1
INDIA 2020 A Vision for the New Millennium
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam With
Y.S. Rajan
PENGUIN BOOKS
2
PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the penguin group Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014,USA Penguin Group (Canada), 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin, Ireland,25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland(a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Group (NZ), cnr Airborne and Rosedale Road, Albany, Auckland 1310, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Group (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
First published in Viking by Penguin Books India 1998 Published by Penguin Books 2002 Copyright @ A.P.J. Kalam and Y.S. Rajan 1998 All rights reserved 15 14 13 12 Typeset in Nebraska by SURYA, New Delhi Printed at Chaman Offset Printers, New Delhi
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by any way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the abovementioned publisher of this book.
3
After one of his talks delivered by Dr Kalam, a tenyearold girl came up to him for his autograph. ‘What is your ambition?’ he asked her. ‘I want to live in a developed India,’ she replied without hesitation. This book is dedicated to her and the millions of Indians who share her aspiration.
4
If those who think to achieve, Have a firm and focused mind, They will realize what they thought of, And even as they have thought of. Thirukkural
5 Contents Acknowledgements
vi
Preface
vii
1. Can India Become a Developed Country?
10
2. What other countries Envision for Themselves
31
3. Evoultion of Technology Vision 2020
49
4. Food, Agriculture and Processing
61
5. Materials and the Future
83
6. Chemicals Industries and Our Biological Wealth
110
7. Manufacturing for the future
129
8. Services As People’s Wealth
143
9. Strategic Industries
170
10. Health Care for All
196
11. The Enabling Infrastructure
217
12. Realizing the Vision
240
Afterword
250
Appendix
264
References and further reading
266
6 Acknowledgements In writing this book, our ideas have been shaped by several hundred Indianssome very well known. Each interaction enriched our experience and added a new dimension to understanding India’s developmental needs and actions required. It is difficult to list every name. First and foremost, we are thankful to the Chairpersons and Cochairpersons