May 31, 2014 - The City of Surat and its metropolitan region recently developed the Surat City ... Source: Surat City Re
Enhancing Climate Resilience in Metropolitan Regions Cynthia Rosenzweig NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies/Columbia University
Building Joint Resilience for Cities in Metropolitan Areas: Strengthening City-Region Linkages
ICLEI Resilient Cities 2014 Bonn, Germany May 31, 2014
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Key Questions for the Session
How do approaches of urban and metropolitan resilience differ; what is similar, what is different? How do the consequences of climate change specifically impact metropolitan regions? What are concrete fields of action for building resilience at a metropolitan level? How do urban-rural linkages influence resilience strategies?
What Practical Advice can we share? 2
Cities and Climate Change
Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) member cities and mean annual temperature change for the 2050s using RCP4.5 and CMIP5 models
First Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3), 2011
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Beyond the Urban Core
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How do approaches of urban and metropolitan resilience interact; what is similar, what is different? - Strategies - Instruments - Databases - Stakeholders - Political Structures
Urban Core as the Leader of Region More focus on Regional Strategies for Economic Development Promotion of Region Extension vs. New Players, Structures, Approaches? Challenges
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Core Municipality and Metropolitan Region
City
Population— Core Municipality
Population— Metropolitan Region
Shanghai, China Sao Paulo, Brazil Delhi, India Harare, Zimbabwe Dakar, Senegal Kingston, Jamaica
21,766,000 11,316,149 12,565,901 1,606,000 1,030,594 96,052
23,710,000 19,889,559 16,314,838 2,800,000 2,400,000 937,700
Sao Paulo, Brazil Source: http://www.scielo.br
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Metropolitan Vulnerabilities in Least Developed Countries
LDCs are among the countries most affected by recent droughts. Drought is predicted to become more frequent and severe as a result of climate change, and many LDC metropolitan regions are already badly affected. In many metropolitan regions, precipitation is tending to occur in shorter, more intense bursts that can overwhelm urban drainage systems and lead to flooding. This can be acute in LDC metropolitan regions without adequate drainage. Sea level rise will affect towns and metropolitan regions in the LDCs particularly severely because a relatively large proportion of their populations live in low-elevation coastal zones – the continuous area along the coast lying less than 10 meters above sea level. Within these LDC metropolitan regions, exposure to risk is distributed unevenly across formal and informal settlements.
Source: Dodman, D. (2011).
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Flexible Adaptation Pathways Climate change adaptation as a risk management issue Flexible Adaptation Pathways as the response
Source: NPCC, 2010
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Key Players in Metropolitan Resilience Key Player
Roles and Responsibilities Roles: Lead City, Metropolitan Region Municipal, State, and National Governments
Governments
Citizen Groups
Responsibilities: Establishing councils, commissions, and task forces; coordinating key groups; conducting local risk assessments; setting policies and funding large-scale investments and projects
Roles: Grass-roots efforts in individual metropolitan regions; local chapters of international organizations; local non-profit groups engaged in community efforts Responsibilities: Information gathering for metropolitan planners and decision-makers; information dissemination to public; assessing social vulnerabilities Roles: Managing critical metropolitan region infrastructure
Infrastructure Managers
Responsibilities: Developing and implementing resilience planning to protect against climate events Roles: Insurance companies; utility providers; other businesses
Private Sector
Responsibilities: Designing, planning, and executing implementation of resilience measures and adaptation strategies; ensuring compliance with new regulations Roles: Academics from universities, government agencies, and private sector research groups
Knowledge Providers
Responsibilities: Co-generating climate risk information with decision-makers; tailoring information to the needs of individual metropolitan regions; communicating climate risk information and uncertainties to 8 decision-makers and the public
Approaches to Resilience Action
Flexibility Redundancy Resourcefulness Safe Failure Responsiveness Learning ACCRN, 2012
Policy, social, engineering, and ecosystems interact to respond to changing climate and coastal hazards. Overlapping areas illustrate opportunities for adaptation and resilience strategies that combine components of each domain. 9
Resilience Assessment and Implementation Steps 1. Define the system that is to be made more resilient 2. Identify and focus on the vulnerabilities to be addressed 3. Conduct inventory of infrastructure and assets 4. Co-generate climate risk information
5. Assess and characterize how climate risks and alternative resilience strategies affect the vulnerabilityresilience spectrum 6. Identify linkages and feedbacks in systems, agents, and institutions, and areas for agents/institutions to coordinate to address these 7. Develop initial resilience strategies and indicators and monitor systems to track strategies 8. Link strategies to local capital and rehabilitation cycles 9. Prioritize, prepare, and implement resiliency efforts 10. Use indicators and monitoring systems, updated climate risk information, and multi-stakeholder discussion to evaluate and adjust strategies as needed 10
Surat City A Metropolitan Resilience Strategy
The City of Surat and its metropolitan region recently developed the Surat City Resiliency Plan in order to deal with the challenges of a changing climate, urbanization, and poverty in the metropolitan region. City planners used vulnerability and capacity indices to develop an understanding of what strategies were needed to improve resilience. With that information, short-term, mid-term, and long term resiliency strategies were outlined for the following areas
Water supply Waste Water and sanitation Flood management Land use and Planning Solid Waste Transport Public Health Social Cohesion/Equity Institutional Framework Energy
Source: Surat City Resilience Strategy, Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network, Rockefeller Foundation, 2011
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Source: www.indianexpress.com
Practical Advice for Metropolitan Regions
Leadership
Coordination
Use latest scientific data and methods available for the metropolitan region.
Civil Society
Create liaison office that organizes the interactions between the relevant groups throughout the metropolitan region
Climate Information
Set explicit goals by high-level metropolitan region leaders in regard to development of climate resilience
Identify community needs and wants across the entire metropolitan region.
Implementation
Create partnerships among municipal, state, national, and international bodies that can provide financing for implementation of adaptation strategies. 12
Best Practices for Metropolitan Regions
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The Role of Knowledge The Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) UCCRN Mission: Enable cities to fulfill their climate change leadership potential in both mitigation and adaptation
A consortium of over 500+ scholars and practitioners from over 100 developed and developing cities around the world
First major publication – First UCCRN Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3), a four-year effort by 100 authors from 50+ cities around the world In the process of writing the Second UCCRN Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3-2) – scheduled to be published by COP21Paris 2015 www.uccrn.org
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Launch of Report
“Enhancing Climate Resilience in Metropolitan Regions” May 31, 2014
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Factors That Enhance Metropolitan Region Resiliency Flexibility
Capability to change, evolve and adopt alternative strategies (in either the short or longer term) in response to changing conditions.
Redundancy
Superfluous or spare capacity to accommodate increasing demand, extreme pressure, or the need for substitute services when another component is disrupted.
Resourcefulness
Capacity to visualize and act, to identify problems, to establish priorities and mobilize assets and human resources in order to achieve goals and respond swiftly when threats arise.
Safe Failure
Ability to absorb shocks and the cumulative effects of slow-onset challenges while avoiding catastrophic failure if thresholds are exceeded with minimal impact to other systems. Failure itself is accepted.
Responsiveness
Capability to re-organize, to re-establish function and sense of order following a failure in a rapid and responsible manner.
Learning
Ability to internalize past experience and failures, and use such experience to avoid repeating past mistakes and exercise caution in future decisions.
Source: Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network, 2012
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