be they will be


Verbs Having–To Have Present tense

I have she has he has it has we have you have they have

Past tense

Past participle –had

I had she had he had it had we had you had they had

I have had she has had he has had it has had we have had you have had they have had

Present participle–having

Future tense–will have

I am having she is having he is having it is having we are having you are having they are having

I will have she will have he will have it will have we will have you will have they will have


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Adjectives Note: Adjectives are words that tell us more about nouns or pronouns by describing them, adding detail, or refining their meaning.

Descriptive adjectives accurate adorable amusing ancient appealing attractive brilliant carefree cheerful coarse comical corrupt cowardly curious dangerous dazzling deafening delightful depressed disgusting dismal dreadful elegant

enormous enthusiastic essential expensive extinct fabulous fantastic fashionable fearless fragile frightened genuine gorgeous graceful grateful gruesome hostile humorous immense important inferior intelligent irregular


irritable luxurious magnificent marvellous miserable mistaken nervous obedient occasional ordinary peculiar playful pointy polluted popular radiant reliable respectable sarcastic satisfied scarlet scorched secluded

Adjectives serene silent sinister speckled splendid sunburnt superb superior

swollen talkative tedious thoughtful tranquil transparent unfortunate unique

unpleasant unpopular unusual valuable violent vivid vulgar wonderful woollen

Determiners Note: These can also be called pointing or demonstrative adjectives because they demonstrate or point out nouns. that

these this

those such


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Adjectives Number Adjectives—Cardinal Numbers one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty

fifty one hundred one thousand ten thousand one hundred thousand one million one billion one trillion

Number Adjectives—Ordinal Numbers first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth

tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth


nineteenth twentieth fiftieth one hundredth one thousandth one hundred thousandth one millionth one billionth one trillionth

Adjectives Comparative adjectives Adjective

Comparative

Superlative

beautiful brave bright clever delicious dusty efficient fine healthy heavy honest humorous lucky muddy narrow nasty noisy pleasant pretty rare rusty smooth wise

more beautiful braver brighter cleverer more delicious dustier more efficient finer healthier heavier more honest more humorous luckier muddier narrower nastier noisier more pleasant prettier rarer rustier smoother wiser

most beautiful bravest brightest cleverest most delicious dustiest most efficient finest healthiest heaviest most honest most humorous luckiest muddiest narrowest nastiest noisiest most pleasant prettiest rarest rustiest smoothest wisest


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Adverbs Note: Adverbs add meaning to verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. They tell how something is being done, when something is being done or where something is being done.

‘How’ Adverbs accidentally anxiously comfortably distinctly fluently gracefully

heartily intently miserably patiently practically punctually scornfully

sensibly shabbily skilfully suitably thankfully truthfully willingly

‘When’ Adverbs already annually fearlessly gradually immediately instantly

lately meanwhile never now often presently


seldom shortly today tomorrow yesterday yet

Adverbs ‘Where’ Adverbs above behind below downstairs elsewhere

everywhere here inside near nowhere

outside somewhere upstairs within yonder

Conjunctions Note: A conjunction is a word which joins together two single words or two groups of words. although because

though whenever

wherever whether whose


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Part Four

Vocabulary


Synonyms abandon abbreviate abundant abuse advance altitude annual assistance attempt basis blew brief calm cheat choice circular city commence conceal conclusion disaster dress drink drowsy early employ excavate expect

÷ leave ÷ shorten ÷ plentiful ÷ mistreat ÷ proceed ÷ height ÷ yearly ÷ help ÷ endeavour ÷ foundation ÷ gusted ÷ short ÷ tranquil ÷ deceive ÷ option ÷ round ÷ metropolis ÷ begin ÷ hide ÷ end ÷ catastrophe ÷ attire ÷ beverage ÷ sleepy ÷ premature ÷ hire ÷ dig ÷ anticipate

famous fasten fierce follow forbid force frightened gamble gathering ghost gratitude greed home inquire insolent interior join journey lessen loathe margin minimum minor miserable mistake nuisance obtain odour

÷ celebrated ÷ attach ÷ ferocious ÷ pursue ÷ prohibit ÷ compel ÷ scared ÷ bet ÷ assembly ÷ apparition ÷ thankfulness ÷ avarice ÷ abode ÷ ask ÷ cheeky ÷ inside ÷ connect ÷ trip ÷ diminish ÷ hate ÷ edge ÷ least ÷ petty ÷ wretched ÷ error ÷ pest ÷ procure ÷ smell


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Synonyms pale part peculiar pierce question raise rare reluctant remember reveal rotten scarce scatter serious show sign significant slender small stationary still stop strong stubborn sufficient talk taught

÷ pallid ÷ portion ÷ odd ÷ penetrate ÷ query ÷ elevate ÷ scarce ÷ unwilling ÷ recollect ÷ show ÷ putrid ÷ scanty ÷ disperse ÷ grave ÷ demonstrate ÷ omen ÷ important ÷ slim ÷ diminutive ÷ still ÷ motionless ÷ cease ÷ robust ÷ obstinate ÷ enough ÷ converse ÷ instructed

tiredness ÷ fatigue top ÷ summit unbeatable÷ invincible understand÷ comprehend vacant ÷ empty waste ÷ squander


Antonyms absence fi presence accept fi refuse advance fi retreat ancient fi modern arrive fi leave artificial fi genuine barren fi fertile better fi worse bless fi curse captivity fi freedom comic fi tragic conceal fi reveal contract fi expand deny fi admit failure fi success familiar fi unfamiliar famous fi unknown forbid fi allow guilty fi innocent hollow fi solid honest fi dishonest idle fi busy import fi export knowledgeable fi ignorant liberty fi captivity maximum fi minimum minor fi major minority fi majority

numerous often opaque permanent powerful present private punishment rapid reap reveal stationary stubborn success sudden summer unique waste

fi few fi seldom fi transparent fi temporary fi weak fi absent fi public fi reward fi slow fi sow fi hide fi mobile fi flexible fi failure fi gradual fi winter fi common fi conserve


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Prefixes Note: A prefix is added to the beginning of a word or word element to add to or qualify its meaning.

a– (on)

auto– (self)

aboard aloft ashore

autobiography autodidact autograph automatic automobile autonomous

ante– (before) antecede antedate antechamber antenatal

anti– (against) antibiotic anticlimax anticlockwise antidote antipathy antipodes

arch– (chief) archangel archbishop archduke archenemy archetype architect

bi– (two) bicep bicycle bicuspid biennial bifocal bipedal

circum– (around) circumference circumlocution circumnavigate circumscribe circumspect circumstance


co–, com(together, with) coefficient coexist cohabit commiserate compound co-operate

contra– (against) contraband contradict contraindicate contrary contrast contravene

counter– (against) counteract counterattack counterbalance counterclaim counterweight

Prefixes dis- (apart from, not) disappear disenchant dislocate dispel disobey disperse

for– (excluding, prohibiting) forbear forbid forfeit forget forgo forswear

ex– (out of, from)

fore– (before)

excavate exceed excerpt excuse exfoliate extract

forearm forebear forebode forecast foreground foretell

extra– (outside, beyond)

homo– (same)

extracurricular extraordinary extrasensory extraterrestrial extravagant extravaganza

homoeopathy homogeneous homonym homophone

il– (not) illegal illegible illiterate illogical

im– (not) immaterial immature immeasurable imperfect impersonal

in– (not) inarticulate inclement incomplete inconvenient independent

inter– (between, among) interact intermediate interrupt intersection interstellar interval

intro– (into, within) introduce introspection introvert


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Prefixes ir– (not)

mono– (single)

post– (after)

irrational irreplaceable irrepressible irresponsible irreverent irreversible

monochrome monocle monogamy monologue monopoly monotonous

postgraduate post-mortem post-operative postpone postscript

mid– (middle)

non– (not)

midnight midriff midstream midsummer midweek midwinter

nondescript nonentity nonsense nonverbal non-violent

precaution precede precursor predict prefix prelude

mis– (wrong) misadventure misbehave misfortune misname misspell misunderstand

per– (through) perceive percolate perforate persist pervade

phil– (love of) philanthropist philosophy


pre– (before)

pro– (before, in front, forward, forth) procreate produce profile project pronoun protrude

Prefixes re– (again)

super– (over)

tri– (three)

reclaim redo reflect repeat replace revert

superfluous superhuman supernatural supernova supersonic supervisor

triangle tricycle trilogy trio triplets triptych

semi– (half)

tele– (far away)

un– (not, reverse)

telegram telegraph telephone telephoto telescope television

unclear undo uneven unfair unlock untouched

trans– (across, beyond)

uni– (one)

semicircle semicolon semiquaver semi-trailer semi-tropical

sub– (under) submarine submit subplot subsoil substandard subterranean

transatlantic transgress translucent transplant transport transpose

unicellular unicorn unicycle uniform unilateral unique


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Suffixes Note: A suffix is added to the end of a word or word element to change its function or meaning.

–able (tending to, able)

–al (relating to)

amiable enjoyable lovable perishable readable reliable

commercial electrical legal residential technical theatrical

–age (state of being, place of, result of)

–ance, –ence (state of being)

anchorage leakage personage shrinkage usage wastage

abundance deference difference diligence excellence importance


–ary, –ery (that which, place where) bakery dictionary revolutionary secretary visionary

–en (having nature of) ashen broken earthen golden molten spoken

Suffixes –en (to make or become) darken flatten lengthen quicken soften widen

–est (most) cleanest dearest deepest easiest loudest tightest

–er (one who, that which)

–ful (characterised by, full of)

cleaner farmer foreigner grocer printer teacher

beautiful graceful masterful plentiful skilful successful

–er (more)

–fy (make or form into)

cheaper dearer farther faster lighter stronger

–hood (state of rank) adulthood childhood falsehood likelihood neighbourhood

–ic (pertaining to, like) aromatic artistic athletic dramatic historic volcanic

clarify glorify magnify qualify signify simplify


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Suffixes –ish (having nature of) childish fiendish foolish

–ist (one who) artist biologist chemist humorist journalist

–ity, –ty (state of being) activity creativity fragility purity reality

–ive ( having nature of, quality of, given to) active destructive effective explosive festive inventive

–less (without) graceless merciless penniless priceless reckless ruthless


–ly (having the quality of) actively attentively happily justly rapidly swiftly

–ment (resulting state, action or process) amazement movement refinement refreshment settlement treatment

Suffixes –ness (quality or state of being) blindness goodness happiness kindness sweetness wickedness

–or (person who, state of quality) actor creator editor illustrator supervisor

–ous (state of condition, having quality of) courageous humorous joyous nebulous prosperous spontaneous

–ship (office, profession, art, or skill) friendship partnership penmanship relationship sportsmanship

–tion, –ion (act, process, state) attraction election emotion narration protection vision

–ure (act, process) adventure capture composure enclosure failure pleasure


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Homographs Note: Homonyms are words that are spelt the same, with different meanings. They may have slightly different pronunciations.

Word bass conduct content converse convict desert lead minute object present refuse sow tear wind

Meanings fish (noun)

low (usually of a voice) (adjective) behaviour (noun) direct an orchestra (verb) book contents (noun) happy (adjective) opposite (noun) talk with someone (verb) prisoner (noun) to prove guilty of an offence (verb) dry sandy area (noun) to abandon (verb) a soft metal (noun) to show the way (verb) unit of time (noun) very small (adjective) thing (noun) to express disapproval (verb) gift (noun) to give to (verb) rubbish (noun) to decline (verb) female pig (noun) to scatter seed (verb) fluid secreted by to rip up (verb) the eye (noun) moving air currents to coil around something (noun) (verb)


Anagrams Note: An anagram is made by changing the order of the letters in a word to form a new word. asleep ÷ please blame ÷ amble ample ÷ maple bruise ÷ rubies cared ÷ cedar cause ÷ sauce clean ÷ lance could ÷ cloud design ÷ singed disease ÷ seaside drive ÷ diver earth ÷ heart filter ÷ trifle finger ÷ fringe flier ÷ rifle forest ÷ softer garden ÷ danger general ÷ enlarge groan ÷ organ horse ÷ shore lemons ÷ solemn

listen ÷ tinsel mantle ÷ lament march ÷ charm north ÷ thorn please ÷ elapse priest ÷ stripe result ÷ rustle rinse ÷ reins risen ÷ siren scalp ÷ clasp score ÷ cores setter ÷ street spider ÷ prides staple ÷ pastel swine ÷ sinew sword ÷ words table ÷ bleat tales ÷ slate teacher ÷ hectare toast ÷ stoat


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Onomatopoeia Note: Onomatopoeic words imitate the sound they describe. boing boom buzz chirp clang click clunk crackle crash creak fizz

gulp gurgle hiss oink ooze plonk plop puff rattle rip roar

scratch screech slop smash snap splash splutter tick whirr whoosh zoom

Palindromes Note: A palindrome is a word (or sentence) that reads the same backwards as forwards. bib dad deed did dud eve ewe eye gag

gig Hannah level madam minim mum nan noon nun


peep pep pip pop pup radar redder refer tenet

Portmanteau Words Note: A portmanteau word is a word made by telescoping or blending two other words, for example automatic + bank fi autobank. bookmobile fi breathalyser fi brunch fi heliport fi hi-fi fi Medicare fi moped fi motel fi o’clock fi paratroops fi smog fi squiggle fi telecast fi

book and mobile breath and analyser breakfast and lunch helicopter and airport high fidelity medical and care motor and pedal motor and hotel of the clock parachute and troops smoke and fog squirm and wriggle television and broadcast


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Phobias Note: A phobia is an obsessive fear of a particular thing or situation. acrophobia agoraphobia ailurophobia anthropophobia apiphobia aquaphobia arachnophobia astraphobia batrachophobia brentophobia claustrophobia cynophobia equinophobia ichthyophobia menophobia musephobia nyctophobia ombrophobia ophidiophobia ornithophobia pyrophobia scopophobia tharatophobia trychophobia xenophobia

fear of heights fear of open spaces fear of cats fear of people fear of bees fear of water fear of spiders fear of lightning fear of frogs fear of thunder fear of being closed in fear of dogs fear of horses fear of fish fear of being alone fear of mice fear of darkness fear of rain fear of snakes fear of birds fear of fire fear of being looked at fear of death fear of hair fear of strangers


Eponyms Note: Eponyms are words that are derived from the name of a person or place.

Words from the Names of People atlas boycott

Braille

cardigan cereal diesel guillotine hygiene January

A book of maps—from Atlas, a Greek god who held up the universe on his shoulders. Named after Charles C Boycott, a greedy English landlord whose Irish tenants combined against him in 1880. Today when people boycott a product they refuse to buy it. A method of reading for blind people, named after its developer Louis Braille, a French educator. Raised dots stand for letters and numbers and can be understood by touch. A buttoned jersey—first worn by the English nobleman Earl Cardigan in about 1855. Edible grain such as wheat, rice, barley—from Ceres, the goddess of corn. A kind of engine—named after its inventor, the German scientist Rudolph Diesel. A decapitating machine—named after its French inventor, Dr Joseph Guillotin (1738–1814). The science of health—from Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health. The first month—from Janus, the Roman god who guarded doors, who was often represented with two faces, one facing forward and one backward.


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lynch

To hang someone without a fair trial. This illegal method of killing was named for Colonel William Lynch, an American soldier. Logies Television awards—named after John Logie Baird, a Scottish scientist who is credited with developing television. morse A telegraphic code—from its American inventor Samuel F B Morse (1791–1872). nicotine A poisonous substance in tobacco—named after Jean Nicot, a French diplomat who introduced tobacco to France. panic Great fear and confusion—from the Greek god Pan, who was said to cause it. pasteurise To sterilise by heating—named after the French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). sandwich Named after the Earl of Sandwich in England (1718–1792), an enthusiastic card player who ate meat between slices of bread to save having to leave a card game to eat a meal. saxophone A musical instrument—named after Adolph Sax, from Germany, who invented it. teddy bear Named after Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, an American president who once refused to kill a bear on a hunting trip. volcano An erupting mountain—from Vulcan, the Greek god of fire. watt, ohm, volt, ampere These words describe different properties of electricity, and are named after the scientists James Watt, George Simon Ohm, Alessandro Volta and André Marie Ampere.


Eponyms Words from the Names of Places attic

The top room in a house—from Atticus, a region near Athens in Greece. bantam A small fowl—from Bantam in Java, Indonesia. cantaloupe A kind of melon—named after Cantalupo, the village in Italy where it was first grown. china Special porcelain dishes—named for the country China, where very fine porcelain was made. Today china is made in many countries. chihuahua The smallest dog in the world gets its name from Chihuahua, a state in Mexico. It was first bred by the Aztecs. currant A dried grape)—from the vineyards of Corinth in Greece. dollar A city in Germany called Joachimsthal was famous for its silver mines, and since money was made out of silver, people would exchange what became known to them as ‘joachimsthalers’. To make it easier to say, they called their money thalers. This word finally changed into our word ‘dollar’. frankfurter A hot dog—named for the German city of Frankfurt. hamburger Named after the German city of Hamburg. jeans Named after the city of Genoa in Italy, where jeans were first made.


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marathon

An Olympic footrace—named after Marathon, a Greek city. There is a legend that a young man ran all the way from Marathon to Athens to announce that the Greeks had defeated the Persians in battle. After he related the news, he dropped dead from exhaustion. mayonnaise A savoury spread named for Port Mahon on an island near Spain. palace A royal residence—named after the Palatine Hill in Ancient Rome, which was famous for its beautiful homes. port Wine from Oporto in Portugal. rugby Football—from Rugby School in England, where this sport was first played. spinach A leafy vegetable named after the country of Spain. tangerine A small orange fruit named for the city of Tangier in Morocco. tobacco Plant named after an island of the Antilles which is now known as Tobago.


Vowel sounds Short a sound


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Blake's Word Bank is an essential teaching resource which will enrich your language lessons and provide word lists for all your needs—planning lessons, designing classroom activities, and extension, reinforcement and enrichment work.

by Peter Clutterbuck

The word lists are grouped in four sections for ease of use: Sounds—including vowel sounds, digraphs and blends. Spelling—including homophones, compound words, plurals and frequently misspelt words. Grammar—including common, abstract and proper nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Vocabulary—including synonyms, antonyms, prefixes, suffixes, palindromes and eponyms.

Also available: Blake’s Word Bank Lower Primary Blake’s Word Bank Middle Primary Other series by Peter Clutterbuck Grammar with a Grin Good Grammar! Spelling Success! Understanding Science ISBN 978-1-86509-773-2

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