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THE
CB PLL DATA BOOK Lou Franklin .hA
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A Repair& ModificationReference IncludesAmerican,British,& EuropeanCB Badios AM, FM, & SSB Circuits
CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION .... .......... I Section I - BASIC PLL BACKGROUND . ...... s Frequency Mixing - Intermediate Frequencies - SSB Mixing - The "Odd" British Channels * The PLL for FM Use - A Basic Crystal Synthesizer - Equivalent PLL Synthesizer - Elements ofThe PLL System - Reference Oscillator & Divider - Programmabìe Divider - phase Detector - Loop Or Low,Pass Filter - Voltage-ControlledOsciìlator - The Loop Mixer - The 5.12 MHz Loop Mixing Output - Current Technical Trends - Special Chip Functions - The T/R Shift Misprogram Code Pin - Frequency SelectPin - Automatic Ch. g,/Ch. 19 Command - Scanning Interface Section II - BACKGROUND FOR MODIFICATION METHODS ....... Typical Synthesizer Circuit - Binary Programming - VCO Circuit -Loop Mixing - Phase DetectorCorrection - ReceiverIFs - Transmitter Section - Truth Charts - BCD Programming - PresettableDividers -Multimode Programming - Controlling Program Pins - ROM Code Converters Other ROM Variations - Loop Mixer Modifications - CB-to-Ham ConversionProblems- Sample Modification - Crystal Switching Methods - External Crystaì Oscilìators - Crystaì Sources - The ReferenceOscillator Crystal - The Impossibìe Chips
32
Section III - PLL CHIP SPECIFICATIONS Inside The Mysterious PLL Chip - Explanation of pin Functions - N.Codes of NewerROM Chips
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Block Mixing Diagrams (Pages 6?-92);
Uniden "Export" SSB- SharpCB5470- LC7ll3 SSB- LC7l30/31/3b -LC7131 SSB- LC7136l37- MC8719SSB- NDI Early - NDI t are -PLLO2A AM 3-Crystaì- PLLO2AAM 2-Crystal- PLI,O2ASSB PLLOSA/O8A- REC86345_ SM51O4SSB _ TC5O8O/81 SSB _ - TC9109/M88733/LC7r32/CSI2r - uPD858AM 2-Crysrat TC9106/9119 - uPD858AM 3-Crystal- uPD858SSB- uPD861AM ROM - uPD861 AM Binary- uPD2814/28r6/LC7120 AM - uPD2816 SSB- uPD2824 SSB Pin Functions t(Pages93-107):
c5121- CCIil001- CCI3002_ HD42851_LC7rr} _LC71:.3_rc7v0 - LC7130 / 3r/ 35/36/ 37_ M58472_ M58473_ MB87r9/ 8734_ MC145106 - MC14568/14526 - MM55108 _ MSC42502 _ MSM5807_ MSM5907 -NDC4OO13- NIS7261A_ NIS7264B_ PLLO2A _ PLLO1A_ SM5104_ SM510?_ SM5118_ TC5080_ PLL03A/08A- REC86345 - TC9109/MB87SB TC9102 TC9103- TC9106/9119 - upD858_ - uPD2812 - uPD2814 - uPD2816- upD2824 uPD861- uPD2810 LATEADDITIONS:LC7132, SM5123A, SM5124A . . . . . . . . . lo8 L A T EA D D I T I O NC: P IC h a s s iBsì o c M k i x i n gD i a g r a m. . . .......... l0g
INTRODUCTION The Phase-Locked-Loopor "PLL" Frequency Synthesizer used in CB radios is a marvelous device. It can generate all the signals neededto run a complex transceiver, is more accurate than crystal control, and more reliable becausefewer parts are needed.However, understanding its operation seemsto causea lot of anxiety among CB operators as well as professionaltechnicians.It's the purposeof this book to explain in the simplest, most non-technical terms possible how the PLL works. Anybody interested in the technical side ofCB radio should find it quite heÌpful. I've tried to write this for both the casual CB hobbyist and the professional serviceman. CB radio is now a worldwide hobby. As an American who's seen it change from vacuum tubes to transistors, from crystal synthesizers to PLL synthesizers, I'm in a unique position to explain the PLL's "chips" detailed here are evolution. While many of the circuits and IC actually obsolete now, there are still a lot of those radios out there needing repair! And since most countries have limited CB operation t .a.l-=
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must state the exact frequency desired, holder type, accuracy, and load capacitance.Holder types are normally HC18/U for solder leads and HC25/U for plug-ins. Accuracy should be at least.00b% or better. Load capacitanceis typically 32 pF which is fine for AM-only rigs; however for SSB rigs you shouìd get the 20 pF crystals becausethey require less external capacitance to trim and when part ofthe Clarifier circuit they will slide much further.
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So much for the modifiable ROM chips. It's important to emphasize now that you can neuer modify any AM,zFM pLL circuit using the single 10.240 MHz design by changing this crystal. Many péople wrongly believe it can be done, but it can't. Too many internal cÉip functions depend upon this exact frequency. For example, the 4EbKHz T,zRshift is the direct result of digitally dividing down this signal. If the signal were changed by changing the crystal, the T,zR shift would change because the output from the Reference Divider would also change. This of course would change the VCO and mixer frequencies, there would be no 455 KHz receiver IF injection and therefore no operating receiver. The guys who designed these things are way ahead ofyou! (This doesnot apply to the LCZ1Bl SSB chassison page Zl.)
THE I M P O S S ICBHL IEP S As if to pour salt into your wounds, governments and engineershave now createda generationof PLL ICs that are almost totally foolproof. In addition to using a single 10.240MHz crystal, T,zRshift, and ÈOM. there is no loop mixing either. The Programmable Dividers are now so fast that they can directly divide down a VCO frequencyas high as 20 MHz. Since there's nothing to be mixed, you can,t change the ingredients!These chips use a VCO running in the l6-17 MHz range and include: t,C7130,t,C7131,M88733,TC9106,TCgl09 (40-channeltI.S.) LC7 135(22-channelEEC) LC7136,L,C7137,TC9119(40-channelU.K.) LC71:12(40-channelU.S. and U.K.) SM512:ì4, SM5124A(4O-channelU.S.) Cll121 (40-channelU.S.) The bestway arounrìthis probÌem,if you can't get one of the older rigs, is to buy a rig having SSB in addition to AM or AM/FM. fhe SSB circuits either use a loop mixer or don't usethe T.uR shift, at least not yet. They'rea bit more expensivebut that's part of the priceyou must pay if you ever expectto go "upstairs". -59-
Another possiblesolution is to use an EpRoM modification board. Theseallow you to customizethe channelprog";;ming to your needs, and will work in manv of the nu*"t RéM'pl; circuits. you the skips,in-cludeb KHz spacing,or even program can pl9ql3--_ou_t in a 100KHz T/R shift for l0-Meterrepeat",ur". f]u.l n"w publication,THE CB EPROM DATA BOOK ty tvtu"ii" i. É*f.".i"g, not only how.tomaketheseboards,but ufro i""fuaì, ""iJ-rti". explains pC artwork rnd for the m.ostpopularssB chursi. typ".. Èigirlv".""o--"rraed! Furthermore we'll be offerins theseconversionboaràs soon.you "r" g"iirir details by writing ro us and """ro.t"g,.|u"Àiìi"den, CB CITYINTERNATIONAL P.0.Box31500 Phoenix, Arizona 85046 U.S.A.
THEBASICMODTFICATIOM pLL circuit appàà.stJIe, the harder it will be ln::11tl.lthe to modify. There
are fewer "rra f"*." p-i""us where you can jump in with your own progracodesd"ì"op _i*i.rg signals.
Good luck and Happy DXingl
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PLL CHIP SPECIFICATIONS
This section contains specific information for almost everv PLl, chip ever usedin CB r a d i o s .A f e w v e r y o l d d e vi c e sw e r e , r m i r t e d : 5o u r c h an c e so f e v e rs e ó i ng t h e m a r e n i l . However I have included some other obsoletechips becausethere are still radios out there using them that may need repair or modification ifencountered. It will become obvious by the amount of spacedevoted to each chip which ones have survived with the greatest popularity. First we'll illustrate the actual internaì workings ofthe IC chip itself. All the various eub-circuitsofmodern PLLs are shown in block diasrarn form. folìowed bv a detailed d e f i n i t i o n o f p i n f u n c t i o n t e r m i n o l n g y .A n . v t i m e y , , u r e r e f e r r i n g t o a s j e c i f i c c h i p , you'll understand at a glance which pin is which. And ifyou should happèn to get the actual data sheets from the manufacturer, you'll be equipped to figure out his particular terminology and circuitry. There are special pages showing the internal --:-N numbers for the most common ROM chips. I've included this lo help you belter understand how the newer ,,state-ofthe-art" devicesfunction in the overall PLL circuit. For example,knowing the N,Code for a specific channeÌ and mode, and the divisor of the ReferenceDivider, you can calcrrlate the VCO frequenciesfor that channeì. This may be very useful for repair work becausefew manufacturers these days hother to provide anything but the most crude, unreadable schematic diagrams!
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Chassis bìock diagrams for the most numerous and popular PLL circuits are shown next, in alphabetical order by chip manufacturers' letter prefix. Signal mixing and flow direction, programming, and VCO,UIF frequencies are incìuded, u" -àll u" general SSB offsets,Clarifiers, and FM connection points. Theseserveto teach you in the most direct way how to isolate a problem or modification area ofthe pLL circuit. Remember that these diagrams are purposely very oversimplified; I've assumed you read the text of Sections I & II first! When used alrng with a service manual, schematic, or SAMS Fotofacts, any of these circuits can be understood.
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Finally, each specific chip is describedin great detail, again in alphabetical order by letter pxefix. Often the deviceis made by severalmanufacturers, which may be a great help in finding a replacement for repair. Most pin functions were determìned either from manufacturers' spec sheets or a careful study and r:ross-referenceof known chassis. (I have thousands of rig diagrams in rny files!) I n a f e w c a s e so f v e r y o l d c h i p s ,n o d a t a s h e e t sw e r ee v e r a v a i l a b l e .s o p i n f u n c t i o n s were determined by studving the schematics.Therefore a few functions mav not be defined exactly but all the most popular, current PLL chips are well-documented.Also i n c l u d e di s a l i s t o f e v e r y r i g m o d e lk n o w n t o u s et h e c h i p a t p r e s st i m e . I n s o m ec a s e s they are further identified by referenceto one ofthe block miiing diagrams. Ifyour rig isn't listed, chances are that it's identical to one that is; there are hardly any,re* chassis being produced these days, even in the tl.K. The only differences are the "manufacturer's" model nurnber and some cosmeticchanqes in the cabinet. For the better-known tJniden and Cybernet chassis, actual pC boàrd numbers are included when known. PC board numbers mav vary slightly from those shown since thereare minor changes in production runs.
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EXPLANATION OF PIN FUNCTION TERMS V1'6 or Vpp This is the +DC supply voltage which actually provides the operating polver to the chip, and is generally in the range of 4-8 volts. GND or Vgg This is the DC power ground connection for the above. NOTE: A chip may be found to have one or more of its functional pins tied to either of the above sources.This may be done to enabìe a specifrcfunction by connecting that function to a "1" or "0", or to prevent an unused function pin from "floating" unconnected to prevent a possible change in its logic state. RI ReferenceOscillator input. This is where the (usually) 10.240MHz crystal is connected. Crystal pins sometimes called "X" by the manufacturer. RO ReferenceOscillator output. In most chips the crystal is simply connected across Rl and RO becausethe chip has a built,in oscillator circuit which only requires some external capacitors. However some chips such as the pLL02A don't have the built-in oscillator; thus there is no RO pin and an active transistor oscilÌator is required externally which connects to RI. l,'2R A built-in : 2 circuit which provides an output of half the 10.240MHz Reference Oscillator frequency, or 5.12 MHz. If used, it normally connecteto a tripler circuit to provide a 15.360MHz signal (5.12MHz x 3) which can be used for loop mixing with the 16 MHz VCO. This mixing provides a low-frequencysignal input or downmix to the Programmable Divider. Rts
Buffered output ofthe 10.240MHz ReferenceOscillator. This signal ifpresent can be used for mixing with the 10.695MHz receiverfirst IF or mixing with the 16 MHz VCO during TX mode to provide the 4bb KHz second IF (RX) or the direct on-channeì TX frequency.
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Input to the Programmable Divider which is coming from the output of the VCO. Sometimes called "PI" (Programmable Input) or ,,DI,, (Divider Input) by some manufacturers. This is the actual downmix signal or direct VCO signal in the faster chips which will be comparedto the ReferenceDivider's output in the phase Detector.lt is the change in this signal's frequency which forces the phase Detector and VCO to correct until the loop locks. Phase Detectoroutput. Sometimescalled ,,PO" or ,,pD gg1,, (phase Output) or ,,EO" (Error Output) by some manufacturers. This is the output which results from comparing RI and Fyry. Ifthe two inputs don't match exaclly, this circuit eends a DC correction output to the Loop Filter,/VCO until the loop conects itself and locks up. Lock Detector.Sometimescalled "LM" (Lock Monitor) by some manufacturere.This is a second output of the Phase Detector which is used to kill the transmitter (and sometimes the receiver)if the loop is not locked and operating correctly. Some chips have more than one Lock Detectorpin and thus you'll sometimessee,,LD1" and,,LD2" on the specs. When two Lock Detectors are used, their normal outputs are usually oppositelogic states;i.e.,one LD is normally ,,1" and the other is normally,,0". This is a convenient design feature which allows the manufacturer some flexibility becausehe can have a choiceofinhibiting circuits; somework with LOW outputs, somework with HIGH outputs. Some rigs use both LD pins in their circuits. Misprogram code netector. The same idea as the Lock Detector.this is found in the newer ROM chips. If you try to force an illegal program code on the chip, this pin is activated and will kill the transmitter, receiver, or in some cases, call up Ch.g or Ch.19 instead.
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Transmit/Receive switch. As explainedin section I, this is usedto provide the 4bbKHz offset for the receiver'ssecondIF stagein dual-conversionAM orFM rigs. pressingthe mike button changes thie pin's logic state to its opposite state fron the RX Mode. This shifts the ROM controlling the Programmable Divider, and in eome chips also shifte
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the output of the ReferenceDivider from standard 5 KHz steps to 2.b KHz steps.'Ihe T,/R shift is the reasonyou'll seetwo different setsofN-Codesand VCO frequenciesin a rig's service manual or SAMS Fotofacts.
rl pins tied to c function by I function pÍn ;s logic state.
NOTE: Some manufacturers' chip spec sheets show a bar (-) above some pin functions, such as LM, T,uR, etc.This bar is a digital logic symbol which indicateswhat state ("1" or "0") that pin is in when activated. For example, thelR with the bar notation means that the pin is normally HIGH (" 1") in the ReceiveMode and normally LOW ( '0") in the Transmit Mode.frfmeans the Lock Monitor rs '^activeLOW": i.e..it is normally HIGH but goes I-OW if the loop is unlocked.
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Frequency Select.This is a feature of some chips which allows them to synthesize frequenciesin either l0 KHz CB steps, or 5 KHz steps. Remember,some older chips such as the PL[,02A were intended for other uses besidesCB, such as VHF marine radios, aircraft radios, etc.,where 5 KHz channel spacing is common. In additir-rn,this feature often makes it easier to synthesize SSB frequencies as well as AM,'FM although the feature hasn't beenused much for this. f)epending upon whether the chip has an internal pull-up or pull'down resistor here, it is generally connectedto produce 10 KHz CB spacings in the older chips. The newer chips having a T/R shift must use the 5 KHz spacing when the TrR pin is also used. IMPORTANT: You can't use this function to get 5 KHz channel spacings,becausethe Programmable divider must als.l change to match the spacing.
A I , A O Active Loop F'ilterAmplifier input and output. This circuit ifpresent is usedto smooth out the digital waveform coming from the Phase Detector, before it's applied to the VCO. (Seetexi.) This filter is found in the newer CB-only chips. The older chips (Eg, PLL02A) require external passive fîlters using capacitors and resistors.In many rigs you'll find that these pins are connectedeither directly or through a resistor so that they are placed in series between the Phase Detector output pin and the VCO input.
)resent can be r 16MHz VCO ct on-channel t of the VCO. put) by Eome rl in the faster r8eDetector.It rr and VCO to "EO" Lrtput)or . lesùlts fiom uit sendsa DC iand locke up. cturers.This is Insmitter (and ly. Some chips "LD2" )1" and rts are usually l y " 0 " . T h i s i sa lity becaueehe omework with
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Active filter. We'reusing this designation in ceÌtain very old chips when the exact spec sheetsare not available but it's known from studying the chip's wiring in the rig that the pins are in fact part of a loop filter.
T & Q This is a wave-shapingcircuit found in a few NEC chips (uPD2810,uPD28l4, uPD2816, and uPD2824).It adds design flexibility but is often not even connected.This circuit consistsof an input amplifier and a "flip'flop", and its purposeis to change a sine-wave input (T) to a square wave output (Q) which is more compatibÌewith digital electronic circuits. P u . P r Program o Selectpins from Channel Selectorswitch. (Sornetimescalled "D" for "L)ata" rather than "P" for "Program".) These pins control the actual channel selection,as explained in Section II. They may control selectionthrough straight binary coding, BCD, or ROM. The sub-numbersindicate the weight or significance of each pin. For example if there were 8 programming pins, P1 to Pg, P1 would be in the "least significant bit" and P6 would be the "most significant bit". The higher the sub-number, the greaterthe weiFht of that pin. NC
No Connection.An unusedpin. May actually be disconnectedinside the chip, or simply not used for that particular rig's PLL circuit. Special remarks when necessary.
is found in the hip, this pin is all up Ch.9 or idethe455KHz fs.PresBingthe RX Mode. This hips also shifts
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THE IN I'ERNAL + N-CODIìS OF T'HE NEWER ROM CHIPS Shown hereare partial charts for the latest lìOM I,t,L chips which wilì give you an i d e a o f w h a t .i s a c t u a l l y g o i n g ' n i n s i d et h c I ì e f e r e n c ea ' < ì f \ o g r a m m a b l e D i v i d e r s .I t w o n ' t h e l p v . u a b i t a s f . r a s m o d i f i c a t i o rsr , b u t i t w i l l h e l py o u r o v e r a l lu n d e r s t a n d i n g of the chips and their funttio.s withi. the rig. Refer also t. the chassismixin! d i a g r a m s f o r t h e s ec h i p s s h o w r rl a t e r i n t h i s s e c t i o n I Q 7 l 3 O/ 3 1 . T ( : 9 10 6 ( U . s . ) 1,c7135(FI.]C) RX ('h. ('h.
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