Guide to identification of aphids and their natural enemies

Guide to identification of aphids and their natural enemies Cristina Navarro Campos Ferrán García-Marí

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introduction Belchim Crop Protection has been serving agriculture for almost 30 years. We have developed this guide with a view to increasing the knowledge of economically important crop pests and their natural enemies. More than 4000 species of aphid have been identified in 10 distinct families. Although there is great variety in colour, shape, size and food-source, there are several features in common; All aphids feed on plant sap using sucking mouthparts. High reproductive capacity can result in very rapid population increases. This gives them the potential to be extremely destructive. These aphids will often form large colonies.

Damage can be direct – from physical feeding damage and loss of sugar or via transmission of phytopathogenic viruses. For these reasons, aphids have the potential to cause a great deal of harm to crops if not controlled by natural predators and chemical insecticides. This guide has been produced with the assistance of Cristina Navarro Campos and Ferran Garcia-Mari, both researchers at the Agroforestery Institute of the Mediterranean. We would like to express our deepest gratitude for them making the development of this tool possible.

Some aphids (eg Rosy apple aphid – Dysaphis plantaginea) feed on only a few specific species. This is known as host specificity. Other aphids (eg Black bean aphid – Aphis fabae) are polyphagous and can feed on many species of plants.

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Aphids Apple aphid

Natural Enemies

Aphis pomi

Bird cherry oat aphid Black bean aphid

Rhopalosiphum padi

Aphis fabae

Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid

Hyperomyzus lactucae

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14-spot ladybird

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7-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata adult

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7-spot ladybird

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Adonis ladybird Adonia variegata

Propylea 14-punctata

Coccinella septempunctata larva

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Buckthorn potato aphid Aphis nasturtii

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Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea adult

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Cotton aphid

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Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea larva

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Lady beetle

Scymnus spp. adult

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Scymnus spp. larva

Aphis gossypii

Currant lettuce aphid

Nasonovia ribis-nigri

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Lady beetle

Sitobion avenae

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Marmalade hoverfly

Episyrphus balteatus adult

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Schizaphis graminum

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Marmalade hoverfly

Episyrphus balteatus larva

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13

Migrant hoverfly

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Parasitic wasp

Lysiphlebus testaceipes adult

Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

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Parasitic wasp

Lysiphlebus testaceipes mummy

Peach potato aphid Myzus persicae

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Predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult

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Plum aphid

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Predatory gall midge

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Glasshouse potato aphid Grain aphid Green bug

Lettuce root aphid

Aulacorthum solani

Pemphigus bursarius

Mealy cabbage aphid

Brevicoryne brassicae

Hyalopterus pruni

Potato aphid

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Rose grain aphid

Metopolophium dirhodum

Rosy apple aphid

Dysaphis plantaginea

Willow carrot aphid


Cavariella aegopodii

Eupeodes corollae

Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva

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Aphis pomi Apple aphid

Dark head

Black cauda and siphunculi

Legs and antennae pale with black tips

Body colour green or yellow-green Dark head

Main crops attacked: apple Remarks: specific Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.2-2.2 mm

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Rhopalosiphum padi Bird cherry oat aphid

Red area at base of siphunculi and cauda

Antennae short, not reaching base of siphunculi

Body colour brown-green shape oval Apterae have a coating of wax

Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks specific to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV) potatoes (can spread PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.4 mm


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Aphis fabae Black bean aphid

Antennae pale yellow with black tip

Siphunculi black with paler cauda

Legs pale yellow with black tarsus

Body colour matt black often with white wax markings

Main crops attacked: beans, sugar beet Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, bean (BLVR, BYMV), pea (PEMV), beet (BYV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3 mm


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Hyperomyzus lactucae Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid

Long pale antennae Faint green line on upper abdomen

Prominent fingershaped cauda

Green line on upper abdomen

Main crops attacked: currants, potato, lettuce Damage: direct feeding, potato (PVY) Size of apterae: 2.0-3.2 mm

© Blackthorn Arable Ltd.


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Aphis nasturtii Buckthorn potato aphid

Antennae approx. half body length

Pale siphunculi

Body colour yellow-green, no dark bands and no wax powder

Main crops attacked: potato, beet, lettuce, sunflower Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA) Size of apterae: 1.1-2.4 mm




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Aphis gossypii Cotton aphid

Antennae pale yellow with dark tip

Siphunculi black with paler cauda

Legs pale yellow with dark femur tip and tarsus

Body colour variable, from black to light-green Dark grey or green patches

Major crops attacked: cucurbits Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, cucurbits & ornamentals (several viruses) Size of apterae: 0.9-1.8 mm


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Nasonovia ribis-nigri Currant lettuce aphid

Antennae long

Siphunculi with dark tip

Transverse dark marks

Body shiny. Pale yellow, green or red With transverse dark marks on abdomen

Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: specific to lettuce Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.3-2.7 mm


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Aulacorthum solani Glasshouse potato aphid

Pale siphunculi with dark tips

Green or red patch at base of siphunculi

Long antennae

Body colour green, pear-shaped

Main crops attacked: potato, glasshouse ornamentals Damage: potato (PLRV – poor transmission), beet (BYV), cucumber (CMV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3.0 mm




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Sitobion avenae Grain aphid

Siphunculi long and black

Cauda 3/4 the length of siphunculi Antennae uniformly dark

Body colour variable: yellow green-dark brown

Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specific to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 1.3-3.3 mm


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Schizaphis graminum Green bug

Antennae dark, not reaching base of siphunculi

Dark green dorsal longitudinal band Siphunculi paler than body with black tip, half as long as distance between their bases

Body colour apple-green, oval

Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specific Damage: cereals (BYDV) Size of apterae: 1.3-2.1 mm


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Pemphigus bursarius Lettuce root aphid

No siphunculi

Surrounded by white waxy residue

Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: found on the roots of lettuce Damage: direct feeding, lettuce (LMV) Size of apterae: 2.0-2.2 mm




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Brevicoryne brassicae Mealy cabbage aphid

Siphunculi short and dark

Cauda broad and triangular

Body colour green covered with white-greyish waxy powder

Main crops attacked: brassicae Remarks: specific to brassicae Damage: direct feeding, brassicas (TuMV, CaMV) Size of apterae: 1.9-2.7 mm


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Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid

Long legs Red eyes

Long cauda Long and slender siphunculi

Main crops attacked: peas, alfalfa Damage: bean (BLRV), pea (PEMV, PSbMV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 2-5 mm




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Myzus persicae Peach potato aphid

Siphunculi and cauda light green

Long convergent siphunculi with dark tip

Body colour light green, sometimes pink or red Sometimes with dark green longitudinal bands

Main crops attacked: potatoes, sugar beet, lettuce, brassicas and legumes Remarks: polyphagous Damage: brassicas (TuYV, CaMV), beet (BYV, BMYV, BChV), potato (PLRV, PVA, PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.3 mm


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Hyalopterus pruni Plum aphid

Body shape elongate

Siphunculi small and thin, shorter than cauda

Body colour pale blue green with green areas covered with white waxy powder

Main crops attacked: plum Remarks: specific to plum Damage: direct feeding, plum (plum pox virus – weak transmission) Size of apterae: 1.5-2.6 mm


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Macrosiphum euphorbiae Potato aphid

Red eyes

Long pointed siphunculi

Body colour green, sometimes pink or yellow Body rather large, spindle-shaped

Main crops attacked: rose, potato Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA), beet (BYV, BMYV) Size of apterae: 2.0-4.0 mm


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Metopolophium dirhodum Rose grain aphid

Dark dorsal longitudinal band

Antennae with dark tip on each segment, extending beyond base of pale siphunculi

Body colour yellow-green to pink

Main crops attacked: cereals, maize Remarks: specific Damage: cereals (BYDV – other more important vectors), maize (MMV) Size of apterae: 1.6-2.9 mm


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Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid

Siphunculi dark, 3 to 4 times as long as cauda

Antennae reaching the base of siphunculi

Aptera form colonies in crumpled leaves Body colour dull pink to grey, covered with white-grey wax Globe shaped

Main crops attacked: apples Remarks: specific to apples Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 2.1-2.6 mm


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Cavariella aegopodii Willow carrot aphid

Antennae less than half the body length

Supracaudal gives impression of two ‘tails’

Body elongate and slightly flattened

Main crops attacked: carrot, celery, fennel Damage: direct feeding, carrot (motley dwarf ), parsnip (yellow fleck, PMV), celery (CeMV) Size of apterae: 1.5-2.8 mm




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Propylea 14-punctata

14-spot ladybird

Head yellow with black anterior side

Thorax yellow with several black spots

Elytra yellow with 14 spots (sometimes fused)

Insects 3.5-4.5 mm in length


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Coccinella septempunctata adult

7-spot ladybird

Thorax black with 2 white rectangular spots on the front corners

Head black with two white spots Elytra with 6 spots. Additional spot behind head.

Insects 7-8 mm in length Sides of elytra rounded


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Coccinella septempunctata larva

7-spot ladybird

Prominent tubercles bearing hairs

Long and prominent legs Orange spots on prothorax and abdomen

Insects up to 7 mm, with body shape resembling tiny alligators Body segmented Black or dark grey


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Adonia variegata Adonis ladybird

Red elytra with 7 or more black spots

Thorax black with white edges Sides of elytra parallel

Insects 4-4.5 mm in length


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Chrysoperla carnea adult

Green lacewing

Long and threadlike antennae

Golden eyes

Head without black spots, at least on its upper part Green insect with transparent wings

27-29 mm in length, with golden eyes


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Chrysoperla carnea larva

Green lacewing

Two dark lines on head, without central dark spot Pincer like mandibles

Three pairs of prominent legs

Shape of body resembling small alligators Body colour pale white with brown or red areas


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Scymnus spp. adult

Lady beetle

Body shape rounded

Covered with small hairs

Very small insects, 1 to 2.5 mm in length Body colour brown or with black and brown areas


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Scymnus spp. larva

Lady beetle

Wax secretions arranged in regular rows

Head capsule

3 pairs of legs

Body covered with white wax secretions Wax secretions short or long and irregular


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Episyrphus balteatus adult

Marmalade hoverfly

Wings transparent, with spurious vein in the middle of wing Thorax black

Abdomen with narrow and wide black bands


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Episyrphus balteatus larva

Marmalade hoverfly

Anterior part of body tapering and without cephalic capsule

Cylindrical, legless and up to 1 cm in length

Two prominent organs on posterior part of body

Yellow white colour Transparent body No head capsule Tapering anterior body


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Eupeodes corollae

Migrant hoverfly

Transparent wings, with spurious vein in the middle of wing

Black abdomen with yellow spots (may meet in the middle in males)


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Lysiphlebus testaceipes adult

Parasitic wasp

13 to 16 antennal segments

Black pterostigma present in forewings

Black or brown insects less than 3.5 mm in length Less than 3 closed cells on forewings


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Lisyphlebus testaceipes mummy

Parasitic wasp

Aphid swollen and with spherical shape

Bronze, brown or clear in colour Hardened body with papery texture Attached to leaf


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Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult


Antennae with 14 segments, bilobate in males and cylindrical in females eyes touching above head

Wings with 3 veins reaching the wing border

Insects of 1-3 mm and aspect of mosquitos Long legs, with first tarsal segment much shorter than second


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Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva


Tapering anterior body and no cephalic capsule

Without legs

Small, 1-3 mm in length Bright orange in colour Slug-like


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Aphid Guide – Glossary Antennae – Segmented sensory appendages on the head of the insect

BYDV – Barley yellow dwarf virus

Apterae – Wingless adults

BLVR – Bean leaf roll virus

Bilobate – two lobes

BYMV – Bean yellow mosaic virus

Cauda – tail-like structure

PEMV – Pea enation mosaic virus

Cephalic capsule – helmet-like structure covering head

BYV – Beet yellows virus

Elytra – wing case

PVY – Potato virus Y

Femur – the ‘thigh’ segment near the body of the insect

PVA – Potato virus A

Forewings – front pair of wings

PLRV – Potato leaf roll virus

Mandibles – paired appendages at insects mouths

CMV – Cucumber mosaic virus

Prothroax – foremost segment of thorax

LMV – Lettuce mosaic virus

Pterostigma – obvious coloured or darkened cell in wing membrane

TuMV – Turnip mosaic virus

Siphunculi – tubular organs on the back of insect

CaMV – Cauliflower mosaic virus

Spurious vein – vein like thickening of the wing membrane

PSbMV – Pea seed borne mosaic virus

Supracaudal process – Additional tail-like structure above the cauda

BMYV – Beet mild yellowing virus

Tarsal segment –paired hook structure projecting from tarsus

BChV – Beet chlorosis virus

Tarsus – segment at the end of the leg

MMV – Maize mosaic virus

Tergites – hardened dorsal structure

PMV – Parsnip mosaic virus

Terminal process – tip segment of antennae

CeMV – Celery mosaic virus

Thorax – segment located between neck and abdomen Tibia – the ‘calf’ segment of the leg Tubercles – round protruberance


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