Fundamentals of Energy Statistics - International Energy Agency

Fundamentals of Energy Statistics IEA Online Statistics Summer School Session 1

Klaus Pedersen Lucy Shedden Energy Data Centre © OECD/IEA 2016

Learning objectives  After this webinar you will know:  Why good data are needed;  What are good data;  How to convert between different units of mass, volume and energy;  How to convert between mass/volume and energy;  How to calculate a weighted average.

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Who needs energy data?  Households (utility bills, car mileage etc.)  Companies  Researchers  Analysts  Commodity Traders

 Policymakers

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Importance of energy statistics for policy makers  Problem Definition and Agenda Setting  Policy Formulation  Implementation  Monitoring and Evaluation (Reporting

Mechanisms)

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What are good data?  What are good data?  Relevant  Reliable  Timely  Cost efficient

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Guidelines for data quality  United Nations: Fundamental Principles of Official

Statistics  http://unstats.un.org/unsd/dnss/hb/Efundamental%20principles_A4-WEB.pdf

 European Statistics Code of Practice  http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5921861 /KS-32-11-955-EN.PDF/5fa1ebc6-90bb-43fa-888fdde032471e15

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What can you do improve data quality?  Understand source data?  Can you explain change from year to year?

 Do you a contact to ask for clarification?

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Challenges in energy statistics  Liberalisation of energy markets.  From monopoly to 100s of players  Confidentiality.

 More work passed to statistical offices  Renewables.  Energy efficiency.  Environment.  Policy monitoring.  Limited resources  Fast turnover in staff. © OECD/IEA 2016

The Manual is now available in 10 languages and widely used all around the world

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Basic concepts in Energy Statistics  Supply & demand breakdown  Basic conversions  Calorific values  The weighted average

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Primary and secondary energy products  Primary  Extracted or captured directly from natural resources  Physical and chemical characteristics remain unchanged  Eg. Crude Oil, Hard Coal and Natural Gas

 Secondary  Primary commodities transformed into a secondary form of energy  Eg. Coke-oven Coke from coking coal © OECD/IEA 2016

Supply & demand breakdown Supply side

Demand side Transformation

Stock build or Exports

stock draw

Losses Total final consumption

Marketed production Imports

Statistical

Industry

difference From other sources

International marine & aviation bunkers

Energy sector

Transport Residential, commercial, agriculture etc. Non-energy use © OECD/IEA 2016

France Production From Other Sources Imports Exports International Marine Bunkers Stock Change DOMESTIC SUPPLY Transfers Statistical Difference TRANSFORMATION ENERGY SECTOR LOSSES Industry Sector Transport Other Sectors Non-energy use FINAL CONSUMPTION

Natural Gas

Terajoules (GVC) 77670 1649710 -30456 -92853 1604071

-20440 49791 17320 2619 661262 28 852611 1513901

Source: Energy Statistics Manual © OECD/IEA 2016

Basic conversions  Energy statistics involve various units  Mass:  Volume:  Energy:

kg, ton, kt, lb L, bbl, gal, m3 TJ, ktoe, ktce, GWh, kcal, BTU

 Between the same quantities, we always use a

constant!

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Basic conversions Mass  1 kt = 1 000 ton  1 ton = 1 000 kg  1 kt = 1 000 000 kg

Volume  1 bbl ≈ 159 L  1 m3 = 1000 L Energy  1 GWh = 3.6 TJ  1 ktoe = 41.868 TJ  1 ktce = 0.7 ktoe

http://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/unitconverter/ © OECD/IEA 2016

Basic conversions - example  Convert 5 ktoe to GWh  1 GWh = 3.6 TJ  1 ktoe = 41.868 TJ

𝑻𝑱 𝟓 𝒌𝒕𝒐𝒆 × 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟒 𝑻𝑱 𝒌𝒕𝒐𝒆 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟒 𝑻𝑱 / 3.6

𝑻𝑱 𝑮𝑾𝒉

= 𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 𝑮𝑾𝒉 © OECD/IEA 2016

Quiz  Imagine you are stranded on a deserted island in the

polar sea and you can bring one ton of a fuel. Which one would you bring? 1. A ton of coal (anthracite). 2. A ton of diesel oil. 3. A ton of firewood.

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Calorific values  Majority of data collected in physical units (e.g. kt)  How do we convert to energy (e.g. ktoe)?

 Calorific value:    

The heat (energy) obtained from one unit of fuel when combusted Indicates the quality of the fuel Expressed in kJ/kg, MJ/ton, kJ/m3 for gas Should be within expected ranges, also depending on quality  Bituminous coal – Kazakhstan: 18581 kJ/kg  Bituminous coal – New Zealand: 28201 kJ/kg

 2 different calorific values  Gross Calorific Value (GCV)  Net Calorific Value (NCV) © OECD/IEA 2016

Calorific values  When a fuel is combusted, water vapour is produced,

but its energy rarely can be used for energy purposes Water vapours (non-recoverable energy)

GCV

LH2O vap

NCV

Useful heat

 Difference between GCV and NCV approximately:  NCV = 90% of GCV for natural gas  NCV = 95% of GCV for oil  NCV = 95% of GCV for coal © OECD/IEA 2016

Calorific values - Example  A country produces 2 bcm of Natural Gas  Its GCV is 38000 kJ/m3  What is its gross energy content?  First, we convert the GCV to more convenient units: 𝒌𝑱 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝒎

=

𝟏𝟎𝟗 × 𝒌𝑱 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟗 𝟑 𝟏𝟎 ×𝒎

=

𝑻𝑱 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒃𝒄𝒎

 Then:

𝟐 𝒃𝒄𝒎 × 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑻𝑱 𝒃𝒄𝒎

= 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑻𝑱 (gross energy content)

 Or:

𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑻𝑱 × 𝟗𝟎% = 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑻𝑱 (net energy content)

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The weighted average A

B

 A country has 2 coal mines, A & B  Mine A produced 100 kt with NCVA = 25000 kJ/kg  Mine B produced 100 kt with NCVB = 20000 kJ/kg  NCVTOT = ??? 22500 kJ/kg

A

B  But what if:  Mine A produced 400 kt with NCVA = 25000 kJ/kg  Mine B produced 100 kt with NCVB = 20000 kJ/kg  NCVTOT = ??? © OECD/IEA 2016

Mine A: 400 kt Mine B: 100 kt

The weighted average

25000 kJ/kg 20000 kJ/kg

 Most of the coal is of the higher-quality mine  This has to be reflected in the average NCV  NCVTOT =

𝑵𝑪𝑽𝑨 × 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑨 + 𝑵𝑪𝑽𝑩 × 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑩 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑨+ 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑩 𝒌𝑱

 NCVTOT =

𝒌𝑱

𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈 × 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕

 Generic formula: CVTOT =

=

𝒌𝑱 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈

𝒊(𝑪𝑽𝒊 × 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚𝒊) 𝒊(𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚𝒊)

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Thank you!

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