Geographical Themes - Hodder Education

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OCR A GCSE Geography: Geographical Themes Student's Book ..... Heavy rain soaking into permeable rocks can add weight to
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OCR A GCSE

GEOGRAPHY Geographical Themes

Jo Debens Alan Parkinson Jo Payne Simon Ross Editor: David Rogers

Trust one of the leading Geography publishers to guide you through the new OCR GCSE (9–1) Geography A specification with print and digital resources that support your planning, teaching and assessment needs; complemented by Wideworld magazine and expert-led, confidence-boosting CPD events. We are working in collaboration with OCR to produce the following print and digital resources that support the teaching and learning of the new GCSE (9–1) Geography A (Geographical Themes) specification: OCR A GCSE Geography: Geographical Themes Student’s Book 9781471853081 June 2016 £22.99 OCR A GCSE Geography: Geographical Themes Student eTextbook 9781471852596 July 2016 From £5.75 + VAT per student for 1 year’s access

To request Inspection Copies, eInspection Copies or free, no obligation 30-day Student eTextbook trials, visit www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Geography/GCSE/OCRA

Contents Part 1: Living in the UK Today Theme 1: Landscapes of the UK Chapter 1 The physical landscapes of the UK Chapter 2 River landscapes Chapter 3 Coastal landscapes

Also available: OCR A GCSE Geography Dynamic Learning Dynamic Learning is an innovative online subscription service that enriches your teaching and simplifies your planning, providing lesson planning tools, readymade presentations, differentiated worksheets, exam support, self-marking tests, geographical resources and eTextbook elements that all work together to create the ultimate classroom and homework resource. Prices from: £320 + VAT for access until December 2018 Publishing from: Summer 2016 Geographical Skills and Fieldwork for OCR A and B GCSE Geography Maximise every student’s performance with a step-by-step approach to learning, improving and applying the geographical and fieldwork skills they need to achieve their best under the reformed OCR specifications. Price: £13.99 Publishing: November 2016 Wideworld magazine Wideworld magazine helps students learn more, gaining deeper subject knowledge and the skills to progress through GCSE so they get the grade they’re really looking for. With a rich bank of up-to-date case studies, fieldwork examples and practical exam advice, Wideworld offers complete support for your GCSE geographers.

Theme 2: People of the UK Chapter 4 The UK's major trading partners Chapter 5 Diversity in the UK Chapter 6 Development in the UK Chapter 7 The UK's changing population Chapter 8 Leeds: a major city in the UK

Theme 3: UK Environmental Challenges Chapter 9 Extreme weather in the UK Chapter 10 Resources and UK ecosystems Chapter 11 Energy in the UK

Part 2: The World Around Us Theme 1: Ecosystems of the Planet Chapter 12 Global ecosystems Chapter 13 Tropical rainforests

Institutional price: £20 • Student price: £10 4 issues per year

Chapter 14 Coral reefs

Philip Allan CPD Training From CPD training to student revision, our events and online webinars are designed to inspire, inform and create confidence in the classroom.

Chapter 15 Global development

Theme 2: People of the Planet Chapter 16 Ethiopia: changing economic development Chapter 17 Global urban areas Chapter 18 Rosario: a major city in an EDC

To find out more and request Inspection Copies, eInspection Copies and free, no obligation 30-day Dynamic Learning trials, visit www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Geography/GCSE/OCRA

Theme 3: Environmental Threats to Our Planet Chapter 19 Climate change Chapter 20 Global circulation of the atmosphere Chapter 21 Extreme weather: tropical storms and drought

Part 3: Geographical Skills and Fieldwork Chapter 22 Geographical skills Chapter 23 Fieldwork

Features in the book:

1

The physical landscapes of the UK

5

How the landscape of the UK was formed In the UK, our most spectacular mountain ranges, such as the Cairngorms in Scotland and Snowdonia in North Wales (Figure 1), were sculpted by the action of ice. Ice Ages are periods of time when the surface temperatures in temperate latitudes were lower than average, which allowed ice sheets to grow in size in northern latitudes and to move to cover new areas further south, including the UK. Ice Ages have occurred numerous times over the last 2 million years. As temperatures warmed again, the ice melted and land was revealed. For the last ten thousand years, the UK has been in a geological time called the Holocene. The area shown in Figure 2 is that covered by the most recent ice advance, around 10 000 years ago.

The distribution of areas of upland, lowland and glaciated landscapes Upland, lowland and glaciated landscapes

Student-friendly learning objectives at the start of each chapter help students track their learning

of these landscapes that may make them distinctive, including their geology, climate and human activity.

Naming mountains Mountains over 3000 feet (914 m) high are called ‘Munros’ in the UK, after Hugh Munro who compiled a list. Most of the 282 Munros are in Scotland. The name ‘Corbetts’ is given to those peaks between 2500 and 3000 feet (762 and 914 m) high. Can you find out what a ‘Marilyn’ is?

Lowland areas are closer to sea level and lie below around 200 m. The UK’s lowlands are found in central and southern England with the most extensive areas of lowland found in East Anglia.

Key

Large sections of the south coast which were not covered by ice were instead covered by a mixture of boulders and sediment called drift. While less spectacular, this has also sometimes influenced the present-day landscape.

N Glaciated upland areas S

distribution shown

È explore the characteristics

Ice has great strength, and has eroded and weathered landscapes to create dramatic mountain scenery. Glaciation may not be happening now, but many landscapes – such as the Lairig Ghru in the Cairngorms – bear the scars of the ice that previously scoured out deep valleys. Ice has also moved into lowland areas, scraping away the soil of the Yorkshire Dales, bulldozing clay and boulders into large ridges such as the Cromer Ridge on the Norfolk Coast, or leaving piles of rocks that differ from the local geology.

ND

È consider reasons for the

Higher land experiences colder weather (temperature drops by 1 °C for every 100 m of altitude) and more mist, cloud and snow, which can increase the rate of physical weathering because of the presence of water and greater changes in temperature either side of freezing point.

1. Study Figure 1: a. Describe the location of glaciated upland areas. b. Is the place where you live classed as lowland or upland? c. What evidence did you use to help you make your decision?

Belfast

Newcastle

Dublin

Nottingham Norwich Cambridge Cardiff

0

London

200 km

Figure 2 Area covered by the last major ice advance over the UK

2. Was the place where you live covered by ice during the last period of advance, according to Figure 2?

LOCH LOMOND AND THE TROSSACHS

DERRYVEAGH MOUNTAINS

SPERRIN MOUNTAINS

PLA RN U

THE

SOU

3. Describe the evidence that ice shaped the land that you can still see in your local landscape.

LAKE DISTRICT/ CUMBRIAN MOUNTAINS PENNINES

Mapping mountains

SNOWDONIA

Use Ordnance Survey maps or digital mapping to ‘visit’ some of the places the ice covered, and identify the characteristic features shown in upland glaciated areas. Look out for the steepness of the land, the absence of soil or vegetation, piles of stone, and place names such as corrie, tarn or cwm, depending on which area you visit.

CAMBRIAN MOUNTAINS

Figure 1 The distribution of upland, lowland and glaciated areas in the UK

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Edinburgh

Activities

GRAMPIAN MOUNTAINS / CAIRNGORMS

NDS

Activities

Ice sheet

HLA

of these areas across the UK

Key

HIG

È look at the distribution of each

ST

upland, lowland and glaciated landscapes

-WE

È identify the difference between

A mountain is often defined as being an area of land that rises considerably above the surrounding land, with 600 m (2000 feet) sometimes used as the height that separates mountains from hills. Upland areas can include dramatic peaks and ridges with weathered rock, or moorland with heather. They include some of our most interesting landscapes.

RTH

È In this chapter you will:

NO

Theme 1: Landscapes of the UK

CHAPTERv

Chapter 1 The physical landscapes of the UK

Topic 1 1

v

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Figure 3 Glencoe in the Grampian Mountains

Ready-made activities develop students’ ability to interpret, 853081_OCR_A_GCSE_Geo_01_004-009 copy.indd 5 analyse and evaluate maps, graphs, GIS material and data sources

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Features in the book:

Key terms are highlighted throughout and defined in the glossary, boosting students’ geographical vocabulary and understanding 7

Fieldwork idea You can often see what the local geology is by looking at nearby buildings, particularly churches or other buildings with older walls. These tend to have been built with local stone, unlike modern buildings which use bricks and concrete. Older buildings may also use local vegetation such as reeds for roofing, as in traditional thatched cottages. Survey the buildings in your local area, find the oldest buildings and look at their design and materials.

The distinctive characteristics of upland, lowland and glaciated landscapes

Soils and the landscape Soils are created from the weathering of rocks (with the addition of organic material and water). The rocks are the parent material and they influence the type of soil that develops on top of them and therefore the type of vegetation that grows in an area. This will also determine whether farming is likely to happen at all, and if it is, whether crops will be grown or animals will be kept. Areas of deep soil are often found in low-lying areas, and steep ground tends to have thin soil.

How geology affects landscapes The geology of the rocks that lie beneath the ground influences the nature of the landscape seen on the surface. The rocks beneath your feet vary depending on where you live in the UK (Figure 5), because they were created at different times, in different environments and by different processes. Rocks are placed into three groups according to their origin: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic (Figure 6). The shape and height of the land is partly a result of the relative hardness of the underlying rock. Relatively harder rocks – such as igneous granite and gabbro – often make up the high mountains, whereas chalk and clays lie under many low-lying areas. In mountain areas, the rock may also be easier to see as it is exposed at the surface. This may be because moving ice removed the surface covering during an ice advance. The same ice then covered the geology in the south of England with layers of clay, producing a more subdued landscape there.

The most productive soils in the UK are found in the East Anglian Fens (See Figure 4), where the dark silty soil is the result of the land being reclaimed from beneath the sea and then drained. These are deep soils with no stones, and with a texture that drains well and warms up quickly. Geology determines whether there is water draining over the surface, the density of streams and rivers, and the direction in which these flow over the ground. Water that stays on the surface speeds up the production of peat soils, which are found on upland moors and in heathland. Deep soils can also form beneath woodland, because of the organic material that falls from the trees over time. This is less true in coniferous woodland and plantations. If an area of the UK were left untouched by people, the ‘natural’ vegetation that would develop over the years would be deciduous woodland. Much of the UK was once covered with trees, but people cleared them for settlement, resources and fuel and to make way for farmland. The importance of wood is shown by the formation in 1919 of the Forestry Commission (see Figure 7) to guarantee future supplies after the depletion of many woodlands during the First World War. Large parts of the country have a landscape cloaked in woodland as a result.

HIGHLANDS

MIDLAND

SOUTHERN

VALLEY

UPLANDS

CENTRAL IRELAND

Chalk

Clear and colourful diagrams aid understanding, cater for different learning styles and act as useful revision aids

Limestone, clay and shale

WALES

Sandstones Limestones and sandstones Shales and limestones Igneous rocks and sandstone

SOUTH-WEST

SOUTH-EAST

ENGLAND

ENGLAND

Granite (igneous) intrusions

The weathering of the rock by slightly acidic rainwater causes the slow chemical decomposition of some of the minerals within the granite when they are exposed to it. The result is that the most resistant areas of rock stand out on the tops of hills as distinctive rounded features: the famous tors Figure 8 Tor on Dartmoor (Figure 8). The stone is also used to build the dry-stone walls that fence in the sheep that graze the moor, along with the Dartmoor ponies. The moor is used by the military as a suitably challenging place to test their skills of navigation and survival. There is also an annual Ten Tors challenge, which is open to teams of young people.

Figure 5 Geological map of the UK Rock type

Method of formation

Examples in the UK

Igneous

Produced when magma (molten rock) cools, either beneath the ground (intrusive) or above the surface (extrusive). These were formed when the UK had active volcanoes. There are now only extinct volcanoes in Scotland.

Granite (Dartmoor), gabbro (Cuillin Hills)

Sedimentary

Made from the skeletons of marine organisms (coccoliths) and other sediments laid down at the bottom of the ocean.

Chalk (white cliffs of Dover), limestone (Cheddar Gorge, Yorkshire Dales) and gritstone (Peak District)

Metamorphic

The action of heat and pressure on an existing igneous or sedimentary rock, which changes its structure.

Slate (North Wales), gneiss (Lewis, Outer Hebrides)

Figure 6 Rock types

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3. Research other national or regional organisations or charities that are concerned with the protection of landscapes. You could start by exploring the work of the RSPB, the largest wildlife conservation charity in the UK, or areas designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

Some rocks are connected to particular landscapes, an example of which is the granite that lies beneath Dartmoor in Devon, in the south-west of England. This is impermeable and encourages water to stay on the surface, which produces areas of boggy land called mires.

ENGLAND

Clays and sands

2. Research the age, hardness and permeability of ten rocks and make a ‘Top Trumps’ card game.

Granite and the landscape of Dartmoor

ENGLAND

Key to geology

1. Explain how the geology beneath an area influences the landscape that sits above it, with reference to a named location.

Figure 7 The Forestry Commission logo

NORTHERN

Figure 4 The Fens, East Anglia

Activity

Chapter 1 The physical landscapes of the UK

Theme 1: Landscapes of the UK

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Met Office

Rainfall Amount Annual Average 1971-2000

Key Average value (mm) >3000 2000 to 3000 1500 to 2000 1250 to 1500 1000 to 1250

800 to 1000 700 to 800 600 to 700