Democratic Theories Database Five Hundred and Seven Theories of ...

Democratic Theories Database Five Hundred and Seven Theories of Democracy Jean-Paul Gagnon (Australian Catholic University), Mark Chou (Australian Catholic University), Selen Ercan (University of Canberra), and Giovanni Navarria (University of Sydney) 2014. Database for Working Paper #1, Australian Catholic University Research Node in the Sydney Democracy Network.

I. A 1. Aboriginal democracy (Brush and Stabinsky, 1996; LaSelva, 1996) 2. Abstract democracy (Deth et al, 1999; Merle, 2013) 3. Abused democracy (Nylen, 2003; Maisrikrod, 2008) 4. Accelerated (accelerating) democracy (McGinnis, 2012; Nyamnjoh, 2005) 5. Accidental democracy (Neuborne, 2011) 6. Advanced democracy (Schedler, 1998; Dogan, 1997) 7. Advancing democracy (Shabazz, 2004; McFaul, 2010) 8. Adversarial (adversary) democracy (Friedman and Hochstetler, 2002; Lijphart, 1989) 9. Aesthetic democracy (Docherty, 2006; Frank, 2007) 10. Affluent democracy (Park, 1990; Pierson, 2002) 11. Aggregated (aggregative) democracy (Browne, 2009; Bäcklund and Mäntysalo, 2010) 12. Agonistic democracy (Bell, 2008; Wingenbach, 2011) 13. Agrarian democracy (Griswold, 1946; Rapping, 1967) 14. Alternative democracy (Zweig, 2002; Aronowitz and Gautney, 2003) 15. Anarchic democracy (DePalma, Ringer, and Webber, 2008; Springer, 2010) 16. Anaemic democracy (Miller and Turci, 2006; Sutherland, 2014) 17. Ancestral democracy (Lintott, 1992; Mossé, 2004) 18. Anthropic democracy (Gagnon, 2013; Gagnon, 2014) 19. Anthropocene democracy (Dryzek, 2014a [forthcoming]) 20. Anthropocentric (humans-only) democracy (Dryzek, 1995; Hettinger, 2001) 21. Apolitical (un-political, non-political, anti-political) democracy (Gienow-Hecht, 1999; Urbinati, 2010) 22. Argumentative democracy (Watkins, 1987; Sparke, 2007) 23. Aristocratic democracy (Keane, 2009a; Ober, 2007) 24. Assembly democracy (Hansen, 1999; Dahl, 1994) 25. Associational democracy (Baccaro, 2006; Elstub, 2008) 26. Atomic democracy (Martin, 1946; Woods, 2007) 27. Attention deficit democracy (Berger, 2011) 28. Autoimmune democracy (Farred, 2010) 29. Automatic democracy (Hanke, 2007) 30. Autocratic democracy (Mauceri, 1997; Lloyd, 2002) 31. Aversive democracy (Norval, 2007; Dryzek, 2010) II. B 32. Bad democracy (Rancière, 1994; Morlino, 2004) 33. Banking democracy (Santiso, 2013) 34. Basic democracy (Sayeed, 1961; Newman, 1962) 35. Basic income democracy (Pateman, 2004)

36. Beautiful democracy (Springborg, 1984 [in reference to Hegel]; Castronovo, 2007) 37. Bedraggled democracy (Linebarger, 1947) 38. Belittled democracy (Beyme, 2014) 39. Besieged democracy (Bejerano and Leongómez, 2002; Brooten, 2005) 40. Big (large) democracy (Gulick, 1957; Inglehart, 1988) 41. Biological democracy (Sayen, 1994) 42. Bootstrap (bootstrapping) democracy (Baiocchi, Heller, and Silva, 2011) 43. Borderline democracy (Hale, 2004) 44. Bourgeois democracy (Sparks, 1988; Sanderson, 2013) 45. Broadcloth democracy (Kehoe, 1999) 46. Broken democracy (Kershaw, 2014) 47. Brokered (brokering) democracy (Beck, 2008; Brun and Diamond, 2014) 48. Built (building) democracy (Towers, 1995; Pridham, Herring and Sanford, 1997) 49. Bureaucratic democracy (Yates, 1987; Saltzstein, 1992) III. C 50. Capitalist democracy (Miliband, 1982; Amadae, 2003) 51. Captured democracy (Robinson and Acemoglu, 2008; Acemoglu, Ticchi, and Vindigni, 2011) 52. Cartel democracy (Luther and Deschouwer, 1999; Krouwel, 2003) 53. Categorical democracy (Polachek and Robst, 1998; Roe and Siegel, 2011) 54. Central (centrist, centralist) democracy (Krygier, 1990; Hollifield and Ross, 1991) 55. Chemical democracy (Leslie, 2005) 56. Children’s democracy (Gill, 1919; Pechtelidis, 2011) 57. Circumvented democracy (Barnes, 1998) 58. Citizen democracy (Ridings, 2001; Frantzich, 2008) 59. Civic democracy (Skocpol, 2004; Rodrigues, 2006) 60. Civil democracy (Pestoff, 1998; Rodrigues, 2006) 61. Clerical democracy (McVeigh, 1988; Doyle, 1997) 62. Clientele democracy (Mercer et al, 2005) 63. Closed democracy (Gaidar, 2007; Shlapentokh, 2007) 64. Coherent democracy (Gurr, Jaggers and Moore, 1990; Oneal and Russet, 1997) 65. Collective democracy (Shih, 1999; Louie, 2001) 66. Collusive democracy (Aspinall, 2010) 67. Commonsense democracy (Law, 2006) 68. Communist democracy (Schwartz, 1957; Sabloff, 2002) 69. Communitarian democracy (Bader, 1995; Lipkin, 1999) 70. Comparative democracy (Burkhart and Lewis-Beck, 1994; LeDuc, Niemi, and Norris, 2014) 71. Competitive democracy (Strom, 1992; Pildes, 2004) 72. Complex democracy (Baker, 1998; Rozumilowicz, 2002) 73. Compulsory democracy (Gow, 1971; Feldman 2005) 74. Concrete democracy (Dean, 2005; Whalen, 2008) 75. Confederal democracy (Galafassi, 2003; Best, 2007) 76. Confederate democracy (Straeuli, 2011) 77. Confucian democracy (Fukuyama, 1995; Tan, 2003) 78. Confused democracy (Monsiváis, 1985) 79. Connected (connecting) democracy (Coleman and Shane, 2011) 80. Consensus democracy (Lijphart and Crepaz, 1991; Kriesi and Trechsel, 2008) 81. Conservative democracy (Tepe, 2005, Özbudun, 2006) 82. Consociational democracy (Lijphart, 1969; Lehmbruch, 2003)

83. Consolidated democracy (Higley and Gunther, 1992; Linz and Stepan, 1996) 84. Constitutional democracy (Taylor, 1994; Habermas, 2001) 85. Constrained democracy (Follesdal and Hix, 2006; Makdisi, Kiwan, and Marktanner, 2011) 86. Constructed (constructing) democracy (Domínguez and Jones, 2007) 87. Consumer democracy (Gardels, 2010) 88. Contained democracy (Braithwaite, 2005) 89. Contested (contesting) democracy (Müller, 2013) 90. Contingent democracy (Palmer, 2009; Kjølsrød, 2013) 91. Controlled democracy (Lipovsky, 1996; Bojkov, 2003) 92. Cooptive democracy (Friedman and Hochstetler, 2002) 93. Corporate (corporatist) democracy (Curzan and Pelesh, 1980; Hamermesh, 1998) 94. Cosmopolitan democracy (Archibugi, Held and Köhler, 1998; Archibugi, 2008) 95. Costly democracy (Zürcher et al, 2013) 96. Counter democracy (Rosanvallon, 2008) 97. Courted (courting) democracy (Hess, 2013) 98. Criminal democracy (Kouzmin, Witt, and Kakabadse, 2012) 99. Crisis democracy (Papadopoulos, 2013) 100. Critical democracy (Goodman, 1992; Blaug, 2002) 101. Crowdsourcing democracy (Bani, 2012) 102. Crude (oil, petroleum) democracy (Dunning, 2008) 103. Cyberdemocracy (Tsagarousianou, Tambini and Bryan, 1998) IV. D 104. Damned democracy (Shoemaker, 1966) 105. Dark democracy (Katz-Fishman and Scott, 2002) 106. Dangerous democracy (Sabato, Ernst, and Larson, 2001) 107. Decentralised democracy (Narayan, 1961; Liesbeth, Beuselinck, and Brans, 2009) 108. Deceptive democracy (Jagodzinski, 1982; Gudina, 1994) 109. Decisionist (decision-making) democracy (Kobori, 2013) 110. Declassified democracy (Colaresi 2014) 111. Decolonized (decolonizing) democracy (Keating, 2011) 112. Deep (deepened, deepening) democracy (Roberts, 1998; Goldfrank, 2011) 113. De facto one-party democracy (Lindberg, 2003) 114. Defective democracy (Croissant, 2004; Bogaards, 2009) 115. Defended (defending) democracy (Capoccia, 2005) 116. Defensive democracy (Barak, 2002; Gross, 2003; Eatwell and Mudde, 2004) 117. Deferred (deferring) democracy (Woods, 2012) 118. Definitional democracy (Kperogi, 2011) 119. Delayed (delaying) democracy (López, 2003) 120. Delegative democracy (O’Donnell, 1994; Kubiček, 1994) 121. Deliberative democracy (Mouffe, 1999; Dryzek, 2002) 122. Demanded (demanding) democracy (Stears, 2013) 123. De-militarized (non-military) democracy (James, 2013; Stone, 2013) 124. Democratized democracy (Crowley, 2000; Schnarrer, 2004) 125. Denied democracy (Kurzman, 2008) 126. Designed (designing) democracy (Sunstein, 2001; Gersbach, 2005) 127. Despotic democracy (Pakulski, 2005; Courpasson and Clegg, 2006) 128. Devalued (devaluing) democracy (Ake, 1992) 129. Developed democracy (Helliwell, 1994; Przeworski et al, 2000) 130. Developing democracy (Diamond, 1999; Budge and McKay, 1994)

131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. V. E 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177.

Deviant democracy (Seeberg, 2014) Dictator democracy (Barker, 1934; Hartmann, 1946) Difference democracy (Tebble, 2003; Dryzek and Niemeyer, 2006) Different democracy (Taylor, Shugart, Lijphart, and Grofman, 2014) Digital democracy (Hindman, 2008) Direct democracy (Cronin, 1989; Bowler and Donovan, 2000) Discursive democracy (Dryzek, 1990; Mara, 1997) Disfigured democracy (Urbinati, 2014) Dismantled (dismantling) democracy (Jackson and Sanger, 1998; Post, 1999) Disputed democracy (Synge, 1999) Disordered democracy (Mehta, 1992; O’Hear, 2006) Distorted democracy (Kuo, 2000; Lokongo, 2012) Diverse democracy (King, 2002) Divided democracy (Singh, 2003; Nayar, 2005) Do-it-yourself (DIY) democracy (Dahlberg, 2010; Barrett, 2013) Drifting democracy (Doreski, 1993) Driving democracy (Norris, 2008) Drunken democracy (Weir, 1984) Dumb democracy (Valaskakis, 2007) Dysfunctional democracy (Bowen, 2003) Dying democracy (O’Donnell, 1995) Early human democracy (ancestral pan, chimpanzee-human last common ancestor) (Fukuyama, 2011; Boehm 2012) Earth democracy (Witt and Loots, 2004; Shiva, 2005) Ecological democracy (Faber, 1998; Dryzek and Schlosberg, 1998) Economic democracy (Dahl, 1985; Ellerman, 1993) Ecumenical democracy (Rahim, 2007; Elstub, 2012) Effective democracy (Welzel, 2002; Knutsen, 2010) Efficient democracy (Lewin, 1943; Mattson, 1998) Electoral democracy (Page, 1978; Burnheim, 2006) Electronic (e-)democracy (Calabrese and Borchert, 1996; Friedland, 1996) Egalitarian democracy (Lunn, 1986; Wildavsky, 1993) Elitist democracy (Medding, 1969; Hanberger, 2001) Elitist-pluralist democracy (Théret, 2006) Elusive democracy (Guang, 1996; Olvera, 2010) Emancipated (emancipating) democracy (Urbinati, 2010) Embedded democracy (Merkel, 2004) Embodied (embodying) democracy (Birch et al, 2002) Endangered democracy (Stepan, 2009) Endogenous democracy (Tomaselli and Teer-Tomaselli, 2008) Engendering democracy (Hutchinson, 2002) Engineered democracy (Thornberry, 2005; Watts, 2006) Enlarged (enlarging) democracy (Deakin, 2002; Amin, 2005) Ennobled (ennobling) democracy (Pangle, 1991) Entangled democracy (Aoki, 2008) Entrenched democracy (Glasure, Lee, and Norris, 1999; Bohman, 2004) Environmental democracy (Lafferty and Meadowcroft, 1996; Baber and Bartlett, 2005) Equal democracy (Spafford, 1985; Molavi, 2009)

178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. VI. F 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. VII. G 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. VIII. H 220. 221. 222.

Eroded (erosion of) democracy (Cerny, 1999) Erotic democracy (Goldstein, 1999; Pettman and Clemens, 2004) Ersatz democracy (Hurley, 1999; White, 2009) Ethnic democracy (Smooha, 2002) Evolutionary democracy (Addams, 1905; Shapiro, 2003) Evolutionary basic democracy (Gagnon, 2010; Gagnon, 2013) Evolving democracy (Domínguez et al, 2014) Exclusive (exclusionary) democracy (Kim, 2004; Møller and Skaaning, 2010) Exogenous democracy (Przeworski, 2004) Expansive democracy (Warren, 1992; Asdal, 2008) Expert democracy (Freeman, 2002; Føllesdal, 2006) Export democracy (Light, 2001; Archibugi, 2006) Expressive democracy (Baaklini, 1977; Kim, 2010) Extra-formal democracy (Bogason, Kensen, and Miller, 2002) Façade democracy (Whitehead, 1992; Milton-Edwards, 1993) Facebook democracy (Marichal, 2012) Fake democracy (Strømstad, 2003; Snider, 2010) False democracy (Box et al, 2001; Rancière, 2006) Fascist democracy (Aslanbeigui and Choi, 1997; Rosenstock, 2005; Posner and Vermeule, 2011) Fat democracy (Davis, 2010) Federal democracy (Agranoff and Gallarín, 1997; Kincaid, 1999) Feminist democracy (Liu, 1994; Stokes, 1998) Feudal democracy (Bastin, 2009; Farazmand, 2010) Fluid democracy (Karnad, 2008; Thejll-Moller, 2013) Financial democracy (Orozco, 2005; Musacchio, 2009) Food (and water) democracy (Lang, 1998; Johnston, Biro and MacKendrick, 2009) Forgotten democracy (Doan, 1997; Gagnon, 2014) Formal (i.e. mathematical) democracy (Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens, 1992; Huber, Rueschemeyer and Stephens, 1997) Fragile democracy (Körösényi, 1993; Sanín, 2005) Fraudulent democracy (Cantú and Saiegh, 2011) Free democracy (Audi, 1991; Weithman, 1991) Full democracy (Saint-Paul and Verdier, 1993; Acemoglu and Robinson, 2000) Fun democracy (Lerner, 2014) Functional democracy (Beutz, 2003; Hartley and Skogstad, 2005) Future democracy (Boeninger, 1985; Alonso, Keane and Merkel, 2011) Gendered democracy (Seidman, 1999; Walby, 2005) Global democracy (Boswell and Chase-Dunn, 2000; Holden, 2013) Good democracy (Musso, Weare, and Hale, 2000; Morlino, 2004) Grassroots democracy (Hill, 1996; Kennedy, 2002) Green democracy (Saward, 1993; Doherty and de Geus, 1996) Guarded democracy (Kommers, 1991) Guided democracy (Haque, 1980) Hard democracy (Case, 1993; Warhurst, 1997) High intensity democracy (Santos and Nunes, 2004; Itzigsohn and Villacrés, 2008) Hollow democracy (Howard, 2002; McLaren 2005)

223. 224. 225. 226. IX. I 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. X. J 250. 251. 252. XI. K 253. XII. L 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. XIII. M 265. 266. 267.

Humanitarian democracy (Schikele, 1942; Wilson, 1955) Humanist democracy (Lerner, 1966; Macpherson, 1976) Hybrid democracy (Young, 2000; Garrett, 2005) Hyper democracy (Heclo, 1999) Idealistic (ideal) democracy (Pranger, 1968; Winkler, 2012) Ignorant democracy (Diettrich, 1993; Hardin, 2006) Illegitimate democracy (Hjern, 1992; Evans, 2014) Illiberal democracy (Bell et al. 1995; Zakaria, 2003) Imagined democracy (Ezrahi, 2012) Immaterial democracy (Harker, 2013) Impartial democracy (Fleming, 2002; Frohard-Dourlent, 2012) Imperial democracy (Gordon, 1991; Eisenstein, 2007) Imposed democracy (Król, 1995; Walzer, 2006) Incoherent democracy (Wade, 1990; Rahman, 2013) Incomplete democracy (Barnes, 1998; Garretón, 2003) Indirect democracy (Hellevik and Gleditsch, 1973; Goodin, 1993) Industrial democracy (Blumberg, 1968; Cressey and MacInnes, 1980) Informal democracy (Phillips, 2006; Lundahl and Olson, 2013) Institutional democracy (Potapchuk, 1996; Frymer, 2006) Integral democracy (Vasconi and Sánchez, 1990; Maya and Lander, 2011) Interactive democracy (Bevilacqua and Duncan, 2010; Gould 2014) Interest group democracy (Day, 1999; Jaggar, 1999) Intergenerational democracy (Beckman and Page, 2008; Deriu, 2012) International democracy (Görg and Hirsch, 1998; Youngs, 2004) Internet democracy (Ferdinand, 2000; Margolis and Moreno-Riaño, 2009) Investor’s democracy (Ott, 2014) Irresistible democracy (Kiss, 2001; Jackson, 2012) Jacksonian democracy (Benson, 1961) Judging democracy (Patapan, 2000; Manfredi and Rush, 2008) Juridical democracy (Downing and Thigpen, 1982; Wilson, 1990) Kleptocratic democracy (Wagner, 2006) Learned (learning) democracy (Anderson and Dodd, 2005) Legal democracy (Myrdal, 1944; Jong and Witteloostuijn, 2004; Held, 2006) Legitimate democracy (Dimitrova and Pridham, 2004; Brettschneider, 2006) Liberal democracy (Mann, 1970; Macpherson, 1977; Brown, 2003) Libertarian democracy (Offe, 1997; Meyer, 2007) Limited democracy (Rahat and Sznajder, 1998; Buckley, 2000) Limited-suffrage democracy (Collier and Levitsky, 1997) Liquid democracy (Litvinenko, 2012) Live democracy (Blainey, 2004) Local democracy (Stoker, 1996; Abers, 2000; Gillette, 2011) Low intensity democracy (Gills and Rocamora, 1992; Arce and Bellinger, 2007) Macro democracy (Goodin, 2008; O’Mahony, 2011) Majority democracy (Steiner, 1971; Anderson and Guillory, 1997) Majority-judgement democracy (Balinski and Laraki, 2011)

268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. XIV. N 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316.

Male democracy (Karpinski, 1995; Handrahan, 2001; Markoff, 2003) Malignant democracy (Stempel, 2003) Manipulated (manipulating) democracy (Cheminant and Parrish, 2011) Manual democracy (Farrelly, Reynolds and Walker, 2011) Marine (waves of) democracy (Markoff, 1996; Huntington, 1993) Marketized (market) democracy (Whitehead, 2002) Martial democracy (Haque, 1980) Mass democracy (Amann, 1975; Stoker, 2006) Material (e.g. car) democracy (Torre, 1995; Haiven, 2009) Maximal democracy (Bellamy and Castiglione, 2000; Menser, 2008) Measured (measuring) democracy (Munck, 2009) Meeting democracy (Bryan, 2004; Della Porta and Rucht, 2013) Mediated (media) democracy (Bennett, 1992; Keane, 2014) Medium democracy (York, 2008; Cadman, 2012) Mega democracy (Conover, Crewe and Searing, 1991; Trout, 2013) Meta-democracy (Abell, 1981; Fraser, 2009) Micro democracy (Bratton, 1994; Macintosh and Whyte, 2008) Microstate democracy (Anckar, 2008; Veenendaal, 2013) Middle democracy (Bohman, 1998; Gutmann and Thompson, 2009) Militant democracy (Loewenstein, 1937a, 1937b; Kirshner, 2014) Military-dominated democracy (Collier and Levitsky, 1997) Minimal democracy (Plotke, 1997; Dryzek, 2000) Mixed democracy (Kasfir, 1992; Lindsay, 1992) Mob democracy (McClelland, 2010) Mobilized (mobilizing) democracy (Almeida, 2014) Monitory democracy (Keane, 2009a; Flinders, 2011) Monocultural democracy (Dahlstedt, 2008) Multicultural democracy (Berghe, 2002; Tillie, 2004) Multinational democracy (Tully, 2000; Stepan, Linz and Yadav, 2010) Multiparty democracy (Jeffries, 1993; Schofield and Sened, 2006) Municipal democracy (Nüranen, 1999; Collard, 2010) Mythical democracy (Ehrenberg, 1950; Tonn, 2003) Nation-state democracy (Heritier, 1999; Decker, 2002) Native democracy (Spain, 1954; Welsh, 1972) Native American democracy (Johansen, 1996) Natural democracy (Cajete, 1999; Ober, 2005) Negative democracy (Campbell, 1956; Dennard, 1994) Negotiated democracy (Zielinski, 1995; Ágh, 2001) Neoconservative democracy (Crosston, 2009; Moyn, 2013) Neoliberal democracy (Leys, 2001; Lawson, 2004) Neo-patrimonial democracy (Hartlyn, 1994; Guliyev, 2011) Neo-republican democracy (Hoff, Löfgren and Torpe, 2003; Rose and Sæbø, 2005) New democracy (Duncan and Lukes, 1963; Bulpitt, 1986) Non-democracy (Dahl, 1999; Sartori, 2004) Non-exclusive democracy (Casanova, 1998) Non-human democracy (Gagnon, 2013) Non (anti)-racist democracy (Gould, 2000; Blain, 2003; Penglase, 2007) Non-warring democracy (Pempel, 1992; Ray, 1993) Normal democracy (Whitehead, 2001; Nodia, 2002)

317. 318. 319. XV. O 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. XVI. P 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361.

Normative democracy (Falk, 1998; Carr, 2010) Novel democracy (Bell, 2010; Franzoni, 2013) Nuclear democracy (Taylor, 2007) Offshore democracy (Sakr, 2004; Lezaun, 2011) Old democracy (Costopoulos and Rosanvallon, 1995; Testi, 2001) Oligarchical democracy (Wilde, 1978; Hagopian, 1990) Open democracy (Heyneman, 1998; Ganguly and Shoup, 2005) Opinion-poll democracy (Roberts, 1995; Korte, 2006) Oppositional democracy (Disch, 1999) Ordinary democracy (Young, 2000; Tracy, 2010) Organized (organizing) democracy (Snell, 1940; Withington, 1945) Pacted democracy (Encarnación, 2001) Pan-democracy (Sing, 2006) Parity democracy (Vogel-Polsky, 2000; Rubio-Marín, 2012; Murray, 2013) Parliamentary democracy (Schmitt, 1988; Beyme, 2000; Strøm, Müller, and Bergman, 2003) Partial democracy (McFaul, 2002; Goldsmith, 2008) Participatory democracy (Bachrach and Botwinick, 1992; Baiocchi, 2005; Mutz, 2006) Patrimonial democracy (Braathen and Orre, 2001; Webber, 2006) Patronage democracy (Kopecký and Scherlis, 2008; Klinken, 2009) Peasant democracy (Weber, 1980; Hunt, 1984; Galison, 1995) Peaceful democracy (Morris, 1995; Hoppe, 2003) Pendulum democracy (Hendriks, 2009; Hendriks, 2010; Hendriks and Michels, 2011) People’s democracy (Pauker, 1965; Morobe, 1987) Phoney democracy (Börzel, 2010; Sakwa, 2011) Physical democracy (Berntsen, 1959; Pearlman, 1981) Pious democracy (Little, 2008) Pirate democracy (Leeson, 2007; Leeson, 2009) Planless (unplanned) democracy (Kayden, 1932; Law, 2004) Plebian democracy (Levine, 1989; Fox and Hernández, 1992; Dabakis, 1994) Plebiscitary democracy (Barber, 2000; Young and Cross, 2002) Pluralist democracy (Dahl, 1967; Dahl, 1982) Plutocratic democracy (Zanden, 1960; Lind, 1995) Polarized democracy (Curato, 2014) Policed (policing) democracy (Ungar, 2011) Political (politicized) democracy (Harriss, Stokke, and Törnquist, 2004) Polyarchic (polyarchal) democracy (Vanhanen, 1992; Adam and Tomšič, 2002) Populist democracy (Mair, 2002; Johnston, 2006) Pornographic democracy (Grebowicz, 2013) Positive democracy (Notowidigdo, 1958; Oser, 2014) Post-authoritarian democracy (Merkel, 1998; Wright and Escribà-Folch, 2011) Post-broadcast democracy (Prior, 2007; Wilson, 2011) Post-communist democracy (Kitschelt, 1995; Kitschelt et al, 1999; Duch and Palmer, 2002) Post-foundational democracy (Wingenbach, 2013) Post-modern democracy (Daly, 1991; Schmitter, 1994; Jacka, 2003) Post-representative democracy (Blühdorn, 2007; Keane, 2009b)

362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375.

Post-technical democracy (Ellul, 1992) Post-war democracy (Keens-Soper, 1989; Crouch and Streeck, 2006) Postdictatorial democracy (Masiello, 2001) Praetorian democracy (Aginam, 2005) Presidential democracy (Linz and Valenzuela, 1994; Ackerman, 2007) Primitive democracy (Jacobsen, 1943; Wolf, 1947; Isakhan, 2007) Pristine democracy (Vucinich, 1951; Winthrop, 1975) Problematic democracy (Maurer and Wessels, 2001) Procedural-structural democracy (Malan, 2006) Productive democracy (Berson et al, 2014) Professional democracy (Jenkins, 1991; Dzur, 2008) Progressive democracy (Croly, 2006; Schutz, 2010) Property-owning democracy (Krouse and McPherson, 1988; O’Neill and Williamson, 2012) Protected democracy (Loveman, 1994; Durán-Palma, Wilkinson, and Korczynski, 2005) Procedural democracy (Dahl, 1979; Schmitter and Karl, 1991; Chambers, 2002) Proletarian democracy (Keith, 1980; Dahl, 1999) Promoted (promoting) democracy (Youngs, 2010) Proto-democracy (Nelson, 1993; El-Affendi, 2003) Provincial democracy (Zuckerman, 1968; Myerson, 2014)

376. 377. 378. 379. 380. XVII. Q 381. Quality (high and low quality) democracy (Diamond and Morlino, 2004; Plattner, 2004; Case, 2009) 382. Quantum democracy (Keane, 2014c) 383. Quasi democracy (Fleet and Smith, 1998; Stewart and Archer, 2000) 384. Queer democracy (Morton, 1996; Puar, 2001) 385. Questionable democracy (Pesmen, 2000) 386. Quick democracy (Molineu, 1994) 387. Quota democracy (Adejumobi, 2001; Deslippe, 2012) XVIII. R 388. Racial democracy (Twine, 1998; Fuente, 1999) 389. Racist democracy (Jalata, 2002; Leviyeva, 2005) 390. Radical democracy (Unger, 1987; Mouffe, 1989; Mouffe, 1992) 391. Ready-made democracy (Zakim, 2003) 392. Real (existing) democracy (Wolff, 2005; Dean, 2009; Schmitter, 2011) 393. Recent democracy (Fidélis and Pires, 2009; Veiga and Veiga, 2010) 394. Reclaimed (reclaiming) democracy (Azmanova and Mihai, 2014) 395. Redefined (redefining) democracy (Uclés, 1992; Maddison, 2007) 396. Redistributive democracy (Congleton, 2003; Kelly and Enns, 2010) 397. Re-examined (re-examining) democracy (Marks and Diamond, 1999) 398. Reflective democracy (Goodin, 2003) 399. Reflexive democracy (Olson, 2006) 400. Regional democracy (Legler and Tieku, 2010; Loughlin, Hendriks, and Lidström, 2011) 401. Regressive democracy (Chou, 2013) 402. Religious democracy (Ledewitz, 2007; May, 2009) 403. Remitted (remittance of) democracy (Armendáriz, 2010) 404. Representative democracy (Guinier, 1994; Besley and Coate, 1997; Urbinati, 2006) 405. Republican democracy (Hamilton, 1995; Baker, 2001; Hanley, 2002)

406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. XIX. S 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452.

Responsive democracy (Verba, 1996; Steuerle et al, 1998) Restored democracy (Sealey, 1975; McCoy, 2009; McDermott, 2010) Restrictive democracy (Ganesan, 1996; Ellner, 1996) Revolutionary democracy (Selsam, 1971; McFaul, 1998) Rhetorical democracy (Hauser and Grim, 2004; Whedbee, 2003; Goldzwig, 2006) Rights-oriented democracy (Pildes, 2004; Brinks, 2012) Rising democracy (Mansfield and Snyder, 1995; Lyons, 2008) Rotten democracy (Pfeffer, 2006; Beyme, 2014) Rude democracy (Armond, 1954; Herbst, 2010) Rural democracy (Bellegarde, 1953; Watkins, 1995; He, 2007) Ruthless democracy (Powell, 2000) Savage democracy (Ingram, 2006; Näsström, 2006; Wuhs, 2008) Saved (saving) democracy (Fry and Nigro, 1996; O’Leary, 2006) Scientific democracy (Hogan, 1997; Irwin, 2001; Brown, 2009) Secret democracy (Hurley, 1966) Self-defensive democracy (Habermas, 2004) Semi democracy (Rock, 2000; Case, 2001) Semi-feudal democracy (Bagchi, 1993; Bagchi, 2002) Sexual democracy (Ferguson, 1991; Fassin, 2010) Shangri-La democracy (Schroeder, 2011) Sick democracy (Redding, 1943; Drewry, 1975) Silent democracy (Pocock, 1976; Eberwein, 1990; Zumbrunnen, 2008) Simple democracy (Banning, 1974; Onuf, 1990) Single (one) party democracy (Jackson and Rosberg, 1984; Beetham, 2004) Slave democracy (Schriver, 1969; Hershock, 1992) Small democracy (Dahl, 1982; Oliver, Ha and Callen, 2012) Social democracy (Esping-Andersen, 1985; Przeworski, 1985; Giddens, 1998) Social media democracy (Loader and Mercea, 2011; Semati and Brookey, 2014) Socialist democracy (Goodman, 1985; Fraser, 1990) Soft democracy (Lee, 2004; Pop-Eleches, 2007; Camicia, 2009) Sovereign democracy (Avere, 2007; McFaul and Spector, 2010) Spatial democracy (Barnett and Low, 2004; Houtum, 2009) Stable democracy (Walker, 1966; Przeworski and Limongi, 1993; Goldstone and Ulfelder, 204) Standard democracy (Eyerman, 1998; Herb, 2004) Status quo democracy (Schrire, 2001) Statehouse democracy (Erikson, Wright and McIver, 1993; Lax and Phillips, 2012) Stealth democracy (Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, 2002; Bengtsson and Mattila, 2009) Strange democracy (Innes, 1953; Horowitz, 1989) Strangled democracy (Rodnick, 1970) Strong democracy (Barber, 1989; Heymann, 1997; Cohen, 1998) Structured (structural) democracy (Mazrui, 1974; Ish-Shalom, 2006) Sub-central democracy (Pratchett, 2004) Subnational democracy (Loughlin, 2001; Gervasoni, 2010; Behrend, 2011) Substantive democracy (Eckstein, 1990; Jacobs and Shapiro, 1994; Comisso, 1997) Substitute (substitutive) democracy (Gerstenberg and Sabel, 2002; Friedrich, 2013) Suffrage democracy (Ruedin, 2013) Supple democracy (Gilroy, 2005)

453. 454. 455. XX. T 456. 457. 458. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464. 465. 466. 467. 468. 469. 470. 471. 472. 473. 474. XXI. U 475. 476. 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 489. XXII. V 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496.

Supranational democracy (Closa, 1998; Lequesne and Rivaud, 2003; McCormick, 2007) Surveillance democracy (Barisione, 2010) Sustainable democracy (Ojo, 2003; Etzioni, 2004; Elstub, 2010) Talking democracy (Fontana, Nederman and Remer, 2004; Simpson, 2006) Tamed (taming) democracy (Yunis, 1996) Taxed (taxing) democracy (Braithwaite, 2003) Teamster democracy (Salvatore, 1991) Technical democracy (Latour, 2007; Plessis, Hindmarsh and Cronin, 2010) Technocratic democracy (Bello, 2012; Tomlin, 2012) Teledemocracy (Becker and Slaton, 2000) Thick democracy (Gandin and Apple, 2002; Elshtain, 2009) Thin democracy (Munck, 1997; Åström, 2001) Threatened democracy (Zaffiro, 1989; Herschensohn, 2006) Totalitarian democracy (Talmon, 1952; Cohen and Ben-Yehuda, 1987) Traditional democracy (Dijk, 2000; Schechter, 2004; Sbragia, 2005) Transformed (transforming) democracy (Elbasani, 2009; Jewett, 2012) Transitional (transitory) democracy (Wilde, 1999; Popoola, 2003; LaFree and Tseloni, 2006) Transnational democracy (Dryzek, 1999; Anderson, 2002; Bohman, 2004) Transparent democracy (Casanova, 1996; Dalton, Burklin and Drummond, 2001; Schumann, 2007) Tutelary democracy (Lijphart, 1968; Weiner, 1987; Rabkin, 1992) Two-party democracy (Downs, 1957; Alesina, 1988; Cain, 2001) Two-thirds democracy (Merkel, 2014) Uncertain democracy (Duffy, 1999; Mitchell, 2009) Unconscious democracy (McAfee, 2008) Undemocratic democracy (Derham, 2002) Undeveloped democracy (Bond, 1961; Resina, 2001) Unelected democracy (Vibert, 2007) Unequal democracy (Bartels, 2008) Uneven democracy (Brinks, Leiras and Mainwaring, 2014) Union democracy (Lipset, Trow and Coleman, 1956; Cox, 1959) Universal democracy (Cerna, 1994; Burgess, 2001) Unlikely democracy (Pringle, 2006; Plattner and Diamond, 2007) Unpolitical democracy (Rosanvallon, 2008; Urbinati, 2009) Unmixed democracy (Lokken, 1959) Urban democracy (Berry, Portney and Thomson, 1993; Fung, 2006) Utilitarian democracy (Thomas, 1980; Anderson, 1993) Utopian democracy (Poole, 1982; Klijn and Koppenjan, 2000) Valid democracy (Stotzky, 2008) Viable democracy (Bernholz, 1997; Christiansen and Togeby, 2006) Vigilant democracy (Williams, 1994; Faas and Wüst, 2002) Violent democracy (Falcón, 2002; Ross, 2004) Virile democracy (Rowe, 1922; Russell, 1946; Dyreson, 2001) Virtuous democracy (Frisch, 1978; Parker, 2004) Viscous democracy (Boldi et al, 2011)

497. 498. XXIII. W 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. XXIV. X 505. 506. XXV. Y 507. XXVI. Z

Vital democracy (Gergen, 2003; Hendriks, 2010) Voter democracy (Hendriks, 2011; Loughlin, Hendriks and Lidström, 2011) Weak democracy (Carothers, 2002; Enterline and Greig, 2008) Wealthy democracy (Brown, 1989; Christiano, 2011) Wild democracy (Speck, 1975; Sandilands, 1997) Women’s democracy (Allen et al, 1984; Billson and Fluehr-Lobban, 2005) Worker’s democracy (Turner, 1997; Philion, 2007) World democracy (Segall, 1990; Storm and Rao, 2004) Xenophobic democracy (Demenchonok, 2009) Xerox democracy (Hamilton, 1985) Young democracy (Ramphele, 2001; Lobo, 2006)

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