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Version 5 Software for Windows TM. Clarke Sex History Questionnaire for ..... Final Drafk The Screening Version of the P
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Hare PsychopathyChecklist:

ScreeningVersion(PCL:SV)



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jt

Hare PsychopathyChecklist

ScreeningVersion(PCL:SV) S.D. Hart, D.N. Cox, b R.D. Hare

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Cop)_ght © 1995. by Robert Hare, under exclusive license to MHS. All fights resen, ed on the whole work and all pans and components. No part of this Administration Manual, the QuickScore Form, or any related materials protected by cop)Tights, are to be printed or otherwise reproduced by any means, including electronic storage within _ computer progrmn or database, ",¢i*_'oulpermisison of the publisher. These materials may not be translated into either a natural or computer lan_mge without p .ssion. This copyright is protected throu_ the laws of the United States, Canada, and other countries. Persons who violate the copyrights on these malefials may be liable to prosecution. Ethical codes of various professional associations to which users are like]y to belong specifically prohibit both illegal behaviors and actions which would deny other parties fair compensation for their work. Persons who violate professional ethical codes related to illegal and unfair use of these materials may be brought before relevan! professional associations to which they belong. Published simultaneously in the United States and Canada by Multi-Health Systems Inc., whose address in the U.S.A. is P.O. Box 950, North Tonawanda, b,W 14120-0950 and whose address in Canada is 3770 Victoria Park Ave., Toronto, ON M2H 3M6. tb-inted in Canada. Printing I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Printed March 2004.

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Contents Acknowledgements Publisher' s Preface

..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................

v_ ix

Chapter 1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... Inn-odu_on ........................................................................................................................................................... Use of the P(X.:SV ................................................................................................................................................... Scre_ for Psychotxtflly in Foren-vic Settings ........ ............................................................................................ Assessment and Diagnosis of Psychopathy Outside of Forensic Settings .........................................................

1 I 1 1 2

Chapter 2: Theoretical and Empirical Review ....................................................................................... The Nature of Psydmpathy:. Four Assessment Issues ............................................................................................. Two-Facet Structu_ .........................................................................................................................................

3 3 4

cammcity................................................................................................................................................. 4

_on with Criminality ............................................................................................................................. 4 Asso_ation with Deceitfulness ........................................................................................................................ 4 The Need for a New Scale: ARm, iew of Existing _ _ ................................................................. 5 Sdf-R_ports ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 DSM-IV Crileria for Anfimcial Permnality Disorder .......................................................................................... 5 I_pfion ............................................................................ 5 Reliability ..... :............................................................................................................................................ 6

S,l_".

..................................................................................................................................................

9

Hare PsSr..hopattryChe_t-Revi._ (PCL-R) ................................................................................................... 9 Description ............................................................................ 9 Re/lability ................................................................................................................................................ i0 Ncxms ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 Va]irtity. ................................................................................................................................................... S.rnrm D,................................................................................................................................................. S,Trnrn_ry of E-,aluations .........................................................................................................................................

,

1] 12 12

Chapter 3 : Development of the PCL:SV .................................................................................... Knst Draft The Clinical Version ofthePCL-R ......................................................................................................... Cox. Hart, aml Ham (1989) .............................................................................................................................. Roy (19gg) ....................................................................................................... :............................................. Roesch (m press) ............................................................................................................................................ S_'. ............................................................................................................................................................. Final Drafk The Screening Version of the Psychopathy Chm_2Bst ('PCL:SV) .............................................................

13 B 13 14 14 15 15

Chapter 4 Administration of the PCL:SV ................................................................................. Uses and Users ....................................................................................................................................................

17 17

Applied Set'tings .2 ......................................................................................................................................... Research Settings ........................................................................................................................................... Training ................................................................................................................................................................. The PCL:SV Assessmemt _ ...................................................................................................................... Imervie_ng ................................................................................................................................................... Charts and CoLlateral hdormants ..................................................................................................................... Conflicts Between Sources of Information ...................................................................................................... v

17 17 17 18 lg 18 18

_lg

.................................................................................................................................................................

19

T_meFrame .................................................................................................................................................... Item Scores .................................................................................................................................................... Omitl/ng ]Imrt_ ................................................................................................................................................ U_n_ the _re r" Form for the PCL:SV Missi'ng items ......................................................................................................................................... Percentile ra nk-x.......................................................................................................................................

19 19 19 20 21

Smring_,_, es................................................................................................................................................... 21 Item Dearriptions .................................................................................................................................................. Ite_a 1: S_ ........................................................................................................................................... ]mm 2: CKr'anr_iose ........................................................................................................................................... Item3: _ ............................................................................................................................................. Item 4: Lacks Remorse .................................................................................................................................... Itm_ 5: Laeks_ ..................................................................................................................................... Imm6: Doesn't Accept Responsa-bi/ily ................................................................. ........................................... Item 7: l m_sive ............................................................................................................................................ llem 8: Poor Behavi_'al Controls ............................. :....................................................................................... Item 9: I._ek_ Goals ......................................................................................................................................... Item 10: _le ..................................................................................................................................... Item 11: Adolescent Anti.eax_aIBehavior ........................................................................................................ Item 12: A&l!t A nrimcial Behavior .................................................................................................................. Chapter 5: Norms, Reliability, and Factor Structure ................................................................. Descriptive Stati__ics ............................................................................................................................................ Samples ......................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

22 22 22 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3 1 31 31 _2

Distn'lx_ion of Scores ....................................................................................................................................

32

_abiti_,. ............................................................................................................................................................. 3"3 PCL:SV_ .................................................................................................................................................. Consistency ...................................................................................................................................... Item Homogealcity .......................................................................................................................................... _amr Reliability ........................................................................................................................................ Test-Retest 12etiahility .................................................................................................................................... Standard Errors of Measmement of Total Scores ............................................................................................. Fa_ar Staminate .................................................................................................................................................... Co_talory. Factor Analysis ......................................................................................................................... Correlation _ Part 1 and 2 Sol:ires ......................................................................................................... S_m,._rry ..............................................................................................................................................................

33 37 37 38 39 40 40 41 41

Chapter 6: Concurrent, Convergent, and Discriminant Validity ................................................ 43 Co_urmm

_alidib". ............................

..................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

43 43

Pea-sonalily Disorder ....................................................................................................................... Se/f-Repons ................................................................................................................................................... Cogv_rgeI11and _minant Validil_,. .................................................................................................................... DSM-IH-R Personality Disorders .................................................................................................................... Normal PersonaliD". ........................................................................................................................................ Substance Use ............................................................................................................................................... Mood State aI Assessm_ ............................................................................................................................ Age, Sex, and Race .........................................................................................................................................

45 45 45 45 47 50 50 50

vi 14549

Chapter 7: Concluding Comments

....................................................................................................

55

References .......................................................................................................................................

57

Appendix: Detailed Description of Self-Report Procedures for Assessing Psychopathy ..... 65 Evaluation ofthe MMPI-2 ...................................................................................................................................... 65 F_ma_ ........................................ :.................................................................................................................. 65

_aiabit_y.................................................................................................................................................. 65 ............................................................................................................................................................

66

_ltr.,_ry. ....................................................................................................................................................... Evaluation ofthe CPI ............................................................................................................................................. Ff'll"m_

...........................................................................................................................................................

l_eqizbilily

......................................................................................................................................................

Norms............................................................................................................................................................

67 67 67

68

68

_Tiaib,...................................................................................................................................................... 68 y_rrrnmry........................................................................................................................................................ Evab_tion of theMCMI-III ...................................................................................................................................

69 69

1_e]i::d'_ilily ......................................................................................................................................................

69

N_'ms .............................................................................................................................................................

70

........................................................................................................................................................

70

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Acknowledgements The development of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) was supported, in part, by a grant to Dr. Hare from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fo,mdation's Research Network on Mental Health and the I._, reader the direction of D_ John Monzhan School of/.,aw, University of Vagj'nia (see Hart, }_e, &Fort_ 1994). Wewi_shloeX:pl'essatlrgtaii_JdeloDr./Vlfmnh:xrl and the MacArthur Foundation for thi__support Logistical support came primarily from Dr. Adelle Forth, Department of Psychology, Carlgton University, who was largely responsa'ble for adminig-lering the MacAnhur Fotmdation grant on betmlfofDr. Hare. A mlmber of people adminLqered the PCL:SV as part of iadep_deat research projects and kindly allowed us access to their data. Specifically, wewouldl_totha_I_ HenrySteadman andMx_ t_amela Clark Robbins of Policy Research Ass_iates, Delrrmr, NY; Dr. P. Randall Kropp, B.C. Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission; Drs. Donald G. Dunon and Catherine Sta-achan Departm__nt of Psychology, University of British Cobmahia; and Dr. Adelle Forth and Ms. Shelley Brown, Departmean of Psychology, Carleton University

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Publisher's Preface We are pleased to present yau with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist Screening Vcrsion (Hare PCL:SV). The ori_na! Ham Psychopathy Chec.kl_ Revised (PCI_R) ha_ become the s't'anrtmd assessment measure for forensic and correc_oIlal populations. H_,

rrmny pl'ofcssJ_

high validity PCL-R_

and high

The

mrtb0rs

_

l'eliahility arrived

a brief

_

tim?

rarins,_ £h.uilartO the coinplele

at thi_ insmlmcm

to _

has Hare

this need_

The Hare PCL:SV was not designed to replace the Hare PCL-R but to after an efficient tool to screen for the possible presence of psy_. T1_HarePCL:SVisa 12-immscaletased on a_ of the _-I_. tmd_

f r

_

ll'm_can b¢ COnvpl_d_L inCi'vicnnd fOl'Cn_Csgltin_,_ in

1½ hou.Ts.In C_AC Sol'ring*;, t.]_PCL:SV

call1:x_ us_l m _

evalualie_s, tx=sonnel selec_i: :->>; _5-'--:-_--,2c,:->:: :.-,"2 2-L_ 7-_:-'----.: 5_-_-'_"_5_._'_.g{_'_ -"_> "_&-._54g_:_F-:'-._ _c,kk>_.>::-=

9, the base rate of psychopathy was 13.1% These figures are similar to, although slightty lower than_ those reported by Cox et al. (1989). The internal eocene3' and item homogeneity of the CV _q-e high (alpha= .88; MIC= .56). In the subsample of 45 saxbj_Is, the mterrater reliability of the CV was accv-'rptable(I CC = .80, ICC: = .90), as was inter-rater agreement for psychopathy diagnoses (kappa= .73). A pnncipal components anal)xis of the CV items once again )fielded a single large componem (eigem-alue = 3.79) accounting for 63.2% of the common item variance; all other components were much smaller (cigen_-alues < .72) and accounted for 12% or less of the remaining _iance ea_k ,MI the CV items had high

' It should be noted thai none of the above c,orrelations was disattenuat_ for theunrclmbfli b" of the various mcesur_o across timz or rat=s 14

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ChapterThree loactings _ .74) on the first principal component; hem 4 (ZacksRemorse) had the highest loading (.83). With respeca m validit?', CV scores had a small but significant negative correlation with stares as a MDO (r = -.ll, p=.004). I.amkingaltheDP, the CValsohadavnall

these efforts _as a 12-item scale, the Screening Version of the Psy.chopatt__r ChmklisI (PCL:SV). The PCL:SWs name is an explicit recognition of its demotion from the PCL-R with respect to conlem and format_ Iremsare scored using the same 3-point scaleasin

ncganve correlation _ithscoreson the Dep_ and Oru_nic _Smme scales (r ----. 13 and -. 12, respectively, both p < .002). On the BPRS, the CV _s correlated txy_tively with factors related to grandiosity (r = .43, p < O01) and hostility (r = .30, p < .001), and negatively correlated with factors of_hymaa (r= -.30,p < .001) and psychomotor retardation (r = -.12, p < .002), In the subsample assessed with the DIS, CV scores had smMl tx_sativecorrelations with APD diagnoses (ma,'te ignoring theexclu_onmterio_)(r=.16,p=.032)andsmallnegafive correlations with diagnoses of sextml disordeax (r = -.19, p = .008).

theP(_-R_ Also, raters have the option ofomiUmg as ma W as two items ff they feel there is insu_ciem information _asthwhich to score the items; scores are prorated to adJust for the missing items. The PCL:SVyields three dimensional scores. T_d scores (the sum of Itmms 1 tb_r_gh 12) can range from 0 to 24, and reflect the degree of overall psychopathic sTmptommolo_v exhibited by the individual. Part 1 scores (sum of Imms i through 6) can range from 0 to 12 and reflect the severity, of the interpersonal and affect_e _ptoms ofpsy_ (i.e., PCI_R Factor 1). Part 2 scores (sum of Items 7 through 12) can also range from 0 to 12, and reflect the severity of the scan1 de_sance .symptoms of psychopahy (Le., PCL-R Factor 2). Research regarding use of the lcCL:SV for

Summary The resaflts of these three studies were encouraging, and suggeslM that it _as mdeed possible to shorten the PCL assessment _. However, two major problems were ap/:_ c.ntwith the C_. Fir_, factor analy,a_ of the PCL and PCL-R _ subseque_ to the co_on of the CV 0-Iarpm-et al_, 1988; Hare et aL, 1990) rm_aled thin all six CV i_em_reflected only Factor 1 of the tK2L scales. That i& the CV neglected the social deviance component of psyc_hopathy. The CV's relatively low correlations with PCI_-R) Factor 2 (RW, 1988) and APD diagnoses _ m pres_ Roy, 1988) support this view. The second problem was thai the CV allowed ratings m be made m the absence of case history infu,mation. There _s some evideame that such a prmedure might rmmlt m a drop in reliability or validi U (RW, 1988); m addition, il maghl make the CV nndaly _le to deceitfiflne_. Given these argumem& it is dear that tt_ CV must be mnsidered flawed as a measure of ps-yv.hcrpathy. Final

Draft:

The Screening

the Psychopathy

ChecMist

Version

classification is ongoing, but at the present time some appmximale cutoE scores can be suggested Scores of 18 and above on the PCL:SV (roughly equivalent to a smm of 30 on the PCL-R) are mual-lY only obtai ned bY Ps2vhopaIks and this cutoff will be of use in diagnostic situations. On theother hand, scoresof 12 orbelowonthePCL:SV(mughly equivalent to 20 on the PCL-R) are umally only obtained by non-pwchot_ths. This 1o_ culoffis more appropmm in nen-forensicsettin_orforscm:eningpurposes. Inpra_ce, those scoring 12 or lower on the PCL;SV can be comvirtered non-p_,c_hopathic. Those scoring 13 through 17 ram" be ps?vAaopathicand should be further evaluate_ mdudinE an admini_aImn of the full PCL-tL Scores of 18 or more offer a strong indication of psychopath?, and _rant an admini_'ationofthefidl_ It is important t_ recognize that no single ca_I-offscore will be pe_ect for all applications and situations. With respect to ease of adminisuation, scoring and training, note That the 12-itean PCL:SV represents a 40%

of

reducnon in length relative to the 20-item PCL-P,_ In

(PCL:SV)

additio_ the PCL:SV excludes PCL-Rimms that are scoreg on the basis of detailed, highly specific, or difl?caflt-toCoIIfh'-In info/-ID_on (eIg., N or sexn,-dhistory.). Pilot testing revealed that the PCL:SV inter_de,a could be compleaed m 30 to 60 min,rle_ u_th the case _istoo _rm4e-w and scoring requiring a further 20 to 30 minutes -- a 5C_A, =_monm _on tnne mla_,eto the PCL-P,_ Also, raters _th _riecl _ncational and professional _ckgroun_ from under'graduates to clmicaI pssvholog_ts, _vre easily trained with a program co_ of a 3-hour lecture and 10 practice ratings; the usua/training pro m'am for tim R involves 8 to 16 hours of lectnm plus the practice ratings. In _', thePCL:SVprcrvides a _sa-e_.fl-ecuvewaT to axcaessboth the mIerpersot_V affec_Jveas well as the s_xs.al deviance _nptoms of ps)vhopafl_y _-ithin and out,de of formic scuings

Rather than develop a second scale de navo, it _s decided m retain the CV's format and expand its contenL The six CV items were relabeled Part 1, analogous to Factor 1 of the PCL-R_ Six ne_' items were then added to tap Factor 2 s?mmptoms:Jmpulsivi_, Poor Behavioral Controls, Lacks Goals, Jrresponsibihty, Adolescent Antisocial Behavior, and Ad_lt Annsocial Nehmqor. These ,aere latmled Part 2. In order to make the la.q two items more _fitable for use outside of formasac settings,., their content was signLficantly altered from the original PCL-R &_-_plaons to include actmns that did not resmlt in formal corona _th the criminaljus_ce g_em It _a_saLso&ecided to make the use of case hastor)' information a reqmmment for scoring (at least for chmcal _s). The re_l_ of 15

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"YhePsychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV)

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Chapter Four Administration of the PCLSV This chapter describes appropriate uses for the PCL:SV, methods for administration, scoring procedures and examples,

,

and item descriptions,

Ensure that they have adequate traimng and experience in the use of the PCL:SV. See the section describing appropriate training (this page). Wherever possible, it is recommended

that the

Uses and Users

PCL:SV averaged

The PCL:SV can be used in both applied and research settings, provided that users have appropriate tlainmg and expertise m the areas of psychopathology and psychometric assessment.

results.

Applied Settings In applied settings, the PCL:SV is administered to men and women over the age of 16 for psychodiagnosfic purposes. Ina forensic contexL the plm-mry use of the PCL:SV is to screen for psychopathy -- individuals who receive high scores may be referred for follow-up assessment using the PCL-R. In a civil psychiatric or community (e.g., pro-employment screening) context, the PCL:SV is used to assess and diagnose psychopathy_ Because an individual's scores may have important consequences for his or her future in such settings, it is critically important to ensure that the scores axe accurate,

the individual,

The potential for harm is considerable if the PCL:SV is used incorrectly, or ff the user is not familiar with the chnical and empirical hterature pertaining to psychopathy,

sciences). Researchers raters and evaluate

Users shoulck

PCL:SV may be used.

• Possess an advanced degree in the social, medical, or behavioral sciences, such as a Ph_D., D.Eck, or M.D.; • Have expertise (graduate education, supervised _-a2ning, and clinical experience) in psychopathology and psychometric assessment; • Be registered with a state or provincial professional

procedures can be changed according to the requirements of the research; however, such changes should be noted m any formal communications or punished reports based on the research.

body that regulates the assessment and diagnosis of a menLaI disorder (e.g., psychological or psychiaIric association) or working under the direct supe_'Lsion of a registered professional; • Be famlliax w_th the clinical and empirical hterature

Formal training m the use of the PCL:SV helps to increase the reliability of ra'_mgs, although it is neither necessary nor sufficient to ensure reliability. It is recommended that training proglman_s cover three major topics:

scores of two independent to increase the reliability

raters should be of the assessment

Research Settings In research se_ings where PCL:SV scores are kept confidential and thus have httle or no potential for harming user qualifications

are less smngent.

Researchers or (if currendy enrolled in a graduate tinning program or medical school) their supervisors should: * Possess an advanced degree m the social, medical, or behavioral sciences, such as a Ph.D., D.Eck, or M.D_; , Have expertise (graduate education, supervised training, and clinical experience) in psychopathology and psychometric assessment; • Be responsible for the supervision of raters with lesser qualifications (e.g_, research assistants with undergraduate degrees in the social or behavioral should provide formal training to the reliability of the raters' assessments

before they begin actual data collection. restriction on the type of research setting

There is no m which the

The usual PCL:SV administration

Training

pertaining to psychopathy, specifically with the research described in the manual for the Hare

• The nature and assessment ofpsychopathyA review of the concept ofpsychopathy, problems in assessing

Psychopathy ChecklistRevised (Hare, 1991); • Avoid administering the PCL:SV using non-standard procedures or in populations where it has not been validated (e_g., children, adolescents aged 15 or younger);

the disorder, research on the PCL and PCL-P_ and the psychomeuic properties and validly oft he PCL:S\£ ° The PCL:SV assessment procedure. A &scussion of interviewing techniques, chart reviews, and collat_raI informants. 17

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PI

The Psychopathy

I

Checklist:

III

Screening

Version

I

I

(PCL:SV)

* PCL:SV scoring. Raters should have a chance to watch severa] videotapes of assessment interviews to help them establish a set of"internal norms" for scoring individual PCL:S¥ items. It is recommended that ratings on five

rn_y actually be an asset, as they help to ensure that the rater obtains a representative sample of the individual's interpersonM style, interview and ]n/orTnation Schedules have been developed to assist m the administration o/-the

to ten practice cases be completed before users administer the PCL:SV for clinical purposes,

PCL:SV settings.

in forensic,

civil psychiatric,

and community

The tame required to _-ain raters depends on their level of clinical and/or forensic experience. Experienced clinicians have been trained to make reliable ratings using a brief, 2" hour training program. Less experienced raters may reqmre a 1- or 2-day training program. A large group format often is as effective as a small group or individual format for training and much more economical. Users have been known to form small groups to review their own case materials and get feedback on their ratings,

Jt should be apparent from the above description that the semi-structured interview is very similar in structure to any reasonably comprehensive clinical interview. Consequently, if the individual has already completed a clinical mter_4ew, it may be unnecessary to re-interview that person in order to make PCL:SV ratings. If the clinical interview administered was not sufficiently comprehensive, the rater may "_dsh to ask only selected questions from the PCL:SV interview guide.

A package of materials (case histories plus accompanying videotaped interview clips) is being developed for training groups or individuals. Contact Multi-Health Systems Inc. for information,

in rare mstances, it may be impossible to complete an interview due to mental illness, discharge, or elopement from the institution, and so forth. If there is adequate collateral information (e.g., criminal record, presentence report, and correctional progress notes; or previous mental health evaluation, interview _4th a family member, and hospital ward notes) and behavioral observations of the

The PCL:SVAssessment

Procedure

The PCL:SV assessment procedure, among other things discussed m this chapter, revolves interviewing, confirming claims made by the subject, and handling conflicts between sources of information. These tasks are discussed below,

individual, it may be possible to complete the PCL:SV without an interview. However, to be consistent with professional ethics, it is important that when the PCL:SV is administered under non-standard conditions, this fact, and any resulting limitations on the validity of the assessment should be noted in clinical reports.

Interviewing An interview is one of the two key data sources on "_,'hich the PCL:SV is rated, the other being charts or collateral informants. The interview is used to collect

and Collateral Informants The second major source of data for scoring the PCL:SV is charts and collateral informants. For clinical

historio-demographic data and to sample the individual's interpersonal style. The former is used primarily to score items in Part 2 of the PCL:SV, whereas the latter is used primarily to score Part 1 items. The use of semi-structured, rather than structured nterviews, is recommended. Some structure aids the intervie_'er in collecting necessary content-related

purposes, data obtained m the interview should not be taken at face value. Rather, an attempt should be made to confirm or deny maportant claims made by the individual. Hospital charts, correctional files, and criminal records may all be used fol this purpose as can interviews with friends, relatives, past employers, and so forth. This information should be sunmmarized and recorded in Part

re_formation, but too much structure can hinder rapportbuilding and obscure interactional style. For example, wath a semi-strutured interview, interviewers can use their

11 of the PCL:SV Interview and Information Schedule. In rare cases, there may be absolutely no file or collateral information available. The PCL:SV should

clinical skills to elicit evidence of emotional bonds, or they can permit an individual to "ramble" and tel1 stories,

NOT be completed in the absence of file or collateral information. Eve©, attempt should be made to collect at

The inte:_iew should cover the follov_dng areas: * presenting probler_/current legal status * educational history and goals ° vocational history and goals • medical and psychiatric history • farmly background, marital history • juvenile conduct problems • adult antisocial behavior (including substance use) W_thin eacharea, reconm:ended general questions and follow-up probes are listed; however, interviewers are free to rephrase or even ormt quest:ons, or to ask additional questions as they see fit It is not necessary to complete the interview m one sluing; in fact, multiple interviews

least some file information (e.g., requesting a criminal record for the individual or interviewing a family member, friend, or previous employer). If this is not possible, then PCL:SV ratings should be delayed until collateral information in the form of progress notes, consultant reports, and so forth, becomes available.

Charts

Conflicts Between Sources of Information Occasionally, there are numerous or major discrepancies between the intervie_ arid collateral infom:aUon_ In general, conflicting reports concerning an individual's personality or behavior should alect the user to the possibitib' that the individual is engaging in 18

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Chapter

impression management However, assess the credibility of the sources

therater first should ofmforn_tion. Ifa

Four

and behavior of the individual matches tile item description m this Manual. The scoring ofthe it_m_ is subjecfive and

source is considered by the rater to be totally noncredible, it can be ignored. Ifa source is seen as less credible than others, information obtmned from it can be given less weighk lithe sources are equally credible, then the rater _ should consider seeking out new information or giving

requires considerable inference and judgment; however, research indicates that experienced raters can be highly reliable when making judgments of this kind. Scores of 2, 1, and 0 are defined as follows:

the individual a score of 1 on the relevant item(s); otherwise, greater weight should be given to the information source most suggestive of psychopathology, on the assumption that most people tend to under-report or minimize psychopathic symptomatology. Finally, if aL! information pertaining to an item comes from sources that lack credibility, the item can be omatted,

2

The item applies to the individual; a reasonably good match m most essential respects; his/her behavior is generally consistent with the flavor and intent of the item_

1

The item applies to a certain extent but not to the degree required for a score of 2; a match in some respects but with too many exceptions or doubts to warrant a score of 2; uncertain about whether or not the item applies; conflicts between interview

Scoring According to a pilot study, the PCL:SV can be scored by a trained professional (with the case history wathm reach) in as little as 20-30 minutes. There are several issues to consider when scoring (time frame, item scores, and omivsng items) and they are covered below, I%me Frame The PCL:SV

items axe rated

and file information that cannot be resolved of a score of 2 or 0. 0

The item does not apply to the individual; he/she does not exhibit the trmt or behavior m question, or he/she exhibits characteristics that are the opposite item.

on the basis of the

person's lifetime functiomng as revealed by the assessment data: What the individual is like most of the time, in most

in favor

The

of, or inconsistent

individual

with, the intent of the

item descriptions

should

be read

situations, and wath most people. Items should not be rated solely on the basis ofthe individual's present state, The present state may be atypical of his or her usual functioning because of extreme situational factors, an exacerbation of acute psychopathology (e.g., depression or psychosis), and so forth, Novice raters sometimes are unsure of what to do

carefully prior to making the ratings. Item definitions appear later in this chapter. Raters should use the item definition to creme aprototype, or ideal image, of the item then decide how closely the individual matches the prototype. Although the item definitions contain a list of characteristics, they are ostensional (as opposed to extensional or intensional) in nature. That is, the

ira person's behavior is erratic or inconsistent or if there has been a dramatic and lasting change in behavior at some point during his/her life. For example, people who suffer from bipolar mood disorders or psychoses may have dramatically different presentations at different tames. In such cases, raters should score the PCL:SV items

characteristics are merely examples of the types of characteristics associated udth a trmt; raters should not use the characteristics as a simple checklist. An individual could receive a score of 2 on an item by displaying one or two of the characteristics to a great degree, or by displaying several of the characteristics to a moderate degree. It is

according to the individual's usual functioning; how heJshe functioned, on average, throughout life.

that is, his/her

even possible that a rater could give a score of 2 to someone who exhibits none of the characteristics in the item definition, as long as that rater noted other characteristics

Note that because psychopathy is a personality disorder, it is chronic by definition and should remain relatively stable across the lifespan. Also, note that the PCL:SV is scored on the basis of the individual's lifetime

that obviously are consistent with the item defimtion. Raters should take into account the intensity., frequency, and duration of the individual's symptoms when scoring the item_ Also, raters should keep in mind that the time

fl.mctionmg. For these reasons, the PCL:SV cannot be used to make "present stale" assessments of psychopath)" (e.g., severi_' in past week, past month, or past year) or to assess changes in psychopathic symptomatolo_' over brief periods of time (less than a year).

frame for sconng the PCL:SV is the indavidual's entre life; each item is supposed to reflect a persoaah_' trait rather than a symptom that is present only briefly or rarely. Omitting

Item Scores

Items Some_mes there is insufficient information to score an item. At other times, the intersJew and collateral information may be totally' divergent, and it may be

"Eachof the PCL:S\; items is scored using a 3-point ordinal scale based on the degree to which the personality

impossible to determine if rather of the sources is credible. In such instances an item may be omitted. Items should 19 14571

bl

The Psychopathy

Checklist-

Screening

Version

(PCL:SV)

I t

r ). ,i

r

:

I /l

'

be omitted

only when absolutely

necessary;

they should

second page.

not be omitted simply because the rater is uncertain about which score to assign, Only I of 6 Part 1 or Pail 2 items can be omatted without invalidating the corresponding score. If an acceptable number of items were omitted, then scores should be prorated using Tables 4 and 5. (These tables also appear on the PCL:S¥ QuikScore -n_ form.) If too many items are omitted, the individual should be reinterviewed or reassessed when more collateral information is available_

Next, the numbers

under the "Total Score"

column should be copied to the appropriate scoring box on the left-hand side of the page, under one of the columns labelled "Part l" and "Part 2." For example, the score given for ltem 1, "Superficial," should be copied to the box on the column under "Part l" Each item is connected by a dotted line to the appropriate box in the columns labelled "_Part 1" or "'Part 2." Once every item in the firstcolumnhas been copied to a corresponding box in the second or third column.s, the rater should sum the items in each of the three columns (Total, of the "Raw mad 2

Using

the Q,,ikScore rM Form for the PCL:SV The QuikScore TM form for the PCL:SV is a self• scoring form that is used to admimster the PCL:SV. The rater should begin by _Titmg his or her name, the date of the assessment, and the name of the individual being assessed in the appropriate places at the top of the QuikScore r_ form_ After careful review of the rating criteria for each item, the rater notes the score given for

Part 1, and Part 2). The user should write the sum items at the bottom of the column m the row labelled, Sum." Total score can range from 0 to 24; Part 1 scores can range from 0 to 12.

Missing ile,ns. If no items are missing, simply transfer the Raw Sums for the Total, Part l, and Part 2 scores to the last row on the grid to obtain the Adjusted Score. If any items were ormtted, the Total, Part 1, and

each item where indicated on the front oft_he QuikScore xM form_ After all 12 items are rated, the rater should

Part 2 scores should be prorated using the tables on the back of the top sheet of the Qu"IkScore r_' forli_ First, _Tite the number of missing items for the Total, Part l,

separate the Quik.%ore rM form at the perforation at the top of the form. The scores recorded on the front page of the form will have transferred to the scoring grid on the

and Pan 2 scores in the row at the bottom of the scoring grid labelled "Number of Missing Items." Next, refer to the Prorated PCL:SV Total Scores and Prorated PCL:SV

t

'l.

i,I ,

Table PCL:SV

Prorated

4 Total

Scores

It

[

Prorated Raw Score

,

ff X items are omitted:

X=I

X=2

21

23

--

19

21

23

17

19

20

15

]6

18

]3 '57-5%SJ_i_'_AP!_:_:2"": ''

14

' %..,"..

'

16

":_-

ll

L2= 2.k 2_2_.i_2.._..2.E-'...

total score

, ° _2"f ;- '/:" --%"

! _

z

"" ....

"

-: ::',

,

L :i'2.Z7::-

12

13

9

10

11

7

8

8

5

5

6

; 2":: 2__. ;;. d_'--.,.- - :2. _,,:'..&._ _

4

. - _:

3

_22721225Z 2 i)i,: ]

"':

:

"

, "

. __

3

:: .:: ::

_,:

4

'-: 1

_

-

........

- _ : 1

20

14572

Chapter

! ," Table 5 PCL:SV Part 1 and Part 2 Scores

Prorated Raw Score

Prorated

9

score for Part

_

g:'_"_:_,

_. • :'

3 '

:_::. _