Enhancing Climate Resilience in Metropolitan Regions - Resilient Cities

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May 31, 2014 - The City of Surat and its metropolitan region recently developed the Surat City ... Source: Surat City Re
Enhancing Climate Resilience in Metropolitan Regions Cynthia Rosenzweig NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies/Columbia University

Building Joint Resilience for Cities in Metropolitan Areas: Strengthening City-Region Linkages

ICLEI Resilient Cities 2014 Bonn, Germany May 31, 2014

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Key Questions for the Session 









How do approaches of urban and metropolitan resilience differ; what is similar, what is different? How do the consequences of climate change specifically impact metropolitan regions? What are concrete fields of action for building resilience at a metropolitan level? How do urban-rural linkages influence resilience strategies?

What Practical Advice can we share? 2

Cities and Climate Change

Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) member cities and mean annual temperature change for the 2050s using RCP4.5 and CMIP5 models

First Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3), 2011

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Beyond the Urban Core 

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How do approaches of urban and metropolitan resilience interact; what is similar, what is different? - Strategies - Instruments - Databases - Stakeholders - Political Structures

Urban Core as the Leader of Region  More focus on Regional Strategies for Economic Development  Promotion of Region  Extension vs. New Players, Structures, Approaches?  Challenges 

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Core Municipality and Metropolitan Region

City

Population— Core Municipality

Population— Metropolitan Region

Shanghai, China Sao Paulo, Brazil Delhi, India Harare, Zimbabwe Dakar, Senegal Kingston, Jamaica

21,766,000 11,316,149 12,565,901 1,606,000 1,030,594 96,052

23,710,000 19,889,559 16,314,838 2,800,000 2,400,000 937,700

Sao Paulo, Brazil Source: http://www.scielo.br

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Metropolitan Vulnerabilities in Least Developed Countries 







LDCs are among the countries most affected by recent droughts. Drought is predicted to become more frequent and severe as a result of climate change, and many LDC metropolitan regions are already badly affected. In many metropolitan regions, precipitation is tending to occur in shorter, more intense bursts that can overwhelm urban drainage systems and lead to flooding. This can be acute in LDC metropolitan regions without adequate drainage. Sea level rise will affect towns and metropolitan regions in the LDCs particularly severely because a relatively large proportion of their populations live in low-elevation coastal zones – the continuous area along the coast lying less than 10 meters above sea level. Within these LDC metropolitan regions, exposure to risk is distributed unevenly across formal and informal settlements.

Source: Dodman, D. (2011).

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Flexible Adaptation Pathways Climate change adaptation as a risk management issue Flexible Adaptation Pathways as the response

Source: NPCC, 2010

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Key Players in Metropolitan Resilience Key Player

Roles and Responsibilities Roles: Lead City, Metropolitan Region Municipal, State, and National Governments

Governments

Citizen Groups

Responsibilities: Establishing councils, commissions, and task forces; coordinating key groups; conducting local risk assessments; setting policies and funding large-scale investments and projects

Roles: Grass-roots efforts in individual metropolitan regions; local chapters of international organizations; local non-profit groups engaged in community efforts Responsibilities: Information gathering for metropolitan planners and decision-makers; information dissemination to public; assessing social vulnerabilities Roles: Managing critical metropolitan region infrastructure

Infrastructure Managers

Responsibilities: Developing and implementing resilience planning to protect against climate events Roles: Insurance companies; utility providers; other businesses

Private Sector

Responsibilities: Designing, planning, and executing implementation of resilience measures and adaptation strategies; ensuring compliance with new regulations Roles: Academics from universities, government agencies, and private sector research groups

Knowledge Providers

Responsibilities: Co-generating climate risk information with decision-makers; tailoring information to the needs of individual metropolitan regions; communicating climate risk information and uncertainties to 8 decision-makers and the public

Approaches to Resilience Action

Flexibility Redundancy Resourcefulness Safe Failure Responsiveness Learning ACCRN, 2012

Policy, social, engineering, and ecosystems interact to respond to changing climate and coastal hazards. Overlapping areas illustrate opportunities for adaptation and resilience strategies that combine components of each domain. 9

Resilience Assessment and Implementation Steps 1. Define the system that is to be made more resilient 2. Identify and focus on the vulnerabilities to be addressed 3. Conduct inventory of infrastructure and assets 4. Co-generate climate risk information

5. Assess and characterize how climate risks and alternative resilience strategies affect the vulnerabilityresilience spectrum 6. Identify linkages and feedbacks in systems, agents, and institutions, and areas for agents/institutions to coordinate to address these 7. Develop initial resilience strategies and indicators and monitor systems to track strategies 8. Link strategies to local capital and rehabilitation cycles 9. Prioritize, prepare, and implement resiliency efforts 10. Use indicators and monitoring systems, updated climate risk information, and multi-stakeholder discussion to evaluate and adjust strategies as needed 10

Surat City A Metropolitan Resilience Strategy 



The City of Surat and its metropolitan region recently developed the Surat City Resiliency Plan in order to deal with the challenges of a changing climate, urbanization, and poverty in the metropolitan region. City planners used vulnerability and capacity indices to develop an understanding of what strategies were needed to improve resilience. With that information, short-term, mid-term, and long term resiliency strategies were outlined for the following areas     

    

Water supply Waste Water and sanitation Flood management Land use and Planning Solid Waste Transport Public Health Social Cohesion/Equity Institutional Framework Energy

Source: Surat City Resilience Strategy, Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network, Rockefeller Foundation, 2011

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Source: www.indianexpress.com

Practical Advice for Metropolitan Regions 

Leadership 



Coordination 



Use latest scientific data and methods available for the metropolitan region.

Civil Society 



Create liaison office that organizes the interactions between the relevant groups throughout the metropolitan region

Climate Information 



Set explicit goals by high-level metropolitan region leaders in regard to development of climate resilience

Identify community needs and wants across the entire metropolitan region.

Implementation 

Create partnerships among municipal, state, national, and international bodies that can provide financing for implementation of adaptation strategies. 12

Best Practices for Metropolitan Regions

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The Role of Knowledge The Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) UCCRN Mission: Enable cities to fulfill their climate change leadership potential in both mitigation and adaptation 





A consortium of over 500+ scholars and practitioners from over 100 developed and developing cities around the world

First major publication – First UCCRN Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3), a four-year effort by 100 authors from 50+ cities around the world In the process of writing the Second UCCRN Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3-2) – scheduled to be published by COP21Paris 2015 www.uccrn.org

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Launch of Report

“Enhancing Climate Resilience in Metropolitan Regions” May 31, 2014

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Factors That Enhance Metropolitan Region Resiliency Flexibility

Capability to change, evolve and adopt alternative strategies (in either the short or longer term) in response to changing conditions.

Redundancy

Superfluous or spare capacity to accommodate increasing demand, extreme pressure, or the need for substitute services when another component is disrupted.

Resourcefulness

Capacity to visualize and act, to identify problems, to establish priorities and mobilize assets and human resources in order to achieve goals and respond swiftly when threats arise.

Safe Failure

Ability to absorb shocks and the cumulative effects of slow-onset challenges while avoiding catastrophic failure if thresholds are exceeded with minimal impact to other systems. Failure itself is accepted.

Responsiveness

Capability to re-organize, to re-establish function and sense of order following a failure in a rapid and responsible manner.

Learning

Ability to internalize past experience and failures, and use such experience to avoid repeating past mistakes and exercise caution in future decisions.

Source: Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network, 2012

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