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Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D Email: [email protected] License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | 2014

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D Email: [email protected] License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | 2014

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction 2. Registering Domain Names 3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction 1.1. Technical Aspects 1.2. Who? + What? 1.3. Some Financial Aspects

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction 1.1. Technical Aspects 1.2. Who? + What? 1.3. Some Financial Aspects

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction > 1.1. Technical Aspects

polyu

.edu

.hk

Subdomain

Second Level Domain

Top Level Domain (TLD)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction > 1.1. Technical Aspects

ROOT

gTLDs Generic Top Level Domains

sTLDs Sponsored Top Level Domains

ccTLDs

New TLDs

,com, .net, ,org, .biz, .info, etc.

.aero, .jobs, .museu m, .post, etc.

.hk, .cn, .jp, .eu, .us, etc.

.christmas, .cool, ….luxury, .solar, etc.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction > 1.1. Technical Aspects

Internationalized Top Level Domains (ITLDs) Chinese

.中国, .中國 .台灣 .台湾

Thai

.ไทย

Arabic

‫فلسطني‬.

Cyrillic

.рф

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction 1.2. Who? + What?

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction > 1.2 Who? + What?

gTLDs .com

sTLDs .asia

ccTLDs .hk or .香港

Registry: Verisign

Registry : DotAsia

Registry : HKIRC

Registrars accredited by ICANN

Registrars accredited by ICANN

Registrars accredited by HKIRC

Owner of .com domain name

Owner of a .asia domain name

Owner of .hk domain name

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction 1.3. Some Financial Aspects

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

1. Introduction > 1.3. Some Financial Aspects

Domain Name

Selling Price (USD)

Toys.com

5.100.000

Fund.com

9.999.950

Business.com

7.500.000

Fb,com

8.000.000

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

2. Registering Domain Names 2.1. Registering a DN under a gTLD 2.2. Registering a DN under a ccTLD 2.2.1. Registering a .cn, .中国, .公司 or .网络 2.2.2. Registering a .hk or . 香港

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

2. Registering Domain Names 2.1. Registering a DN under a gTLD 2.2. Registering a DN under a ccTLD .com, .net, .org, .info, .biz, etc. 2.2.1. Registrering a .cn, .中国, .公司 or .网络 2.2.2. a .hk or . 香港 •  FirstRegistering come, first served •  No requirements •  Limitations •  Technical limitations •  List of ICANN accredited registrars (ì)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

2. Registering Domain Names 2.2. Registering a DN under a ccTLD 2.2.1. Registering a .cn, .中国, .公司 or .网络 2.2.2. Registering a .hk or . 香港

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

2. Registering Domain Names 2.2. Registering a DN under a ccTLD 2.2.1. Registering a .cn, .中国, .公司 or .网络 2.2.2. Registering a .hk or . 香港

China Internet Domain Name Regulations, Chapter 3 (ì) •  First come, first served (article 24) •  No requirements •  Limitations (other than technical) •  Article 27: national security, public order, etc.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

2. Registering Domain Names 2.2. Registering a DN under a ccTLD 2.2.2. Registering a .hk or . 香港 HKIRC Registration Policies (ì) •  Second level (name.hk) •  First come, first served •  No requirements (article 3.4.) •  Limitations (other than technical) •  Common surnames (ì) •  Other levels (idv.hk / . .hk / . . , .com.hk/.公 司.hk / .公司. 香港, etc.) •  Specific requirements (articles 3.5 to 3.10)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.1. Background 3.2. The Judicial Way 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.1. Background

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.1. Background

1994

Transfer of the domain name to McDonald's in return for a $3,500 donation to an elementary school

McDonalds.com

2013 : McDonald’s makes an application to register the TLD .mcdonalds

[email protected]

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.1. Background

Domaining

Cybersquatting / Typosquatting

The practice of registering or acquiring domain names (generic words, words from the dictionary, etc.), with the intent of selling them for a profit

Registering and/or using with bad faith a domain name which is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark in which a third party has rights, with the intent to benefit from it

✔ Legal

✖ Illegal

Coffee.com

cafedecoral.hk / cafedecarol.hk

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.1. Background

Trademarks owners v. Domain Names owners Two types of cases Abuse of trademark rights

Abuse of the domain names registration system

(reverse domain name hijacking)

(cybersquatting / typosquatting)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.2. The Judicial Way 3.2.1. European Union 3.2.2. United States 3.2.3. People’s Republic of China 3.2.4. Hong Kong SAR 3.2.5. + and – of the Judicial Systems

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.2. The Judicial Way > 3.2.5. + and – of the judicial systems

+

-

Courts have a large competence (can resolve contractual, tort and criminal matters)

Slow

Courts can grant legal costs and damages

Expensive

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way 3.3.1. UDRP 3.3.2. Expansion of the UDRP Model 3.3.3. cnDRP 3.3.4. hkDRP 3.3.5. New gTLDS 3.3.6. + and – of the Extra-Judicial Way

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way 3.3.1. UDRP

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP

3.3.1.1. How does it work? 3.3.1.2. Who? + What? 3.3.1.3. What is the legal nature of the UDRP? 3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint 3.3.1.5. Replying to UDRP a Complaint 3.3.1.6. Outcome 3.3.1.7. Main procedural aspects

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.1. How does it work?

Accreditation agreements Accreditation agreements

Registry Notification of the decision to the registrar Registrar

Registration Agreement containing the UDRP clause

Owner of the domain name and respondent in the UDRP proceedings

UDRP Principles and Rules (included in the registration contract)

Unilateral dispute resolution clause with an erga omnes effect

UDRP decision: status quo, transfer or cancellation of the domain name

Choice of neutral(s) Panelist(s) - 1 or 3

Acceptance of the offer to resolve the dispute via the UDRP system

Choice of an ADR service provider among those approved by ICANN

Alternative Dispute Resolution Service Providers (there are 5)

Owner of a trademark and claimant in the UDRP proceedings

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.2. Who? + What?

3.3.1.2. Who? + What? Registrant

• 

Owner of the domain name, respondent in the proceedings (see also: WhoIs)

Registrars

•  • 

• 

Registrars are accredited by the ICANN; Registrars domain names registration contracts (contracts between the registrar and the owner of the domain name; the UDRP must be included in these contracts); Registrars enforce the decisions rendered by panelists.

Alternative Dispute Resolution Service Providers (ADRSP)

•  • 

Administer the cases; When parties disagree, ADRSP nominate panelists.

Panelist(s) / 1 or 3

•  • 

Nominated by the parties and/or by the ADRSP; Render a decision.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.2. Who? + What?

3.3.1.2. Who? + What? List of Approved Alternative Dispute Resolution Service Providers (ADRSP) (ì) ADNDRC

Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Center

NAF

National Arbitration Forum

AMC-WIPO

Arbitration and Mediation Center of the World Intellectual Property Organization

CAC

Czech Arbitration Court, Center for Internet Disputes

ACDR

Arab Center for Domain Names Dispute Resolution

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.2. Who? + What?

3.3.1.2. Who? + What?

List of ICANN Accredited Registrars (ì) 1007 registrars (10 March 2014)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.3. Legal nature

3.3.1.3. What is the legal nature of the UDRP?

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanism?

Yes: outside the courts

Arbitration?

No: the parties still have the possibility to choose to resolve the dispute before the courts

Mediation?

No: the panelist(s) render a decision that may change the legal situation of the parties as to the ownership of the domain name

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint

3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint •  Choice of the dispute resolution provider •  Using the appropriate online form (ì)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Source: WIPO

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint

3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint •  Main requirements to win the case (UDRP Policy, article 4.a) •  Complainant must prove that: •  the complainant has a previous trademark; and •  the disputed domain name is identical or confusingly similar to this trademark; and •  the owner of the domain names has no right or legitimate interest in respect to this domain name; and •  The owner has registered and is using the disputed domain name in bad faith.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint

The list provided by Article 4b UDRP is not exhaustive

3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint •  How to prove bad faith? (for examples, see UDRP Policy, article 4b): •  The owner of the domain name (respondent): •  registered or acquired the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant or to a competitor for valuable consideration; •  Example: V Azteca S.A.B. de C.V. v. Johny Romero (aka Johny Alfonso Romero Rocha)/ Total Play Inc., WIPO D2012-2533 (mitotalplay.com.co, total-play.com.co and totalplay.com.co) (ì) - The respondent offered the domain names for USD50.000

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint

The list provided by Article 4b UDRP is not exhaustive

3.3.1.4. Filing a UDRP Complaint •  How to prove bad faith? (for examples, see UDRP Policy, article 4b): •  The owner of the domain name (respondent): •  attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to his/ her/its website or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of your web site or location or of a product or service on your web site or location; •  Example: LEGO Juris A/S v. Richard Larkins Sets&Reps, D2012-1024 (several domain names containing “lego” (ì) – Pay-perclick webpage

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Passive holding

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint

3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint •  Using the appropriate online form (ì)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Source: WIPO

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint

3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint •  Main requirements to win the case (UDRP Policy, article 4b a contrario) •  Respondent must prove: •  the complainant does not have a previous trademark; or •  the domain name is not identical or confusingly similar to the complainant’s trademark; or •  the respondent has a right or a legitimate interest in respect to the disputed domain name; or •  the respondent has registered or is using the disputed domain name in good faith

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint

The list provided by Article 4c UDRP is not exhaustive

3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint •  How to prove a right or legitimate interest? (for examples, see UDRP Policy, article 4c) •  The owner of the domain name (respondent): •  Has used of, or show demonstrable preparations to use, the domain name or a name corresponding to the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services; •  Is commonly known by the domain name, even if you have acquired no trademark or service mark rights; •  Is making a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue; •  etc.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint

The list provided by Article 4c UDRP is not exhaustive

3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint •  How to prove a right or legitimate interest? (for examples, see UDRP Policy, article 4c) •  The owner of the domain name (respondent): •  Is commonly known by the domain name, even if you have acquired no trademark or service mark rights •  Example: G. A. Modefine S.A. v. A.R. Mani, WIPO D2001-0537 (armani.com)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint

The list provided by Article 4c UDRP is not exhaustive

3.3.1.5. Replying to a UDRP Complaint •  The respondent Is making a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue: •  The respondent owns a trademark •  The domain name is a generic word •  Freedom of expression •  Fan websites •  Criticism websites

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.6. Outcome

3.3.1.6. Outcome •  Status quo (complaint denied; respondent wins) •  Transfer of the domain name (complainant wins) •  Cancellation of the domain name (complainant wins) •  No damages •  No legal costs

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.6. Main procedural aspects

3.3.1.6. Main procedural aspects •  Time (about a month) •  Language of the procedure (UDRP Rules, article 11) •  General rule: the language of the registration contract (contract between the registrar and the owner of the domain name) •  Exceptions •  See, i.e. 1Verge Internet Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. v. MARY HANSEN/ WhoIsGuard, Inc., WIPO D2013-2207 (fuckyouku.com)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.6. Main procedural aspects

3.3.2. Expansion of the UDRP Model •  UDRP = great success •  UDRP model adopted by a large number of registries (gTLDs registries and ccTLDs registries)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.6. Main procedural aspects

3.3.2. Expansion of the UDRP Model •  IANA Root Database (ì)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.6. Main procedural aspects

3.3.2. Expansion of the UDRP Model •  Potentially one dispute resolution system for each TLD .com, .net, .info, .org, .tv, .co, etc.

UDRP

.us (USA)

usDRP

.in (India)

inDRP

.ca

caDRP

.ru and .рф (Russia)

No DRP

.de (Germany)

No DRP

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.1. UDRP > 3.3.1.6. Main procedural aspects

3.3.2. Expansion of the UDRP Model •  How can we know whether a dispute resolution system exists for a specific TLD?

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

First tip

Second tip

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way 3.3.3. cnDRP (specificities)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.3. cnDRP (specificities)

•  For the complainant to succeed (cnDRP Policy, article 8): •  The disputed domain name is identical with or confusingly similar to the Complainant's name or mark in which the Complainant has civil rights or interests; and •  The disputed domain name holder has no right or legitimate interest in respect of the domain name or major part of the domain name; and •  The disputed domain name holder has registered or has been using the domain name in bad faith.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.3. cnDRP (specificities)

•  For the respondent to succeed (cnDRP Policy, article 10): •  The complainant has no trademark rights; or •  Respondent’s use of the domain name or a name corresponding to the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services; or •  You have been commonly known by the domain name, even if you have acquired no trademark or service mark rights; or •  You are making a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent of or commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.3. cnDRP (specificities)

•  Time limit: •  cnDRP Policy, article 2: “the Dispute Resolution Service Providers do not accept the Complaint regarding domain names with registration term of over two years.” •  Language: •  cnDRP Policy, article 6: “the language of the domain name dispute resolution proceedings shall be Chinese, unless otherwise agreed by the parties or determined by the Panel.”

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way 3.3.4. hkDRP

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.4. hkDRP (specificities)

•  For the complainant to succeed (hkDRP Policy, Article 4a) i. 

the Registrant’s Domain Name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in Hong Kong in which the Complainant has rights; and ii.  the Registrant has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the Domain Name; and iii.  the Registrant’s Domain Name has been registered and is being used in bad faith, and iv.  if the Domain Name is registered by an individual person, the Registrant does not meet the registration requirements for that individual category of Domain Name.

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes > 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way > 3.3.4. hkDRP (specificities)

•  Language (hkDRP Rules, Article 11) “Unless otherwise agreed by the Parties, the language of the arbitration proceedings shall be in English for English .hk domain name, and in Chinese for Chinese .hk domain name or .香港 domain name, subject always to the authority of the Arbitration Panel to determine otherwise, having regard to all the circumstances of the arbitration proceeding”

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way 3.3.5. New gTLDs

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way 3.3.5. New gTLDs

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

3. Resolving Domain Names Disputes 3.3. The Extra-Judicial Way 3.3.6. + and – +

-

Cheap

Panelists have a narrow competence (cannot resolve contractual, tort and criminal matters)

Fast (from 15 to 54 days)

Panelists cannot grant legal costs and damages

Online (no hearings, unless panelists decide such hearings are necessary)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

? Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

Case study 1 Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Sammsung.com

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Samsungdigital.com

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Samsungdigital.com

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Samsungdigital.com

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

Two disputed domain names •  Sammsung.com •  Samsungdigital.com

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

WhoIs the owner of Sammsung.com ?

WhoIs the owner of Sammsung.com ?

Contact the Registrar / Registrars have the duty to disclove the id of the registrant

{ Registrant = owner of the domain name

Private whois = Confidentiality

WhoIs the owner of Samsungdigital.com ?

WhoIs the owner of Samsungdigital.com ?

Contact the Registrar / Registrars have the duty to disclove the id of the registrant

{ Registrant = owner of the domain name

Private whois = Confidentiality

Use of the domain name sammsung.com (1)

BAD FAITH AUCTION

Use of the domain name sammsung.com (2)

Sammsung.com forwarded to samsungdigital.com

Use of the two domain names

Pay-per-click webpage / BAD FAITH

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

Where to find extra-judicial decisions?

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

WIPO Database

Legal Aspects of E-Commerce ⑥  Trademarks in Cyberspace (part 2) (14 March 2014)

© Dr. Emmanuel GILLET

WIPO Overview of WIPO Panel Views on Selected UDRP Questions, Second Edition ("WIPO Overview 2.0")

Legal Aspects of E-Commerce

⑥  Trademarks in Cyberspace (part 2) (14 March 2014)

Source: WIPO

© Dr. Emmanuel GILLET

National Arbitration Forum Database

Legal Aspects of E-Commerce ⑥  Trademarks in Cyberspace (part 2) (14 March 2014)

© Dr. Emmanuel GILLET

ADNDRC – HKIAC Database

Legal Aspects of E-Commerce ⑥  Trademarks in Cyberspace (part 2) (14 March 2014)

© Dr. Emmanuel GILLET

Trademark Law and Cyberspace #2: Domain Name System

Case study 2 “Fan Xiao and Hàrmes” (inspired from Shang Xia and Hermès)

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | [email protected] | 14 March 2014, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Emmanuel GILLET, Ph D Email: [email protected] License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | 2014