FIRES IN RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES UNDER CONSTRUCTION ...

FIRES IN RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR UNDERGOING MAJOR RENOVATION

Richard Campbell November 2014

National Fire Protection Association Fire Analysis and Research Division

Abstract This report examines fires in residential properties which were under construction or undergoing major renovation from 2007 through 2011. During the five-year period from 2007 through 2011, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated average of estimated 5,120 structure fires in residential properties that were under construction or undergoing major renovation each year. These fires resulted in an estimated average of 9 civilian fatalities, 94 civilian injuries, and $265 million in direct property each year. Of these, an estimated 2,850 fires (56%) were in residential properties under construction, resulting in 6 civilian fatalities, 47 civilian injuries, and $157 million in direct property losses each year. The majority of fires and associated losses in properties under construction were in one- or two-family homes – 71% of fires, 83% of fatalities, 78% of injuries, and 64% of direct property damage. There were an estimated 2,270 fires in residential properties undergoing major renovation, with associated losses of 3 civilian fatalities, 47 civilian injuries, and $107 million in direct property damages. Four out of five of these fires (82%) were in one- or two-family homes, as were 77% of civilian fatalities, 80% of civilian injuries, and 84% of direct property damages. Keywords: fire statistics, residential fires, residential construction fires, residential renovation fires, one- or two-family homes. Acknowledgements The National Fire Protection Association thanks all the fire departments and state fire authorities who participate in the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) and the annual NFPA fire experience survey. These firefighters are the original sources of the detailed data that make this analysis possible. Their contributions allow us to estimate the size of the fire problem. We are also grateful to the U.S. Fire Administration for its work in developing, coordinating, and maintaining NFIRS. For more information about the National Fire Protection Association, visit www.nfpa.org or call 617-770-3000. To learn more about the One-Stop Data Shop go to www.nfpa.org/osds or call 617-984-7443. You can also find us on…

Copies of this analysis are available from: National Fire Protection Association One-Stop Data Shop 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02169-7471 www.nfpa.org e-mail: [email protected] phone: 617-984-7443 NFPA No. USS105 Copyright© 2014, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA

Executive Summary During the five-year period from 2007 through 2011, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated average of estimated 5,120 structure fires in residential properties that were under construction or undergoing major renovation each year. These fires resulted in 9 civilian fatalities, 94 civilian injuries, and $265 million in direct property each year. In general, any fire in or on a structure is considered a structure fire, including incidents in which only contents were damaged.

losses were in one- or two-family homes – 71% of fires, 83% of fatalities, 78% of injuries, and 64% of direct property damage. There were an estimated 2,270 fires annually in residential properties undergoing major renovation from 2007 through 2011, with associated losses of 3 civilian fatalities, 47 civilian injuries, and $107 million in direct property damages. Four out of five of these fires (82%) were in one- or two-family homes, as were 77% of civilian fatalities, 80% of civilian injuries, and 84% of direct property damages.

In this report, we separately analyze fires in those residential properties that were under construction and those that were undergoing major renovation. The report also divides residential properties into two property use classifications – residential properties that are one- and two-family homes, and residential properties other than one- or two-family homes, and these are also analyzed separately. The residential properties other than one- or two-family homes include multifamily dwellings, boarding and rooming houses, hotels and motels, residential board and care facilities, dormitory-type residences, sorority and fraternity houses, and barracks and dormitories.

The statistics relating to fires and associated losses in this report are national estimates of fires reported to U.S. municipal fire departments. Fires reported only to federal or state agencies or federal fire brigades are not captured here. These national estimates are projections based on the detailed information collected by the U.S. Fire Administration’s National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS 5.0) and the Nation Fire Protection Association’s annual fire department experience survey. Although the fires in residential properties that are under construction or undergoing major renovation represent a small share of the fires that occur in residential properties each year, the estimated total of more than 5,000 annual such fires is not insignificant, and understanding how these fires occur and the factors that contribute to injury and death is essential in order to identify prevention.

There were an estimated 2,850 fires in residential properties under construction annually from 2007 through 2011, resulting in 6 civilian fatalities, 47 civilian injuries, and $157 million in direct property losses each year. The majority of fires and associated measures

Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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NFPA Fire Analysis and Research, Quincy, MA.


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Contents

Page Executive Summary

i

Contents

iii

List of Tables and Figures

v

Residential Properties under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation Fact Sheet

vii

Overview

1

When do Fires in Residential Properties under Construction or undergoing Major Renovation Occur?

5 5

Timing by Month

5

Timing by Day of Week

6

Timing by Hour Leading Causes of Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation

6 7

Equipment Involved In Ignition

7

Cooking Related Fires

8

Factor Contributing to Ignition

8

Heat Source`

9

Area of Origin

10

Item First Ignited Building Height Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes Floor of Fire Origin Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes Appendix A. How National Estimates Statistics Are Calculated

11 12 73

Appendix B. Methodology and Definitions Used in “Leading Cause” Tables

80

Appendix C. Selected Published Incidents

83


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List of Tables and Figures Table A. Structure Status Residential Properties 2007-2011

Page

Table B. Residential Properties Under Construction and Undergoing Major Renovation

1 4

Figure 1. By Month

5

Figure 2. By Leading Cause

6

Table 1A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Month

13

Table 1B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Month

13

Table 1C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Month Table 1D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Month Table 2A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Day of Week Table 2B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Day of Week Table 2C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Day of Week Table 2D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Day of Week Table 3A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Hour Table 3B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Hour Table 3C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Hour Table 3D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Hour Table 4A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Cause of Ignition Table 4B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Cause of Ignition Table 4C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Cause of Ignition Table 4D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Cause of Ignition Table 5A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Equipment Involved Table 5B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Equipment Involved Table 5C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Equipment Involved Table 5D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Equipment Involved Table 6A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Factors Contributing Table 6B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Factors Contributing Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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14 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 29 31 33 36


List of Tables and Figures (continued) Table 6C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Factor Contributing Table 6D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Facto Contributing Table 7A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Heat Source Table 7B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Heat Source Table 7C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Heat Source Table 7D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Heat Source Table 8A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Area of Origin Table 8B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Area of Origin Table 8C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Area of Origin Table 8D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Area of Origin Table 9A. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Construction, by Item First Ignited Table 9B. One-and Two-Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Item First Ignited Table 9C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Item First Ignited Table 9D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Item First Ignited Table 10A. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Building Height Above Grade Table 10B. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Building Height Above Grade Table 11A. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Construction, by Floor of Fire Origin Table 11B. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes Under Major Renovation, by Floor of Fire Origin


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National Fire Protection Association

Fires in Residential Properties under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation Fact Sheet

Fire Analysis & Research

In 2007 -2011, U.S fire departments responded to an estimated average of 5,120 structure fires in residential properties that were under construction or undergoing major renovation. These fires caused an average of 9 civilian deaths, 94 civilian injuries, and $265 million in direct property damage each year. Almost two in five of fires were 1- and 2-family homes under construction (39%) and 37% were in 1- and 2-family homes undergoing major renovation. Residential properties other than 1- and 2-family homes accounted for 24% of fires – 16% in properties under construction and 8% in properties undergoing major renovation. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction and Undergoing Major Renovation 8% 16%

1- and 2-family homes, under construction 39% 1- and 2-family homes, undergoing renovation Other residential, under construction Other residential, undergoing renovation 37%

Heating equipment was the leading type of equipment involved in fires in one- and two-family homes under construction and those undergoing major renovation, while cooking equipment was the leading type of equipment involved in residential properties other than one- and two-family homes under construction. A torch, burner, or soldering iron was the leading type of equipment involved in residential properties other than one-or two-family homes undergoing renovation. Equipment Involved in Residential Fires Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 2007-2011 13%

Heathing equipment

15%

6%

Electrical distribution and lighting equipment

19% 21%

Cooking equipment

11%

Torch, burner, or soldering iron

6% 11% 7% 8% 5% 7% 6%

Shop tools and industrial equipment 0%

29% 31%

10%

34%

29% 40%

21% 23%

20%

30%

40%

Other residential, under renovation

Other residential, under construction

1- and 2-family homes, under renovation

1- and 2-family homes, under construction


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50%


.


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Overview Fires in residential properties represent the largest share of structure fires in the United States. Most fires take place in residential properties classified as occupied and operating. However, fires also take place in residential properties that are vacant, idle, under construction, undergoing renovation, or being demolished (see Table A below). From 2007-2011, structures that were under construction represented one percent of the fires and were responsible for two percent of direct property damage. Structures that were undergoing major renovation represented one percent of fires and a proportional share of direct property damage. While representing a small portion of all residential property fires, these fires nonetheless indicate that this is an area that could benefit from targeted prevention efforts. Table A. Structure Status, Residential Properties, 2007-2011 Annual Averages Structure Status

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries

Direct Property Loss (in Millions)

355,310

(90%)

2,626

(97%)

13,419

(98%)

$6,533

(86%)

Non-confined

177,020

(45%)

2,626

(97%)

11,557

(84%)

$6,495

(85%)

Confined

178,290

(45%)

0

(0%)

1,852

(13%)

$39

(1%)

12,510

(3%)

23

(1%)

58

(0%)

$232

(3%)

11,870

(3%)

23

(1%)

58

(0%)

$232

(3%)

650

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Vacant and secured

11,620

(3%)

17

(1%)

87

(1%)

$423

(6%)

Non-confined

10,780

(3%)

17

(1%)

87

(1%)

$423

(6%)

830

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

3,850

(1%)

9

(0%)

67

(0%)

$44

(1%)

Non-confined

1,840

(0%)

9

(0%)

64

(0%)

$43

(1%)

Confined

2,000

(1%)

0

(0%)

2

(0%)

$0

(0%)

2,850

(1%)

6

(0%)

47

(0%)

$157

(2%)

1,890

(0%)

6

(0%)

47

(0%)

$157

(2%)

960

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

3,210

(1%)

8

(0%)

19

(0%)

$95

(1%)

2,890

(1%)

8

(0%)

19

(0%)

$95

(1%)

320

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

2,270

(1%)

3

(0%)

47

(0%)

$107

(1%)

1,970

(1%)

3

(0%)

44

(0%)

$107

(1%)

290

(0%)

0

(0%)

3

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Being Demolished

1,190

(0%)

3

(0%)

8

(0%)

$13

(0%)

Non-confined

1,090

(0%)

3

(0%)

8

(0%)

$13

(0%)

90

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Totals

392,800

(100%)

2,694

(100%)

13,751

(100%)

$7,605

(100%)

Non-confined

209360

(53%)

2695

(100%)

11884

(86%)

$7,566

(99%)

Confined

183430

(47%)

0

(0%)

1857

(14%)

$39

(1%)

Occupied and operating

Vacant and unsecured Non-confined Confined

Confined Unclassified Structure Status

Under Construction Non-confined Confined Idle, not routinely used Non-confined Confined Under Major Renovation Non-confined Confined

Confined


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In this report, we analyze residential properties that were under construction or undergoing major renovation in the United States during the five-year period from 2007 through 2011. We separately analyze fires from 2007 through 2011 in those residential properties that were under construction and those that were undergoing major renovation. The report also divides residential properties into two property use classifications – residential properties that are one- and two-family homes, and residential properties other than one- or two-family dwellings, and these are also analyzed separately. The residential properties other than one- or two-family homes include multifamily homes, boarding and rooming houses, hotels and motels, residential board and care facilities, dormitory-type residences, sorority and fraternity houses, and barracks and dormitories. On average, there were an estimated 5,120 fires in residential properties that were under construction or undergoing major renovation in the United States each year from 2007 through 2011, as shown in Table B. These fire resulted in 9 civilian fatalities, 94 civilian injuries, and $157 million in direct property losses each year. As also show in Table B, there were an estimated 2,270 fires in residential properties undergoing major renovation from 2007 through 2011, with associated losses of 3 civilian fatalities, 47 civilian injuries, and $107 million in direct property damages. Four out of five of under renovation or total fires (82%) were in one- or two-family homes, as were 77% of civilian fatalities, 80% of civilian injuries, and 84% of direct property damages.


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Data Sources, Definitions and Conventions Used in this Report Unless otherwise specified, the statistics in this analysis are national estimates of fires reported to U.S. municipal fire departments and so exclude fires reported only to federal or state agencies or industrial fire brigades. The 2007-2011 estimates are projections based on the detailed information collected in Version 5.0 of the U.S. Fire Administration’s National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS 5.0) and the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA’s) annual fire department experience survey. Except for property use and incident type, fires with unknown or unreported data were allocated proportionally in calculations of national estimates. What are” confined” and “non-confined” fires? NFIRS 5.0 includes a category of structure fires collectively referred to as “confined fires,” identified by incident type. These include confined cooking fires, confined chimney or flue fires, confined trash fires, confined fuel burner or boiler fires, confined commercial compactor fires, and confined incinerator fires (incident type 113-118). Losses are generally minimal in these fires, which by definition, are assumed to have been limited to the object of origin. Although causal data is not required for these fires, it is sometimes present. Confined and non-confined fires were analyzed separately and then summed for most data elements. Additional information Casualty and loss projections can be heavily influenced by the inclusion or exclusion of one unusually serious fire. Property damage has not been adjusted for inflation. On most tables, fires are rounded to the nearest ten, civilian deaths and injuries are generally rounded to the nearest one, and direct property damage in most cases is rounded to the nearest million dollars. Additional details on the methodology may be found in Appendix A and B.


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Table B. Residential Properties Under Construction and Undergoing Major Renovation

Structure Status

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


Under Construction

2,850

(56%)

6

(66%)

47

(48%)

$157

(59%)

One- and two-family homes

2,020

(39%)

5

(54%)

35

(37%)

$101

(38%)

1,510

(29%)

5

(54%)

35

(37%)

$101

(38%)

510

(10%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

830

(16%)

1

(11%)

12

(11%)

$56

(21%)

Non-confined

380

(7%)

1

(11%)

12

(11%)

$56

(21%)

Confined

450

(9%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Undergoing Major Renovation

2,270

(44%)

3

(34%)

47

(52%)

$107

(41%)

One- and two-family homes

1,870

(37%)

3

(27%)

39

(42%)

$90

(34%)

1,680

(33%)

3

(27%)

36

(39%)

$90

(34%)

190

(4%)

0

(0%)

3

(3%)

$0

(0%)

400

(8%)

1

(8%)

8

(11%)

$17

(6%)

Non-confined

290

(6%)

1

(8%)

8

(11%)

$17

(6%)

Confined

100

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Other residential properties

Non-confined Confined Other residential properties

Total

5,120

(100%)

9

(100%)

94

(100%)

$265

(100%)

Non-confined

3,860

(75%)

9

(100%)

91

(97%)

$265

(100%)

Confined

1,250

(24%)

0

(0%)

3

(3%)

$0

(0%)

The majority of fires and associated losses in residential properties under construction (2,850 fires) were in one- or two-family homes – 71% of fires, 83% of fatalities, 78% of injuries, and 64% of direct property damage. The share of fatalities and injuries in one- or two-family homes was higher relative to the share of fires, but direct property damages were lower. Conversely, the share of fires in properties under construction that were in residential properties other than one- or two-family homes (830 fires, 29% of fires) were associated with a disproportionately lower share of fatalities (17%) or injuries (22%), but a higher share of direct property damage (36%) for all losses in residential properties under construction. All of the casualties and almost all of the direct property damage resulted from non-confined fires, with an estimated annual average of $300,000 in direct property damage associated with confined fires.


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When do Fires in Residential Properties under Construction or undergoing Major Renovation Occur? Timing by Month In general, there was little variation or obvious pattern in the timing of fires in residential properties under construction or undergoing renovation by month. In one- and two-family homes under construction, the share of fires per month ranged from seven percent (in May, August, and September) to 10 percent (in March). See Figure 1 and Table 1A. In properties undergoing major renovation, fires in one- or two-family homes peaked in January (11% of total), but fires in all other months ranged from seven to nine percent, as shown in Figure 1 and Table 1B. Figure 1 below shows that in residential properties under construction other than one- or two-family homes, fires peaked in January (13%), February (10%), and November (10%). See also Table 1C. No other patterns were evident. In the other residential properties undergoing renovation, the peak months were the cold weather months of February (10%) and March (10%) and the warm weather months of June (10%) and July (12%). Each of the remaining months captured between six and eight percent of the total. See Figure 1 below and Table 1D. Figure 1. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation by Month, 2007-2011 Annual Averages 14% 12% 10% 8% 6%

13% 11% 9%

8%

12% 10%10%10% 10% 9% 9% 9% 7%

10%

9% 9% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 7% 6%

8% 8%

8%8% 6%

8%8%8% 8% 7%7% 7% 7%

10% 9% 8%

9% 8%8% 6%

9% 8% 8% 8%

6%

4% 2% 0%

1- and 2-family home, under Construction

1- and 2-family home, under renovation

Other residential, under Construction


Timing by Day of Week Residential properties under construction or undergoing major renovation also showed little pattern in the timing of fires by day of week, and this extended to one- or two-family homes, as well as other residential properties. Among one- or two-family homes under construction, all days of the week had 14% or 15% of the total. There was a similar distribution among homes undergoing major renovation, with the exception of a low of 13% of fires taking place on a Sunday. See Tables 2A and 2B. Fires in residential properties other than one- or two-family homes that were under construction also did not reveal a pattern by day of week, with lows of 11% of the total on Thursdays and Saturdays to a high of 17% on Fridays. In this same property category, fires were less likely to occur on a Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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Sunday in properties undergoing major renovation, with 9% of the weekly total. The other days of the week each claimed from 12% to 17% of the total. See Tables 2C and 2D. Timing by Hour In one- and two-family homes under construction, the fewest fires occurred during the period between midnight and 7:00 a.m., when 21% of fires were recorded, as shown in Table 3A. These overnight fires also accounted for 46% of the direct property damage. In houses undergoing major renovation, the results were somewhat different, with a low period between 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., when 15% of fires took place. See Table 3B. Fires in these early morning hours were not associated with higher direct property damage. In the residential properties under construction other than one- or two-family homes, the low period for fires was from midnight to 8:00 a.m., accounting for one-fifth (20%), but more than two-fifths (44%) of direct property damage (Table 3C). In these other residential properties undergoing renovation, the low period for fires was between 1:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., with 27% of fires, as well as 37% of direct property damage (Table 3D). Leading Causes of Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation Figure 2 shows the leading causes of fires in residential properties under construction or undergoing major renovation from 2007 through 2011, based on data summarized from several NFIRS fields. As indicated, cooking equipment is the leading cause of fires in one- and two-family homes under construction and in the other residential properties undergoing renovation or under construction.1 Heating equipment is the leading cause of fires in one-and two-family homes undergoing renovation. Other leading causes include intentional, smoking materials, and exposure. More detail on the various causes will be provided below in discussions of the results by NFIRS field. The broad categories for cause of ignition, a field in NFIRS 5.0, are shown in Table 4A through 4D. Figure 2, Leading Causes of Residential Fires Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 2007-2011

21%

Cooking equipment

40%

11%

34%

13%

Heating equipment

21%

29% 31%


13% 10% 14% 15%

Intentional

Other residential, under construction 1- and 2-family homes, under renovation

5% 3% 5% 5%

Smoking materials

2% 4% 5%

Exposure 0%

1- and 2-family homes, under construction

10%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

.

1

In analyzing the data for this report, the higher than expected number of fires in residential properties under construction that appeared to involve cooking were initially viewed with some concern as an unanticipated result. However, at a presentation of findings at a workshop sponsored by the International Code Council in July, 2014, participants reported a frequent use of hot plates or improvised heating devices at construction sites, and one company representative reported the implementation of a “no cooking” rule in response to safety concerns.


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Equipment Involved in Ignition One- or Two-Family Homes In one- or two-family homes under construction, heating equipment (34%), cooking equipment (21%), and electrical distribution and lighting equipment (19%) were the leading types of equipment involved in the ignition of fires in houses under construction. Other leading types of equipment involved in these fires were a torch, burner or soldering iron (7%), shop tools and industrial equipment (6%), and clothes dryer or washer (5%). Although the fires involving electrical distribution and lighting equipment represented one-fifth (19%) of fires, these fires accounted for 51% of direct property damages. The 6% of fires involving shop tools and industrial equipment were responsible for over one-quarter (28%) of injuries. See Table 5A. Heating equipment was also the leading type of equipment involved in fires in homes undergoing major renovation, with 31% of the total, followed by electrical distribution and lighting equipment (29%), as shown in Table 5B. Cooking equipment (11%), torch, burner or soldering iron (11%), and other shop tools and industrial equipment (7%) were other leading types of equipment involved in these fires. Residential Properties Other than One- or Two-Family Homes Cooking equipment (330 fires, 40%) and heating equipment (240 fires, 29%) were the leading types of equipment involved in the ignition of fires in residential properties under construction other than one- or two-family homes, followed by a torch, burner, or soldering iron (50 fires, 6%), electrical distribution and lighting equipment (50 fires, 6%), and shop tools and industrial equipment (40 fires, 5%). See Table 5C. The fires in which a torch, burner, or soldering iron was involved in ignition accounted for almost two-thirds (64%) of the direct property damage, estimated at $36 million per year. As shown in Table 5D, the leading types of equipment involved in fires in residential properties other than one- or two-family homes undergoing major renovation were: torch, burner, or soldering iron (90 fires, 23%), cooking equipment (80 fires, 21%), electrical distribution or lighting equipment (60 fires, 15%), heating equipment (50 fires, 13%), and shop tools and industrial equipment (30 fires, 8%). As with fires in residential properties under construction, fires in which a torch, burner, or soldering iron was involved were associated with the greatest amount of direct property damage, an estimated annual $7 million, or 43% of the total. Cooking related fires The number of cooking-related fires seems surprisingly high for properties under construction. While we do not have definitive reasons, we can speculate on some. Some type of temporary cooking equipment may be in place on some jobs for staff or they may be using the newly installed appliances. Properties may be partially completed so some areas are under construction while others are occupied. There may be some confusion or overlap between under construction (NFIRS building status code 1) and under major renovation (NFIRS building status code 4). In addition, the majority of the cooking equipment fires are confined fires, and these incidents are associated with only a small proportion of losses.


7


Factor Contributing to Ignition One- or Two-Family Homes The leading factors contributing to ignition in one- or two-family homes under construction were electrical failure or malfunction (290 fires) and heat source too close to combustibles (290 fires), each with 14% of the total, followed by abandoned or discarded materials or products (200 fires, 10% of the total). The fires in which a heat source was too close to combustibles accounted for a disproportionate share of injuries (28%), while abandoned or discarded materials were associated with the majority of civilian fatalities (71%), although these latter results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of fatalities. See Table 6A. Electrical failure or malfunction (420 fires, 23% of total), heat source too close to combustibles (320 fires, 17%), and abandoned or discarded materials or products (160 fires, 8%) were also the leading factors contributing to ignition in one- or two-family homes undergoing major renovation, as shown in Table 6B. Misuse of an unclassified material or product was a factor in 6% of fires, but 13% of civilian injuries and 13% of direct property damage. Other Residential Properties The leading factors contributing to ignition in other residential properties under construction were a heat source being too close to a combustible and leaving equipment unattended, each of which accounted for 140 fires (17%), followed by electrical failure or malfunction (90 fires, 11% of fires), an unclassified misuse of a material or product (80 fires, 10%), and abandoned or discarded materials (80 fires, 10%). See Table 6C. The 17% of fires in which a heat source was too close to combustibles were responsible for 32% of the direct property damage (estimated at $18 million per year). Table 6D shows that in fires in residential properties undergoing major renovation, the leading factors contributing to ignition were heat source too close to combustibles (80 fires, 21%), electrical failure or malfunction (60 fires, 15%), cutting or welding too close to combustibles (50 fires, 13%), equipment unattended (40 fires, 10%), and exposure fires (30 fires, 8%). One-quarter of direct property damage (25%, an estimated average of $4 million) was associated with fires in which cutting or welding too close to a combustible was a factor contributing to ignition. Heat Source One- or Two-Family Homes Equipment played a substantial role as a heat source in fires in one- or two-family homes. As shown in Table 7A, the leading heat sources for these fires were radiated or conducted heat from operating equipment (280 fires, 14% of total), arcing (220 fires, 11%), unclassified heat from operating equipment (190 fires, 9%), spark, ember or flame from operating equipment (160 fires, 8%), and hot ember or ash (150 fires, 7%). Smoking materials were a factor in 5% of fires but in 3 out of an estimated five annual deaths, while a flame or torch used for lighting was a factor in 4% of fires, but nearly one in six (17%) of civilian injuries. In one- or two-family homes undergoing renovation, the leading heat sources were arcing (320 fires, 17% of total), radiated or conducted heat from operating equipment (200 fires, 11%), spark, ember or flame from operating equipment (170 fires, 9%), unclassified hot or smoldering object (160 fires, 8%), and unclassified heat from powered equipment (140 fires, 8%). See Table 7B. The Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

8


9% of fires in which a spark, ember or flame from operating equipment acted as a heat source were associated with 30% of the civilian injuries. Other Residential Properties In fires in other residential properties under construction, the leading heat sources were radiated or conducted heat from operating equipment (190 fires, 23%), unclassified heat from powered equipment (170 fires, 20%), a spark, ember, or flame from operating equipment (100 fires, 12%), an unclassified hot or smoldering object (60 fires, 7%), and arcing (60 fires, 7%). A spark, ember, or flame from operating equipment caused the greatest share of direct property damage, an estimated annual average of $13 million, or 24% of the total. See Table 7C. Table 7D shows that the leading sources of heat in fires in the other residential properties undergoing renovation were spark, ember, or flame from operating equipment (70 fires, 18%), radiated or conducted heat from operating equipment (50 fires, 13%), unclassified heat from powered equipment (40 fires, 10%), unclassified hot or smoldering object (40 fires, 10%), and arcing (40 fires, 10%). Almost one-fifth of direct property damage (17%, an estimated annual average of $3 million) resulted from the fires in which the heat source was provided by a spark, ember, or flame from operating equipment. Area of Origin One- and Two-family Homes The leading area of origin for fires in one- and two-family homes under construction was the kitchen or cooking area, with 360 fires, nearly one-fifth (18%) of the total, as shown in Table 8A. The next leading areas of origin were a bedroom (130 fires, 6%), attic or ceiling/roof assembly (110, fires, 6%), living room, family room, or den (100 fires, 5%), garage or vehicle storage area (90 fires, 4%) and exterior wall surface, also with 90 fires and 4% of total. Table 8B shows that the kitchen or cooking area was also the leading area of origin in one- or twofamily homes undergoing major renovation, with 210 fires, 11% of total. Other leading area of origin were attic or ceiling/roof assembly (170 fires, 9%), bedroom (150 fires, 8%), living room, family room, or den (130 fires, 7%), wall assembly or concealed space (110 fires, 6%), and unclassified function area (100 fires, 5%). Other Residential Properties The kitchen or cooking area was also the most common area of origin for fires in other residential properties under construction, accounting for 390 fires -- 47% of the total, as well as 30% of civilian injuries and two percent of direct property damage. See Table 8C. There were four areas of origin which each accounted for 30 fires – exterior roof surface, an unclassified function area, a common room or living room, and a bedroom (each of which was 3% of the total). These were followed by wall assembly or concealed space (20 fires, 3%) and lavatory or bathroom (20 fires, 3%). Fires originating in an unclassified structural area, the area of origin in 2% of fires, accounted for a disproportionate share of direct property damage -- an estimated annual average of $10 million (18% of the total). Other areas of origin fires that caused a disproportionate share of direct property damage were construction or renovation area, with two percent of fires and 14% of direct property damage ($8 million annual average), and unclassified structural area, with two percent of fires and 18% of direct property damage ($7 million annual average). Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

9


The kitchen or cooking area was also the most common area of origin in fires in other residential properties undergoing major renovation (80 fires, 21%) of the total, followed by wall assembly or concealed space (30 fires, 8%), as shown in Table 8D. Other leading areas of origin included a bedroom (20 fires, 5%) and an unclassified function area (20 fires, 5%) a lavatory, bathroom, locker room, or checkroom (20 fires, 5%) an exterior wall surface (20 fires, 5%), an attic or ceiling/roof assembly or concealed space (20 fires, 5%), a common room or living room (20 fires, 5%), or an exterior roof surface (20 fires, 5%). Fires originating in a bedroom caused the most direct property damage (estimated annual average of $2 million, or 14% of total). Item first Ignited One- and Two-Family Homes The most frequent items first ignited in fires in one- and two-family homes under construction were structural member or framing, with 280 fires (14% of total) and cooking materials, with 200 fires (10% of total). Other leading items first ignited included exterior wall covering or finish (140 fires, 7%), flammable and combustible liquids and gases, piping and filter (140 fires, 7%), unclassified items (130 fires, 6%), unclassified structural component or finishing (110 fires, 5%), and insulation within a structural area (100 fires, 5%). The fires in which structural member or framing was the item first ignited, while 14% of the total, caused 29% of the direct property damage, while fires in which flammable and combustible liquids or gases, piping or filter were the item first ignited (7% of fires) were associated with approximately one-third (32%) of civilian injuries. See Table 9A. Table 9B shows that a structural member or framing was also the most frequent item first ignited in one- or two-family homes undergoing major renovation, accounting for just over one-fifth (410 fires, 22%) of fires in these properties. Other leading items first ignited included flammable or gases, piping or filter (150 fires, 8%), insulation within structural area (130 fires, 7%), exterior wall covering or finish (130 fires, 7%), an unclassified structural component or finish (120 fires, 6%), and electrical wire or cable insulation (100 fires, 5%). More than half (54%) of the injuries to civilians were associated with the 8% of fires in which flammable or combustible liquids or gases, piping or filters were the item first ignited. Other Residential Properties In one-third of the fires in other residential properties under construction, the item first ignited was cooking materials (280 fires, 34%), the majority of which (260 fires) had an incident type indicating a cooking fire confined to the vessel of origin. See Table 9C. Other leading items first ignited included a structural member or framing (70 fires, 8%), rubbish, trash, or waste (50 fires, 6%), unclassified structural component or finish (40 fires, 5%), an unclassified item (40 fires, 4%), insulation within a structural area (30 fires, 4%) and exterior wall covering or finish (30 fires, 4%). The fires in which structural member of framing was the item first ignited accounted for approximately one-third (32%) of the direct property damage, an estimated annual average of $18 million. As with fires related to cooking equipment, the number of fires that were first ignited by cooking materials seems high for properties under construction, and we can only speculate that there may be some form of temporary cooking equipment in place on some jobs for staff or they may be using the newly installed appliances. There may also be some properties that are partially completed, with some areas under construction and others occupied. There may be some confusion or overlap between under construction (NFIRS building status code 1) and under major renovation (NFIRS building status code 4). It is also again important to point out that the majority of the fires Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

10


in this category are confined fires, and that these incidents are associated with only a small proportion of losses, less than one percent of the total. In fires in residential properties undergoing major renovation, the leading item first ignited was structural member or framing, (70 fires, 18% of the total), followed by cooking materials (60 fires, 15%), insulation within a structural area (30 fires, 8%), and electrical wire or cable insulation (30 fires, 8%). See Table 9D. Fires in which structural member or framing were first ignited were responsible for 30% of the direct property damage, estimated at $5 million annually. Building Height – Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes Because residential properties other than one- or two-family homes are more likely to include structures that are three or more stories above grade, these properties were analyzed to examine the relationship of building height and floor of fire origin to fires in these properties. One- and twofamily homes were excluded from this analysis. Properties under construction As shown in Table 10A, just over half (460 fires, 55%) of the fires in residential properties other than one- or two-family homes under construction were in buildings that were one to two stories above grade while 30% (250 fires) were in buildings that were three to four stories above grade. There were an estimated average of 50 fires (6%) annually in buildings that were five to six stories above grade, while there were 40 fires (4%) in buildings that were 13 or more stories above grade, and 30 fires (4%) in buildings that were seven to 12 stories above grade. The fires in buildings that were three to four stories above grade caused 61% of direct property damage, while representing 30% of fires. Properties undergoing major renovation Three of five fires (240 fires, 60%) in other residential properties undergoing major renovation were in buildings that were one to two stories above grade. See Table 10B. These fires caused 61%) of direct property damage (estimated at $10 million per year), as well as three-quarters (78%) of the civilian injuries. One-quarter of the fires (100 fires, 24%), accounting for 34% of direct property damage, took place in buildings that were three to four stories above grade. There were 30 fires (7%) in buildings seven to 12 stories above grade, 20 fires (4%) in buildings that were 13 or more stories above grade, and 20 fires (5%) in buildings that were five to six stories above grade. See Table 10B.


11


Floor of Fire Origin - Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes Properties under construction On average, 630 of the fires in residential properties other than one- or two-family homes under construction began on the first or second floor (76%), and another four percent began below grade, as indicated in Table 11A. An estimated 100 fires began on the third or fourth floor (12%), and an estimated 20 fires (2%) each on floors five or six, seven to 12, or 13 or higher. The two percent of fires which began on floors five or six caused 10% of direct property damage. Properties undergoing major renovation The vast majority of fires in properties undergoing major renovation also originated on the first or second floor (280 fires, 72%). An estimated annual average of 70 fires (18%) began on the third or fourth floor, and 20 fires (5%) began below grade, while 10 fires (3%) originated on floor 13 or higher. There were substantial differences in the distribution of confined and non-confined fires by floor of fire origin. Nearly nine of 10 non-confined fires began on the first or second floor, compared to 32% of confined fires, and eight percent of non-confined fires began on the third or fourth floor, compared to 45% of confined fires. In addition, just three percent of non-confined fires began below grade, while 13% of confined fires began below grade. See Table 11B. Discussion Fires in residential properties that are under construction or undergoing renovation represent a comparatively small part of the U.S. fire problem, particularly in comparison to residential properties that are occupied and operating. However, with an estimated 5,120 fires in these properties each year from 2007 to 2011, fires in these properties are also not a trivial problem. An unanticipated finding of this research is the extent to which cooking equipment (as equipment involved) and cooking materials (as item first ignited) played a part in fires in properties that were under construction or undergoing major renovation. Although these fires were frequently confined fires that caused little direct property damage, they indicate a potential area for greater attention and investigation in the use of heat sources in work environments. Other findings also underscore the importance of ensuring that heat sources, including industrial equipment, do not ignite flammable or combustible materials.


12


Table 1A. One-and Two-Family Homes, by Month 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Under Construction Month

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


January

190

(9%)

0

(8%)

3

(8%)

$10

(10%)

February

180

(9%)

1

(14%)

4

(13%)

$7

(7%)

March

190

(10%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$8

(8%)

April

160

(8%)

0

(0%)

3

(10%)

$8

(7%)

May

140

(7%)

0

(8%)

3

(8%)

$10

(10%)

June

180

(9%)

0

(8%)

2

(6%)

$14

(13%)

July

160

(8%)

1

(14%)

2

(6%)

$8

(8%)

August

140

(7%)

0

(7%)

4

(11%)

$8

(8%)

September

140

(7%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$9

(9%)

October

170

(8%)

0

(8%)

1

(4%)

$8

(8%)

November

180

(9%)

0

(7%)

3

(8%)

$8

(7%)

December

190

(9%)

1

(28%)

2

(6%)

$5

(5%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

Totals

Table 1B. One-and Two-Family Homes, by Month 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Major Renovation Month

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


January

200

(11%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$7

(8%)

February

170

(9%)

1

(30%)

4

(10%)

$6

(7%)

March

170

(9%)

0

(0%)

3

(6%)

$9

(9%)

April

160

(8%)

0

(14%)

3

(6%)

$8

(9%)

May

150

(8%)

0

(15%)

1

(2%)

$6

(7%)

June

140

(7%)

0

(13%)

5

(13%)

$8

(9%)

July

140

(8%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$7

(8%)

August

150

(8%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$7

(8%)

September

140

(7%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$10

(11%)

October

150

(8%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$11

(12%)

November

160

(8%)

0

(13%)

4

(9%)

$5

(6%)

December

150

(8%)

0

(14%)

4

(10%)

$6

(7%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

Totals


13


Table 1C. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes, by Month 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Direct Property Loss Month Fires Civilian Injuries (in Millions) January

110

(13%)

0

(0%)

$6

(10%)

February

80

(10%)

1

(9%)

$6

(11%)

March

50

(7%)

2

(18%)

$6

(10%)

April

50

(6%)

0

(3%)

$4

(8%)

May

80

(9%)

1

(10%)

$6

(11%)

June

70

(8%)

2

(13%)

$6

(11%)

July

50

(6%)

2

(15%)

$2

(4%)

August

60

(8%)

1

(10%)

$2

(4%)

September

60

(8%)

0

(3%)

$5

(9%)

October

80

(9%)

1

(13%)

$10

(17%)

November

80

(10%)

1

(7%)

$2

(3%)

December

60

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Total

Major Renovation Month

Table 1D. Residential Properties other than One- or-Two Family Homes, by Month 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Fires

Civilian Injuries


January

30

(8%)

0

(5%)

$2

(13%)

February

40

(10%)

1

(18%)

$3

(15%)

March

40

(10%)

1

(12%)

$1

(8%)

April

30

(7%)

1

(13%)

$1

(8%)

May

30

(7%)

0

(4%)

$1

(5%)

June

40

(10%)

1

(13%)

$2

(9%)

July

50

(12%)

1

(9%)

$1

(8%)

August

30

(8%)

1

(8%)

$1

(4%)

September

30

(7%)

0

(5%)

$1

(7%)

October

20

(6%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

November

30

(6%)

0

(5%)

$1

(5%)

December

30

(8%)

1

(9%)

$1

(8%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Total 400 (100%) Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14 14


Table 2A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Day of Week 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Under Construction Day of Week

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


Sunday

290

(14%)

1

(14%)

5

(14%)

$15

(15%)

Monday

300

(15%)

0

(0%)

6

(16%)

$15

(14%)

Tuesday

290

(14%)

0

(7%)

6

(16%)

$14

(14%)

Wednesday

280

(14%)

1

(22%)

3

(10%)

$13

(13%)

Thursday

280

(14%)

1

(15%)

3

(9%)

$15

(15%)

Friday

300

(15%)

1

(28%)

6

(18%)

$12

(12%)

Saturday

280

(14%)

1

(14%)

6

(18%)

$17

(17%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

Total

Table 2B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Day of Week 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Day of Week

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


Sunday

240

(13%)

0

(14%)

1

(4%)

$12

(14%)

Monday

270

(15%)

1

(27%)

8

(21%)

$15

(16%)

Tuesday

280

(15%)

0

(14%)

6

(16%)

$14

(15%)

Wednesday

270

(15%)

1

(30%)

5

(12%)

$14

(16%)

Thursday

260

(14%)

0

(0%)

3

(9%)

$13

(14%)

Friday

260

(14%)

0

(15%)

6

(16%)

$13

(14%)

Saturday

270

(15%)

0

(0%)

9

(22%)

$9

(10%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

Total

Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


15


Table 2C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Day of Week 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Alarm Day of Week

Fires

Civilian Injuries


Sunday

130

(16%)

1

(7%)

$7

(13%)

Monday

110

(13%)

1

(12%)

$11

(20%)

Tuesday

140

(16%)

2

(13%)

$10

(18%)

Wednesday

130

(16%)

2

(21%)

$4

(7%)

90

(11%)

3

(22%)

$11

(20%)

140

(17%)

2

(19%)

$5

(10%)

90

(11%)

1

(7%)

$7

(13%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Thursday Friday Saturday Total

Table 2D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Day of Week 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Alarm Day of Week

Fires

Civilian Injuries


Sunday

40

(9%)

1

(9%)

$1

(9%)

Monday

60

(15%)

2

(25%)

$3

(17%)

Tuesday

60

(15%)

1

(9%)

$2

(13%)

Wednesday

70

(17%)

0

(4%)

$2

(10%)

Thursday

70

(17%)

2

(22%)

$2

(15%)

Friday

50

(12%)

1

(13%)

$4

(23%)

Saturday

60

(16%)

1

(18%)

$2

(14%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Total



16


Table 3A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Hour 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Alarm Hour (24 hour format)

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


Midnight-12:59 a.m.

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$8

(8%)

1:00-1:59 a.m.

70

(3%)

1

(15%)

2

(4%)

$8

(7%)

2:00-2:59 a.m.

60

(3%)

1

(15%)

2

(4%)

$7

(7%)

3:00-3:59 a.m.

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$6

(6%)

4:00-4:59 a.m.

60

(3%)

1

(13%)

1

(2%)

$7

(7%)

5:00-5:59 a.m.

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$6

(6%)

6:00-6:59 a.m.

60

(3%)

1

(14%)

0

(1%)

$4

(4%)

7:00-7:59 a.m.

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$2

(2%)

8:00-8:59 a.m.

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$5

(5%)

9:00-9:59 a.m.

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$2

(2%)

10:00-10:59 a.m.

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$2

(2%)

11:00-11:59 a.m.

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$2

(2%)

12:00-12:59 p.m.

80

(4%)

0

(7%)

3

(10%)

$2

(2%)

1:00-1:59 p.m.

90

(4%)

0

(8%)

2

(4%)

$2

(1%)

2:00-2:59 p.m.

110

(5%)

0

(8%)

2

(4%)

$3

(3%)

3:00-3:59 p.m.

110

(5%)

1

(14%)

0

(1%)

$2

(2%)

4:00-4:59 p.m.

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$2

(2%)

5:00-5:59 p.m.

130

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$7

(7%)

6:00-6:59 p.m.

130

(7%)

0

(7%)

1

(4%)

$4

(4%)

7:00-7:59 p.m.

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$6

(6%)

8:00-8:59 p.m.

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$3

(3%)

9:00-9:59 p.m.

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$4

(4%)

10:00-10:59 p.m.

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$4

(4%)

11:00-11:59 p.m.

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$4

(4%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

Totals



17


Table 3B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Hour 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Alarm Hour (24 hour format)

Fires

Midnight-12:59 a.m.

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$4

(5%)

1:00-1:59 a.m.

70

(4%)

0

(15%)

1

(3%)

$5

(6%)

2:00-2:59 a.m.

90

(5%)

0

(14%)

1

(4%)

$9

(10%)

3:00-3:59 a.m.

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

4:00-4:59 a.m.

70

(4%)

0

(13%)

0

(1%)

$5

(6%)

5:00-5:59 a.m.

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(4%)

6:00-6:59 a.m.

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

7:00-7:59 a.m.

50

(3%)

0

(16%)

1

(4%)

$2

(2%)

8:00-8:59 a.m.

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$1

(2%)

9:00-9:59 a.m.

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

4

(10%)

$2

(2%)

10:00-10:59 a.m.

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$2

(2%)

11:00-11:59 a.m.

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$2

(2%)

12:00-12:59 p.m.

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$2

(2%)

1:00-1:59 p.m.

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$5

(6%)

2:00-2:59 p.m.

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$2

(2%)

3:00-3:59 p.m.

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$3

(3%)

4:00-4:59 p.m.

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$4

(4%)

5:00-5:59 p.m.

90

(5%)

0

(13%)

1

(3%)

$4

(5%)

6:00-6:59 p.m.

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$3

(3%)

7:00-7:59 p.m.

90

(5%)

0

(14%)

2

(5%)

$4

(4%)

8:00-8:59 p.m.

90

(5%)

0

(14%)

2

(6%)

$7

(8%)

9:00-9:59 p.m.

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$5

(5%)

10:00-10:59 p.m.

80

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$4

(5%)

11:00-11:59 p.m.

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$4

(5%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

Totals

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries




18


Table 3C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Hour 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Alarm Hour

Fires

Civilian Injuries


Midnight-12:59 a.m.

30

(3%)

1

(12%)

$3

(7%)

1:00-1:59 a.m.

30

(4%)

0

(3%)

$7

(13%)

2:00-2:59 a.m.

20

(2%)

1

(7%)

$4

(7%)

3:00-3:59 a.m.

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

4:00-4:59 a.m.

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$2

(4%)

5:00-5:59 a.m.

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

6:00-6:59 a.m.

30

(3%)

0

(0%)

$4

(7%)

7:00-7:59 a.m.

20

(2%)

2

(18%)

$1

(2%)

8:00-8:59 a.m.

30

(4%)

1

(10%)

$2

(3%)

9:00-9:59 a.m.

20

(3%)

0

(3%)

$1

(2%)

10:00-10:59 a.m.

20

(3%)

0

(3%)

$0

(1%)

11:00-11:59 a.m.

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

12:00-12:59 p.m.

40

(4%)

0

(3%)

$0

(1%)

1:00-1:59 p.m.

30

(4%)

1

(7%)

$6

(11%)

2:00-2:59 p.m.

60

(7%)

1

(9%)

$1

(1%)

3:00-3:59 p.m.

50

(6%)

1

(7%)

$0

(1%)

4:00-4:59 p.m.

70

(8%)

1

(6%)

$1

(2%)

5:00-5:59 p.m.

40

(5%)

1

(6%)

$1

(3%)

6:00-6:59 p.m.

50

(6%)

0

(3%)

$5

(9%)

7:00-7:59 p.m.

50

(7%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

8:00-8:59 p.m.

50

(6%)

0

(0%)

$8

(14%)

9:00-9:59 p.m.

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10:00-10:59 p.m.

30

(4%)

0

(3%)

$2

(4%)

11:00-11:59 p.m.

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$3

(5%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Total



19


Table 3D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Hour 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Alarm Hour

Fires

Civilian Injuries


Midnight-12:59 a.m.

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(3%)

1:00-1:59 a.m.

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(2%)

2:00-2:59 a.m.

20

(5%)

2

(26%)

1

(6%)

3:00-3:59 a.m.

10

(3%)

1

(13%)

1

(7%)

4:00-4:59 a.m.

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(5%)

5:00-5:59 a.m.

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(5%)

6:00-6:59 a.m.

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(2%)

7:00-7:59 a.m.

20

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(5%)

8:00-8:59 a.m.

10

(3%)

0

(5%)

0

(3%)

9:00-9:59 a.m.

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(2%)

10:00-10:59 a.m.

20

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

11:00-11:59 a.m.

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(2%)

12:00-12:59 p.m.

20

(6%)

0

(5%)

1

(6%)

1:00-1:59 p.m.

20

(5%)

0

(4%)

0

(2%)

2:00-2:59 p.m.

20

(5%)

0

(4%)

1

(8%)

3:00-3:59 p.m.

20

(5%)

1

(13%)

1

(6%)

4:00-4:59 p.m.

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

5:00-5:59 p.m.

20

(4%)

1

(17%)

1

(5%)

6:00-6:59 p.m.

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(5%)

7:00-7:59 p.m.

30

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

8:00-8:59 p.m.

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

9:00-9:59 p.m.

20

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(2%)

10:00-10:59 p.m.

10

(3%)

0

(4%)

0

(3%)

11:00-11:59 p.m.

20

(4%)

1

(9%)

1

(5%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

17

(100%)

Total



20


Table 4A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Cause of Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Cause of Ignition Unintentional

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


1,300

(64%)

4

(79%)

28

(81%)

$61

(60%)

Non-confined

930

(46%)

4

(79%)

28

(81%)

$60

(60%)

Confined

370

(18%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

300

(15%)

1

(21%)

2

(6%)

$17

(17%)

240

(12%)

1

(21%)

2

(6%)

$17

(17%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

250

(12%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$17

(17%)

200

(10%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$17

(17%)

Confined

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Unclassified

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$4

(4%)

Non-confined

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$4

(4%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Act of nature

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

Non-confined

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

1,510

(75%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

510

(25%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Intentional Non-confined Confined Failure of equipment or heat source Non-confined

Total Non-confined Confined

Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Confined structure fires (NFIRS incident type 113-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113-118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


21


Major Renovation Cause of Ignition Unintentional

Table 4B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Cause of Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


1,190

(64%)

3

(100%)

33

(84%)

$65

(72%)

1,060

(57%)

3

(100%)

30

(77%)

$65

(72%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)

270

(14%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$12

(13%)

Non-confined

240

(13%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$12

(13%)

Confined Failure of equipment or heat source

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

290

(15%)

0

(0%)

3

(9%)

$9

(10%)

Non-confined

250

(13%)

0

(0%)

3

(9%)

$9

(10%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(4%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(4%)

Confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Act of nature

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$1

(1%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

1,680

(90%)

3

(100%)

36

(93%)

$90

(100%)

190

(10%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Intentional

Confined Cause, other Non-confined

Non-confined Confined Total Non-confined Confined



22


Table 4C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Cause of Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Cause of Ignition Unintentional

Fires

Civilian Injuries


640

(77%)

7

(61%)

$27

(48%)

Non-confined

260

(31%)

7

(61%)

$27

(48%)

Confined

380

(46%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(10%)

4

(31%)

$23

(41%)

Non-confined

60

(7%)

4

(31%)

$23

(41%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

70

(8%)

1

(9%)

$1

(2%)

Non-confined

40

(5%)

1

(9%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Unclassified

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$5

(9%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$5

(9%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Act of nature

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Intentional

Failure of equipment or heat source

Total



23


Table 4D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Cause of Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Cause of Ignition Unintentional

Fires

Civilian Injuries


250

(64%)

7

(86%)

$12

(69%)

180

(46%)

7

(86%)

$12

(69%)

70

(18%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$2

(12%)

Non-confined

40

(10%)

0

(0%)

$2

(12%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(13%)

1

(14%)

$2

(11%)

Non-confined

40

(10%)

1

(14%)

$2

(11%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Unclassified

40

(10%)

0

(0%)

$1

(8%)

Non-confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(8%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Act of nature

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Intentional

Failure of equipment or heat source

Total



24


Table 5A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Equipment Involved Heating equipment

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


690

(34%)

0

(0%)

8

(22%)

$28

(28%)

360

(18%)

0

(0%)

8

(22%)

$17

(16%)

Non-confined

250

(12%)

0

(0%)

8

(22%)

$17

(16%)

Fixed or portable space heater in confined fire

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

160

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$8

(8%)

Non-confined

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$8

(8%)

Fireplace or chimney in confined fire

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Central heat in confined fire

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Water heater

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Other known heating equipment

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Cooking equipment

420

(21%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$6

(6%)

Range or cooktop

200

(10%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$2

(2%)

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$2

(2%)

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Oven, rotisserie

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Oven, rotisserie in confined fire

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Portable cooking or warming equipment

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

Toaster, toaster oven, counter-top broiler

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Toaster, toaster oven, counter-top broiler in confined fire

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Microwave oven

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Microwave oven in confined fire

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Grill, hibachi, barbecue

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Grill, hibachi, barbecue in confined fire

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Fixed or portable space heater

Fireplace or chimney

Central heat

Range with or without oven, cooking surface Range with or without oven, cooking surface in confined fire


25


Under Construction

Table 5A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved 2007-2011 Annual Averages (Continued)

Equipment Involved

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


Electrical distribution and Lighting equipment

380

(19%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$51

(51%)

Wiring and related equipment

230

(12%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$36

(36%)

Lamp, bulb, or lighting

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$9

(9%)

Transformers and power supplies

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

Cord or plug

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$6

(6%)

Soldering equipment

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$4

(4%)

Welding torch.

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Cutting torch

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Burners

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Shop tools and industrial equipment, other than torch, burner or soldering iron

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

10

(28%)

$2

(2%)

Clothes dryer or washer

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$0

(0%)

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$2

(2%)

Fan

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Air conditioner Other known ventilation and air conditioning equipment

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$1

(1%)

Personal and household equipment

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

5

(16%)

$1

(1%)

Other known equipment involved in ignition

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

Unspecified equipment involved in ignition

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

1,510

(75%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

510

(25%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Torch, burner or soldering iron

Clothes dryer Ventilation and air conditioning equipment



26


Major Renovation

Table 5B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Equipment Involved Heating Equipment

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


570

(31%)

0

(0%)

9

(24%)

$15

(17%)


330

(17%)

0

(0%)

8

(20%)

$8

(9%)

Non-confined Fixed or portable space heater in confined fire

240

(13%)

0

(0%)

8

(20%)

$8

(9%)

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)


110

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$5

(6%)

Water heater

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Central heat

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

540

(29%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$14

(16%)

Wiring and related equipment

360

(19%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$8

(9%)

Lamp, bulb or lighting

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$4

(4%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Cooking equipment

210

(11%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$3

(4%)

Range or cooktop

170

(9%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$2

(2%)

Range or cooktop in confined fire

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Microwave oven

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Microwave oven in confined fire

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Other known cooking equipment

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Torch, burner, or soldering iron

210

(11%)

0

(0%)

7

(19%)

$6

(7%)

Soldering equipment

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$2

(2%)

Welding torch.

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$3

(3%)

Burners

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Cutting torch

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Electrical distribution and lighting equipment

Other known electrical distribution or lighting equipment


27


Table 5B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved 2007-2011 Annual Averages (Continued) Major Renovation Equipment Involved Shop tools and industrial equipment other than torch, burner or soldering iron

Civilian Deaths

Fires

Civilian Injuries


140

(7%)

0

(0%)

12

(30%)

$36

(40%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

12

(30%)

$34

(38%)

Personal and household equipment

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$11

(12%)

Fan

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Other known ventilation or air conditioning

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Power sander, grinder, buffer, polisher Other known shop tools and industrial equipment

0 Kitchen equipment

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Other known equipment involved in ignition

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$1

(1%)

Unspecified equipment involved in ignition

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(3%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

1,680

(90%)

3

(100%)

36

(93%)

$90

(100%)

190

(10%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)



28


Table 5C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved in Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Direct Property Loss Equipment Involved Fires Civilian Injuries (in Millions) Cooking equipment

330

(40%)

3

(27%)

$4

(7%)

Non-confined

80

(10%)

3

(27%)

$4

(7%)

250

(30%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Heating equipment

240

(29%)

0

(0%)

$6

(11%)

Non-confined

100

(12%)

0

(0%)

$6

(11%)

Confined

140

(17%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(6%)

2

(14%)

$36.

(64%)

50

(6%)

2

(14%)

$36

(64%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(6%)

2

(14%)

$6

(11%)

50

(6%)

2

(14%)

$6

(11%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Clothes dryer

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(5%)

4

(30%)

$0

(0%)

10

(1%)

4

(30%)

$0

(0%)

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

Torch, burner, or soldering iron Non-confined Confined Electrical distribution and lighting equipment Non-confined Confined Shop tools and industrial equipment Non-confined

Lighter Non-confined Confined Unclassified equipment involved in ignition Non-confined Confined Fan Non-confined Confined


29


Table 5C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Equipment Involved Total

Fires

Civilian Injuries


830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Note: Non-confined fires in which the equipment involved in ignition was unknown or not reported have been allocated proportionally among fires with known equipment involved. The same approach was used with confined cooking fires. Fires in which the equipment involved in ignition was entered as none but the heat source indicated equipment involvement or the heat source was unknown were also treated as unknown and allocated proportionally among fires with known equipment involved. Non-confined fires in which the equipment was partially unclassified (i.e., unclassified kitchen or cooking equipment, unclassified heating, cooling or air condition equipment, etc.) were allocated proportionally among fires in that grouping (kitchen or cooking equipment; heating, cooling or air conditioning equipment, etc.). The same approach was used with confined cooking fires. The estimates of fires involving fireplace or chimney include all fires with the confined chimney or flue incident type regardless of what may have been coded as equipment involved. Likewise, the estimates of fires involving furnaces, central heat or boilers include all fires with confined fuel burner or boiler incident type. The estimates shown should be considered upper bounds. Non-cooking confined fires were not analyzed separately. Estimates of other types of equipment exclude confined fires. Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


30


Table 5D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Equipment Involved Torch, burner, soldering iron

Fires

Civilian Injuries


90

(23%)

0

(0%)

$7

(43%)

90

(23%)

0

(0%)

$7

(43%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Cooking equipment

80

(21%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

Non-confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(15%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

60

(15%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Heating equipment

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

Non-confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

Confined

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$2

(9%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$2

(9%)

Confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Air conditioner

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(4%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$1

(4%)

Confined

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(1%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined

Confined Electrical distribution and lighting equipment Non-confined Confined

Shop tools and industrial equipment Non-confined

Heat pump Non-confined Confined Fan Non-confined Confined Unclassified equipment involved in ignition Non-confined Confined


31


Table 5D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Equipment Involved 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation Equipment Involved Elevator or lift

Fires

Civilian Injuries


10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$4

(22%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$4

(22%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Other known equipment involved Non-confined Confined Total

Note: Non-confined fires in which the equipment involved in ignition was unknown or not reported have been allocated proportionally among fires with known equipment involved. The same approach was used with confined cooking fires. Fires in which the equipment involved in ignition was entered as none but the heat source indicated equipment involvement or the heat source was unknown were also treated as unknown and allocated proportionally among fires with known equipment involved. Non-confined fires in which the equipment was partially unclassified (i.e., unclassified kitchen or cooking equipment, unclassified heating, cooling or air condition equipment, etc.) were allocated proportionally among fires in that grouping (kitchen or cooking equipment; heating, cooling or air conditioning equipment, etc.). The same approach was used with confined cooking fires. The estimates of fires involving fireplace or chimney include all fires with the confined chimney or flue incident type regardless of what may have been coded as equipment involved. Likewise, the estimates of fires involving furnaces, central heat or boilers include all fires with confined fuel burner or boiler incident type. The estimates shown should be considered upper bounds. Non-cooking confined fires were not analyzed separately. Estimates of other types of equipment exclude confined fires. Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


32


Table 6A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Factors Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Factors Contributing Electrical failure or malfunction

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


290

(14%)

0

(0%)

3

(9%)

$19

(18%)

280

(14%)

0

(0%)

3

(9%)

$19

(18%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

290

(14%)

0

(0%)

10

(28%)

$12

(12%)

270

(13%)

0

(0%)

10

(28%)

$12

(12%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

200

(10%)

4

(71%)

3

(7%)

$18

(18%)

140

(7%)

4

(71%)

3

(7%)

$18

(18%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

160

(8%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$11

(11%)

130

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$11

(11%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

140

(7%)

0

(0%)

5

(16%)

$5

(5%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

5

(16%)

$5

(5%)

Confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Failure to clean

130

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

110

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

130

(6%)

1

(28%)

4

(12%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

90

(4%)

1

(28%)

4

(12%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$1

(1%)

Non-confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$1

(1%)

Confined

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Exposure fire

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$4

(4%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$4

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Heat source too close to combustibles. Non-confined Confined Abandoned or discarded materials or products Non-confined Confined Unclassified factor contributed to ignition Non-confined Confined Misuse of material or product, other Non-confined

Non-confined Confined Mechanical failure or malfunction

Equipment unattended



33


Table 6A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Factors Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Factors Contributing Cutting, welding too close to combustible

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


70

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(3%)

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$7

(7%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$7

(7%)

Confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$1

(1%)

Non-confined

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$1

(1%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

210

(10%)

0

(0%)

7

(20%)

$13

(13%)

170

(8%)

0

(0%)

7

(20%)

$13

(13%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Improper container or storage

Accidentally turned on, or not turned off

Playing with heat source

Rekindle Non-confined Confined Outside or open fire for debris or waste disposal

Unclassified spread or control, other

Storm Non-confined Confined Other known factor contributing to ignition Non-confined Confined


34


Table 6A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Factors Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Factors Contributing Total factors contributing to ignition Non-confined Confined Total fires Non-confined Confined

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


2,120

(105%)

5

(99%)

37

(108%)

$108

(106%)

1,610

(80%)

5

(99%)

37

(108%)

$108

(106%)

510

(25%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

1,510

(75%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

510

(25%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Note: Multiple entries are allowed which can result in sums higher than totals. Fires in which the factor contributing to ignition was coded as “none,” unknown, or not reported have been allocated proportionally among fires with known factor contributing to ignition. Confined structure fires (NFIRS incident type 113-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113-118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


35


Table 6B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Factors Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Factors Contributing Electrical failure or malfunction

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


420

(23%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$19

(21%)

420

(23%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$19

(21%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

320

(17%)

0

(0%)

7

(17%)

$11

(12%)

300

(16%)

0

(0%)

7

(17%)

$11

(12%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

160

(8%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$10

(11%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$10

(11%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$7

(8%)

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$7

(8%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$12

(13%)

Non-confined

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$12

(13%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$5

(5%)

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$5

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

4

(9%)

$5

(5%)

Non-confined

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

4

(9%)

$5

(5%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Exposure fire

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Heat source too close to combustibles. Non-confined Confined Abandoned or discarded materials or products Non-confined Confined Unclassified factor contributed to ignition Non-confined Confined Unclassified misuse of material or product

Cutting welding too close to combustible Non-confined Confined Mechanical failure or malfunction

Rekindle



36


Table 6B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Factors Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Factors Contributing Equipment unattended

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(3%)

Non-confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(3%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Failure to clean

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

Confined

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$4

(4%)

Non-confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$4

(4%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(1%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

310

(17%)

0

(0%)

12

(30%)

$16

(17%)

280

(15%)

0

(0%)

12

(30%)

$16

(17%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

1,990

(106%)

0

(0%)

40

(103%)

$96

(107%)

1,780

(95%)

0

(0%)

40

(103%)

$96

(106%)

210

(11%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

1,680

(90%)

3

(100%)

36

(93%)

$90

(100%)

190

(10%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)

Improper container or storage

Accidentally turned on, not turned off

Other known factor first ignited Non-confined Confined Total factors contributing to ignition Non-confined Confined Total fires Non-confined Confined



37


Table 6C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Factor Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Factors Contributing Heat source too close to combustibles.

Fires

Civilian Injuries


140

(17%)

0

(0%)

$18

(32%)

Non-confined

70

(8%)

0

(0%)

$18

(32%)

Confined

70

(8%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

140

(17%)

2

(16%)

$0

(1%)

20

(2%)

2

(16%)

$0

(1%)

120

(14%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

90

(11%)

2

(17%)

$2

(3%)

Non-confined

60

(7%)

2

(17%)

$2

(3%)

Confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(10%)

4

(36%)

$5

(8%)

40

(5%)

4

(36%)

$5

(8%)

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(10%)

1

(6%)

$2

(3%)

Non-confined

40

(5%)

1

(6%)

$2

(3%)

Confined

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(7%)

0

(0%)

$14

(25%)

Non-confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$14

(25%)

Confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(6%)

1

(5%)

$1

(2%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

1

(5%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Failure to clean

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(4%)

1

(6%)

$1

(2%)

30

(4%)

1

(6%)

$1

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Equipment unattended Non-confined Confined Electrical failure or malfunction

Unclassified misuse of material or product Non-confined Confined Abandoned or discarded materials or products

Unclassified factor contributing to ignition

Mechanical failure, malfunction

Non-confined Confined Cutting, welding too close to combustible Non-confined Confined


38


Table 6C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Factor Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Factors Contributing Accidentally turned on, not turned off

Fires

Civilian Injuries


30

(4%)

1

(5%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

1

(5%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Exposure fire

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$7

(13%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$7

(13%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

90

(11%)

2

(16%)

$4

(8%)

Non-confined

40

(5%)

2

(16%)

$4

(8%)

Confined

50

(6%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

860

(104%)

13

(106%)

$59

(105%)

Non-confined

410

(49%)

13

(106%)

$59

(105%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Other known factor contributing to ignition

Total factors contributing to ignition

Total fires



39


Table 6D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Factor Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Factors Contributing Heat source too close to combustibles

Fires

Civilian Injuries


80

(21%)

2

(22%)

$3

(16%)

Non-confined

60

(15%)

2

(22%)

$3

(16%)

Confined

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(15%)

1

(12%)

$3

(17%)

Non-confined

50

(13%)

1

(12%)

$3

(17%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(13%)

1

(12%)

$4

(25%)

Non-confined

40

(10%)

1

(12%)

$4

(25%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(10%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Exposure fire

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(9%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(9%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(8%)

2

(21%)

$0

(2%)

Non-confined

20

(5%)

2

(21%)

$0

(2%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(8%)

1

(11%)

$2

(9%)

Non-confined

20

(5%)

1

(11%)

$2

(9%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

1

(13%)

$0

(2%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

1

(13%)

$0

(2%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(1%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(1%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Electrical failure, malfunction

Cutting, welding too close to combustible

Equipment unattended

Non-confined Confined Abandoned or discarded materials or products

Unclassified factor contributing to ignition

Misuse of material or product, other

Equipment not being operated properly


40


Table 6D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Factor Contributing to Ignition 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation Factors Contributing Other known factor contributing to ignition

Fires

Civilian Injuries


80

(21%)

4

(44%)

$5

(31%)

Non-confined

50

(13%)

4

(44%)

$5

(31%)

Confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

430

(110%)

11

(134%)

$19

(113%)

Non-confined

320

(82%)

11

(134%)

$19

(113%)

Confined

110

(28%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Total factors contributing to ignition

Total fires



41


Table 7A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Heat Source Radiated or conducted heat from operating equipment

Civilian Deaths

Fires

Civilian Injuries


280

(14%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$11

(11%)

Non-confined

150

(8%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$11

(11%)

Confined

130

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

220

(11%)

0

(0%)

5

(14%)

$10

(10%)

220

(11%)

0

(0%)

5

(14%)

$10

(10%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

190

(9%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$12

(12%)

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

3

(8%)

$12

(12%)

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

160

(8%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$7

(7%)

110

(5%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$7

(7%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

150

(7%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$5

(5%)

Non-confined

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(6%)

$5

(4%)

Confined

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

140

(7%)

1

(22%)

1

(2%)

$9

(9%)

100

(5%)

1

(22%)

1

(2%)

$9

(9%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

140

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(3%)

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(3%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Smoking materials

90

(5%)

3

(58%)

2

(5%)

$7

(7%)

Non-confined

80

(4%)

3

(58%)

2

(5%)

$7

(7%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

6

(17%)

$8

(8%)

Non-confined

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

6

(17%)

$8

(8%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Arcing Non-confined Confined Unclassified heat from powered equipment Non-confined Confined Spark, ember or flame from operating equipment Non-confined Confined Hot ember or ash

Unclassified heat source Non-confined Confined Unclassified hot or smoldering object Non-confined Confined

Flame or torch used for lighting


42


Table 7A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Heat Source

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


Chemical reaction

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$5

(4%)

Non-confined

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$5

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Cigarette lighter

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$3

(3%)

Non-confined

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$3

(3%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$4

(4%)

Non-confined

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$4

(4%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(2%)

Non-confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(2%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

Match

Radiated heat from another fire Non-confined Confined Heat from direct flame or convection currents

Candle

Lightning Non-confined Confined Unclassified heat spread from another fire Non-confined Confined


43


Table 7A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Heat Source Other known heat source Non-confined Confined Total Non-confined Confined

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


150

(8%)

1

(20%)

3

(8%)

$7

(7%)

130

(6%)

1

(20%)

3

(8%)

$7

(7%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

1,510

(75%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

510

(25%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. The statistics on matches, lighters, smoking materials and candles include a proportional share of fires in which the heat source was heat from an unclassified open flame or smoking material. Confined structure fires (NFIRS incident type 113-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113-118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


44


Table 7B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Heat Source Arcing

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


320

(17%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$12

(13%)

320

(17%)

0

(0%)

5

(13%)

$12

(13%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

200

(11%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$15

(16%)

170

(9%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$15

(16%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

170

(9%)

0

(0%)

12

(30%)

$9

(10%)

150

(8%)

0

(0%)

9

(24%)

$9

(10%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)

160

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

140

(8%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$9

(10%)

120

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$9

(10%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

120

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$4

(4%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$4

(4%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

120

(7%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$6

(6%)

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$6

(6%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$4

(4%)

Non-confined

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$4

(4%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Chemical reaction

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$8

(8%)

Non-confined

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$8

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Radiated, conducted heat from operating equipment Non-confined Confined Spark, ember or flame from operating equipment Non-confined Confined Unclassified hot or smoldering object Non-confined Confined Unclassified heat from powered equipment Non-confined Confined Hot ember or ash Non-confined Confined Unclassified heat source Non-confined Confined Flame or torch used for lighting

Confined


45


Table 7B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation Heat Source Match

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


60

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(3%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(3%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Smoking materials

50

(3%)

3

(100%)

4

(9%)

$3

(3%)

Non-confined

50

(3%)

3

(100%)

4

(9%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$1

(1%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

160

(9%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$8

(9%)

160

(9%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$8

(9%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

1,680

(90%)

3

(100%)

36

(93%)

$90

(100%)

190

(10%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Heat from direct flame or convection currents

Confined Radiated heat from another fire Non-confined Confined Lighter

Candle Non-confined Confined Other known heat source Non-confined Confined Total Non-confined Confined

Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. The statistics on matches, lighters, smoking materials and candles include a proportional share of fires in which the heat source was heat from an unclassified open flame or smoking material. Confined structure fires (NFIRS incident type 113-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113-118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

46


Table 7C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Heat Source

Fires

Radiated, conducted heat from operating equipment

Civilian Injuries


190

(23%)

1

(9%)

$2

(3%)

50

(6%)

1

(9%)

$2

(3%)

140

(17%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

170

(20%)

1

(9%)

$1

(1%)

50

(6%)

1

(9%)

$1

(1%)

120

(14%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(12%)

3

(23%)

$13

(24%)

Non-confined

50

(6%)

3

(23%)

$13

(24%)

Confined

50

(6%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(7%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

Non-confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(7%)

2

(20%)

$1

(2%)

Non-confined

50

(6%)

2

(20%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(6%)

1

(4%)

$3

(5%)

Non-confined

30

(4%)

1

(4%)

$3

(5%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Smoking materials

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$3

(5%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$3

(5%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$3

(5%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$3

(5%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Unclassified heat from powered equipment Non-confined Confined Spark, ember or flame from operating equipment

Unclassified hot or smoldering object

Arcing

Unclassified heat source

Lighter

Hot ember or ash


47


Table 7C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Heat Source

Fires

Civilian Injuries


Flame or torch used for lighting

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$3

(6%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$3

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

1

(4%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

1

(4%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(10%)

4

(30%)

$26

(46%)

Non-confined

70

(8%)

4

(30%)

$26

(46%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined Heat from direct flame or convection currents

Other known heat source

Total



48


Table 7D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Heat Source Spark, ember or flame from operating equipment

Fires

Civilian Injuries


70

(18%)

1

(9%)

$3

(17%)

40

(10%)

1

(9%)

$3

(17%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$2

(10%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$2

(10%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(10%)

0

(0%)

$2

(12%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$2

(12%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(10%)

0

(0%)

$1

(8%)

Non-confined

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(8%)

Confined

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(10%)

2

(18%)

$2

(10%)

40

(10%)

2

(18%)

$2

(10%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

1

(9%)

$1

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Smoking materials

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(3%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(3%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(6%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$1

(6%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Radiated, conducted heat from operating equipment Non-confined Confined Unclassified heat from powered equipment Non-confined Confined Unclassified hot or smoldering object

Arcing Non-confined Confined Unclassified heat source Non-confined Confined

Molten or hot material

Flame or torch used for lighting Non-confined Confined


49


Table 7D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Heat Source 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation

Heat Source Other known heat source

Fires

Civilian Injuries


100

(26%)

5

(63%)

$4

(23%)

100

(26%)

5

(63%)

$4

(23%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Total



50


Table 8A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Area of Origin Kitchen or cooking area

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


360

(18%)

0

(0%)

5

(14%)

$5

(5%)

Non-confined

140

(7%)

0

(0%)

5

(14%)

$5

(5%)

Confined

210

(10%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0.0

(0%)

130

(6%)

1

(21%)

5

(13%)

$8

(8%)

120

(6%)

1

(21%)

5

(13%)

$8

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

110

(6%)

1

(12%)

2

(5%)

$5

(5%)

110

(6%)

1

(12%)

2

(5%)

$5

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(5%)

2

(33%)

6

(17%)

$8

(8%)

100

(5%)

2

(33%)

6

(17%)

$8

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

90

(4%)

1

(11%)

1

(3%)

$9

(9%)

90

(4%)

1

(11%)

1

(3%)

$9

(9%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$1

(2%)

90

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$1

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$8

(8%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$8

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

1

(12%)

2

(5%)

$4

(4%)

Non-confined

70

(3%)

1

(12%)

2

(5%)

$4

(4%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$7

(7%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$7

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Bedroom Non-confined Confined Attic or ceiling/roof assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Common room, living room, family room, lounge or den Non-confined Confined Garage or vehicle storage area * Non-confined Confined Exterior wall surface Non-confined Confined Wall assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Unclassified function area

Unclassified structural area Non-confined Confined


51


Table 8A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Area of Origin

Fires

Unclassified outside area

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(3%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$2

(2%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(3%)

1

(11%)

3

(9%)

$3

(3%)

50

(2%)

1

(11%)

3

(9%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

2

(7%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

2

(7%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$5

(5%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$5

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$4

(4%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$4

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$1

(1%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Ceiling/floor assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Lavatory, bathroom, locker room or check room Non-confined Confined Crawl space or substructure space Non-confined Confined Exterior balcony, unenclosed porch

Unclassified area of origin

Construction or renovation area Non-confined Confined Exterior roof surface Non-confined Confined Laundry room or area Non-confined Confined


Civilian Deaths

52

Civilian Injuries



Table 8A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Area of Origin

Fires

Heating equipment room

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

330

(17%)

0

(0%)

4

(10%)

$21

(21%)

260

(13%)

0

(0%)

4

(10%)

$21

(21%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

1,510

(75%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

510

(25%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Other known area of origin Non-confined Confined Total Non-confined Confined

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


*Does not include fires with property use. Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Confined structure fires other than chimney or flue fires (NFIRS incident type 113, and 115-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


53


Major Renovation

Table 8B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Area of Origin Kitchen or cooking area

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


210

(11%)

0

(0%)

4

(10%)

$6

(7%)

160

(8%)

0

(0%)

4

(10%)

$6

(7%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

170

(9%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$10

(11%)

170

(9%)

0

(0%)

1

(2%)

$10

(11%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

150

(8%)

0

(16%)

7

(19%)

$7

(7%)

140

(8%)

0

(16%)

7

(19%)

$7

(7%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

130

(7%)

1

(34%)

4

(9%)

$6

(7%)

120

(7%)

1

(34%)

4

(9%)

$6

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$4

(4%)

110

(6%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$4

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(5%)

0

(17%)

4

(9%)

$8

(9%)

Non-confined

90

(5%)

0

(17%)

4

(9%)

$8

(9%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

90

(5%)

0

(17%)

2

(4%)

$2

(2%)

90

(5%)

0

(17%)

2

(4%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(3%)

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$3

(3%)

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Attic or ceiling/roof assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Bedroom Non-confined Confined Common room, living room, family room, lounge or den Non-confined Confined Wall assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Unclassified function area

Exterior wall surface Non-confined Confined Crawl space or substructure space Non-confined Confined Lavatory, bathroom, locker room or check room Non-confined Confined


54


Major Renovation

Table 8B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued)

Area of Origin Ceiling/floor assembly or concealed space

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


70

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(4%)

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$5

(5%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$5

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(17%)

2

(4%)

$6

(6%)

50

(2%)

0

(17%)

2

(4%)

$6

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

4

(11%)

$2

(2%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

2

(4%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$2

(2%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(3%)

Non-confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(3%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$5

(6%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$5

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Unclassified structural area Non-confined Confined Garage or vehicle storage area Non-confined Confined Laundry room or area Non-confined Confined Unclassified area of origin

Exterior roof surface Non-confined Confined Construction or renovation area

Multiple areas of origin Non-confined Confined Exterior balcony unenclosed porch Non-confined Confined Heating equipment room Non-confined Confined


55


Table 8B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation Area of Origin Unclassified outside area Non-confined Confined Other known area of origin Non-confined Confined Total Non-confined Confined

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

250

(13%)

0

(0%)

5

(12%)

$10

(11%)

220

(12%)

0

(0%)

5

(12%)

$10

(11%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

1,680

(90%)

3

(100%)

36

(93%)

$90

(100%)

$0

(0%)

190

(10%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Confined structure fires other than chimney or flue fires (NFIRS incident type 113, and 115-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey.


56


Table 8C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Area of Origin Kitchen or cooking area

Fires

Civilian Injuries


390

(47%)

4

(30%)

$1

(2%)

60

(7%)

4

(30%)

$1

(1%)

330

(40%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(3%)

0

(4%)

$5

(9%)

20

(2%)

0

(4%)

$5

(9%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(3%)

0

(0%)

$2

(3%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$2

(3%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(3%)

3

(22%)

$1

(1%)

30

(3%)

3

(22%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(3%)

0

(4%)

$1

(1%)

20

(2%)

0

(4%)

$1

(1%)

0

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(3%)

0

(3%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(3%)

$0

(0%)

0

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Exterior roof surface

Unclassified function area Non-confined Confined Common room, living room, family room, lounge or den

Bedroom Non-confined Confined Wall assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Lavatory, bathroom, locker room or check room Non-confined Confined Unclassified outside area

Heating equipment room


57


Table 8C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Area of Origin

Fires

Exterior wall surface

Civilian Injuries


20

(2%)

0

(3%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(3%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

1

(7%)

$10

(18%)

20

(2%)

1

(7%)

$10

(18%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$2

(4%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$2

(4%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$8

(14%)

Non-confined

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$8

(14%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

0

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

150

(19%)

3

(27%)

$27

(47%)

120

(14%)

3

(27%)

$27

(47%)

40

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Unclassified structural area Non-confined Confined Exterior balcony, unenclosed porch

Construction or renovation area

Unspecified area of origin Non-confined Confined Other known area of origin Non-confined Confined Total



58


Table 8D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Area of Origin Kitchen or cooking area

Fires

Civilian Injuries


80

(21%)

2

(23%)

$1

(5%)

Non-confined

30

(8%)

2

(23%)

$1

(5%)

Confined

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(8%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

4

(44%)

$2

(14%)

20

(5%)

4

(44%)

$2

(14%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

1

(10%)

$2

(10%)

20

(5%)

1

(10%)

$2

(10%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

1

(9%)

$1

(4%)

20

(5%)

1

(9%)

$1

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Wall assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Bedroom Non-confined Confined Unclassified function area Non-confined Confined Lavatory, bathroom, locker room or check room Non-confined Confined Exterior wall surface Non-confined Confined Attic or ceiling/roof assembly or concealed space Non-confined Confined Common room, living room, family room, lounge or den Non-confined Confined Exterior roof surface


59


Table 8D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Area of Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation

Area of Origin Other known area of origin

Fires

Civilian Injuries


80

(21%)

0

(0%)

$5

(31%)

Non-confined

50

(13%)

0

(5%)

$5

(30%)

Confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Total



60


Under Construction

Table 9A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Item First Ignited Structural member or framing

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


280

(14%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$29

(29%)

280

(14%)

0

(0%)

4

(12%)

$29

(29%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

200

(10%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$1

(1%)

30

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$1

(1%)

170

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

140

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$5

(4%)

140

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$5

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

140

(7%)

2

(33%)

11

(32%)

$11

(11%)

Non-confined

80

(4%)

2

(33%)

11

(32%)

$11

(11%)

Confined

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

130

(6%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$3

(3%)

Non-confined

70

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$3

(3%)

Confined

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

110

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$7

(7%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$7

(7%)

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$3

(3%)

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Non-confined

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$2

(2%)

Confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$5

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Interior wall covering. excluding drapes

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$3

(3%)

Non-confined

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

2

(5%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Cooking materials, including food Non-confined Confined Exterior wall covering or finish Non-confined Confined Flammable and combustible liquids and gases, piping and filter

Item First Ignited, Other

Unclassified structural component or finish Non-confined Confined Insulation within structural area Non-confined Confined Rubbish, trash, or waste

Electrical wire or cable insulation Non-confined Confined

Confined Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

61


Under Construction

Table 9A. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued)

Item First Ignited Multiple items first ignited

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


60

(3%)

1

(19%)

2

(7%)

$5

(5%)

Non-confined

50

(2%)

1

(19%)

2

(7%)

$5

(5%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$3

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$2

(2%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(4%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$7

(7%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$7

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$1

(1%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$1

(1%)

Confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

370

(18%)

3

(48%)

7

(21%)

$16

(16%)

280

(14%)

3

(48%)

7

(21%)

$16

(16%)

90

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

2,020

(100%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

1,510

(75%)

5

(100%)

35

(100%)

$101

(100%)

Oily rags Non-confined Confined Floor covering rug, carpet, or mat Non-confined Confined Unclassified organic materials

Exterior roof covering or finish Non-confined Confined Box, carton, bag, basket, barrel

Magazine, newspaper, writing paper

Other known item first ignited Non-confined Confined Total Non-confined

Confined 510 (25%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) $0 (0%) Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Confined structure fires other than chimney or flue fires (NFIRS incident type 113, and 115-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

62


Table 9B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Item First Ignited Structural member or framing

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


410

(22%)

0

(0%)

4

(10%)

$29

(32%)

390

(21%)

0

(0%)

4

(10%)

$29

(32%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

150

(8%)

0

(0%)

21

(54%)

$6

(6%)

120

(6%)

0

(0%)

18

(47%)

$6

(6%)

30

(2%)

0

(0%)

3

(7%)

$0

(0%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(4%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$3

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$6

(7%)

130

(7%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$6

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

120

(6%)

1

(32%)

1

(4%)

$6

(7%)

120

(6%)

1

(32%)

1

(4%)

$6

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$3

(4%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$3

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

100

(5%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$4

(4%)

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$4

(4%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

80

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$8

(8%)

Non-confined

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$8

(8%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$2

(3%)

70

(4%)

0

(0%)

1

(3%)

$2

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Flammable or combustible liquids or gases, piping or filter Non-confined Confined Insulation within structural area Non-confined Confined Exterior wall covering or finish Non-confined Confined Unclassified structural component or finish Non-confined Confined Electrical wire or cable insulation Non-confined Confined Unclassified item first ignited Non-confined Confined Interior wall covering. excluding drapes

Floor covering rug, carpet, or mat Non-confined Confined


63


Table 9B. One- and Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation Item First Ignited Multiple items first ignited

Fires

Civilian Deaths

Civilian Injuries


60

(3%)

1

(36%)

1

(3%)

$5

(6%)

60

(3%)

1

(36%)

1

(3%)

$5

(6%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Rubbish, trash, or waste

60

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

Non-confined

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$2

(2%)

50

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(1%)

$2

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$4

(4%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

1

(1%)

$4

(4%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(1%)

Non-confined

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(1%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

40

(2%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

270

(14%)

1

(32%)

6

(15%)

$9

(10%)

240

(13%)

1

(32%)

6

(15%)

$9

(10%)

20

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

1,870

(100%)

3

(100%)

39

(100%)

$90

(100%)

1,680

(90%)

3

(100%)

36

(93%)

$90

(100%)


Cooking materials, including food

Exterior roof covering or finish Non-confined Confined Oily rags Non-confined Confined Dust, fiber, lint, including sawdust or excelsior

Interior ceiling cover or finish Non-confined Confined Other known item first ignited Non-confined Confined Total Non-confined

Confined 190 (10%) 0 (0%) 3 (7%) $0 (0%) Note: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding errors. Confined structure fires other than chimney or flue fires (NFIRS incident type 113, and 115-118) were analyzed separately from non-confined structure fires (incident type 110-129, except 113118). See Appendix A for details. Source: NFIRS 5.0 and NFPA survey. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14 64 NFPA Fire Analysis and Research, Quincy, MA.

Table 9C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Item First Ignited Cooking materials, including food

Fires

Civilian Injuries


280

(34%)

2

(16%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

2

(16%)

$0

(0%)

260

(31%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

70

(8%)

0

(0%)

$18

(32%)

Non-confined

60

(7%)

0

(0%)

$18

(32%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

50

(6%)

1

(9%)

$0

(0%)

10

(1%)

1

(9%)

$0

(0%)

40

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(5%)

3

(21%)

$2

(3%)

40

(5%)

3

(21%)

$2

(3%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

40

(4%)

1

(9%)

$4

(8%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

1

(9%)

$4

(8%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(4%)

1

(5%)

$7

(13%)

30

(4%)

1

(5%)

$7

(13%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$4

(8%)

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$4

(8%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Household utensils

20

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Structural member or framing

Rubbish, trash, or waste Non-confined Confined Unclassified structural component or finish Non-confined Confined Unclassified item first ignited

Insulation within structural area Non-confined Confined Exterior wall covering or finish Non-confined Confined

Confined Liquids, piping, filters Non-confined Confined


65


Table 9C. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Under Construction Item First Ignited Electrical wire or cable insulation

Fires

Civilian Injuries


20

(2%)

1

(9%)

$1

(1%)

20

(2%)

1

(9%)

$1

(1%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$9

(16%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$9

(16%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$1

(1%)

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

1

(9%)

$4

(7%)

20

(2%)

1

(9%)

$4

(7%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

70

(8%)

1

(5%)

$1

(2%)

Non-confined

50

(6%)

1

(5%)

$1

(2%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Exterior roof covering or finish Non-confined Confined Box, carton, bag, basket, barrel Non-confined Confined Flammable or combustible liquids or gases, piping and filter Non-confined Confined Other known item first ignited

Total



66


Table 9D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Item First Ignited Structural member or framing

Fires

Civilian Injuries


70

(18%)

0

(0%)

$5

(30%)

70

(18%)

0

(0%)

$5

(30%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

60

(15%)

1

(9%)

$0

(1%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

1

(9%)

$0

(1%)

Confined

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$3

(18%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$3

(18%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$1

(4%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(4%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

Non-confined

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$1

(3%)

Confined

20

(5%)

2

(27%)

$0

(2%)

20

(5%)

1

(9%)

$1

(5%)

Non-confined

20

(5%)

1

(9%)

$1

(5%)

Confined

20

(5%)

2

(27%)

$0

(2%)

20

(5%)

2

(27%)

$0

(2%)

Non-confined

20

(5%)

2

(27%)

$0

(2%)

Confined

20

(5%)

2

(27%)

$0

(2%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(2%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(2%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined Confined Cooking materials, including food

Insulation within structural area Non-confined Confined Electrical wire or cable insulation Non-confined Confined Unclassified structural component or finish

Exterior wall covering or finish

Liquids, piping, filters

Rubbish, trash, or waste

Exterior roof covering or finish


67


Table 9D. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Item First Ignited 2007-2011 Annual Averages (continued) Major Renovation Item First Ignited Other known item first ignited

Fires

Civilian Injuries


80

(21%)

3

(35%)

$4

(22%)

Non-confined

30

(8%)

3

(35%)

$4

(22%)

Confined

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Total



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Table 10A. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Building Height Above Grade 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Direct Property Loss Building Height - Above Grade Fires Civilian Injuries (in Millions) 1 to 2 stories

460

(55%)

6

(50%)

$12

(22%)

Non-confined

230

(28%)

6

(50%)

$12

(22%)

Confined

230

(27%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

3 to 4 stories

250

(30%)

3

(28%)

$34

(61%)

Non-confined

100

(12%)

3

(28%)

$34

(61%)

Confined

150

(18%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

5 to 6 stories

50

(6%)

3

(21%)

$6

(10%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

3

(21%)

$6

(10%)

Confined

40

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

7 to 12 stories

30

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

20

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

13 or more stories

40

(4%)

0

(0%)

$4

(6%)

Non-confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$4

(6%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Total



69


Table 10B. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Building Height Above Grade 2007-2011 Annual Averages

Major Renovation Building Height Above Grade 1 to 2 stories

Fires

Civilian Injuries


240

(60%)

6

(78%)

$10

(61%)

210

(53%)

6

(78%)

$10

(61%)

Confined

30

(7%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

3 to 4 stories

100

(24%)

2

(22%)

$6

(34%)

Non-confined

60

(16%)

2

(22%)

$6

(34%)

Confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

5 to 6 stories

20

(5%)

0

(0%)

$0

(3%)

Non-confined

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(3%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

7 to 12 stories

30

(7%)

0

(0%)

$0

(2%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(0%)

$0

(2%)

Confined

20

(6%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

13 or more stories

20

(4%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(2%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

Total



70


Table 11A. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Floor of Fire Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages Under Construction Floor of Fire Origin Below grade

Fires

Civilian Injuries


30

(4%)

1

(4%)

$1

(1%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

1

(1%)

$1

(1%)

Confined

20

(2%)

0

(2%)

$0

(0%)

1 to 2 stories

630

(76%)

8

(76%)

$40

(71%)

Non-confined

300

(36%)

8

(36%)

$40

(71%)

Confined

330

(40%)

0

(40%)

$0

(0%)

3 to 4 stories

100

(12%)

1

(12%)

$9

(17%)

Non-confined

40

(5%)

1

(5%)

$9

(17%)

Confined

60

(7%)

0

(7%)

$0

(0%)

5 to 6 stories

20

(2%)

2

(2%)

$6

(10%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

2

(1%)

$6

(10%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(1%)

$0

(0%)

7 to 12 stories

20

(2%)

0

(2%)

$0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

20

(2%)

0

(2%)

$0

(0%)

13 or more stories

20

(2%)

0

(2%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

10

(1%)

0

(1%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

10

(1%)

0

(1%)

$0

(0%)

830

(100%)

12

(100%)

$56

(100%)

Non-confined

380

(46%)

12

(46%)

$56

(100%)

Confined

450

(54%)

0

(54%)

$0

(0%)


Total



71


Table 11B. Residential Properties other than One- or Two-Family Homes, by Floor of Fire Origin 2007-2011 Annual Averages Major Renovation Floor of Fire Origin Below grade

Fires

Civilian Injuries


20

(5%)

1

(8%)

$1

(5%)

Non-confined

10

(3%)

1

(8%)

$1

(5%)

Confined

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

1 to 2 stories

280

(72%)

7

(87%)

$14

(85%)

250

(64%)

7

(87%)

$14

(85%)

Confined

30

(8%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

3 to 4 stories

70

(18%)

0

(4%)

$1

(8%)

Non-confined

20

(5%)

0

(4%)

$1

(8%)

Confined

50

(13%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

5 to 6 stories

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(2%)

Non-confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(2%)

Confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

7 to 12 stories

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

13 or more stories

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

10

(3%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

400

(100%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Non-confined

300

(74%)

8

(100%)

$17

(100%)

Confined

100

(26%)

0

(0%)

$0

(0%)

Non-confined

Confined Total



72


Appendix A. How National Estimates Statistics Are Calculated The statistics in this analysis are estimates derived from the U.S. Fire Administration’s (USFA’s) National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) and the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA’s) annual survey of U.S. fire departments. NFIRS is a voluntary system by which participating fire departments report detailed factors about the fires to which they respond. Roughly two-thirds of U.S. fire departments participate, although not all of these departments provide data every year. Fires reported to federal or state fire departments or industrial fire brigades are not included in these estimates. NFIRS provides the most detailed incident information of any national database not limited to large fires. NFIRS is the only database capable of addressing national patterns for fires of all sizes by specific property use and specific fire cause. NFIRS also captures information on the extent of flame spread, and automatic detection and suppression equipment. For more information about NFIRS visit http://www.nfirs.fema.gov/. Copies of the paper forms may be downloaded from http://www.nfirs.fema.gov/documentation/design/NFIRS_Paper_Forms_2008.pdf. NFIRS has a wide variety of data elements and code choices. The NFIRS database contains coded information. Many code choices describe several conditions. These cannot be broken down further. For example, area of origin code 83 captures fires starting in vehicle engine areas, running gear areas or wheel areas. It is impossible to tell the portion of each from the coded data. Methodology may change slightly from year to year. NFPA is continually examining its methodology to provide the best possible answers to specific questions, methodological and definitional changes can occur. Earlier editions of the same report may have used different methodologies to produce the same analysis, meaning that the estimates are not directly comparable from year to year. NFPA’s fire department experience survey provides estimates of the big picture. Each year, NFPA conducts an annual survey of fire departments which enables us to capture a summary of fire department experience on a larger scale. Surveys are sent to all municipal departments protecting populations of 50,000 or more and a random sample, stratified by community size, of the smaller departments. Typically, a total of roughly 3,000 surveys are returned, representing about one of every ten U.S. municipal fire departments and about one third of the U.S. population. The survey is stratified by size of population protected to reduce the uncertainty of the final estimate. Small rural communities have fewer people protected per department and are less likely to respond to the survey. A larger number must be surveyed to obtain an adequate sample of those departments. (NFPA also makes follow-up calls to a sample of the smaller fire departments that do not respond, to confirm that those that did respond are truly representative of fire departments their size.) On the other hand, large city departments are so few in number and protect such a large proportion of the total U.S. population that it makes sense to survey all of them. Most respond, resulting in excellent precision for their part of the final estimate. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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The survey includes the following information: (1) the total number of fire incidents, civilian deaths, and civilian injuries, and the total estimated property damage (in dollars), for each of the major property use classes defined in NFIRS; (2) the number of on-duty firefighter injuries, by type of duty and nature of illness; 3) the number and nature of nonfire incidents; and (4) information on the type of community protected (e.g., county versus township versus city) and the size of the population protected, which is used in the statistical formula for projecting national totals from sample results. The results of the survey are published in the annual report Fire Loss in the United States. To download a free copy of the report, visit http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.fireloss.pdf. Projecting NFIRS to National Estimates As noted, NFIRS is a voluntary system. Different states and jurisdictions have different reporting requirements and practices. Participation rates in NFIRS are not necessarily uniform across regions and community sizes, both factors correlated with frequency and severity of fires. This means NFIRS may be susceptible to systematic biases. No one at present can quantify the size of these deviations from the ideal, representative sample, so no one can say with confidence that they are or are not serious problems. But there is enough reason for concern so that a second database -- the NFPA survey -- is needed to project NFIRS to national estimates and to project different parts of NFIRS separately. This multiple calibration approach makes use of the annual NFPA survey where its statistical design advantages are strongest. Scaling ratios are obtained by comparing NFPA’s projected totals of residential structure fires, non-residential structure fires, vehicle fires, and outside and other fires, and associated civilian deaths, civilian injuries, and direct property damage with comparable totals in NFIRS. Estimates of specific fire problems and circumstances are obtained by multiplying the NFIRS data by the scaling ratios. Reports for incidents in which mutual aid was given are excluded from NFPA’s analyses. Analysts at the NFPA, the USFA and the Consumer Product Safety Commission developed the specific basic analytical rules used for this procedure. "The National Estimates Approach to U.S. Fire Statistics," by John R. Hall, Jr. and Beatrice Harwood, provides a more detailed explanation of national estimates. Version 5.0 of NFIRS, first introduced in 1999, used a different coding structure for many data elements, added some property use codes, and dropped others. The essentials of the approach described by Hall and Harwood are still used, but some modifications have been necessary to accommodate the changes in NFIRS 5.0. Figure A.1 shows the percentage of fires originally collected in the NFIRS 5.0 system. Each year’s release version of NFIRS data also includes data collected in older versions of NFIRS that were converted to NFIRS 5.0 codes.


74


Figure A.1. Fires Originally Collected in NFIRS 5.0 by Year 100%

88%

94%

94%

97%

99%

100%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

79%

80%

65%

60%

48%

40% 20%

21% 7%

0% 1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

From 1999 data on, analyses are based on scaling ratios using only data originally collected in NFIRS 5.0: NFPA survey projections NFIRS totals (Version 5.0)

For 1999 to 2001, the same rules may be applied, but estimates for these years in this form will be less reliable due to the smaller amount of data originally collected in NFIRS 5.0; they should be viewed with extreme caution. NFIRS 5.0 introduced six categories of confined structure fires, including:  cooking fires confined to the cooking vessel,  confined chimney or flue fires,  confined incinerator fire,  confined fuel burner or boiler fire or delayed ignition,  confined commercial compactor fire, and  trash or rubbish fires in a structure with no flame damage to the structure or its contents. Although causal and other detailed information is typically not required for these incidents, it is provided in some cases. Some analyses, particularly those that examine cooking equipment, heating equipment, fires caused by smoking materials, and fires started by playing with fire, may examine the confined fires in greater detail. Because the confined fire incident types describe certain scenarios, the distribution of unknown data differs from that of all fires. Consequently, allocation of unknowns must be done separately. Some analyses of structure fires show only non-confined fires. In these tables, percentages shown are of non-confined structure fires rather than all structure fires. This approach has the advantage of showing the frequency of specific factors in fire causes, but the disadvantage of possibly overstating the percentage of factors that are seldom seen in the confined fire incident types and of understating the factors specifically associated with the confined fire incident types.


75


Other analyses include entries for confined fire incident types in the causal tables and show percentages based on total structure fires. In these cases, the confined fire incident type is treated as a general causal factor. For most fields other than Property Use and Incident Type, NFPA allocates unknown data proportionally among known data. This approach assumes that if the missing data were known, it would be distributed in the same manner as the known data. NFPA makes additional adjustments to several fields. Casualty and loss projections can be heavily influenced by the inclusion or exclusion of unusually serious fire. In the formulas that follow, the term “all fires” refers to all fires in NFIRS on the dimension studied. The percentages of fires with known or unknown data are provided for non-confined fires and associated losses, and for confined fires only. Cause of Ignition: This field is used chiefly to identify intentional fires. “Unintentional” in this field is a specific entry and does not include other fires that were not intentionally set: failure of equipment or heat source, act of nature, or “other” (unclassified).” The last should be used for exposures but has been used for other situations as well. Fires that were coded as under investigation and those that were coded as undetermined after investigation were treated as unknown. Factor Contributing to Ignition: In this field, the code “none” is treated as an unknown and allocated proportionally. For Human Factor Contributing to Ignition, NFPA enters a code for “not reported” when no factors are recorded. “Not reported” is treated as an unknown, but the code “none” is treated as a known code and not allocated. Multiple entries are allowed in both of these fields. Percentages are calculated on the total number of fires, not entries, resulting in sums greater than 100%. Although Factor Contributing to Ignition is only required when the cause of ignition was coded as: 2) unintentional, 3) failure of equipment or heat source; or 4) act of nature, data is often present when not required. Consequently, any fire in which no factor contributing to ignition was entered was treated as unknown. In some analyses, all entries in the category of mechanical failure, malfunction (factor contributing to ignition 20-29) are combined and shown as one entry, “mechanical failure or malfunction.” This category includes: 21. Automatic control failure; 22. Manual control failure; 23. Leak or break. Includes leaks or breaks from containers or pipes. Excludes operational deficiencies and spill mishaps; 25. Worn out; 26. Backfire. Excludes fires originating as a result of hot catalytic converters; 27. Improper fuel used; Includes the use of gasoline in a kerosene heater and the like; and 20. Mechanical failure or malfunction, other. Entries in “electrical failure, malfunction” (factor contributing to ignition 30-39) may also be combined into one entry, “electrical failure or malfunction.” This category includes: 31. Water-caused short circuit arc; Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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32. Short-circuit arc from mechanical damage; 33. Short-circuit arc from defective or worn insulation; 34. Unspecified short circuit arc; 35. Arc from faulty contact or broken connector, including broken power lines and loose connections; 36. Arc or spark from operating equipment, switch, or electric fence; 37. Fluorescent light ballast; and 30. Electrical failure or malfunction, other. Heat Source. In NFIRS 5.0, one grouping of codes encompasses various types of open flames and smoking materials. In the past, these had been two separate groupings. A new code was added to NFIRS 5.0, which is code 60: “Heat from open flame or smoking material, other.” NFPA treats this code as a partial unknown and allocates it proportionally across the codes in the 61-69 range, shown below. 61. Cigarette; 62. Pipe or cigar; 63. Heat from undetermined smoking material; 64. Match; 65. Lighter: cigarette lighter, cigar lighter; 66. Candle; 67 Warning or road flare, fuse; 68. Backfire from internal combustion engine. Excludes flames and sparks from an exhaust system, (11); and 69. Flame/torch used for lighting. Includes gas light and gas-/liquid-fueled lantern. In addition to the conventional allocation of missing and undetermined fires, NFPA multiplies fires with codes in the 61-69 range by All fires in range 60-69 All fires in range 61-69 The downside of this approach is that heat sources that are truly a different type of open flame or smoking material are erroneously assigned to other categories. The grouping “smoking materials” includes codes 61-63 (cigarettes, pipes or cigars, and heat from undetermined smoking material, with a proportional share of the code 60s and true unknown data. Equipment Involved in Ignition (EII). NFIRS 5.0 originally defined EII as the piece of equipment that provided the principal heat source to cause ignition if the equipment malfunctioned or was used improperly. In 2006, the definition was modified to “the piece of equipment that provided the principal heat source to cause ignition.” However, much of the data predates the change. Individuals who have already been trained with the older definition may not change their practices. To compensate, NFPA treats fires in which EII = NNN and heat source is not in the range of 40-99 as an additional unknown.


77


To allocate unknown data for EII, the known data is multiplied by All fires (All fires – blank – undetermined – [fires in which EII =NNN and heat source 40-99]) In addition, the partially unclassified codes for broad equipment groupings (i.e., code 100 - heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, other; code 200 - electrical distribution, lighting and power transfer, other; etc.) were allocated proportionally across the individual code choices in their respective broad groupings (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; electrical distribution, lighting and power transfer, other; etc.). Equipment that is totally unclassified is not allocated further. This approach has the same downside as the allocation of heat source 60 described above. Equipment that is truly different is erroneously assigned to other categories. In some analyses, various types of equipment are grouped together. Code Grouping Central heat

EII Code 132 133

NFIRS definitions Furnace or central heating unit Boiler (power, process or heating)


131 123 124 141 142 143

Furnace, local heating unit, built-in Fireplace with insert or stove Heating stove Heater, excluding catalytic and oil-filled Catalytic heater Oil-filled heater


120 121 122 125 126 127

Fireplace or chimney Fireplace, masonry Fireplace, factory-built Chimney connector or vent connector Chimney – brick, stone or masonry Chimney-metal, including stovepipe or flue

Fixed wiring and related equipment

210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219

Unclassified electrical wiring Electrical power or utility line Electrical service supply wires from utility Electric meter or meter box Wiring from meter box to circuit breaker Panel board, switch board or circuit breaker board Electrical branch circuit Outlet or receptacle Wall switch Ground fault interrupter

Transformers and power supplies

221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229

Distribution-type transformer Overcurrent, disconnect equipment Low-voltage transformer Generator Inverter Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) Surge protector Battery charger or rectifier Battery (all types)

Lamp, bulb or lighting

230

Unclassified lamp or lighting


78


231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 241 242 243 244

Lamp-tabletop, floor or desk Lantern or flashlight Incandescent lighting fixture Fluorescent light fixture or ballast Halogen light fixture or lamp Sodium or mercury vapor light fixture or lamp Work or trouble light Light bulb Nightlight Decorative lights – line voltage Decorative or landscape lighting – low voltage Sign

Cord or plug

260 261 262 263

Unclassified cord or plug Power cord or plug, detachable from appliance Power cord or plug- permanently attached Extension cord

Torch, burner or soldering iron

331 332 333 334

Welding torch Cutting torch Burner, including Bunsen burners Soldering equipment

Portable cooking or warming equipment

631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 641

Coffee maker or teapot Food warmer or hot plate Kettle Popcorn popper Pressure cooker or canner Slow cooker Toaster, toaster oven, counter-top broiler Waffle iron, griddle Wok, frying pan, skillet Breadmaking machine

Equipment was not analyzed separately for confined fires. Instead, each confined fire incident type was listed with the equipment or as other known equipment. Item First Ignited. In most analyses, mattress and pillows (item first ignited 31) and bedding, blankets, sheets, and comforters (item first ignited 32) are combined and shown as “mattresses and bedding.” In many analyses, wearing apparel not on a person (code 34) and wearing apparel on a person (code 35) are combined and shown as “clothing.” In some analyses, flammable and combustible liquids and gases, piping and filters (item first ignited 60-69) are combined and shown together. Area of Origin. Two areas of origin: bedroom for more than five people (code 21) and bedroom for less than five people (code 22) are combined and shown as simply “bedroom.” Chimney is no longer a valid area of origin code for non-confined fires. Rounding and percentages. The data shown are estimates and generally rounded. An entry of zero may be a true zero or it may mean that the value rounds to zero. Percentages are calculated from unrounded values. It is quite possible to have a percentage entry of up to 100% even if the rounded number entry is zero. The same rounded value may account for a slightly different percentage share. Because percentages are expressed in integers and not carried out to several decimal places, percentages that appear identical may be associated with slightly different values. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

79


Appendix B. Methodology and Definitions Used in “Leading Cause” Tables The cause table reflects relevant causal factors that accounted for at least 2% of the fires in a given occupancy. Only those causes that seemed to describe a scenario are included. Because the causal factors are taken from different fields, some double counting is possible. Percentages are calculated against the total number of structure fires, including both confined and non-confined fires. Bear in mind that every fire has at least three “causes” in the sense that it could have been prevented by changing behavior, heat source, or ignitability of first fuel, the last an aspect not reflected in any of the major cause categories. For example, several of the cause categories in this system refer to types of equipment (cooking, heating, electrical distribution and lighting, clothes dryers and washers, torches). However, the problem may be not with the equipment but with the way it is used. The details in national estimates are derived from the U.S. Fire Administration’s National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). This methodology is based on the coding system used in Version 5.0 of NFIRS. The NFIRS 5.0 Reference Guide, containing all of the codes, can be downloaded from http://www.nfirs.fema.gov/documentation/reference/. Cooking equipment and heating equipment are calculated by summing fires identified by equipment involved in ignition and relevant confined fires. Confined fires will be shown if they account for at least 2% of the incidents. Confined cooking fires (cooking fires involving the contents of a cooking vessel without fire extension beyond the vessel) are identified by NFIRS incident type 113. Confined heating equipment fires include confined chimney or flue fires (incident type 114) and confined fuel burner or boiler fires (incident type 116). The latter includes delayed ignitions and incidents where flames caused no damage outside the fire box. The two types of confined heating fires may be combined or listed separately, depending on the numbers involved. Intentional fires are identified by fires with a “1” (intentional) in the field “cause.” The estimate includes a proportional share of fires in which the cause was undetermined after investigation, under investigation, or not reported. All fires with intentional causes are included in this category regardless of the age of the person involved. Earlier versions of NFIRS included codes for incendiary and suspicious. Intentional fires were deliberately set; they may or may not be incendiary in a legal sense. No age restriction is applied. Fires caused by playing with heat source (typically matches or lighters) are identified by code 19 in the field “factor contributing to ignition.” Fires in which the factor contribution to ignition was undetermined (UU), entered as none (NN) or left blank are considered unknown and allocated proportionally. Because factor contributing to ignition is not required for intentional fires, the share unknown, by these definitions, is somewhat larger than it should be. The heat source field is used to identify fires started by: smoking materials (cigarette, code 61; pipe or cigar, code 62; and heat from undetermined smoking material, code 63); candles (code 66), lightning (code 73); and spontaneous combustion or chemical reaction (code 72). Fires started by heat from unclassified open flame or smoking materials (code 60) are allocated proportionally among the “other open flame or smoking material” codes (codes 61-69) in an allocation of partial unknown data. This includes smoking materials and candles. This approach results in any true Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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unclassified smoking or open flame heat sources such as incense being inappropriately allocated. However, in many fires, this code was used as an unknown. The equipment involved in ignition field is used to find several cause categories. This category includes equipment that functioned properly and equipment that malfunctioned. Cooking equipment Non-confined fire refers to equipment used to cook, heat or warm food (codes 620-649 and 654). Fire in which ranges, ovens or microwave ovens, food warming appliances, fixed or portable cooking appliances, deep fat fryers, open fired charcoal or gas grills, grease hoods or ducts, or other cooking appliances) were involved in the ignition are said to be caused by cooking equipment. Food preparation devices that do not involve heating, such as can openers or food processors, are not included here. As noted in Appendix A, a proportional share of unclassified kitchen and cooking equipment (code 600) is included here. Heating equipment Non-confined fire (codes 120-199) includes central heat, portable and fixed heaters (including wood stoves), fireplaces, chimneys, hot water heaters, and heat transfer equipment such as hot air ducts or hot water pipes. Heat pumps are not included. As noted in Appendix A, a proportional share of unclassified heating, ventilation and air condition equipment (code 100) is included here. Confined fires are excluded from the tallies of the remaining categories of fires involving equipment. Electrical distribution and lighting equipment (codes 200-299) include: fixed wiring; transformers; associated overcurrent or disconnect equipment such as fuses or circuit breakers; meters; meter boxes; power switch gear; switches, receptacles and outlets; light fixtures, lamps, bulbs or lighting; signs; cords and plugs; generators, transformers, inverters, batteries and battery charges. Torch, burner or soldering iron (codes 331-334) includes welding torches, cutting torches, Bunsen burners, plumber furnaces, blowtorches, and soldering equipment. As noted in Appendix A, a proportional share of shop tools and industrial equipment (code 300) is included here. Clothes dryer or washer (codes 811, 813 and 814) includes clothes dryers alone, washer and dryer combinations within one frame, and washing machines for clothes. As noted in Appendix A, a proportional share of unclassified personal and household equipment (code 800) is included here. Electronic, office or entertainment equipment (codes 700-799) includes: computers and related equipment; calculators and adding machines; telephones or answering machines; copiers; fax machines; paper shredders; typewriters; postage meters; other office equipment; musical instruments; stereo systems and/or components; televisions and cable TV converter boxes,, cameras, excluding professional television studio cameras, video equipment and other electronic equipment. Older versions of NFIRS had a code for electronic equipment that included radar, X-rays, computers, telephones, and transmitter equipment. Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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Shop tools and industrial equipment excluding torches, burners or soldering irons (codes 300-330, 335-399) includes power tools; painting equipment; compressors; atomizing equipment; pumps; wet/dry vacuums; hoists, lifts or cranes; powered jacking equipment; water or gas drilling equipment; unclassified hydraulic equipment; heat-treating equipment; incinerators, industrial furnaces, ovens or kilns; pumps; compressors; internal combustion engines; conveyors; printing presses; casting, molding; or forging equipment; heat treating equipment; tar kettles; working or shaping machines; coating machines; chemical process equipment; waste recovery equipment; power transfer equipment; power takeoff; powered valves; bearings or brakes; picking, carding or weaving machines; testing equipment; gas regulators; separate motors; non-vehicular internal combustion engines; and unclassified shop tools and industrial equipment. . As noted in Appendix A, a proportional share of shop tools and industrial equipment (code 300) is included here. Medical equipment (codes 410-419) includes: dental, medical or other powered bed, chair or wheelchair; dental equipment; dialysis equipment; medical monitoring and imaging equipment; oxygen administration equipment; radiological equipment; medical sterilizers, therapeutic equipment and unclassified medical equipment. As noted in Appendix A, a proportional share of commercial and medical equipment (code 400) is included here. Exposures are fires that are caused by the spread of or from another fire. These were identified by factor contributing to ignition code 71. This code is automatically applied when the exposure number is greater than zero.


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Appendix C. Selected Published Incidents The following are selected published incidents involving residential properties other than one-and two – family under construction or major renovation. Included are short articles from the “Firewatch” or “Bi-monthly” columns in NFPA Journal or it predecessor Fire Journal and incidents from either the large-loss fires report or catastrophic fires report. If available, investigation reports or NFPA Alert Bulletins are included and provide detailed information about the fires. It is important to remember that this is anecdotal information. Anecdotes show what can happen; they are not a source to learn about what typically occurs. NFPA’s Fire Incident Data Organization (FIDO) identifies significant fires through a clipping service, the Internet and other sources. Additional information is obtained from the fire service and federal and state agencies. FIDO is the source for articles published in the “Firewatch” column of the NFPA Journal and many of the articles in this report.

Fire damages unfinished apartment complex, Oregon Five alarms were struck for a fire that started in a four-story building under construction and spread to 10 other buildings. The wood-framed apartment building in which the fire began contained 15 to 20 units. The interior was not yet complete, and plumbers and electricians were still working on all floors. Fire detection equipment had not yet been installed. Firefighters responding to the alarm at 12:56 p.m. found one end of the building engulfed in flames and the fire spreading rapidly through the building to other structures. Before it was brought under control, the fire spread to seven other buildings and adjacent home in the complex and the roofs of three single-family houses. Investigators could not determine what started the fire. Once it began, however, it spread rapidly due to lack of compartmentation. Damage to the buildings, valued at $8 million, was estimated at almost $4 million. Damage to the contents, valued at $800,000, was estimated at $125,000. There were no injuries. Kenneth J. Tremblay, 2005, “Firewatch”, NFPA Journal, July/August, 19-20.

11 million dollar loss in property under construction, Massachusetts At 1:53 am on an April morning a fire was reported in a four-story apartment building of unprotected wood-frame construction and was under construction. The building covered 130,000 square feet (12,100 square meters). There was no one on the scene when the fire broke out. There was no automatic detection or suppression equipment present. The cause and origin were undetermined. The complex had poor water pressure and volume available. Firefighters had trouble locating working hydrants and so were delayed in getting hose lines into operation. In addition to the building of origin, the fire destroyed a 99-unit building, two 24-unit buildings, several garages, and a dozen pieces of construction equipment, as well as tools and building materials. Damage was estimated at $11 million. Stephen G. Badger, 2008, Adapted from “Large-Loss Fires in the United States in 2007", NFPA Fire Analysis and Research, Quincy, MA Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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Fire destroys apartments under construction, California A fast-moving fire fanned by winds of 15 miles (24 kilometers) per hour heavily damaged a large apartment complex that was in various stages of completion. Five of the 15 buildings were destroyed, as were several vehicles, stored lumber, and a construction trailer. High ambient temperatures and low humidity contributed to the fire's spread. The three-story, wood-framed apartment buildings were of varying sizes and, when completed, would have had 16 to 24 units each. None of the five buildings that were destroyed had interior finish, and only one had been sided. In three of the buildings, the decking for the lightweight woodtruss roofs had been installed. Although the buildings were designed to have fire sprinklers, only one system had been partially installed, but it wasn't in operation at the time of the fire. There was no fire detection system. Shortly after the fire department received a 911 call at 3:51 p.m., flames shot through the roof of the building, which had already been framed, sheathed with exterior siding, and covered with a roof deck. About nine minutes after the alarm, the three-story, 33,600-square-foot (3,121-square-meter) structure was totally involved, and the fire was spreading to four more buildings. Forty-five minutes after the first-arriving fire units converged on the scene, all five buildings had burned to the ground. The cause of the blaze is undetermined Kenneth J. Tremblay, 2003, "Firewatch", NFPA Journal, September/October, 16, 18. $24 million loss in apartment complex under construction, Minnesota This one- and two-story apartment complex for older adults was of unprotected wood-frame construction and covered 130,000 square feet (12,077 square meters). At the time, it was under construction but near completion. No one was at the site at the time when the fire was reported at 1:21 am on an April moring. Neither detection nor suppression equipment had been installed yet. The cause of this fire was listed as undetermined, but it started in the area of a workshop. A passing police officer spotted the fire and reported it. Stephen G. Badger, 2009, Adapted from “Large-Loss for 2008,” NFPA, Fire Analysis and Research, Quincy, MA.

Fire damages apartment building under construction, Maryland An apartment building under construction sustained $2 million in damage when fire spread from its roof to lower floors. The partially completed building had no interior finish. The blaze also threatened several buildings nearby. The four-story, wood-frame building, which was 120 feet (36 meters) long and 60 feet (18 meters) wide, had an exterior brick facade and an asphalt shingle roof. Only a few doors and windows were in place, and the building didn't have power yet. Neither smoke alarms nor sprinklers had been installed yet, and construction crews were the only ones present at the time of fire. A worker saw flames coming from the roof and alerted a supervisor in a trailer nest to the building. The supervisor saw flames 2 feet (1 meter) high on the roof and the fire department was called at 12:56 p.m.


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The first-arriving engine company reported fire on the top floor and roof, and called for a second alarm. Firefighters then advanced a 2 1/2-inch hose line to the top floor to try to attack the blaze, but they were quickly over-whelmed by flames, which were fanned by winds 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 kilometers) per hour. Switching to a defensive mode, the incident commander ordered firefighters out of the building and struck an additional alarm as six aerial master streams were put into operation. At one point, the fire department was using 6,000 to 6,500 gallons (22,712 to 24,605 liters) of water per minute to control the blaze, which was threatening nearby exposures. The fire was finally put out about 4 1/2 hours later. Using photographs taken by a construction contractor and statements made by workers on the roof, investigators determined that a discarded cigarette ignited asphalt shingles on the roof. The fire burned undetected for a while, allowing flames to burn through the shingles and wood decking. The blaze spread into the attic, which lacked any compartmentation, and quickly spread to the floors below. Damage to the building was estimated at $2 million, and exposures sustained an additional $40,000 in losses. One firefighter suffered a minor injury. Kenneth J. Tremblay, 2002, “Firewatch”, NFPA Journal, September/October, 20.

Hot tar causes $12 million loss, California This four-story, 39-unit apartment building was of unprotected wood-frame construction and was under construction. The ground floor area was not reported. Workers were on the job site at the time. The fire department was notified of the fire at 1:57 pm on a January afternoon. There was no detection system present. A sprinkler system was being installed at the time, but was not yet operable. The type and coverage of the system were not reported. Hot tar from a tar kettle on the roof ignited the roofing materials. Damage was estimated at $12 million Stephen G. Badger, 2008, Adapted from “Large-Loss Fires in the United States in 2007", NFPA Fire Analysis and Research, Quincy, MA

$40 million loss in apartment building under construction, Nebraska This nine-story l00-plus-unit apartment building was of heavy-timber construction and covered 205,000 square feet (19,045 square meters). The building was under construction at the time. No one was at the site when the fire broke out. The fire was reported at 11:30 pm on a January night. There was no smoke detection equipment present. There was a wet pipe sprinkler system installed but it was not yet operational. The coverage of the system was not reported. During the day, workers had used cutting tools in an elevator shaft on the ninth story. An ember fell into a pile of construction debris where it smoldered unnoticed. After workers had left for the day, Fires in Residential Properties Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation, 11/14

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the fire broke out and was discovered by a person in an adjacent building. Upon arrival, firefighters found fire on the ninth-story and roof of the structure. The fire spread latterly across the upper floors and vertically via the elevator shaft and when an upper floor collapsed. Firefighters halted an initial interior fire attack which proved unable to cope with the large volume of fire on the upper stories. Damage was estimated at $40 million. Stephen G. Badger, 2005, Adapted from “Large-Loss Fire for 2004,” NFPA Journal, November/December, 44.

Apartment building fire $11 million loss, Texas This four-story l00-unit apartment building was of unprotected wood-frame construction covering 32,000 square feet (2,972 square meters). The building was under construction at the time. Some workers were at the site when the fire broke out. The fire department was notified at 5:56 pm on and August evening. There was no detection equipment yet installed. There was a complete coverage wet-pipe sprinkler present but it was shut down before the fire due to a leak in the system. A fire of unknown cause broke out on the second level of the building. Wind helped spread the fire throughout the units in the section of the building that was still in the framing phase. The fire spread to a parking garage, then ignited a structure on the opposite side of the street. Despite openings not yet protected by fire-rated doors, fire walls were effective in limiting the spread of fire. Two firefighters were injured. Damage was estimated at $11 million. Stephen G. Badger, 2005, “Large-Loss Fire for 2004,” NFPA Journal, November/December, 44.

$75 million dollar loss in an apartment building under construction, Pennsylvania This four-story apartment building was under construction, with sections still in the framing stage. The ground floor area was not reported. There were construction workers on location at the time of the fire and occupants present in nearby buildings. The fire department was notified of the fire at 4:53 p.m. on and August evening. Automatic detection or suppression equipment had not yet been installed. The fire broke out after an errant spark from welding operations went unnoticed and ignited wood structural members. On arrival, the first firefighters found that the building was fully involved in fire and that flying embers had started spot fires on several other buildings. The fire destroyed or damaged a total of four buildings, including two occupied apartment buildings. A total of 153 pieces of fire apparatus and 1,013 firefighters responded. Damage was estimated at $75 million. Stephen G. Badger, 2009, Adapted from “Large-Loss for 2008,” NFPA, Fire Analysis and Research, Quincy, MA.


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$14 million loss in an incendiary fire, Massachusetts This three-story retirement living complex covered 116,000 square feet (10,800 square meters) and was of unprotected wood-frame construction. It was under construction and there was no one in the building at the time of the fire. The fire department was notified of the fire at 12:04 a.m. on an early September morning. There were no automatic detection or suppression systems present. This incendiary fire was set in several locations. One firefighter was injured. Damage was estimated at $14 million. Stephen G. Badger, 2008, Adapted from “Large-Loss Fires in the United States in 2007", NFPA Fire Analysis and Research, Quincy, MA

Incendiary fire at dormitory under construction causes $13 million, Washington This three-story 100-unit university dormitory was under construction. It was of unprotected woodframe construction, and covered 15,000 square feet (1,393 square meters). No one was at the site when the fire broke out. The fire department was notified of the fire at 12:05 a.m. on an early March morning. It was not known if detection equipment was installed yet. There was no automatic suppression equipment. This was an incendiary fire. No additional information was reported. Stephen G. Badger, Adapted from "Large-Loss Fires in the United States-2006," November 2007, p. 27.


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