ABSTRACT. This paper presents interface design recommendations for ... Although web sites, especially ... and a new comm
Design Recommendations for Hierarchical Faceted Search Interfaces Marti A. Hearst School of Information UC Berkeley
[email protected] ABSTRACT
!"" #!$! % '&( #!%*)( "+-, %!/.'01) ' 2!3 54(6 7 54(6 " 98:;7 < & => #>5 =;)- 5!=!)+> f? rLG 7 '+Tr\ '& 7 5& =! 6s#!c!==K , ! # t! ->"9,6 !9 B e>(=;u Z' # !; e$!!P&- ! 4:$! ' D >=;: 7 '&( #!f+=>vN!> Q 0#VW+:wA)( v2 #ZQ x#VW+bv2 #JW JLvN! nQ y#VW+zvN #JMv^ {Qd.VW+z R"!* =;)+^g|=K " !FQ }+NS-+A.PU#VW?t 7! =;!: 7g|=K " ! !q* |8N N!z " 2!'8 54 =;)1!a 9 '&- #!c ,!P8:c!H;!" #! a![ D;J ' =[B 5 /" D #D ?2~Z 9 e]-> !A>Dl A!P8 ! ==;!P8o 1> ! '&- # a 5& =3 D :"9>=;D #J !>=;)+[!P8! =; l$! Y Dl +[, Y!la 54(6 ?rA==>*J # c c Y= !a>7, !l g|=K " !7 / 8C!"" =f \ =;= '2 )_`4( '?;7 $!->;!t t!: "(!Y 1 %!'& De ! =| ^!z> !*| 4-,= N '&(; #!f+ ' "=; H #! 8:;F
BO 5)-8N!6 ' 5f+2 >R =; #!F,6 M8N m a c 4- ; + '&! N!6 "(M)\ >=;| + #^ ==(;" ` D ;1 b$ =;a! !!= > D ? 4- ? , ')? !"?[[8N ,d i8 H;!" \,)1 H$!" ag|= " !c!q* ,>(:82 ,>;=;: =;) a$!==!P89 "!=!)? 3Dj[ $ i!a' # ! T> !a5 ;u $!" #! ; "N7 9!== ;!f?i_T D8N Y!> E>D ,=;;M)R 54(6 " 7 #e =,6 *J # =;)l! * § Z; c \ ==!P8N Y=;=7!P8:Y !=;) ! e & >! e #< ==;!P8N F"!P&(;G !>F "9>=;=; %!P& l!,> b & *)-;7 = c =n B c"=K z!6!*: #>5! =;;M)? rLEg|= " !n8N G !( C n (Jj,)-Jj o==dJW!P8C (J ! Dll8Dl c= & = q*>b, =;!P8 > =;)/ = = & =f;2&(;,= + =!98:d7 9 =I' #9 b = 5& = ! (`6!;! :q>*i , !P& ^ 2=K , ='?NW±- 2g|> z.? 1rL ;!f+8: :"!> !P& T!P& T a= ,6 =j+;i"" 5;= 2=K ') 9 A!-!=;f+!z N> `' cc ` b= 5& =2"9>=dD !>=;)?|g !2*D +( c.+(3 > ` = 65|©-¨ - ©PH = f?HrL\;| 4( "= i ^ >=; 8N bdK ==;)!>6 7 !9!AEb±*D # ?6FA! z #N D)F =z7 =!G o;¶ Y]> *)¶, ' >"9,f? >=;a' Yl>Y,6 !> Y,)e >, ! !| c;¸I B 5'+ >5 :µi©HG ¢z !'8:7;7g|> c.? X§;¸I H ! 5b!2 D)z 4(6!> i;3 "! # F / 'N ')¶_`4- %; ?rLF%)- "7+1 §=K ,6 = 8:d< 1 5;' =I NND! f+- z 54-2= 5& =IN!P8: a eJI(LA '?ag6!z 4( "= +I/g|> 0(+I 9> b D! aM8N!=K , ='# im [/:A¢W¡ *)8N \ 1 c '& =;J ,= z>, ! 2$!^ z =; % ?i A " A @ ¡CQD52 = & T=K , =T=> N WN # ª @YXi (ª N©VG[ª%5| - ZS UVU+- !1!f?6EA ^! :)- "»> *D c =K #!/, 5M8N / 9M8N!ZQ [#Vj?c¼A ;!/> =d) 2 #2 a D !!!c (c!2 %=K , =98:; D5rL!>^> 2"= " D ;!f+ :!!=d! ^!\! !">( 9 c]-> *)/ &(; 8:+3!J 3 ^ i >=;[;a>,6' # !; 38 1! T ` '+ ,>(;A ( !=>" # 2 98 (JW !>7=;!H=K ,6 ='? ¼A b!,= " 8;% z!=>"(JW! %=K ')!>(NN A& ;J ,= %= G!2 %=K ,6 =98;§ % ?YrL!" % '& Z=! =K ,6 =e E! e §!*'+a$!F n>$!" 5! 2$!`>"9, |!6!=;>"|= ' |!z82 9 2!H8: (J !>¶&- 8'?»rL¶ lg|=K " !G /8N / !=d& e !,= "E,)a >(!" #' ==;)z!">( T->"9,6 [!(!=>" !a!P8 ; "`8:;;f+, ! = c!6 =! *i&-J ,= b=K , =TB ag|;> .P5? 2 g|=K " !e!- < =!e!'&( % =;L)l!/ #q*>\ ! Tc8:D=K , =^ :!P8f+ ; ^ =; ,6 =B+->" *J ' =j+ !,)"9,6 :!H;:$! 1=K ,6 =[;7 a&-,=; a!== J !f?FA>" !>|> |!6 '&(; #!9 `> | # "!T' ^> ^ $ ^ : D ,=dM)!3 a8N ==;JjO-!P8 ! B ? ?;+[Q x#V5? @A!'82 5& + $>=! !P8Z ; f T"!*[ =; 3!3 i"!*[$ ]> =;)b!->; t 7; =N&- 8a+T8:; l=OZ!Y c>D l* # )?GrLng|> 70/8N " ' = ! ? 2 % c '& " % G ;/D!; 8:d§ :A '1 '?orLF;% e B !'8: ; "!*i!""! **i!` 2m *T = ,6 ' = ! ?`^ J ' > c;1 \;b& *)Y= +3 )- "¿ 6 ' a!7 = t = ,6 ' =N ]-> \=K ,6 ='+`§! 9!/;& % & *)-1 "= 2!68 TT '& =K ,= 28;c #T '?|rH '& ) !c= ' 7!H>D ,=;;M)"= ;!2$!2;A ! 5f? 5. FACET EXPOSURE
rL& ,=d)+ T]-> *!1!(!P8G" )a 3!A!P8t '+ l/8 b! a!>=;/ )e, c!'8:f?\2 c> a"cJ = " D #!¶!ag|=K " !G 4(6! 7 =;=z '+: /;DZ a;dD =`=;, ;
e" a!==; !:8: \ 4(=;! #!!H \ #D 5b = ' : ,6!>(3 `' # !*)z>> `[ 2a!;M)?^B2 g|=K " !%!- =!%=;> 1 6 ! =u' #!/$ ' #> 9 ==!P8N> N!9D : N >=;2! c % A! 2 #A a!![ '? @A!P8N & +P 4- !: ==B 53' bD O |>a! ,= ` ' =6 D # ?|rLI :B 5N A= ! A + A> T8== ,6 7 ]> t!Y!==N!l % 76!,;=; +i,>(:=K !^ A!f+- z> N8== '& A!9!== , ! b c ) $!" #!Y; "?b> `!a!==(, $! 1 ) >=;' 7= ' D§ a!=; !+H$>==i 4-=! ;! !T !==; !l1!1 ,= [ D Oe' Z,6 "! dJ f?Y>cZ % 'N ')G_`4- 9; +| % ; '& " F (& 78:;5 >, !z ! "!*1 a!"!*1> +` Z; =;=;)/ 4(6! !=d)Y$!> !3 b$>==;)+(=;c ;! =I5! 2!e! 9 e!` = 7B l; Pz!i 4( Y '?9g !a;D + eg|> 90(+6 1;K =[ 54( / :8N :A '*ª Q:5'ª :A¢W¡< KMGHP+| §µi ¨P+[,>(\ =*1 \,6 § #q*>* Y! !>c$!\ % 9 #9M8N!/!2 *), >"9,^ 5 :! :!| = !,) ?2;A ! De;A,6 8N ==;Jj d& ,) a> 2, Q [PVW? ¼A =; " ==B+i 7 !>=K #!n!A=K ,6 = 8:dY 1 1" ==j?_`& Z8 § 7 \!=! i )c ;& N=K , =;'+;``"6!*D |!z!P8n;` " N9 |;1a ]->;& = 1!7 ')(;!>(1" >Y =; ! #: b!> =d)< ;& >" !>2> ,=;L) >=;2;(J ' # ^ ^"6!*D ^! 5D ;z! 5)1c & = ,;=;M) !H = !?
rLY '2 )Z_`4( 1 +[8: Z >=;\ \ & *)§" =;=bBD ')+T> 7.'U/; "55+| =6$!T m + !a ) A 5D ; ,>(N "6! ;=;) N!cO % z]-> *)%, ' (J >"9,Z&-,=; §! 1!l ==;!P8 > \!e 4- § %]> *) ' =d)? 6. GRAPHIC DESIGN
2 A;"6!*D :!I" == D =T; : ;: ;!f ' D 1!>=7!:, 1> *" f?2rL ;/ ==d)+I 9=K ')!>(1 / c /> A! a> 28: #!c! 7!P8{!!d'? ±- D '+N K ==;)G! ' 5;Y 4!== J !'+["9>*1!P8¹ D = Y$!" #!f+H Z!7;1;\;' = *)7!% '&!/ =>( /!z!$>;< 6 ' ?bX ' D B A N"9>*N, =K : zD!; N!f=K ')!>('+-=K J " % ¶ "!>!A8:; e +$!L)(= +N8N '+2 u +- > :!I!=;!`!1;>!"6! i8;!>( !P& *8: ="; ? g|;> Aºz!P8T,6 $! A K |&( 8T! ;! L82! 8: aY g|=K " !*)( "?~Z 54(6 " Z 4 (J ;& =d)%8:;7!P8E! A 1>"9, :7 1]> *)7 J &( 58:'+P8: [ ^ ! H!>=\, ^)(6 =O 9 =! ^! 8:; c>"9, + 8: z c>"9, z!>=;l,6 c,6!= f+ ;D =;u !:!'+6 =! e;e A!:!'+ e!!f? Xo!-!(!%"9>N, =K z" );¸I D! 2"9>=;J D !>=;)Y!/" 4-"u = ,;=;M)l8:;= %;"9>=;D !>=;)Y J l z"9>D/$!" #!e b6!,= + 8;!>(a ; !P& *8: ="; ?[2 ^m =-!"9, #!\ H, !" ^!" 8: # D 7%8N ,; b f? g|;> |0A \}A!P8G $ | \,6 $! ^ !H$!H 2 ') _`4( \ ;Z!N]-> *)Z, ' >"9,9 §!2 D #!o o '&- ;!f?·rL{ Z]> *){, ' >"9,+ ! 7 e5 " ': g|> e}Y e " b " u Y;l, !=Y l c=K ,6 =`;a/=a ) [/ =K # =K >5 ¶& !¶;¶g|> l0(+ e ==; \$!"¿ B 59= ,6 =+H =;)(;e* ' Z!Y 8:; ^ 9!=;>"a=K ')!>(` \$!H! *H, L8N 1 \ " Y d "a=K , =a!' # " !*D =K #!;'? ¼:& *D (J ,= A; ?T¼A A>D 4( "= :^ 1=Oc=K ,6 = Y® ;+ > !% 1 #b =*z!A /z!"= \ "! 9" # K =|$!==!'8:'+f Y>> =;=;)e!'8:l;D =;u /!zY =;=;) $>=N G ' DG 8:D>$!*> # =d)^ =;);"= " !6 =;)T^ ' "= #! !zO 5)-8N!F Df?RrLF g|=K " ! )- "7+T lO )82!n ' 5t' n,6 7;> # )§;" +T 2!6! *)%, ' >"9, \º(j 5+( 7 P5?i2 -] > *)' %" #5' # ! ^!N$ : 4-N ,\ A; "7 1> :' = A 1' # !*)% A" D :!:"=;) *)+" #Db ==(; "|!D ; ^ "?`¼A>` >=;`> H `9"!*` `> ` z,! 2" #5f+-"!N=O =;)% *2,6 ' > z 5)' %!*J u b a >=;!H ,! 7O 5)-8N!7]-> *)7>c a )- "7? X¹ K =i ' DY!,= " b #1!\½ ' 5/8:dY 5J >=d¾?t2 7g|=K " !l ;t! !!=;& %c!,=; " D # 5!;=;)I> =;)d^^ a"!- = =; !f+85" ' a 5c ' )%$!! "9,f? g !z 4( "= + ' 5e!¶½_i=;=K g|;u =¾ ' # z ]-> *) !;A!( :A ' ` = \8;\ i¢¢K U(DD #¢ =K ,6 =j? *)/*!*)e b *½ , ' >"9,f? ¾ T)-' ==;) , ' >"9,=§; ' ZO Z #Y8:;;§ D al % \&-> =|!" ! '?1z, !l ;! z!!!I z]> *)!*\!3 1!#q>5!%!3;¸I *J :' # ! d¸I = & =2!H; 5)+6 ==!P82$! 4-,= b 4( ;! *)+ z b> < =" # e ; 9 z,)=;5O! 1! C!½ = ¾%=;O + !1 )Z' § 54( G>§8;§ ' # !*)Z,)Z=DO-;e!G ^ " Bg|> 9.A^8N!>=" ' % =u;9$!" ½ Eb±-¾* A,)7;&(;>e 5;' =H A! M8N!c 8:d *)+6 > ,6!P& ? /"' R / ., ."! h|!*!%!b% ' 5F8N $> ,) Fb±-gYr*r*±JLxxk}%[#}.?`h|!*!`!6;`8N!O9 9h|!P8N 6!H$!"C%Q [PVW?Hrf >=;=;)\ DO-!P8= [ ^!(J ,>(!3! `g|=K " !2 ' " 3hi T + b \±82 ;(J f+ b &(-33j+ A "i±- (+H $ \_i=;f?9rz =! O%hi *!±-" == ) vN! )7v^ = 2![ 'N ')!^ $!" #!< ; , !>( a 2 ')=;?rL N®'5D¤$¥-a!® bB "¥ $ ¤ #&%('*),+-.%0¯ /=I(®(¬ / ®#¥ +D¥M5¥ 2 1 ¥6®®j1¥63 ¤ %¯M4 /9+6^!>= +6v¼\+ ¼z!,6 a..J.}7.'xxx(? Q ºPV ? _i=f5+ Z? @A ' *' + 1? ±- (+ ?6±8N ' f+6 h|(? T ? g|= 4-,= a D 7,!P8c>; " D #D (+ ºUUº-?.EA>,= 6 e >;('? Q 0# V §?X\?@A ' '?.EAc' # !; 2!!'&( a! 4-! >=;=;Jj 4: ; & =f >=;'?rL7 ^®'5D¤$¥1!® 98 +!:= ?A@(B +D¥M$ ;-¥C /¬-dB /¤BD +A¥ ®E /#jB®6 ¥ 8B5WE FG % ¯#DME /9 ¥ ¤ Y¥6'-E /¥ B+ a..PS H6.'0U(+6¼A!,6 1.'xx}? Q } V §?X\?@A ' '?.FA 4-: #!%82 ,7 D ^±- 5 !>2; 'I? +!'*'J'LK\WD '^¥-¥ D5$¥c£¬-B$¥ +6º0j05+ ±- ( "9,6 AºUUU(?
%. Y !"$/.!'" "4 ' R)"8$& .!'" " &+' / %)" # !/)"48 ! . V ..!'"*'Y &! ' R "! ' V ..! V . &!'" ' 0
/ =) %# Q SPV§?X\?@A ' '+?6_i=;f+ 1?6±- (+5?6±8N ' f+ ? JWhH5? i ? g|;c b !P8o%82 ,7d a ' 5f? ¦i0® / /9¬-¥ BD#jB®¥ \-® aB :\¦ /+}S(jx5+6±- ( "9,6 AºUUº-? Q y# V §?X\?@A ' A vz5? 1 j?6v2 #JL #JW!0 iXA ;& a; b!26 K)(; ' 5 : &(; 8:c & =3 >=d>; c=K a !*) D)? rL7 ^®'5D¤$¥a!® a " # ::¥¥ ¬ +¥ M55¥ BB®¥ G :\¦ %(+ *+ 8 ¦i®¥ ¥65+hi=K =;K (+ h X\+3.'xx[-? Q [P V §?(X\?-@A ' '+hH? ±-" =;= )+( vA? v^ =; ?6vN !> !7B 5 7" D #D c$!;!" #!7 D; > 1 Df+6ºUUy(? Q k# V ? vA?6hi=K #'5+ §?6vNu *8:O-j+ A?6 (?g|; =f? hi!!! >(!" #b=> ;$!2,!'8:; ! = !! ? rL7 ^®'DD¤$¥-1!® bB(b3®¬-5 +!'*'J' 2 ^2 8 / ¦i®A¥ 5D5¥ 5\®#6 ¥ e¬( j /¤#j#? rM_T_T_+6ºUU0(? Q x#Vz~
? hi #'+ §?@A *'+6 Z3T?g f? X O-!'8:= Jj, ! D" '?rL7 N®'5D¤$¥-a!® #B3 ::¥ ¥¬T¦i®A¥ 5D5¥ 5 ® ¥ ::5j TBI +D¥M$ ;-¥65 :,:9:,+? ?#+6¼z= !+g 3T+ .'xxx(?
6 / "60 Qd.'U#V2? JWhH?5i +c?6±82 ; f+c?3[j+ Z?@A ' '? g 5 7" D #D 9$!2" b ' 57 ,!'8:; ?(rL N®'5D¤$¥-a!® bB ¦ 9+ " + g6!*+3H > = + g 3i+ XA=HºUU0(?