Chemistry Data Booklet. Higher and Advanced Higher. For use in National Qualification Courses. Publication date: 2014. P
Chemistry Data Booklet Higher and Advanced Higher
For use in National Qualification Courses
Publication date: 2014 Publication code: BB6753 ISBN: 978 1 910180 00 6 Published by the Scottish Qualifications Authority The Optima Building, 58 Robertson Street, Glasgow G2 8DQ Lowden, 24 Wester Shawfair, Dalkeith, Midlothian EH22 1FD www.sqa.org.uk
The information in this publication may be reproduced in support of SQA qualifications. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is to be used for any other purpose, then written permission must be obtained from SQA. It must not be reproduced for trade or commercial purposes. © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2014
For an up-to-date list of prices visit the Publication Sales and Downloads section of SQA’s website. For further details telephone SQA’s Customer Contact Centre on 0845 279 1000. Page two
Contents
Relationships for Higher and Advanced Higher Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Names, Symbols, Relative Atomic Masses and Densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Covalent Radii of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Electron Arrangements of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Enthalpies of Formation and Combustion of Selected Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Selected Bond and Mean Bond Enthalpies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Enthalpy of Sublimation of Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ionisation Energies and Electronegativities of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Electrochemical Series: Standard Reduction Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Electrolysis of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Dissociation Constants of Selected Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Infra-red Correlation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Spectral Lines and Flame Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Proton NMR Spectra Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Ionic Radii of Selected Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Standard Entropy Values for Selected Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Standard Molar Enthalpies of Atomisation of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lattice Enthalpies of Selected Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Electron Affinities of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Hydration Enthalpies of Selected Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Colour Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Acid-base Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Formulae of Selected Ions containing more than one kind of Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Systeme Internationale Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Page three
Relationships for Higher and Advanced Higher Chemistry
Eh = cm ∆T
% yield =
Actual yield ×100 Theoretical yield
% atom economy =
Mass of desired product(s) ×100 Total mass of reacc tants
n = cV c1V1 c2V2 = n1 n2
n=
m GFM
rate =
∆ quantity ∆t
reaction rate = % by mass =
1
t
m ×100 GFM
c = fλ
pH + pOH = 14
E = Lhf
H 3O + I n − K In = [HI n ]
c d C ] [ D] [ K= [ A]a [ B ]b
for aA + bB cC + dD
pH = p K In ±1
pH = − log10 H +
∆ H ° = ∑ ∆ H °f (products) − ∑ ∆ H °f (reactants)
p K a = − log10 K a
∆ S° = ∑ S°(products) − ∑ S°(reactants)
pH = 12 p K a − 12 log10 c pH = p K a − log10
[acid ] [salt ]
∆G = ∆H − T ∆S ∆ G° = ∑ ∆ Gf° (products) − ∑ ∆ Gf° (reactants) ∆ G° = ∆ H °− T ∆ S°
KW = H + OH − pOH = − log10 OH −
Page four
Names, Symbols, Relative Atomic Masses and Densities (Relative atomic masses, also known as average atomic masses, have been rounded to the nearest 0·1)
Element Actinium Aluminium Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Caesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium
Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Pb Li Lu Mg
Relative atomic mass 227·0 27·0 243·1 121·8 39·9 74·9 210·0 137·3 247·1 9·0 209·0 10·8 79·9 112·4 40·1 251·1 12·0 140·1 132·9 35·5 52·0 58·9 63·5 247·1 162·5 252·1 167·3 152·0 19·0 223·0 157·3 69·7 72·6 197·0 178·5 4·0 164·9 1·0 114·8 126·9 192·2 55·8 83·8 138·9 207·2 6·9 175·0 24·3
Density (g cm-3) 10·1 2·70 13·7 6·68 0·0018 5·78 unknown 3·62 14·8 1·85 9·79 2·47 3·12 8·69 1·54 unknown * 6·77 1·93 0·0032 7·15 8·86 8·96 13·3 8·55 unknown 9·07 5·24 0·0017 unknown 7·90 5·91 5·32 19·3 13·3 0·0002 8·80 0·00009 7·31 4·95 22·5 7·87 0·0037 6·15 11·3 0·53 9·84 1·74
*The density of carbon as graphite is 2·27 g cm−3 The density of carbon as diamond is 3·51 g cm−3
Element
Symbol
Relative atomic mass
Density (g cm-3)
Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium
Mn Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr
54·9 200·6 96·0 144·2 20·2 237·0 58·7 92·9 14·0 190·2 16·0 106·4 31·0 195·1 244·1 209·0 39·1 140·9 144·9 231·0 226·0 222·0 186·2 102·9 85·5 101·1 150·4 45·0 79·0 28·1 107·9 23·0 87·6 32·1 180·9 97·9 127·6 158·9 204·4 232·0 168·9 118·7 47·9 183·8 238·0 50·9 131·3 173·0 88·9 65·4 91·2
7·47 13·5 10·2 7·01 0·0009 20·2 8·90 8·57 0.0013 22·6 0·0014 12·0 1·82 21·5 19·7 9·20 0·89 6·77 7·26 15·4 5·00 0·0097 20·8 12·4 1·53 12·1 7·52 2·99 4·81 2·33 10·5 0·97 2·64 2·09 16·4 11 6·25 8·23 11·8 11·7 9·32 7·26 4·51 19·3 19·1 6·00 0·0059 6·90 4·47 7·14 6·52
Page five
Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 0
1
2
Hydrogen
Helium
Key
—259 —253
Atomic number
—272 —269
Name of element
3
4
Lithium
Beryllium
181 1342
1287 2471*
Melting point/ºC Boiling point/ºC
5
6
7
8
9
10
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
2075 4000
†3825
—210 —196
—219 —183
—220 —188
—249 —246
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
98 883
650 1090
660 2519
1414 3265
44 280
115 445
—101 —34
—189 —186
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
63 759
842 1484
1541 2836
1668 3287
1910 3407
1907 2672
1246 2061
1538 2861
1495 2927
1455 2913
1085 2562
420 907
30 2204
938 2833
*817 †616
221 685
—7 59
—157 —153
42
43
37
38
39
40
41
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
39 688
777 1382
1522 3345
1855 4409
2477 4744
Molybdenum Technetium
2623 4639
2157 4265
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
2333 4150
1964 3695
1555 2963
962 2162
321 767
157 2072
232 2602
631 1587
449 988
114 184
—112 —108
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
28 671
727 1897
920 3464
2223 4602
3017 5458
3422 5555
3185 5596
3033 5012
2446 4428
1768 3825
1064 2856
—39 357
304 1473
328 1749
271 1564
254 962
302
—71 —62
* at 28 atmospheres † sublimes
Page six
Group 1
Covalent Radii of Selected Elements Group 2
1
Group 3
Key
Hydrogen
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Atomic number Name of element
37
Covalent radius/pm
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
134
129
90
77
75
73
71
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
154
145
130
117
110
102
99
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
196
174
141
132
122
119
116
114
114
113
118
120
120
122
121
117
114
42
43
37
38
39
40
41
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
216
191
162
147
133
Molybdenum Technetium
127
—
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
122
122
126
136
140
150
140
143
135
133
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
235
198
169
142
133
131
128
126
124
127
130
141
157
155
151
—
140
Page seven
Group 1
Electron Arrangements of Elements Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 0
(1)
(18)
Key
1
H 1 Hydrogen
(2)
3
4
Li
Be
2
Atomic number
He
Symbol
(13)
Electron arrangement Name
(14)
(15)
(16)
2
(17)
Helium
5
6
7
8
9
10
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
11
12
Na
Mg
Transition Elements
2,8,1
2,8,2
Sodium
Magnesium
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
2,8,3
2,8,4
2,8,5
2,8,6
2,8,7
2,8,8
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
2,8,8,1
2,8,8,2
2,8,9,2
2,8,10,2
2,8,11,2
2,8,13,1
2,8,13,2
2,8,14,2
2,8,15,2
2,8,16,2
2,8,18,1
2,8,18,2
2,8,18,3
2,8,18,4
2,8,18,5
2,8,18,6
2,8,18,7
2,8,18,8
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
2,8,18,8,1 2,8,18,8,2
2,8,18,9,2
2,8,18, 10,2
2,8,18, 12,1
2,8,18,13, 2,8,18,13, 2,8,18,15, 2,8,18,16, 1 2 1 1
2,8,18, 18,0
2,8,18, 18,1
2,8,18, 18,2
2,8,18, 18,3
2,8,18, 18,4
2,8,18, 18,5
2,8,18, 18,6
2,8,18, 18,7
2,8,18, 18,8
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
87
88
89
104
105
106
107
108
109
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Samarium
Europium
2,8,18,18, 2,8,18,18, 8,1 8,2
2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 18,8,1 18,8,2
2,8,18,18, 2,8,18,32, 9,2 10,2
2,8,18, 32,11,2
Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium
2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 12,2 13,2 14,2 15,2 17,1
2,8,18, 32,18,1
2,8,18, 32,18,2
110
111
112
Ds
Rg
Cn
Indium
2,8,18, 32,18,3
2,8,18, 32,18,4
2,8,18, 32,18,5
65
66
67
Gd
Tb
Dy
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Iodine
Xenon
2,8,18, 32,18,6
2,8,18, 32,18,7
2,8,18, 32,18,8
68
69
70
71
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 18,9,2 32,10,2 32,11,2 32,12,2 32,13,2 32,14,2 32,15,2 32,17,1 32,18,1 32,18,2
Lanthanides
La
2,8,18, 18,9,2
Lanthanum
Actinides
Ce
2,8,18, 20,8,2 Cerium
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium
2,8,18,21, 2,8,18,22, 2,8,18,23, 2,8,18,24, 2,8,18,25, 2,8,18,25, 2,8,18,27, 2,8,18,28, 2,8,18,29, 2,8,18,30, 2,8,18,31, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 9,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 9,2
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 2,8,18,32, 18,9,2 18,10,2 20,9,2 21,9,2 22,9,2 24,8,2 25,8,2 25,9,2 27,8,2 28,8,2 29,8,2 30,8,2 31,8,2 32,8,2 32,9,2 Californium Einsteinium
Page eight
Group 1
Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Oxides Element hydrogen
Formula of oxide H2O
mp/ºC
bp/ºC 0
100
Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Chlorides Element
Formula of chloride
mp/ºC
bp/ºC
lithium
LiCl
610
1383
beryllium
BeCl2
405
482
lithium
Li2O
1438
beryllium
BeO
2578
3900
boron
BCl3
—107
boron
B2O3
1860
carbon
CCl4
—23
carbon
CO2
nitrogen
NCl3
—40
nitrogen
N2O4
450 sublimes at —78·5 —9
fluorine
FCl
—155
—100
fluorine
F2O
—224
—144
sodium
NaCl
801
1465
magnesium
MgCl2
1412
aluminium
Al2Cl6
silicon
SiCl4
714 Sublimes at 180 —70
phosphorus
PCl3
—93
sulfur
SCl2
—78
potassium
KCl
770
75·5 decomposes at 59 1680
calcium
CaCl2
775
21
sublimes at 1134 2825
3600
2054
2977
1713 sublimes at 300 —75
2950
—121
2
sodium
Na2O
magnesium
MgO
aluminium
Al2O3
silicon
SiO2
phosphorus
P4O10
sulfur
SO2
chlorine
Cl2O
potassium
K2O
740
calcium
CaO
2614
—10
57·6
1935
2850
Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Organic Compounds Name of compound
mp/ºC
bp/ºC
Name of compound
methane
—182·5
—162
methanol
ethane
—183
—89
ethanol
—114
78
propane
—188
—42
propan-1-ol
—124
97
butane
—138
—1
propan-2-ol
—88
82
pentane
—130
36
butan-1-ol
—84
118
hexane
—95
69
butan-2-ol
—89
100
heptane
—91
98
methanal
—92
—19
octane
—57
126
ethanal
—123
20
cyclobutane
—91
13
propanal
—81
49
cyclopentane
—93
49
butanal
—97
75
81
propanone butanone
—95 —86·5
56 79·5
cyclohexane
6.5
ethene
—169
—104
propene
—185
—48
but-1-ene
—185
—6
ethanoic acid
pent-1-ene
—165
30
hex-1-ene
—140
benzene
5·5
methanoic acid
mp/ºC —97·5
bp/ºC 65
8
101
17
118
propanoic acid
—21
141
63
butanoic acid
—5
164
80
methoxyethane ethoxyethane
Page nine
—139 —116
7·5 34·5
Enthalpies of Formation and Combustion of Selected Substances Standard enthalpy of formation /kJ mol−1
Standard enthalpy of combustion/kJ mol−1
hydrogen
−
−286
carbon (graphite)
−
−394
sulfur (rhombic)
−
−297
methane
−75
−891
ethane
−84
−1561
propane
−104
−2219
butane
−126
−2878
benzene
49
−3628
ethene
52
−1411
ethyne
227
−1301
methanol
−239
−726
ethanol
−278
−1367
propan-1-ol
−303
−2021
methanoic acid
−425
−255
ethanoic acid
−484
−874
Substance
Selected Bond and Mean Bond Enthalpies Bond Enthalpies
Mean Bond Enthalpies
Bond
Enthalpy/kJ mol−1
H − H
436
O = O
498
N ≡ N
945
F − F
Mean Enthalpy/ kJ mol−1
Bond Si − Si
226
C − C
348
159
C = C
612
Cl − Cl
243
838
Br − Br
194
I − I
151
C ≡ C C C (aromatic)
H − F
570
H − Cl
432
H − Br
366
H − I
298
}
H − O
463
H − N
388
C − H
412
C − O
360
C = O
743
C − F
484
C − Cl
338
C − Br
276
C − I
238
Enthalpy of Sublimation of Carbon The energy required to convert 1 mole solid carbon into 1 mole gaseous carbon atoms is 716 kJ at 298 K (25 ºC). The equation is C(s) → C(g) ∆H = 716 kJ Page ten
518
Ionisation Energies and Electronegativities of Selected Elements Notes: T he first ionisation energy for an element E refers to the reaction E(g) → E+(g) + e− ; the second ionisation energy refers to E+(g) → E2+(g) + e− ; etc.
hydrogen helium
H He
1312 2372
— 5251
— —
— —
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 2·2 —
lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
Li Be B C N O F Ne
520 900 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 2081
7298 1757 2427 2353 2856 3389 3374 3952
11815 14849 3660 4620 4578 5300 6050 6122
— 21007 25026 6223 7475 7469 8408 9371
1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 3·0 3·5 4·0 —
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
496 738 578 787 1012 1000 1251 1521
4562 1451 1817 1577 1907 2252 2298 2666
6910 7733 2745 3232 2914 3357 3822 3931
9543 10543 11577 4356 4964 4556 5159 5771
0·9 1·2 1·5 1·9 2·2 2·5 3·0 —
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic bromine
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Br
419 590 633 659 651 653 717 762 760 737 745 906 579 762 944 1140
3052 1145 1235 1310 1410 1591 1509 1562 1648 1753 1958 1733 1979 1537 1794 2083
4420 4912 2389 2653 2828 2987 3248 2957 3232 3395 3555 3833 2965 3302 2735 3473
5877 6491 7091 4175 4507 4743 4940 5287 4950 5297 5536 5731 6102 4411 4837 4564
0·8 1·0 1·3 1·5 1·6 1·6 1·5 1·8 1·8 1·9 1·9 1·6 1·8 2·0 2·2 2·8
rubidium strontium silver tin antimony iodine
Rb Sr Ag Sn Sb I
403 549 731 709 831 1008
2633 1064 2072 1412 1605 1846
3859 4138 3361 2943 2441 3184
5075 5500 — 3930 4260 —
0·8 1·0 1·9 1·8 2·1 2·6
caesium barium gold lead
Cs Ba Au Pb
376 503 890 716
2234 965 1949 1450
— — — 3081
— — — 4083
0·8 0·9 2·4 1·8
Element
Symbol
Ionisation Energies/kJ mol—1 First
Second
Third
Fourth
Page eleven
Electrochemical Series: Standard Reduction Potentials Note: The data given below are reduction potentials applicable to standard state conditions.
Reaction +
Eº/V
Li (aq) + e
−
Li(s)
−3·04
+
−
Cs(s)
−3·03
+
−
Rb(s)
−2·98
K(s)
−2·93
Sr(s)
−2·90
Ca(s)
−2·87
Na(s)
−2·71
Mg(s)
−2·37
Al(s)
Cs (aq) + e
Rb (aq) + e +
K (aq) + e
−
2+
Sr (aq) + 2e
−
2+
Ca (aq) + 2e +
Na (aq) + e
−
−
2+
Mg (aq) + 2e
−
Al3+(aq) + 3e− −
−1·66 −
H2(g) + 2OH (aq)
−0·83
2+
−
Zn(s)
−0·76
3+
−
Cr(s)
−0·74
2+
−
Fe(s)
−0·45
2+
−
Ni(s)
−0·26
2+
−
Sn(s)
−0·14
2+
−
Pb(s)
−0·13
3+
−
Fe(s)
−0·04
H2(g)
0·00
2H2O() + 2e
Zn (aq) + 2e Cr (aq) + 3e
Fe (aq) + 2e Ni (aq) + 2e
Sn (aq) + 2e
Pb (aq) + 2e Fe (aq) + 3e +
−
4+
−
2H (aq) + 2e
Sn (aq) + 2e 2+
Cu (aq) + e
−
2−
+
SO4 (aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e
−
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e I2(s) + 2e
−
−
3+
Fe (aq) + e +
Ag (aq) + e
−
−
2+
Hg (aq) + 2e Br2() + 2e
−
−
+
O2(g) + 4H (aq) + 4e 2−
−
+
Cr2O7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e Cl2(g) + 2e −
− +
MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e F2(g) + 2e
−
−
−
2+
0·15
+
Sn (aq)
Cu (aq)
0·15
2−
SO3 (aq) + H2O()
0·17
Cu(s)
0·34
−
0·40
4OH (aq) −
2I (aq)
0·54
2+
Fe (aq)
0·77
Ag(s)
0·80
Hg()
0·85
−
2Br (aq)
1·07
2H2O()
1·23
3+
1·36
−
2Cl (aq)
1·36
2+
1·51
2Cr (aq) + 7H2O() Mn (aq) + 4H2O() −
2F (aq)
Electrolysis of Water Reduction reactions at the negative electrode 2H2O() + 2e− → H2(g) + 2OH−(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) Oxidation reactions at the positive electrode 2H2O() → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− 4OH−(aq) → 2H2O() + O2(g) + 4e−
Page twelve
2·87
Dissociation Constants of Selected Species Equilibrium in aqueous solution methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid butanoic acid
pKa
Ka H+ + HCOO−
HCOOH
+
CH3COOH
−
H + CH3COO
CH3CH2COOH CH3(CH2)2COOH
+
−
H + CH3CH2COO +
−
H + CH3(CH2)2COO +
−
1·8 × 10−4
3·75
1·7 × 10
−5
4·76
1·3 × 10
−5
4·87
1·5 × 10
−5
4·83
−5
4·20
benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
H + C6H5COO
6·3 × 10
phenol
C6H5OH
H+ + C6H5O−
1·0 × 10−10
9·99
hydrofluoric acid
HF
H+ + F −
6·8 × 10−4
3·17
boric acid
H3BO3
H+ + H2BO3−
5·4 × 10−10
9·27
hydrocyanic acid
HCN
H+ + CN−
6·2 × 10−10
9·21
carbonic acid
H2O + CO2
H+ + HCO3−
4·5 × 10−7
6·35
hydrogencarbonate ion
HCO3−
H+ + CO32−
4·7 × 10−11
10·33
sulfurous acid
H2SO3
H+ + HSO3−
1·4 × 10−2
1·85
hydrogensulfite ion
HSO3−
H+ + SO32−
6·3 × 10−8
7·19
hydrogen sulfide
H2S
H+ + HS−
8·9 × 10−8
7·05
hydrogensulfide ion
HS−
H+ + S2−
2·73 × 10−20
phosphoric acid
H3PO4
H+ + H2PO4−
6·9 × 10−3
2·16
dihydrogenphosphate ion
H2PO4−
H+ + HPO42−
6·2 × 10−8
7·21
hydrogenphosphate ion
HPO42−
H+ + PO43−
4·8 × 10−13
12·32
ammonium ion
NH4+
H+ + NH3
5·8 × 10−10
9·24
methylammonium ion
CH3NH3+
H+ + CH3NH2
2·2 × 10−11
10·66
phenylammonium ion
C6H5NH3+
H+ + C6H5NH2
1·3 × 10−5
4·87
Page thirteen
19·00
Infra-red Correlation Table Wave number range/cm−1 Type of compound
Infra-red absorption due to
3570−3200
alcohols and phenols
hydrogen bonded O − H stretch
3650−3590
alcohols and phenols
not hydrogen bonded O − H stretch
3500−3300
amine, not hydrogen bonded
N − H stretch
3300
alkyne
C − H stretch in C ≡ C − H
3095−3010
alkene
C − H stretch in C = C − H
3100−3000
benzene ring
C − H stretch
2962−2853
alkane
C − H stretch
2900−2820
aldehyde
C − H stretch in −CHO
2775−2700
aldehyde
C − H stretch in −CHO
3500−2500
carboxylic acid
hydrogen bonded O − H stretch in −COOH
2260−2215
nitriles
C ≡ N stretch
2260−2100
alkynes
C ≡ C stretch
1750−1735
ester
C = O stretch
1740−1720
aldehyde
C = O stretch
1730−1717
aromatic ester
C = O stretch
1725−1700
caboxylic acid
C = O stretch
1700−1680
aromatic and alkyl ketones aromatic carboxylic acid
1680−1620
alkene
C = C stretch
1600,1580,1500 and 1450
benzene ring
C
1485−1340
alkane
C − H bend
1275−1200
aromatic ether
C − O stretch
1150−1070
alkyl ether
C − O stretch
}
Page fourteen
C = O stretch
C (aromatic) stretch
Spectral Lines and Flame Colours Gas Discharge Lamps Element hydrogen (Balmer series)
helium
Wavelength/nm
Colour
656
red
486
blue-green
434
blue-green
410
violet
397
ultra-violet
389
ultra-violet
706
red
667
red
588
orange-yellow
Metal Vapour Lamps Element cadmium
mercury
sodium
Wavelength/nm
Colour
644
red
509
green
480
blue
579 577
}
yellow doublet
546
green
436
blue-violet
405
violet
310
ultra-violet
589·0 589·6
}
orange-yellow doublet
Flame Colours Note: The data refers to prominent spectral lines. Element
Wavelength/nm
Colour
barium
554
green
calcium
620
orange-red
copper
325
blue-green
lithium
671
crimson
potassium
405
lilac
sodium
589
orange-yellow
strontium
650
red
Page fifteen
Proton NMR Spectra Correlation Chart
Note: Approximate chemical shift values of hydrogen atoms in different structural environments relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) for which δ = 0 ppm 11·0
10·0
9·0
8·0
7·0
6·0
5·0
4·0
3·0
2·0
1·0
0·0
RCH3, R2CH2, R3CH 3·0−2·3
ArCH3, ArCH2R, ArCHR2
O O O CH3C− , RCH2C− , R2CHC−
2·7−2·0
(aldehyde, ketone, acid, ester, amide) CH3O−, RCH2O−, R2CHO−
R = alkyl group
3·9−3·5
Ar = aryl (aromatic) group
(alcohol, ether)
X = halogen
4·2−2·2
CH3X, RCH2X, R2CHX
2·5−2·0
CH3CN, RCH2CN, R2CHCN
3·0−2·5
CH3N , RCH2N , R2CHN
Page sixteen
2·6−1·6
CH3C C , RCH2C C , R2CHC C
2·8−1·7
CH3C ≡ C−, RCH2C ≡ C−, R2CHC ≡ C− 6·0−4·5
C CH2 , C CH
3·1−1·8
−C ≡ CH 8·0−6·6
ArH
O RC−H
10·0−9·4
O ArC−H O O RC−OH, ArC−OH
δ (ppm)
1·5−0·9
10·5−9·7
11·0−10·0
5·0−1·0
ROH 11·0−4·5
ArOH
3·0−1·1
RNH2 , RNH 5·0−3·0
ArNH2, ArNH
O O −C−NH2 , −C−NH
9·4−5·0
11·0
10·0
9·0
8·0
7·0
6·0
5·0
4·0
3·0
2·0
1·0
0·0
δ (ppm)
Ionic Radii of Selected Ions Ion
Radius/pm
H−
208
+
76
Be2+
27
N3−
132
O2−
140
F−
133
Na+
102
Mg2+
72
Al3+
54
P3−
198
S2−
184
Cl−
181
K+
138
Ca2+
100
Ti3+
67
V3+
64
Cr2+
73
Cr3+
62
Mn2+
83
Fe2+
61
Fe3+
55
Co2+
65
Co3+
55
Li
Standard Entropy Values for Selected Substances Substance
Standard Entropy /J K−1 mol−1
H2(g)
131
He(g)
126
Li(s)
29
B(s)
5·9
C(s) (graphite)
5·7
C(s) (diamond)
2·4
N2(g)
192
O2(g)
205
F2(g)
203
Na(s)
51
Mg(s)
33
Al(s)
28
Si(s)
19
Cl2(g)
223
K(s)
65
Ca(s)
42
Fe(s)
27
Ni(s)
30
Cu(s)
33
Br2()
152
Ag(s)
43
I2(s)
116
Cs(s)
85
2+
69
Ba(s)
63
Cu
+
60
Au(s)
47
Cu
2+
73
Hg()
76
2+
74
H2O()
70
H2O(g)
189
Ni
Zn
−
196
+
152
CO2(g)
214
2+
126
MgO(s)
27
+
115
Al2O3(s)
51
2+
112
SO2(g)
248
Br
Rb Sr
Ag Sn I
−
220
CaO(s)
38
+
174
BaO(s)
72
2+
135
NaCl(s)
72
2+
102
CaCl2(s)
108
Pb2+
120
CsCl(s)
99
Cs
Ba
Hg
Page seventeen
Standard Molar Enthalpies of Atomisation of Selected Elements −1
Lattice Enthalpies of Selected Compounds Compound
Lattice Enthalpy/kJ mol−1
Element
∆Hº/kJ mol
Li2O
−2799
H
218
BeO
−4514
Li
159
Na2O
−2481
Be
326
MgO
−3795
B
565
Al2O3
−15916
C
716
K2O
−2238
N
472
CaO
−3414
O
249
FeO
−3795
F
79
CoO
−3837
Na
107
NiO
−3908
Mg
147
CuO
−4135
Al
330
ZnO
−4142
Si
450
SrO
−3217
P
317
Ag2O
−3002
S
277
BaO
−3029
Cl
121
LiCl
−834
K
88
NaCl
−769
Ca
178
MgCl2
−2477
Sc
378
KCl
Ti
473
CaCl2
−2268
V
515
CoCl2
−2707
Cr
397
NiCl2
−2753
Mn
283
CuCl
−992
Fe
414
CuCl2
−2774
Co
427
SrCl2
−2142
Ni
430
AgCl
−910
Cu
337
BaCl2
−2046
Zn
130
LiF
−1030
Br
112
NaF
−910
Rb
81
MgF2
−2926
Sr
163
KF
Ag
285
CaF2
−2640
Sn
301
NiF2
−3098
I
107
SrF2
−2476
Cs
77
AgF
−953
Ba
178
BaF2
−2347
MgS
−3406
CaS
−3002
BaS
−2713
NiS
−3528
ZnS
−3692
LiBr
−730
NaBr
−732
KBr
−671
Page eighteen
−701
−808
NiBr2
−2729
CuBr2
−2715
AgBr
−897
Electron Affinities of Selected Elements Element H O (O−) F S (S−) Cl Br I
Electron Affinity/ kJ mol−1 −72 −141 +844 −328 −201 +456 −349 −324 −295
The electron affinity for an element E refers to the reaction E(g) + e− → E−(g). The second electron affinity refers to the reaction E−(g) + e− → E2−(g). Hydration Enthalpies of Selected Ions Ion Li+ Na+ K+ Mg2+ Al3+ Ca2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Rb+ Sr2+ Ag+ Cs+ Ba2+ OH− F− Cl− Br− I−
Hydration Enthalpy/kJ mol−1 −520 −405 −321 −1920 −4690 −1650 −1950 −4430 −2100 −2050 −300 −1480 −446 −277 −1360 −460 −506 −364 −337 −296
The hydration enthalpy for the ion of an element E refers to the changes represented by En+(g) → En+(aq) and En−(g) → En−(aq).
Page nineteen
Colour Wheel
orange 600−640 nm red 640−700 nm
yellow 560−600 nm
violet 400−450 nm
green 480−560 nm blue 450−480 nm
Acid-base Indicators Acid-base indicator bromophenol blue
pH range 3·0−4·6
methyl orange
3·2−4·4
methyl red
4·8−6·0
phenolphthalein
8·2−10·0
bromocresol green
3·8−5·4
bromocresol purple
5·2−6·8
bromothymol blue
6·0−7·6
cresol red
0·0−1·0; 7·0−8·8
p−nitrophenol
5·4−6·6
phenol red
6·6−8·0
thymol blue
1·2−2·8; 8·0−9·6
thymolphthalein
9·4−10·6
screened methyl orange
2·9−4·4
azolitmin (litmus)
4·5−8·3
Page twenty
Formulae of Selected Ions containing more than one kind of Atom one positive
one negative
two negative
Ion
Ion
Ion
ammonium
Formula NH4+
Formula CH3COO−
ethanoate
chromate
−
dichromate
−
sulfate
hydrogencarbonate HCO3 hydrogensulfate hydrogensulfite
HSO4 HSO3 OH−
hydroxide nitrate
NO3
permanganate
−
Formula CO 32−
carbonate
−
three negative Ion
Formula
phosphate
PO43−
sulfate
oxide
hydroxide
CrO4
2−
Cr2O 7 2− SO42−
SO 32−
sulfite
S 2O32−
thiosulfate
MnO4−
Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water The table shows how some compounds behave in cold water vs
means very soluble (a solubility greater than 10 g l−1)
s
means soluble
(a solubility of between 1 and 10 g l−1)
i
means insoluble
(a solubility of less than 1 g l−1)
−
no data bromide carbonate chloride iodide nitrate phosphate
aluminium
vs
−
vs
vs
vs
i
vs
i
i
ammonium
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
−
−
barium
vs
i
vs
vs
vs
i
i
vs
vs
calcium
vs
i
vs
vs
vs
i
s
s
s
copper(II)
vs
i
vs
−
vs
i
vs
i
i
iron(II)
vs
i
vs
vs
vs
i
vs
i
i
iron(III)
vs
−
vs
−
vs
i
vs
i
i
lead(II)
s
i
s
i
vs
i
i
i
i
lithium
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
i
vs
vs
vs
magnesium
vs
i
vs
vs
vs
i
vs
i
i
nickel
vs
i
vs
vs
vs
i
vs
i
i
potassium
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
i
i
i
i
vs
i
s
i
−
sodium
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
tin(II)
vs
i
vs
s
−
i
vs
i
i
zinc
vs
i
vs
vs
vs
i
vs
i
i
silver
Note: Some of the compounds in the table hydrolyse significantly in water. Page twenty-one
Systeme Internationale (SI) Units Quantity
Name of Unit
Symbol
length
metre
m
mass
kilogram
kg
time
second
s
electric current
ampere
A
temperature
degree celsius
ºC
energy
joule
J
electric charge
coulomb
C
electric potential difference
volt
V
amount of substance
mole
mol
Physical Constants Quantity
Symbol
Value
−
1·60 × 10−19 C
charge on electron
e
Avogadro constant
L
6·02 × 1023 mol−1
Faraday constant
F
9·65 × 104 C mol−1
Planck constant
h
6·63 × 10−34 J s
speed of light in vacuum
c
3·00 × 108 m s−1
Properties of Water Quantity
Value
specific heat capacity of liquid water
4·18 kJ kg−1 ºC−1
ionic product of water
10−14 at 24 ºC
SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors SI Prefix
Symbol
Multiplication
tera
T
1012
giga
G
109
mega
M
106
kilo
k
103
deci
d
10−1
centi
c
10−2
milli
m
10−3
micro
μ
10−6
nano
n
10−9
pico
p
10−12
Conversion Factors For Volume For Thermodynamic Temperature 3 3 1 litre = 1 dm = 1000 cm 0 ºC = 273 K 1000 litres = 1000 dm3 = 1 m3
Page twenty-two
