Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management in the Pacific

Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission

Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management in the Pacific 1

Background Haw Hawaii aii Island Wake Island Pacific Islands AppliedWake Geoscience Commission Johnston Johnston Atoll Atoll (SOPAC) Guam Guam Federated Federated States States of of Micronesia Micronesia Palau Palau Marshall Marshall Islands Islands • Intergovernmental regional organisation • 21 member countriesNauru (4Kiribati associates) Nauru Kiribati Indonesia Indonesia Kiribati Kiribati Kiribati Kiribati • 3 technicalPapua work programmes New Papua New Guinea Guinea Tuvalu Tuvalu Tokelau Tokelau Solomon on Islands Islands Solom Christm Christmas as Island Island

Am American erican Sam Samoa oa – Ocean and Islands Vanuatu Samoa oa Sam Vanuatu Fiji Fiji French Polynesia French Polynesia – Community Lifelines incl water, energy and ICT Cook Islands Islands Niue Niue Cook Tonga Tonga New New Caledonia Caledonia – Community Risk Australia Australia

Pitcairn Pitcairn

Norfolk Norfolk Island Island • Mandate for the coordination of regional disaster risk reduction and disaster management New New Zealand Zealand capacity building in the Pacific

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Setting the Scene

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DRM Investment into Future • Disasters are a development issue, affects – Economic costs • assets and infrastructure • basic service delivery – water, health, education • opportunity costs

– Government’s capacity to meet National Development Goals – Capacity of households to meet their basic needs – water, food and shelter (poverty and hardship) 4

DRM Challenges • Disaster treated as environmental and or humanitarian issue • Sectoral and piece-meal approaches • Weak national institutions and governance structures • Disaster management seen as government/aid donor responsibility -> reliance on donor support • Limited national budget allocated for DRR • Perverse incentive to wait for disaster management support post disaster 5

Setting the Scene • Ongoing and increasing vulnerability of Pacific Island nations and communities to the impacts of disasters. • Led to increased national and regional commitments to disaster risk reduction and disaster management on an ‘all hazards’ basis in support of sustainable development 6

Regional and International Commitments wrt DRM • Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World (1994) and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). • Forum Economic Ministers and the Forum Leaders acknowledged disaster as a development issue in 2003 • Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015 • Regional Framework for Action for DRR and DM 2005 -2015 • Pacific Islands Framework of Action on Climate Change (PIFAC) 2006-2015 • Kalibobo Road Map of the Pacific Plan approved by Forum Leaders in 2005, called for operationalisation of regional frameworks at the national level to assist member countries to develop national capacity for an integrated DRM approach that focuses on – preventative measures to minimise risks, – preparedness in the event of a hazardous event, – effective and timely post disaster response and rehabilitation

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Regional Framework for Action The Framework has an all hazards approach supporting sustainable development. All phases of disaster risk management cycle are reflected in the six thematic areas of the Framework: 1) Governance – Organisational, Institutional, Policy and Decisionmaking Frameworks 2) Knowledge, Information, Public Awareness and Education 3) Analysis And Evaluation Of Hazards, Vulnerabilities and Elements at Risk 4) Effective Preparedness, Response And Recovery 5) Effective, Integrated And People-focused Early Warning Systems 6) Reduction Of Underlying Risk Factors

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• • •

Established in February 2006 to assist PICs implement the Pacific DRM Framework for Action ~ thirty regional and international organisations. committed to assist and support PICs to develop and to implement their DRM National Action Plans (NAP), which will seek to identify and address national DRM priority needs.

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Main objectives are to:

– Provide regional support for the development and implementation of National Action Plans – Establish and sustain a regional network of partners working in disaster risk management to improve regional cooperation, coordination and collaboration. – Strengthen the key thematic areas identified in the Pacific Framework for Action – Monitor and evaluate national progress against the targets of these national action plans. – Reduce duplication of effort and to ensure that assistance is built on the efforts and experiences of each other

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National Action Plan (NAP) • National adaptation of the Regional Framework for Action • Whole-of-country approach to ensure commitment at national, local and community or village level • Identify DRR and DM priorities • Develop a 3-year implementation programme

– In line with reporting requirements under the Kalibobo Roadmap of the Pacific Plan

• Develop an national indicative programme with specific activities and costs

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Example from Vanuatu • Theme: Information, Information System and Knowledge Management • Strategy: Understand hazards, vulnerabilities, and communities at risk (hazard-scape) as a basis for disaster risk reduction and disaster management • Action: Conduct hazard and vulnerability assessments, including assessment of potential impacts of particular scale of disaster event on ‘at risk’ communities, for input to sector planning for disaster risk reduction and disaster management. • Result: Understanding the extent and scale of community vulnerability to hazards, to inform decisions related to DRR&DM. • Indicator: Adaptation and risk reduction measures implemented. 11

Samoa - Natural Disasters from 1964 - 2005

' $ ! "* ' $ # ) # % ! ) # % ' $ # " " # $ " % ! " " # $ " % * Reported Source of data: "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium" / Data version: v06.06

( & 12

Samoa – Recent Events Disaster Type

Impacts

Flood (2001)

~ 5,000 affected

trees, crops and coastal TC Heta (2004) infrastructure damaged Power, water, transport and other services disrupted several houses destroyed no fatalities

TC Olaf (2005)

power lines on Savai' I Extensive tidal damage coastal areas Faleolo International Airport closed during and after cyclone

Estimated Economic Costs (Reported) ~ USD 4 million [Yeo, 2001] ~ US$30 million (about 12% of GDP) [World Bank, 2004]

Damage USD??

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Flood Modelling and Mapping Flood hydrology • Records of annual maximum flow • >100 years Rainfall intensity data Model as peak flow (m3/s) Flood modeling • 1-D model – cross sections Floodplain mapping • Flood depths and flood hazard map 14

Model of the Vaisigano River flow

Vaisig 3bridges + 4weirs Plan: 3brdge+4weir 1D HEC-RAS Cross sections

03/08/2006

24.00

Leone Bridge

23.50

23.00 21.50 21.00

Vaisigano Bridge 20.00 19.50

18.00 17.00 15.00 13.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 7.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00

River transect across the floodplain using RTK GPS

0.50

15 Output of model/CS = water depth, velocity

Flood Depth Maps1 in 100 year

1 in 20 year 726,000mE

726,000mE

726,500mE

726,500mE

5,470,500mN

5,470,500mN

Matautu Matautu Uta Uta

Vaipuna Vaipuna

Matautu Uta Uta Matautu

Vaipuna Vaipuna

Vaiala Vaiala Tai Tai

Vaiala Vaiala Tai Tai 5,470,000mN

5,470,000mN

Vaisigano Vaisigano Leone Leone

Vaisigano Vaisigano

Levili Levili

Levili Levili

Leone Leone Aai Aai oo Niue Niue

Aai Aai oo Niue Niue

Tufuiopa Tufuiopa

Tufuiopa Tufuiopa

Maluafou Maluafou

Depth of Flooding (m)

5,469,500mN

Maluafou Maluafou 5,469,500mN

0 - 0.5 Faatoialemanu Faatoialemanu

Leifiifi Leifiifi

0.5 - 1.0

Faatoialemanu Faatoialemanu

Leifiifi Leifiifi

1.0 - 2.0

Malifa Malifa

Malifa Malifa

> 2.0 5,469,000mN

5,469,000mN

Lelata Lelata Motootua Motootua

Motootua Motootua

Lelata Lelata

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Flood Hazard Maps 1 in 20 years 726,000mE

1 in 100 years

726,500mE

726,000mE

5,470,500mN


Vaipuna Vaipuna

Vertical Mapper Create TIN: Flood depth (d) Flood velocity (v)

726,500mE

5,470,500mN

Vaipuna Vaipuna


Vaiala Vaiala Tai Tai 5,470,000mN

Vaiala Tai 5,470,000mN

Vaisigano Vaisigano Leone Leone

Levili Levili

Aai Aai oo Niue Niue

Grid Tools H=dxv

Tufuiopa Tufuiopa

Vaisigano Vaisigano Levili Levili

Leone Leone Aai Aai oo Niue Niue Tufuiopa Tufuiopa

Degree of Flood Hazard


Low - Caution Faatoialemanu Faatoialemanu

Leifiifi Leifiifi

Moderate - Dangerous for children


Faatoialemanu Faatoialemanu

Leifiifi Leifiifi

Significant - Dangerous for most people Malifa Malifa

Malifa Malifa

Extreme - Dangerous for all

5,469,000mN

5,469,000mN



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Assessing Flood Risks • Estimate impacts to people and infrastructure

7 2 6 ,0 0 0 m E 5 ,4 7 0 ,5 0 0 m N

M ta utu Maata utu Uta Uta

People @ risk (Census)

Buildings @ risk (Pacific Cities)

1 in 2

1139

244

1 in 5

1382

296

1 in 20

1536

329

1 in 50

1596

342

1 in 100

1634

350

VVaaipuna ipuna

VVaaia iala la Ta Taii 5 ,4 7 0 ,0 0 0 m N

Return period

7 2 6 ,5 0 0 m E

isiga igano no VVaais Leone Leone

Le Levili vili

Aa Aaii oo Niue Niue Tufuiopa Tufuiopa

M Maalua luafou fou 5 ,4 6 9 ,5 0 0 m N

Faaatoia toiale lem nu Fa m aanu

Leifiifi ifiifi Le

Maalifa lifa M

• Benefit-Cost Analysis

5 ,4 6 9 ,0 0 0 m N

M Motootua otootua

Lela lata ta Le

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Assessing Mitigation Options • Structural : – Flood walls and embankments. – By-pass channel. – Upstream flood storage. – Increasing channel conveyance. – Flood proofing of houses – Improving channel maintenance. – Pumping.

• Non-Structural – Floodplain zoning & Development control – Flood forecasting and warning – Flood insurance – Flood preparedness and response plans – Public Awareness – Land use change

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Flood proofing of buildings • design and construction of buildings. • Raised floor levels above a flood with a specified return period. 1in 50 year flood level (2% chance of occurring in a year)

Raised floor height

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Flood measure

Minimum

Maximum

Floodwalls

0.11

0.64

Diversion channel

0.01

0.09

Improved forecasting system

1.72

1.92

0.53

8.07

2.22

44.38

Elevated floor heights: Existing homes New homes

E.g. Estimated for every tala invested in constructing homes with raised floor heights, a minimum WST$2.22 and a maximum of WST$44 is avoided in future flood damages

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Wave Impacts of TC Heta 2004 at Alofi, Niue Coastal Development Policy Other activities Review of the Niue National Disaster Plan Including an operational exercise to test National, government and village response plans

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Landslides Solomon Islands 2007

Hazard and vulnerability mapping to support Earthquake and Tsunami - Recovery and Rehabilitation effort

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Monitoring Coastal Changes

Development planning Feasibility of structural coastal protection, constructing permanent structures near coast

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Regional DRM Resources Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission

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Resources • • • • • • •

TA for post disaster assessments TA for hazard mapping/risk assessment Support of NAP process GIS, GPS and remote sensing training High-resolution satellite imagery Educational resource materials Pacific Disaster Net www.pacificdisaster.net • MapServers • Pacific DRM Training Programme (TAF/OFD) 26