Aug 9, 2016 - marriage official, marriage registrar. أذ٠ÊuÄun n. f. |pl. آذا٠ÊÄÄÄn| ...... Êabxal| sting
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Quick Look-up Table: Find the first radical along the top of the table and the second radical on the left side to pinpoint a word’s location in the dictionary quickly. ي و ه ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ضص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ء 23 41 47 53 67 88 100 110 114 130 136 155 168 179 185 193 195 221 228 241 258 270 280 295 314 324 341 24 41 47 53 67 88 100 110 115 130 136 155 168 179 185 193 195 221 24
67 88
24
53 68
24 42
116 100
68 89 100
24 42
53
138 156
196
117 130 139 156
179
196
118 130 140 157 169 179 186
25 42
241 259 271
295 314 324 341
196 221 228 243 260 272 282 296 315 324 341
117
89 100 110 118 130 141 157 170 180
260 272 282 296 229
325
272 283 297 315 325
230 243 261 272 283 297
327 341
230
328 341
273 283 298
25
47 54 69 89
119
141 157 170
197 221 230 243 261 273 283 298 316 328 341
27
55 70 89
119
142 157
199 221 230 245 261 273 284 299 316
130 142 157 171 180 186 193 200 221 230 245 261
30
56 74 90 103
119
30 43
57 74 91 103
119
31 43
58 76 91 103
120
31
58 76 91
121
31
77 92
121
31
77 92
121
32
78
187 160
203 223 233 247 262 274 286 300 318 330 341 204 223 233 248 263 274 287 301 318 332 205 224 233 248
160
188
103
43
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33
58 78 93 103 79
122 131
34 44 48
80
235
104 111 124 131 146 162
334
304
334 335
263 274 289 305
335
122 131 144 161 173 182 188 193 207 224 188
274 288 303
235 251 263 274 288 305
161 172 181 188
104 110 123 131 145 162 174
34 44 48 58 80 94 104 111
207
263
251 263 275
305 319 335 342
207
236
275 289 307
209
236
276 289 309 319 338
131 146 163 174 182 188 193 209 225 237 252 264
44 49 59 82 96 105 112 125 132 148 163 175 182 190
289
212 225 238 253 265 276
63
106 112 126 132 150 164 176 183 190 193 216
336 342
319 338 309 319 339 342
36 45 50 62 84 97 106 112 126 132 149 164 175 183 190 193 214 226 238 254 266 277 291 37
332
288 303 319 333
206 224 235 250
103 110 121 131 143 160 172 181 188
33 44 47
274 287 302
206 224 234 249
143 160
32 43 47 58 58
284 299 317 329
202 223 233 247 262 273 286 299 318 330
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27 42 47 55 71 89 101 110
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ء ب2 ت2 ث3 ج4 ح خ4 د5 ذ6 ر7 ز8 س9 ش10 ص10 ض ط10 ظ ع غ10 ف10 ق11 ك11 ل11 م14 ن17 ه19 و20 ي21
321
238 254 267 277 293 309
342 339 342
37 45 51 64 84 98 106 112 126 133 150 165 176 183 190
216 226 238 255 267 277 293 311 321
38 46 52 66 86 98 108 113 128 134 154 166 177 183 191
219 226 239 257 269 278 294 312 322 340
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Lingualism
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Arabic Learner’s Dictionary
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Arabic-English
Matthew Aldrich
© 2013 by Matthew Aldrich The author’s moral rights have been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. paperback: ISBN-10: 0985816023 website: www.lingualism.com
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photo and illustration credits: © Vasyl Torous/123rf.com (cover art)© Konstantinos Michail/123rf.com (p. 6),© pavalena/123rf.com (p. 8),© JOAT/shutterstock.com (p. 13),© pavalena/123rf.com (p. 15),© Paul Prescott/123rf.com (p. 16),© takepicsforfun/123rf.com (p. 24),© pavalena/123rf.com (p. 25),© dayzeren/123rf.com (p. 27),© Alan Lucas/123rf.com (p. 28),© Serdar Başak/123rf.com (p. 30),© Hend Khaled (p. 43),© pavalena/123rf.com (p. 45),© Amr Tamimi (p. 48),© Hend Khaled (p. 49),© Hend Khaled (p. 50),© Cathy Yeulet/123rf.com (p. 51),© Serdar Duran/123rf.com (p. 53), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 57), © Styve Reineck/shutterstock.com (p. 58), © Pius Lee/123rf.com (p. 59), © Michele Alfieri/123rf.com (p. 62), © OvidiuMihai Dancaescu/123rf.com (p. 68), © Philip Lange/123rf.com (p. 71), © Aidar Ayazbayev/123rf.com (p. 74), © Jasmin Merdan/123rf.com (p. 74), © Luisa Puccini/123rf.com (p. 84), © Mamoud Rahall/123rf.com (p. 95), © jackmalipan/123rf.com (p. 96), © Amr Tamimi (p. 97), © Vladimir Krovyakov/123rf.com (p. 101), © Pauliene Wessel/123rf.com (p. 102), © sophiejames/123rf.com (p. 105), © Saidin B Jusoh/123rf.com (p. 109), © Hend Khaled (p. 116), © Hend Khaled (p. 124), © Dudarev Mikhail/shutterstock.com (p. 124), © dbajurin/123rf.com (p. 128), © Wael Khalil Alfuzai/123rf.com (p. 128), © M. Aldrich (p. 132), © Mohamed Osama/123rf.com (p. 137), © Hend Khaled (p. 137), © Manuel Perez Medina/123rf.com (p. 138), © Tomas Hajek/123rf.com (p. 139), © ZouZou/shutterstock.com (p. 139), © Muharrem Zengin/123rf.com (p.140), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 144), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 151), © Steve Allen/123rf.com (p. 152), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 152), © Jasmin Merdan/123rf.com (p. 153), © Wojciech Przybylski/123rf.com (p. 155), © HONGQI ZHANG/123rf.com (p. 163), © evgenia76/123rf.com (p. 164), © jackmalipan/123rf.com (p. 167), © Ratchanida Thippayos/123rf.com (p. 169), © Amr Tamimi (p. 173), © ZouZou/shutterstock.com (p. 175), © Michele Alfieri/123rf.com (p. 176), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 177), © Peter Varga/123rf.com (p. 186), © rook76/123rf.com (p. 186), © Zubaida Abdallah/123rf.com (p. 189), © M. Aldrich (p. 195), public domain (p. 200), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 202), © Dudarev Mikhail/shutterstock.com (p. 204), © M. Aldrich (p. 205), © Anna Yakimova/123rf.com (p. 214), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 214), © David Hughes/123rf.com (p. 217), © jackmalipan/123rf.com (p. 219), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 222), © Akhilesh Sharma/123rf.com (p. 237), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 237), © jackmalipan/123rf.com (p. 239), © jvdwolf/123rf.com (p. 241), © ronen/123rf.com (p. 242), © Irina Belousa/123rf.com (p. 243), © Nikolay Neveshkin/123rf.com (p. 246), © Karol Kozlowski/123rf.com (p. 248), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 250), © M. Aldrich (p. 253), public domain (p. 255), © jackmalipan/123rf.com (p. 255), © Vladimir Blinov/123rf.com (p. 258), © Jasmin Merdan/123rf.com (p. 263), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 267), © Engin Korkmaz/123rf.com (p. 268), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 273), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 279), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 288), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 294), © Oguz Dikbakan/123rf.com (p. 296), © ttatty/123rf.com (p. 296), © Aidar Ayazbayev/123rf.com (p. 297), © Sastyphotos/123rf.com (p. 301), © Michele Alfieri/123rf.com (p. 308), © NASA (p. 316), © Mohamed Elsayyed/123rf.com (p. 319), © Pius Lee/123rf.com (p. 323), © Patrick Guenette/123rf.com (p. 325), © Francesco Gustincich/123rf.com (p. 328), © Sadik Gules/123rf.com (p. 334), © pavalena/123rf.com (p. 343)
Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................. ii Using the Dictionary......................................................................................................... iii The Order of Entries ...................................................................................................... iii Dots, Squares, Diamonds, and Lines ...............................................................................v The Applicability of Information.....................................................................................v Nouns ............................................................................................................................ vi Verbs ............................................................................................................................ vii
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Adjectives.................................................................................................................... viii Pronunciation ................................................................................................................... ix Consonants.................................................................................................................... ix Vowels........................................................................................................................... xi
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Labels, Terms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................... xii Q & A .............................................................................................................................. xiv
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The Dictionary ................................................................................................................... 1 Notes ............................................................................................................................ 344 Difficult to Find Roots ................................................................................................... 347 Modern Standard Arabic Verbs ..................................................................................... 359
i | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Preface The Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary has been specifically designed for learners of Modern Standard Arabic. It presents the language from a descriptive, rather than prescriptive, standpoint as it is actually used by Arabs today. The dictionary includes recent additions to Modern Standard Arabic, as well as foreign borrowings. Care was taken to ensure that the vocabulary covered in the dictionary came from a variety of sources, including words and phrases likely to appear in learners’ Arabic course books, as well as modern literature and the media, for a total of over 17,000 Arabic words and phrases.
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One of the significant advantages of this dictionary is its user-friendliness. Although entries are arranged according to their roots, which can prove challenging for learners, various aids and strategies are presented to assist in finding the sought entry efficiently. Entries contain a wealth of information related to the headword, including plural and elative forms, conjugations, grammatical structures, compound nouns, common phrases, idioms, and proverbs, as well as example sentences when required to make the usage or meaning clear. Dozens of photos illustrate cultural and religious concepts. The dictionary also contains geographical information, including maps for each Arabic-speaking country, as well as entries for most countries, their capitals, and large cities throughout the world.
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The effort in preparing this dictionary took several years of relentless work. I wish to thank my family and friends for their patience and encouragement. I am also extremely grateful to Hend Khaled for proof-reading the dictionary, offering valuable feedback, and helping me with many of the example sentences throughout the book. Of course, any mistakes that remain are my own. Matthew Aldrich December 2013
ii | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Using the Dictionary Taking a little time to familiarize yourself with the layout of the entries will enable you to make better use of the dictionary.
The Order of Entries
①
كتبkataba v.tr. |1s3 يكتبyaktubu | كتابةkitābat|
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• write sth هto لـ, write down ◊ كتبت له رسالة . طويلةI wrote him a long letter. ▪ كتب بالحروف الالتينيةkataba bi-lɧurūfi -llātīnīyati Romanize (lit. write in Latin letters) • write, author, compose, pen t ② كتابةkitāba n.↑ • script, writing • essay, (piece of) writing كتابيkitābīy adj. • written, in writing, clerical ▪ امتحان كتابيimtiɧān kitābīy written test ▪ خطأ كتابيxaʈaʔ kitābīy clerical error ③ كاتبkātib act. part. n. |pl. كتابkuttāb| • writer, author • clerk ④ مكتوبmaktūb pass. part. n. • |pl. dip. مكاتيب makātīb| letter كتابkitāb n. |pl. كتبkutub| • book ▪ كتاب مدرسي kitāb madrasīy textbook كتيبkutayyib n. diminutive • booklet, handbook كتيبةkatībat n. |pl. dip. كتائبkatāʔib| • battalion مكتبmaktab n. |pl. dip. مكاتبmakātib| • office ▪ في المكتبfī -lmaktabati in the office ▪ مكتب بريد maktab ∙ barīd post office • desk ▪ على المكتب 3alā -lmaktabi on the desk مكتبةmaktabat n. • library • bookstore II كتبkattaba v.tr. |2s يكتبyukattibu | تكتيبtaktīb| • make write III كاتبkātaba v.tr. |3s يكاتبyukātibu | مكاتبة mukātabat| • correspond with, write letters to VI تكاتبtakātaba v.intr. |6s يتكاتبyatakātabu | تكاتبtakātub| • write to each other
Arabic dictionaries are traditionally arranged alphabetically by root, rather than by individual words. The example on this page is for the root ك ت ب. You can see that all of the entries contain words with these three radicals (consonants). Although many words contain additional vowels, prefixes or suffixes, they are all found together in a ‘word family’ in the dictionary. This is a great advantage for learners; when you look up a word, you can also learn related words and expand your vocabulary. You can see here that the root ك ت بis used to express ideas related to writing. However, you will notice that one word’s meaning may seem unrelated: ( كتيبةbattalion). This is typical of Arabic. A root may be used for more than one concept, or the logic behind the connection to the root’s basic meaning may have become obscured over time.
The order of the entries within the ‘word family’ is less standardized in the tradition of Arabic dictionaries. In this dictionary, the entries are first grouped by their measure. Within each measure, the order is ①verb ② ③ masdar active participle ④ passive participle. Any other words follow these, first those which do not have vowels inserted between the radicals, then those which do, and finally those which have a prefix: _كتب, كت_ب, ك_تب, _كتب. ‘Nisba’ adjectives (i.e. adjectives formed from a noun with the suffix ــــــ-ī) are listed as sub-entries after their respective nouns. This order is again repeated for derived verbs (measure II, III, etc.), the measure for each being clearly marked before the headword.
iii | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Note that masdars, active participles, and passive participles only have entries if they are lexicalized and require translations that cannot be predicted from the verb form. In the examples here, all three have their own entries. Otherwise, they are considered variant forms of the verb, the masdar for which is shown in the entry for the verb. The patterns for the participles can be found in the conjugation tables in the dictionary’s companion book Modern Standard Arabic Verbs. Words of foreign origin, which no not have roots, are listed in simple alphabetical order. It may not be immediately clear whether a word is root-based or not. If you cannot find a word by its root, try looking it up alphabetically. Getting to the right page quickly. With practice, and an increased understanding of Arabic morphology (word formation), looking up words by their roots will become second nature, however daunting it may seem at first. Once the three (or, in some cases, four) radicals (root consonants) are determined, those radicals can be looked up alphabetically. Each page is headed with the first radical. In addition, a very useful table can be found on the back cover of the dictionary with which you can pinpoint the page number of the first entry on which any first two radicals appear. The word that you are looking up is bound to be, if not on that page, on the following pages.
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Difficult cases. Weak roots (those which contain a وor )يpose a special difficulty, as the weak radical is often absent from a word, making it problematic to determine the full root. For such cases, an index can be found at the back of the dictionary; it lists these difficult-to-look-up words alphabetically alongside their roots. A printable PDF with additional practice in determining roots and looking up words is available at www.lingualism.com/ald
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Final words on the order of entries. Many learners of Arabic feel frustrated by the root-ordering of dictionaries. This unfamiliar approach may seem counterproductive and overly cumbersome. However, besides the point mentioned on the previous page (i.e. that there is significant pedagogical value in browsing words which belong to the same ‘word family’), there is another noteworthy advantage of having related words grouped together. Imagine, for instance, you come across تعلمand want to look it up. If you looked it up in an alphabetically-ordered dictionary under ت, you would find that تعلمta3allama, a measure V verb, means learn, or in context, he learned. However, the تــــــmight be the imperfect prefix for you or she. In that case, you would have to look up the word again under ع. You would find the measure I verb ( علم3alima know) and the measure II ( علم3allama teach) side by side. But wait, it may be a measure IV verb, in which case you would have to look it up a third time, this time under ا. You would find that أعلمʔa3lama means inform. Using a root-ordered dictionary, on the other hand, all four verbs would be found together under the root ع ل م. This example shows how the nature of Arabic makes root ordering a more sensible approach.
iv | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Instead of numbering senses, dots (•) have been used to aid in visual Dots, Squares, Diamonds, and Lines scanning. Train your eyes to jump to these dots, which are directly followed by the headword’s English translation, when you are scanning كتبkataba v.tr. |1s3 يكتبyaktubu | كتابةkitābat| over an entry. Squares (▪), likewise, • write sth هto لـ, write down ◊ كتبت له رسالة are helpful in scanning and mark . طويلةI wrote him a long letter. ▪ كتب بالحروف phrases, derived words, common i ti الالتينيةkataba bi-lɧurūf -llātīnīya Romanize (lit. expressions, idioms, and proverbs. write in Latin letters) • write, author, Example sentences and phrases are compose, pen marked with diamonds (◊). Information on verb conjugation, including the masdar, irregular plurals, elative adjectives, etc. appear bracketed between straight lines (|).
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The positioning of information in an entry shows whether it applies to all The Applicability of Information senses or only certain senses. In the entry for كتبabove, the first sense is preceded by information about the verb, meaning this information بردv. • baruda v.intr. |1s6 يبردyabrudu | برود applies to both senses in the entry. In burūd| become cold • barada v.tr. |1s3 يبرد the examples on the left, some of this yabrudu | بردbard| file (down) information is found after dots. In the entry for برد, only v. precedes the first عامل3āmil act. part. • adj. active • n. |pl. عمال sense. This means both senses in the 3ummāl or عاملون3āmilūna| laborer, worker • |pl. dip. عوامل3awāmil| factor, element entry are verbs, but that is the only commonality the two senses share. They have different pronunciations, conjugations, and masdars. Also, the first sense is an intransitive verb (v.intr.), whereas the second sense is transitive (v.tr.)—more on this later. In entry for عامل, we can see that all three senses share the same pronunciation and are active participles—more on this later, as well. The first meaning is an adjective, and because no irregular plural has been introduced yet, we can assume its plural is regular. The second meaning is a noun. It has an irregular as well as a regular plural form. The more commonly used plural is listed first. The third meaning is also a noun; to avoid unnecessary repetitions, information from the previous sense applies, unless noted otherwise. In this case, we see that this meaning requires a different plural form from that of the previous sense. In other words, the singular noun عاملcan mean either worker or factor, while their plurals are not as ambiguous.
v | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Nouns
①
حيوانɧayawān n. • animal ▪ حيوان أليفɧayawān ʔalīf pet
②
سيارةsayyārat n. • car, automobile, vehicle ▪ سيارة أجرةsayyārat ∙ ʔujrat taxi
③
بنتbint n. f. |pl. بناتbanāt| • girl • daughter
④
معلمmu3allim act. part. n. • teacher
⑤
خادمxādim act. part. n. |pl. خدامxuddām or خدم xadam| • servant, butler خادمةxādimat n. • maid
The gender of a noun is only listed when it is not predictable. ①A noun is assumed to be masculine, ②unless it ends in ـــــــــــة-at, in which case it is assumed to be feminine. ③Any nouns which deviate from this rule are labeled m. or f. ④For nouns which refer to humans, both a masculine and feminine form generally exist. The feminine is regularly formed by adding ــــــة-at to the masculine. If the translation for both is the same in English, only the masculine is listed in the dictionary. ⑤If, however, the feminine translates differently, as is the case with خادمة, it is listed as a subentry.
⑥
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If a noun’s plural is not listed, it is regular and predictable. The regular رسمrasm |pl. رسومrusūm| • drawing, plural for non-human nouns (①②) picture, illustration, painting and feminine human nouns (⑤ )خادمة ⑦ شجرšajar coll. n. |sing. شجرةšajarat | pl. أشجار is ـات-āt. For masculine human nouns (④), it is ـــــو-ūna. Irregular plurals in ʔašjār| • trees common use today are listed, the more commonly used one listed first. It is recommended that the learner always chose the first irregular plural for production, but memorize the second irregular plural for recognition. ⑥
The arrow following n. (n.↑) points to the preceding entry, which is a verb. It lets you know that the noun is also used as a masdar for that verb. A masdar is a gerund, usually formed in English by adding -ing to the verb, in this case drawing, as in ‘Drawing is fun’. or ‘I like drawing’. Both English gerunds and Arabic masdars are always singular, as they are actions, and not countable nouns. However, رسم is also used as an ordinary noun in Arabic, meaning a drawing, picture, etc, which can be made plural: رسومrusūm drawings. It therefore has its own entry. A masdar that does not double as an ordinary noun does not have its own entry; it is found in the entry for the verb only. ⑦
Entries for collective nouns (coll. n.) list both the singular and plural forms.
②
Idafa constructions (compound nouns) are preceded by squares (▪). In the pronunciation, a small dot (∙) serves to show that the two nouns are bound in an idafa construction. If the term (noun) in the construction ends in ـــــــة, it is obligatorily pronounced with -at even in pausal form and relaxed spoken style. The transcription reflects this with a full t rather than the superscript t.
vi | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Verbs
①
كسرkasara v.tr. |1s2 يكسرyaksiru | كسرkasr|
Verbs are labeled either as transitive (v.tr.) or intransitive (v.intr.). ① Transitive verbs are those which can take a direct object. ②Intransitive verbs, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object. ③
• break
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Intransitive verbs are also those which can take objects, but these u ② VII انكسرinkasara v.intr. |7s ينكسرyankasir | must be governed by a preposition, انكسارinkisār| • break, get broken which is listed after the first English u translation. It is understood that the ③ بحثbaɧaŧa v. |1s1 يبحثyabɧaŧ | بحثbaɧŧ| preposition is always required before • v.intr. search for عن, look, seek • research an object for this sense of the word, • عنv.tr. discuss sth هwith مع ④ ⑤ ⑥ regardless of which English أكلʔakala v.tr. |1s3(a) يأكلyaʔkulu | أكلʔakl| translation is preferred in the context. • eat ▪ أكل الفطورʔakala alfuʈūr eat breakfast The English translation may not ⑦ ▪ ال يؤكلlā yuʔkalu pass. v. inedible match up in transitivity with the u Arabic. For instance, the English verbs ⑧ X استطاعistaʈā3a v.tr. |10h يستطيعyastaʈī3 | search for and look for are both استطاعةistiʈā3at| • استطاع أنistaʈā3a ʔan be able intransitive, requiring the preposition to (do), can (do) ◊ . ال يستطيع الجريHe can't run. ◊ هل تستطيع أن تتحدث اللغة اإلنجليزية؟Can you for, while seek is transitive. Notice speak English? also that for does not follow the translation look in this entry, as a speaker of English would already know to add the preposition for after look. In the second sense of this entry, the English translation research is transitive, but the Arabic requires the preposition عنfor this sense, as well. The third sense is transitive in Arabic, allowing a direct object. For example, يبحثوا عنهcould mean they are looking for it or they are researching it—which should be obvious from the surrounding context— while ي ب ح ثوه, having a direct object, is transitive and must be the third sense, translating they’re discussing it. Verb entries contain information in line brackets about a verb’s conjugation. ④First listed is the table which models the verb’s conjugation; the tables can be found in the dictionary’s companion book Modern Standard Arabic Verbs (➥ p. 359).⑤This is followed by the third-person masculine singular imperfect indicative verb form.⑥Finally the masdar is given. ⑦
The imperfect indicative passive verb would literally translate it is not eaten, but is better translated as the English adjective inedible. Some verb entries contain phrases with أ. The sukūn is written to distinguish it from أ. Unless noted, it can be assumed that أis followed by a subjunctive verb. In most cases, it can also be replaced with a definite masdar, as shown in the phrase’s first example.
⑧
vii | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
①
Adjectives
①
جميلjamīl adj. |elat. أجملʔajmal| • beautiful, handsome ▪ الفنون الجميلةalfunūn aljamīlat n. fine arts • nice, good • man's name Jamil, Gamil, Jamel, Djamel ▪ جميلةjamīlat dip. woman's name Jamila, Gamila
②
③
وسيمwasīm adj. |m. pl. dip. وسماءwusamāʔ or وسام wisām | elat. أوسمʔawsam| • attractive, good-looking
قصيرqaʂīr adj. |m. pl. قصارqiʂār | elat. أقصر myopic, nearsighted
②
Many adjectives have irregular masculine plural forms. These precede the elative form(s). The more common plural is listed first. ③
‘False idafas’ are, like idafas, marked with a small dot (∙) in the pronunciation.
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④
ʔaqʂar| • short ▪ قصير القامةqaʂīr ∙ alqāmati short of stature ▪ قصير النظرqaʂīr ∙ annaʐari
Adjectives are listed in their most basic form, which is the masculine singular. The elative (comparative / superlative) form is listed next, except for adjectives which are rarely or never found in the elative. Keep in mind that elatives are diptotes, although this is not labeled as such. Some adjectives are used as personal names, in which case common English spellings for these names are listed as a separate sense.
غبيɣabīy |pl. dip. أغبياءʔaɣbiyāʔ| • adj. |elat.
invar. أغبىʔaɣbā| stupid, idiotic, silly, foolish • n. idiot, fool
sa
m
Any adjective can be used as a noun: الجميلةthe beautiful one. ④When the noun form is more lexicalized (very commonly used as a noun) and has a separate translation in English, it is listed as a noun in a separate sense. In this case, the plural precedes both senses, as it applies to masculine plural of both the adjective and the noun. The elative form is listed inside the adjective sense.
viii | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Pronunciation Consonants The following sounds are also found in English and should pose no difficulties for the learner: examples
đ f g
ذ ف غ/ج
h j
ه ج
k l
ك ل
L
ل
m n p
م ب
[b] as in bed [d̪] as in dog, but with the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth [ð] as in that [f] as in four [g] as in gas (used for some foreign words; alternatively spelled كor گin some regions) [h] as in house [ʤ] as in jam (commonly [ʒ] as in beige in the Levent and [g] as in gas in Egypt) [k] as in kid [l] as in love (that is, a light l, and not a dark l as in yell) [ɫ] as the dark l in yell, found only in the word هللاaLLāh [m] as in moon [n] as in nice [p] as in pan (used for some foreign words and sometimes written as ;ﭖpronounced [b]
بنتbint girl درسdars lesson ذرةđurat corn فمfam mouth جولفgolf golf غرامgrām gram هوhuwa he جدjadd grandfather
pl e
ب د
m
b d
كلkull every لبنlaban milk هللاaLLāh God ماتmāta die نسnasiya forget بكيpikīn Beijing
ŧ v
sa
by some speakers)
s š t
[ سs] as in sun [ شʃ] as in show [ تt̪] as in tie, but with the tongue touching the ث ف
back of the upper teeth [θ] as in think [v] as in valley (used for some foreign words and sometimes written as ;ڤpronounced [f]
سنةsanat year شكšakk doubt تلtall hill ثلثŧulŧ third فيروسvayrūs virus
by some speakers)
w y
و ي
z
ز
[w] as in word [j] as in yes (when final, usually written without dots ( )ـىin Egypt) [z] as in zoo
ودwadd wish يدyad hand زارzāra visit
ix | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
The following sounds have no equivalent in English and require special attention. However, some exist in other languages you may be familiar with.
ر
ɣ
غ
x
خ
q
ق
ɧ
ح
3
ع
ʔ
ء
[ɾ] tapped (flapped) as in the Spanish cara or the Scottish pronunciation of tree [ɣ] very similar to a guttural R as in the French Paris, or the German rot [x] as in the German doch, Spanish rojo, or Scottish loch [q] like K but further back, almost in the throat, with the tongue touching the uvula [ħ] like a strong, breathy H, as if you were trying to fog up a window [ʕ] a voiced glottal stop, as if you had opened your mouth under water and constricted your throat to prevent choking and then released the constriction with a sigh [ʔ] an unvoiced glottal stop, as [ʕ] above, but with a wispy, unvoiced sigh; or more simply put, like the constriction separating the vowels in uh-oh
رجلrajul man غربɣarb west خبرxabar news قدمqadam foot حبɧubb love عرف3arafa know
pl e
r
أبʔab father
ɖ ʂ ʈ ʐ
sa
m
The following sounds also have no equivalent in English but are emphatic versions of otherwise familiar sounds. An emphatic consonant is produced by pulling the tongue back toward the pharynx (throat), spreading the sides of the tongue wide, as if you wanted to bite down on both sides of your tongue, and producing a good puff of air from the lungs.
ض ص ط ظ
[dˁ] emphatic version of [d] [sˁ] emphatic version of [s] [tˁ] emphatic version of [t] [ðˤ] or [zˁ] emphatic version of [ð] or [z]
ضربɖaraba hit صدرʂadr chest طبيبʈabīb doctor ظنʐann thought
x | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Vowels examples
a
َ[ ـæ] normally as in cat (but with the jaw not
ā
quite as lowered as in English); [a] as in hot when in the same syllable with ɧ or 3 (with the tongue lower than [æ]); usually [ɑ] as in father (but shorter) when in the same word as q, ɖ, ʂ, ʈ, ʐ, or, in most cases, r [æ:] / [a:] / [ɑ:] as with a above but longer
َ[ ـɪ] as in kid; when in the same word as q, ɖ, ـي
u ū e o/ō
َـ ـو
-at
ـة
-u/-a/-i
sa
-un/-an/-in
m
ī
ʂ, ʈ, or ʐ, [ɨ] with the tongue pulled back a bit [i:] as in ski; when in the same word as q, ɖ, ʂ, ʈ, or ʐ, [ɨ:] as with i above (but longer) [ʊ] as in book [u:] as in moon [ɛ] as in bed (used for some foreign words) [o]/[o:] as is boat, but without the glide to [w] (used for some foreign words) [a] or [ah] in pausal form; when pronounced in full form with i3rāb, the t is pronounced. Transcription written in superscript (small and raised) represents vowels and nunation which belong to i3rāb (grammatical declension). These vowels are often omitted from relaxed speech or before a pause (end of a sentence, etc.).
نامnāma sleep جوعjū3 hunger قادqāda lead بنتbint girl علم3ilm knowledge قصةqiʂʂat story جزيرةjazīrat island الصيaʂʂīn China بدbudd option تونةtūnat tuna إسبرسوʔespresō espresso فودكاvodka vodka بروتينbrōtīn protein ذرةđurat corn
pl e
i
ـى/ـا
كتبkataba write حمامɧammām bath ضربɖaraba hit
Foreign Words Modern Standard Arabic has borrowed numerous words from other languages, over the centuries, but especially in recent decades. For those more recently borrowed words, there exists little concensus on pronunciation, which largely depends on a speaker’s knowledge of foreign languages. Acceptable pronunciations for foreign words have been given in the transcriptions in this dictionary; however, you will undoubtedly hear native speakers pronounce some of these words differently. Most recent foreign borrowings are treated as invariable, taking no i3rāb. But again, there is little concensus on this.
xi | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Labels, Terms and Abbreviations Examples of equivalents in English are sometimes used for clarification. abbreviation a shortened form or a word or diminutive noun which follows a pattern containing the vowels u and ay and implies phrase. smallness. acc. (accusative) case used for the object of dip. (diptote) noun or adjective which behaves transitive verbs, as well as for creating regularly when definite, but in the indefinite adverbial expressions; marked by fatha. lacks nunation and uses fatha in the act. part. (active participle) adjective or noun genitive. formed from verbs, often translated with dual denotes two people or things. ing in English, as in the singing bird. adj. (adjective) word which modifies or describes a noun.
affirmative not negative.
first-person the person or people speaking: I, we. gen. (genitive) case used for nouns and adjectives governed by a preposition and those in the second term of an idafa construction; marked by kasra.
m
article the prefix الـal- in Arabic. English has a definite article the and an indefinite article a(n).
case refers to the form of a word and its role in a sentence: nominative, accusative, genitive.
sa
coll. n. (collective noun)
f. (feminine) denotes female humans, animals, as well as inanimate objects which are grammatically classified as feminine.
pl e
adv. (adverb) refers to a wide range of words and phrases which describe manner, time, place, etc.
elat. (elative) equivalent to the comparative (bigger) and superlative of English adjectives (the biggest).
conj. (conjunction): because, when, after, as soon as, that.
conjugation refers to the inflection of a verb to show tense, mood, and person. declension changing a word’s form (inflection) according to case. def. (defective) noun or adjective which ends in an unwritten (in) when indefinite; this becomes a written ـيī when definite. definite denotes nouns and adjectives not marked with nunation and generally taking the definite article or a possessive suffix or acting as the first term in an idafa construction. demonstrative (demonstrative pronoun) equivalent to this, that, these, and those in English
human denotes nouns which refer to humans (and also other beings which are highly sentient, such as God, jinns, angels, aliens, mythological creatures, and anthropomorphized animals). i3rāb the addition of suffixes to Arabic nouns and adjectives for declension in the three cases.
idiom lexicalized phrase the meaning of which is not deducible from its individual words. imperative command: Go! imperfect tense not past tense. indecl. (indeclinable) noun or adjective which can take nunation in the indefinite, shown in the pronunciation with (an) but does not vary for case.
xii | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
indefinite denotes nouns and adjectives marked with nunation (unless invariable).
particle a short word or prefix that does not fit neatly into other parts of speech.
indicative mood of the imperfect tense used to express unfinished actions when jussive or subjunctive is not required.
pass. part. (passive participle) adjective or noun formed from verbs: the broken vase.
inflection changing the form of a noun or adjective (declension) or verb (conjugation) to express its grammatical function.
pass. v. (passive verb) only listed when lexicalized and commonly found as passive verbs perfect tense past tense.
interjection word or phrase which does not fit into a sentence but is uttered in isolation and often shows emotion: Oh!, Yes!, Welcome!, Okay!
personal pronoun: I, me, you, he, him, etc. In Arabic, subject person pronouns are words, while object personal pronouns are suffixes.
interrogative used in questions
pl. (plural) denotes three or more people or things.
invar. (invariable) noun or adjective which takes neither case suffix nor nunation.
pl e
jussive mood of the imperfect tense used for the negative imperative, negative past tense, etc.
possessive pronoun: my, our, your, his, her, its, their.
preposition single word or phrase which must be followed by an object in the genitive case or a possessive suffix: in, on, to, for, under, next to, in regards to.
m
m. (masculine) denotes male humans, animals, as well as inanimate objects which are grammatically classified as masculine.
prefix an addition to the beginning of a word.
proverb a short well-known statement asserting a general truth or offering advice: Practice what you preach.
masdar the nominal form of a verb, also known as gerund or verbal noun, often translated with -ing in English, as in Singing is fun.
radical the root consonants
sa
m. or f. (masculine or feminine) indicates that a word is considered grammatically masculine by some native speakers, and feminine by others; either is considered correct.
n. (noun) word which denotes a person, place, or thing. n.↑ (masdar) noun which is also used as a masdar. ➥ p. vi⑥ nom. (nominative) case used for the subject, vocative, and citation form; marked by damma. numeral number written as a digit rather than spelled out as a word. nunation the addition of a short vowel and n in the declension of indefinite nouns and adjectives.
quadriliteral a root consisting of four radicals
relative pronoun equivalent to who, which, and that in English: the man who lives there… root the three or four cosonants on which most Arabic words are based. second-person the person or people being addressed: you. sing. (singular) denotes one person or thing. subjunctive mood of the imperfect tense used in subordinate clauses, for the negative future tense, etc. suffix an addition to the end of a word. third-person the person, people, thing, or things being referred to: he, she, it, they.
xiii | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
transcription phonetic representation of a foreign alphabet triliteral a root consisting of three radicals v. (verb) at the beginning of an entry, v. indicates that some senses are transitive and others are intransitive.
v.tr. & intr. (transitive or intransitive verb) indicates that a verb can optionally take a direct object or an object governed by a preposition, which will be shown in parentheses. v.tr. (transitive verb) ➥ p. vii
v.intr. (intransitive verb) ➥ p. vii
Q&A
pl e
Q: Shouldn’t the dictionary be oriented with its spine on the right side so that pages are turned from left to right? A: If the dictionary were monolingual, it should. However, this dictionary is essentially a book written in English about Arabic, and not a book written in Arabic. Q: Why isn’t the Arabic vocalized (i.e. written with tashkeels)?
sa
m
A: Learners may become accustomed to reading vocalized Arabic texts in learning materials. However, in the real world, Modern Standard Arabic is rarely ever written in this way. As vocalization of Arabic can become a crutch for learners, side-by-side transliteration was opted for instead. Q: When will the English-Arabic dictionary be available? A: Publication is expected in 2014. Sign up for notification at www.lingualism.com. Q: The grammar terminology confuses me. Why isn’t grammar explained in more detail? A: Although grammatical information is included for entries throughout the dictionary, a comprehensive handling of grammar is outside the scope of the dictionary. It is expected that learners have some previous knowledge of grammar from their studies. Q: A word I tried to look up is missing from the dictionary. Why? A: No dictionary is fully comprehensive. There is always room to add more words. This is the intention of the author, as well. God willing, an expanded and updated edition will be published in the future. Your input would be greatly appreciated: www.lingualism.com/ald-feedback
xiv | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا
ا َ)َ(ء ءhamzat n. | • |همزةhamza preceding a
ā
i
ī
َـأ
َـاء
ـ َؤ ـ ْيئـ ـيئـ ـئـ
َـ ْوأ
ْـَأ
ـآ
ـ ْوآ ـوءا ـؤا ـ ْيئا ـيئا ـئا ـاءا
ـْآ
ـئـ
ـائـ
ـ ْوئـ ـوئـ
ـْئـ
ـ ْوئيـ ـوئيـ ـئيـ ـ ْيئيـ ـيئيـ ـئيـ ـائيـ ـئيـ
ـْئيـ
ـ ْوئ ْيـ ـوئ ْيـ ـئ ْيـ ـَ ْيئ ْيـ ـيئ ْيـ ـئ ْيـ ـائ ْيـ ـئ ْيـ
ـْئ ْيـ
َـؤ
َـ ْو َؤ ـوؤ
َْـؤ
ـ ْوؤو ـوؤو
ْـؤو
ـ ْوءو ـوءو
ـْءو
ـ ْوؤو ـوؤو
ْـؤو
ـ ْوءو ـَوءو
ـْءو
ـ ْوء ـوء
ـْء
ay
u
ـئـ ـ ْيئـ ـيئـ ـئـ
pl e
sa
m
following
The Orthography of initial Hamaza As a student of Arabic, you a َأ have been (or will inevitably ā آ be) confronted with complex rules surrounding the i َإ orthography of hamza. ī إيـ Teachers and course books each have their own ay أ ْيـ methods of laying out the rules, which can sometimes u َأ be more confusing than helpful. The table below ū أو serves as an alternative--a reference to check the correct orthography, which aw أ َْو depends on what immediately precedes and sukūn follows the hamza. اʔalif n. f. |( • |ألفfirst letter final of the Arabic alphabet) alif ➥ ألفp. 13 • (numerical value) 1 • (point of information) A., I. ➥ The Abjad Numerals p. 61 أ Dagger Alif A few common words contain an unwritten long ā. In a voweled text, they can be written with a small alif over the consonant. ٰللاaLLāh God ٰإلهʔilāh god ٰذلكđālika that رحمٰ نraɧmān merciful ٰلكنlākin but ٰهذاhāđā this ٰهذهhāđihi this ٰهكذاhākađā thus ٰهؤالءhāʔulāʔi these
َـاؤ
ـؤَ ـ ْيئـ ـيئـ ـئـ
ـؤو ـ ْيئو ـيئو ـئو ـاؤو ـؤو َـؤو ـ ْيئو ـيئو ـئ َْو ـاء َْو ـَأ ْو ْـََأ ـَأ
ـئْـ
ū
َـوء
aw sukūn
َْـؤ
ـؤ ـ ْيء ـيء ـئ ـاء
ٰ ʔūlāʔika those أولئك ʔa- particle prefix • interrogative (precedes yes/no question) ◊ أأنت متأكد من ذلك؟Are you sure of that? ◊ أتدري لماذا؟Do you know why? ▪ أالʔa-lā [+ indicative] don't…?, doesn't…? ◊ أال يريد أن يذهب؟Doesn't he want to go? ▪ ألم ʔa-lam [+ jussive] didn't…? ◊ ألم تأكل الفطور هذا الصباح؟Didn't you eat breakfast this morning? ▪ ألنʔa-lan [+ subjunctive] won't…? ◊ ألن تشكرني؟Aren't you going to thank me? ▪ أليس ʔa-laysa isn't…? ▪ أليس كذلك؟ʔa-laysa ka-đālika Right?, Isn't that so? • conj. whether, if ◊ ال . أدري أأريد أن أراها أم الI don't know whether I want to see her or not. ⓘ In grammar, this particle is known as ألف االستفهامʔalif ∙ alistifhāmi (the question alif).
1 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا أ
ʔa-/ʔu- sing. first-person imperfect-tense prefix • I
(do), I am (do)ing ◊ . أكتب رسالةI'm writing a letter. ◊ . ال أريد أن أكون وحيداI don't want to be alone. ـا-an suffix • (forms adverbs from adjectives) -ly ◊ طبعاof course, naturally ◊ حقاreally ◊ جيدا well ـا-ā dual m. third-person perfect-tense suffix • they (did) ◊ فعالthey did آبʔāb n. dip. • August ➥ The Months p. 165 إبʔibb n. f. dip. • (city in Yemen) Ibb ➥ map on p. 342 ʔabjadīyat n. • alphabet ▪ األبجدية العربية alʔabjadīyat al3arabīyat the Arabic alphabet ▪ األبجدية الالتينيةalʔabjadīyat allātīnīyāt the Latin
أبجدية
alphabet
أبد
sa
m
pl e
ʔabad n. |pl. آبادʔābād| • eternity ▪ عاش أبد الدهر3āša ʔabada -ddahri v. live forever ▪ أبدا ʔabadan adv. [negative + or in isolation] never, not at all ◊ . لن أحب غيرك ابداI'll never love anyone but you. ◊ . ال أظن ذلك أبداI don't think that at all. ▪ إلى األبدʔilā -lʔabadi adv. forever ◊ . سوف أحبك الى االبدI'll love you forever ▪ إلى األبد ودائماʔilā -lʔabadi wa-dāʔiman adv. forever and always أبديʔabadīy adj. • eternal II أبدʔabbada v.tr. |2s(a) يؤبدyuʔabbidu | تأبيد taʔbīd| • perpetuate, make permanent تأبيدtaʔbīd n.↑ • perpetuation مؤبدmuʔabbad pass. part. adj. • permanent ▪ سجن مؤبدsajn muʔabbad n. life imprisonment أبرʔabara v.tr. |1s2(a) يأبرyaʔbiru | أبرʔabr| • prick, sting إبرةʔibrat n. |pl. إبرʔibar| • needle ▪ إبرة حقنة ʔibrat ∙ ɧuqnat hypodermic needle, syringe ▪ بحث عن إبرة في كومة قشbaɧaŧa 3an ʔibratin fī kawmati qaššin v. idiom look for a needle in a haystack إبراهيمʔibrāhīm dip. man's name • Ibrahim, Abraham أبريلʔabrīl n. dip. • April ➥ The Months p. 165 إبطʔibʈ n. |pl. آباطʔābāʈ| • armpit, underarm إبلʔibil coll. n. • camels أبلʔapil n. invar. • (technology company) Apple™ إبليسʔiblīs n. |pl. أبالسةʔabālisat| • Satan, devil إبانʔibbān n. • time إبانʔibbāna prep. • during ◊ إبان الحرب االهلية
during the civil war II أبنʔabbana v.tr. |2s(a) يؤبنyuʔabbinu | تأبين taʔbīn|• eulogize, praise (a dead person) تأبينtaʔbīn n.↑ • eulogy, funeral oration ▪ حفل تأبينɧifl ∙ taʔbīn commemoration, memorial أبنوسʔabanūs n. • ebony أبهاʔabhā n. f. invar. • (city in Saudi Arabia) Abha ➥ map on p. 144 أبʔab n. |dual أبوانʔabawāni | pl. آباءʔābāʔ| • father, dad ⓘ Notice how the dual and plural are used for referring to two and three (unrelated) people's fathers: ◊ (dual) أبواهما ʔabawāhumā their fathers ◊ (plural) آباؤهم ʔābāʔuhum their fathers ⓘ When the first term in an idafa construction, or when suffixed by a pronoun (except for the first-person singular possessive suffix), the case is marked with a long vowel: ◊ (nominative) . أبوك هناYour father is here. ◊ (accusative) . أرى أبا كريمI see Kareem's father. ◊ (genitive) مع أبي البنتwith the girl's father ➥ table on p. 3 ▪ أب لـʔab li- a father of ◊ أب لثالثة أطفالa father of three ▪ أبوانʔabawāni dual noun parents ▪ أبو سيفʔabū ∙ sayf swordfish ▪ أبو الهولabū ∙ -lhawli the Sphinx ▪ زوجة أبzawjat ∙ ʔab stepmother أبويʔabawīy adj. |elat. أكثر أبويةʔakŧar ʔabawīyatan| • paternal أبوظبيʔabūʐabī, also spelled أبو ظبيʔabū ʐabī n. f. invar. • (capital of the U.A.E.) Abu Dhabi ➥ map on p. 15 أبوةʔubūwat n. • fatherhood أبوجاʔabūjā n. f. invar. • (capital of Nigeria) Abuja أبىʔabā v.tr. |1d1(a) يأبىyaʔbā | إباءʔibāʔ| • refuse, reject ◊ . أبت حبهShe rejected his love. ▪ أبى أنʔabā ʔan refuse to (do) ◊ رئيس الوزراء . يأبى أن يقابلهمThe prime minister refuses to meet with them. • أبى إال أنʔabā ʔillā ʔan insist on (do)ing, insist that... ◊ . أبيت إال أن أفعله بنفسيI insisted on doing it by myself. إباءʔibāʔ n.↑ • refusal, rejection األبيضalʔubayyiɖ n. f. • (city in Sudan) El Obeid, Al Ubayyid ➥ map on p. 151 مأتمmaʔtam n. |pl. dip. مآتمmaʔātim| • funeral أتونʔatūn or ʔattūn n. |pl. dip. أتاتينʔatātīn| • furnace, kiln أتوبيسʔotobīs, also spelled أوتوبيسʔotobīs n. • bus
2 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا III آتىʔātā v.tr. |3d(a) يؤاتيyuʔātī | مؤاتاةmuʔātā | • give sb هsth • هbe favorable for, be advantageous مؤاتmuʔāt(in) act. part. adj. def. |elat. أكثر مؤاتاة ʔakŧar muʔātātan| • favorable, advantageous ▪ غير مؤاتɣayr ∙ muʔāt(in) unfavorable, disadvantageous IV آتىʔātā v.tr. |4d(a) يؤتيyuʔtī | إيتاءʔītāʔ| • give sb هsth آتى الزكاة ▪ هʔātā azzakāt give zakat أثاثʔaŧāŧ n. • furniture II أثثʔaŧŧaŧa v.tr. |2s(a) يؤثثyuʔaŧŧiŧu | تأثيثtaʔŧīŧ| • furnish أثرʔaŧara v.tr. |1s3(a) يأثرyaʔŧuru | أثرʔaŧr or أثارة ʔaŧārat| • cite, quote • report, transmit أثرʔaŧar n. |pl. آثارʔāŧār| • influence, effect, impact, trace, sign ▪ له أثرlahu ʔaŧarun have an effect on فيor على, have an influence • ancient ruin ▪ آثارʔāŧār pl. n. antiquities ▪ علم اآلثار3ilm ∙ alʔāŧāri archeology أثريʔaŧarīy • adj. archeological, ancient, antique • n. archeologist إثرʔiŧra, في إثرfī ʔiŧri, على إثر3alā ʔiŧri prep. • (time) following, right after ▪ __ __ إثر آخر ʔiŧra ʔāxar [indefinite accusative noun +] one after another ▪ مرة إثر أخرىmarratan ʔiŧra ʔuxrā, مرة إثر مرةmarratan ʔiŧra marratin over and over II أثرʔaŧŧara v.intr. |2s(a) يؤثرyuʔaŧŧiru | تأثيرtaʔŧīr| • affect فيor على, influence تأثيرtaʔŧīr n.↑ • effect on فيor على, influence, impression مؤثرmuʔaŧŧir act. part. • adj. |elat. أكثر تأثيراʔakŧar taʔŧīran| impressive, effective • n. effect IV آثرʔāŧara v.tr. |4s(a) يؤثرyuʔŧiru | إيثارʔīŧār| • prefer sth هto/over ◊ على.آثرت ابنها على ابنتها She preferred her son over her daughter. ▪ آثر أنʔāŧara ʔan prefer (do)ing ◊ .يؤثر أن يعيش وحيدا He prefers living alone. إيثارʔīŧār n.↑ • preference V تأثرtaʔaŧŧara v.intr. |5s(a) يتأثرyataʔaŧŧaru | تأثر taʔaŧŧur| • be influenced by بـor من, be impressed, be affected أثمʔaŧima v.intr. |1s4(a) يأثمyaʔŧamu | إثمʔiŧm| • sin إثمʔiŧm n.↑ |pl. آثامʔāŧām| • sin آثمʔāŧim act. part. |pl. آثمونʔāŧimūna or أثمة ʔaŧamat| • adj. |elat. أأثمʔaʔŧam or أكثر إثماʔakŧar ʔiŧman| sinful • n. criminal أثيمʔaŧīm |pl. dip. أثماءʔuŧamāʔ| • adj. |elat. أأثم t
The Five Nouns االسماء الخمسةalʔasmāʔ alxamsat ('the five nouns') is a group of nouns which share a common peculiarity. Their case (nominative, accusative, or genitive) is marked with a long vowel when 1) suffixed with a possessive pronoun (except for the first-person singular possessive suffix), or 2) the first term in an idafa construction. acc.
gen.
أب
آبو
أبا
أبي
ʔab
ʔabū-
ʔabā-
ʔabī-
أخ
أخو
أخا
أخي
ʔax
ʔaxū-
ʔaxā-
ʔaxī
حم
حمو
حما
حمي
ɧamm ɧammū- ɧammā- ɧammī-
ذا
ذي
đū-
đā-
đī-
فم
فو
فا
في
fam
fū-
fā-
أتوماتيكي
fatherin-law
possessor
fī-
mouth
sa
* ➥ table on p. 112
brother
m
ذو
*
father
pl e
nom.
ʔotomātīkīy, also spelled أوتوماتيكي ʔotomātīkīy adj. • automatic
أتى
ʔatā v. |1d2(a) يأتيyaʔtī | إتيانʔityān| • v.intr. come to ◊ إلى. أتى إلى القاهرةHe came to Cairo. ⓘ أتىʔatā can take a personal pronoun suffix as a direct object without a preposition: ◊ ... أتاني وقالHe came to me and said... ▪ كما يأتيka-mā yaʔtī as follows • bring سوف آتي ◊ بـ . به من الجزائرI'll bring it from Algeria. ◊ ما الذى أتى بك إلى هنا؟What brought you here? • v.tr. have sex with ◊ . يأتي زوجتهHe has sex with his wife. آتʔāt(in) act. part. adj. def. • coming ▪ آتيا من ʔātiyan min (coming) from ◊ وصل إلى القاهرة آتيا . من اإلسكندريةHe arrived in Cairo from Alexandria. ▪ . كل آت قريبkullu ʔātin qarībun proverb All awaited soon will come. •اآلتي [definite noun +] the following, the next ◊ . أجب عن السؤال اآلتىAnswer the following question.
3 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا ʔaʔŧam or أكثر إثماʔakŧar ʔiŧman| sinful • n.
criminal
أثينا
ʔaŧīnā n. f. invar. • (capital of Greece)
Athens
أثيوبيا
sa
m
pl e
ʔaŧiyūbiyā n. f. invar. • Ethiopia أثيوبيʔaŧiyūbīy adj. & n. • Ethiopian II أججʔajajja v.tr. |2s(a) يؤججyuʔajjiju | تأجيجtaʔjīj| • light, kindle V تأججtaʔajjaja v.intr. |5s(a) يتأججyataʔajjaju | تأجج taʔajjuj| • burn, catch fire أجدابياʔajdābiyā n. f. invar. • (city in Libya) Ajdabiya ➥ map on p. 278 أجرʔajara v.tr. |1s3(a) يأجرyaʔjuru | أجرʔajr| • reward, remunerate أجرʔajr n.↑ |pl. أجورʔujūr| • wage, salary أجرةʔujrat n. |pl. أجرʔujar| • fee, fare, charge ▪ سيارة أجرةsayyārat ∙ ʔujrat taxi • wage ▪ أجرة أدنىʔujrat ʔadnā minimum wage أجيرʔajīr n. |pl. dip. أجراءʔujarāʔ| • laborer, worker II أجرʔajjara v.tr. |2s(a) يؤجرyuʔajjiru | تأجير taʔjīr| • rent out to sb هsth ◊ ه. أجرهم الشقةHe rented the apartment to them. مؤجرmuʔajjir act. part. n. • landlord IV آجرʔājara v.tr. |4s(a) يؤجرyuʔjiru | إيجارʔījār| • rent out إيجارʔījār n.↑ • rent X استأجرistaʔjara v.tr. |10s(a) يستأجرyastaʔjiru | استئجارistiʔjār| • rent (UK: also hire) مستأجرmustaʔjir act. part. n. • tenant أجلʔajila v.intr. |1s4(a) يأجلyaʔjalu | أجلʔajal| • hesitate, delay • be slow, be late أجلʔajal n.↑ |pl. آجالʔājāl| • term, appointed time ▪ قصير األجلqaʂīr ∙ alʔajali adj. short-term ▪ متوسط األجلmutawassiʈ ∙ alʔajal adj. medium-term ▪ طويل األجلʈawīl ∙ alʔajali adj. long-term • deadline • moment of death آجلʔājil act. part. adj. • later, delayed ▪ عاجال أو آجال3ājilan ʔaw ʔājilan, آجال أو عاجالʔājilan ʔaw 3ājilan adv. sooner or later أجلʔajal interjection • yes, indeed, sure, certainly أجلʔajl • من أجلmin ʔajli, ألجلli-ʔajli prep. for, for the sake of ◊ ماذا فعلت ألجلي؟What have you done for me? ◊ حرب من أجل السالمwar for the sake of peace ▪ من أجل هذاmin ʔajli hāđā adv. therefore ▪ من أجل أنmin ʔajl ʔan, ألجل أنli-ʔajli ʔan conj. in order to, so that ◊ سألت هذا السؤال
. من أجل أن أفهم بشكل أفضلI asked this question so that I can understand better. ◊ وألجل تحقيق … أهدافيIn order to achieve my aims,… II أجلʔajjala v.tr. |2s(a) يؤجلyuʔajjilu | تأجيلtaʔjīl| • postpone, delay, put off ▪ ال تؤجل عمل اليوم إلى . الغدlā tuʔajjil 3amala -lyawmi ʔilā -lɣadi proverb Don't delay today's work until tomorrow. تأجيلtaʔjīl n.↑ • postponement, delay, deferment اآلجلةalʔājilat act. part. n. • the hereafter أجندةʔajandat n. • agenda, program, schedule • weekly planner, diary, appointment book أخذʔaxađa v.tr. |1s3(a) يأخذyaʔxuđu | أخذʔaxđ| • take ▪ أخذه في االعتبارʔaxađahu fī -li3tibāri, أخذه بعين االعتبارʔaxađahu bi-3ayni -li3tibāri, أخذه باالعتبارʔaxađahu bi-li3tibāri take into consideration, take into account ▪ أخذ دوشا ʔaxađa dūšan take a shower ▪ أخذ صورةʔaxađa ʂūrat take a picture ▪ أخذ وقتاʔaxađa waqtan take time ◊ . األمر سيأخذ وقتا طويالIt'll take a long time. ▪ أخذ بيدهʔaxađa bi-yadihi lend a hand to sb with ( • فيused in perfect tense only) [+ indicative] begin to (do) ◊ أخذ يبحث عنه في كل . مكانHe began to look for it everywhere. • آخذ فيʔāxiđ fī be (do)ing ▪ آخذ في الظهورʔāxiđ fī -ʐʐuhūri emerging ▪ آخذ في االرتفاعʔāxiđ fī -lirtifā3i, آخذ في االزديادʔāxiđ fī -lizdiyād on the rise مأخذmaʔxađ n. |pl. dip. مآخذmaʔāxiđ| • electrical outlet, socket • criticism, complaint, objection أخاذʔaxxāđ adj. • captivating, gripping, engrossing III آخذʔāxađa v.tr. |3s(a) يؤاخذyuʔāxiđu | مؤاخذة muʔāxađat| • blame, criticize VIII اتخذittaxađa v.tr. |8a1 يتخذyattaxiđu | اتخاذ ittixāđ| • take up, adopt, pass, assume ▪ اتخذ اجراءات لـittaxađa ijrāʔāt li-, اتخذ خطوات نحو ittaxađa xaʈawāt naɧw take measures to, take steps toward ▪ اتخذ موقفاittaxađa mawqifan take a position ▪ اتخذ قراراittaxađa qarāran make a decision آخرʔāxar adj. dip. |f. sing. invar. أخرىʔuxrā | f. dual أخريانʔuxrayāni | f. pl. أخرياتʔuxrayāt| • other, another ◊ في كتاب آخرin another book ◊ أشخاص آخرونother people ◊ البنتان األخريانthe other two girls ▪ بعبارة أخرىbi-3ibāratin ʔuxrā in other words, that is ▪ مرة أخرىmarratan ʔuxrā adv. again, one more time • else ▪ شخص آخر
4 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا šaxʂ ʔāxar someone else ▪ شيء آخرšayʔ ʔāxar something else ▪ في مكان آخرfī makānin ʔāxara adv. elsewhere, somewhere else
آخر
Your true brother is the one who tells you the truth. ▪ . رب أخ لم تلده والدةrubba ʔaxin lam talidhu wālidatun proverb Some friends are closer than real brothers. (lit. Many of brother wasn't born of the same mother.) • إخوانʔixwān pl. n. brotherhood ▪ جماعة اإلخوان المسلمينjamā3at ∙ alʔixwāni -lmuslimīna, اإلخوان المسلمونalʔixwān almuslimūna the Muslim Brotherhood ⓘ When the first term in an idafa construction, or when suffixed by a pronoun (except for the first-person singular pronoun suffix), the case is marked with a written long vowel: ◊ (nominative) . أخوك هناYour brother is here. ◊ (accusative) . أرى أخا كريمI see Kareem's brother. ◊ (genitive) مع أخي البنتwith the girl's brother ➥ The Five Nouns p. 3 أخويʔaxawīy adj. |elat. أكثر أخويةʔakŧar ʔaxawīyatan or أكثر تآخياʔakŧar taʔāxiyan| • fraternal, brotherly أختʔuxt n. f. |pl. أخواتʔaxawāt| • sister ▪ أخت زوجʔuxt ∙ zawj (husband's sister) sister-in-law ▪ أخت زوجةʔuxt ∙ zawjat (wife's sister) sister-in-law ▪ كان وأخواتهاkāna wa-ʔaxawātuhā Kāna and her sisters أخوةʔuxūwat n. • brotherhood تآخىtaʔāxā v.intr. |6d(a) يتآخىyataʔāxā | def. تآخ taʔāx(in)| • fraternize د. أ. ʔustāđ doktōr |abbreviation of |أستاذ دكتور • professor, doctor أدبʔadab n. |pl. آدابʔādāb| • literature • (usually plural) manners ▪ أدب المرء خير من . ذهبهʔadabu -lmarʔi xayrun min đahabihi proverb One's manners are better than all one's riches. أدبيʔadabīy adj. • literary • ethical, moral أديبʔadīb |pl. dip. أدباءʔudabāʔ| • n. writer, author • adj. educated, cultured مأدبةmaʔdubat n. |pl. dip. مآدبmaʔādib| • banquet II أدبʔaddaba v.tr. |2s(a) يؤدبyuʔaddibu | تأديب taʔdīb| • educate • discipline تأديبtaʔdīb n.↑ • discipline تأديبيtaʔdībīy adj. |elat. أكثر تأديباʔakŧar taʔdīban| • disciplinary مؤدبmuʔaddib act. part. n. • educator مؤدبmuʔaddab pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأدبا ʔakŧar taʔadduban| • polite, cultured,
sa
m
pl e
ʔāxir dip. • adj. [+ indefinite genitive noun] last, final ◊ آخر رجل على األرضthe last man on earth ◊ متى آخر مرة رأيته فيها؟When was the last time you saw him? ▪ آخر مولودʔāxir mawlūdin youngest (child) ▪ إلى آخرهʔilā ʔāxirihi |abbreviated إلخʔilā ʔāxirihi| etc., and so on ▪ في آخر لحظةfī ʔāxiri laɧʐatin at the last minute; [+ definite genitive plural noun] the last of (the) __ ▪ آخرهمʔāxiruhum the last of them ▪ . آخر الداء الكيʔāxiru -ddāʔi -lkayyu proverb When there is no other cure, cauterization must be done. • latest ◊ آخر األنباءthe latest news ▪ على آخر طرز3alā ʔāxiri ʈarzin trendy • n. |pl. dip. أواخرʔawāxir| end ◊ في آخر الشارعat the end of the street; (often plural) last part, latter part ◊ ٣١٠٢ في أواخر العامin late 2013 اآلخرةalʔāxirat n. • the hereafter أخيرʔaxīr adj. • final, last ▪ أخيراʔaxīran adv. at last, finally • latest, last, recent ▪ أخيراʔaxīran adv. lately, recently II أخرʔaxxara v.tr. |2s(a) يؤخرyuʔaxxiru | تأخير taʔxīr| • postpone, put off, delay, defer ▪ ال . تؤخر عمل اليوم لغدlā tuʔaxxir 3amala -lyawmi li-ɣadin proverb Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today. تأخيرtaʔxīr n.↑ • postponement, delay مؤخرmuʔaxxar pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأخرا ʔakŧar taʔaxxuran| • delayed ▪ مؤخراmuʔaxxaran adv. recently مؤخرةmuʔaxxarat n. • (body) butt (UK: bum), backside, bottom, rear, behind • (not front) back, rear, backside ◊ على مؤخرة رأسهon the back of his head ◊ في مؤخرة السيارةin the back of the car ▪ نحو مؤخرة المسرحnaɧwa muʔaxxarati -lmasraɧi adv. (theater) upstage V تأخرtaʔaxxara v.intr. |5s(a) يتأخرyataʔaxxaru | تأخرtaʔaxxur| • be late for لقد تأخر الوقت! ◊ عن It's late! متأخرmutaʔaxxir act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأخرا ʔakŧar taʔaxxuran| • late, delayed ▪ متأخرا mutaʔaxxiran adv. late ▪ في وقت متأخر من الليلfī waqtin mutaʔaxxirin mina -llayli late at night أخطبوطʔuxʈubūʈ n. • octopus أخʔax n. |dual أخوانʔaxawāni | pl. إخوةʔixwat or إخوانʔixwān| • brother ▪ أخو زوجʔaxū ∙ zawj (husband's brother) brother-in-law ▪ أخو زوجة
ʔaxū ∙ zawjat (wife's brother) brother-in-law ▪ أخوك من صدقكʔaxūka man ʂadaqaka proverb
5 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا well-behaved
أدرينالينʔadrīnālīn n. • adrenaline آدمʔādam dip. man's name • Adam ▪ ابن آدمibn ∙ ʔādam human being
أديم
ʔađirbayjān n. f. invar. • Azerbaijan أذريʔađirīy, أذربيجانيʔađirbayjānīy adj. & n. • Azeri, Azerbaijani أذنʔađina v.intr. |1s4(a) يأذنyaʔđanu | إذنʔiđn| • allow sb لـsth بـ, authorize ▪ أذن له بأنʔađina lahu bi-ʔan allow sb to (do), let sb (do) ◊ أذنت له . بالجلوسShe allowed him to sit down. ◊ من أذن لك بأن تدخل مكتبي؟Who let you in my office? إذنʔiđn n.↑ |pl. أذونʔuđūn| • permission ▪ بإذن للا bi-ʔiđni -LLāhi with God's permission, God willing ▪ عن إذنك3an ʔiđnika with your permission مأذونmaʔđūn pass. part. • adj. legal, lawful • n. marriage official, marriage registrar أذنʔuđun n. f. |pl. آذانʔāđān| • ear ⓘ When referring to one person, 'ears' is dual. However, when referring to two or more people, 'ears' is plural: ◊ أذناهاher ears ◊ آذانهما their ears ▪ أذن وأنف وحنجرةʔuđn wa-ʔanf wa-ɧanjarat otolaryngology, ENT (ear, nose, and throat) ▪ طبيب أذن وأنف وحنجرةʈabīb ∙ ʔuđn wa-ʔanf wa-ɧanjarat otolaryngologist أذانʔađān n. • call to prayer, adhan
sa
m
pl e
ʔadīm n. |pl. أدمʔudum or آدامʔādām| • tanned hide, leather • surface ▪ أديم األرضʔadīm ∙ alʔarɖi the surface of the Earth أدميرالʔadmīrāl n. • admiral أداةʔadāt n. |pl. أدواتʔadawāt| • tool, instrument, utensil, appliance ▪ أدوات طبخ ʔadawāt ∙ ʈabx cooking utensils • (grammar) particle ▪ أداة تعريفʔadāt ∙ ta3rīf definite article ▪ أداة ربطʔadāt ∙ rabʈ conjunction, sentence connector أداءʔadāʔ n. • accomplishment, realization • performance II أدىʔaddā v.intr. |2d(a) يؤديyuʔaddī | تأدية taʔdiyat or أداءʔadāʔ| • cause إلى, lead to • do, perform مؤدmuʔadd(in) act. part. adj. def. • causing إلى, leading to أديسَأباباʔadīs ʔabābā n. f. invar. • (capital of Ethiopia) Addis Ababa إذʔiđ(i) conj. • إذʔiđ(i) [+ perfect] then, when (suddenly) ◊ . تفاجأ اللص إذ رأى الشرطيThe thief was surprised when he saw the policeman. ▪ إذ ذاكʔiđ đāka adv. then, at that time •إذ ʔiđ(i), إذ أنʔiđ ʔanna because, since, for ـئذ-ʔiđin suffix • (forms adverbs of time) ▪ حينئذ ɧīnaʔiđin, وقتئذwaqtaʔiđin, آنئذʔānaʔiđin, عندئذ 3indaʔiđin adv. then, at that time ▪ يومئذ yawmaʔiđin, أيامئذʔayyāmaʔiđin adv. in those days, at that time ▪ ساعتئذsā3ataʔiđin adv. then, at that time ▪ بعدئذba3daʔiđin adv. after that ▪ ليلتئذlaylaʔiđin adv. (on) that night ➥ compare with ـذاك-đāka p. 110 إذاʔiđā conj. • إذاʔiđā, إذا ماʔiđā mā [+ perfect] if ▪ إذا بـiđā bi-, وإذاwa-ʔiđā, فإذاfa-ʔiđā and then, and suddenly • [+ perfect] when ▪ حتى إذاɧattā ʔiđā until; when ▪ إال إذاʔillā iđā, إال وʔillā wa- conj. unless, except when ◊ ال أؤمن بشيء إال . إذ رأيت بعينيI don't believe anything unless I've seen it with my own two eyes. • conj. whether, if ◊ . ال أعرف إذا كان هذا صوابا أم خطأI don't know whether this is right or wrong. إذنʔiđan, إذاʔiđan adv. • then, in that case • therefore, so آذارʔāđār n. dip. • (month) March ➥ The Months
أذربيجان
Men gather for prayer in Dubai. A minaret rises above the mosque.
p. 165 6 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا Sunni Call to Prayer The following lines are repeated by the muezzin during the call to prayer: للا أكبرaLLāh/u ʔakbaru God is great (4x) أشهد أن ال إله إال للاʔašhadu ʔan lā ʔilāha ʔillā -LLāhu I bear witness that there is no god but God (2x) أشهد أن محمدا رسول للاʔašhadu ʔan muɧammadan rasūlu -LLāhi I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God (2x) حي على الصالةɧayya 3alā -ʂʂalāti Hasten to the prayer (2x) حي على الفالحɧayya 3alā -lfalāɧi Hasten to success (2x) للا أكبرaLLāhu ʔakbar God is great (2x) ال إله إال للاlā ʔilāha ʔillā -LLāhu There is no God but God (1x)
ʔađ(an) n. indecl. |pl. أذياتʔađayāt| • harm,
damage IV آذىʔāđā v.tr. |4d(a) يؤذيyuʔđī | إيذاءʔīđāʔ| • hurt, injure إيذاءʔīđāʔ n.↑ • harm, damage مؤذmuʔđ(in) act. part. adj. def. |elat. أكثر إيذاء ʔakŧar ʔīđāʔan| • harmful, malignant, adverse ▪ غير مؤذɣayr ∙ muʔđ(in) harmless, safe, innocuous مأربmaʔrab n. |pl. dip. مآربmaʔārib| • wish, desire • goal, purpose, aim إربدʔirbid n. f. dip. • (city in Jordan) Irbid ➥ map on p. 8
أربيل
ʔarbīl, also spelled اربلʔarbīl n. f. dip. • (city in Iraq) Erbil, Arbil, Irbil ➥ map on p. 202 إرترياʔiritriyā n. f. invar. • Eritrea إرتريʔiritrīy adj. & n. • Eritrean أرجوحةʔurjūɧat n. |pl. dip. أَراجيحʔarājīɧ or أرجوحاتʔurjūɧāt| • (hanging seat) swing ◊ دفع . الطفل في األرجوحةHe pushed the child in the swing. • hammock QII تأرجحtaʔarjaɧa v.intr. |12s(a) يتأرجح yataʔarjaɧu | تأرجحtaʔarjuɧ| • rock, sway األرجنتينalʔarjantīn n. f. • Argentina أرجنتينيʔarjantīnīy adj. & n. • Argentinian أرجوانيʔurjuwānīy adj. |elat. أكثر أرجوانيةʔakŧar ʔurjuwānīyatan| • purple II أرخʔarraxa v.tr. |2s(a) يؤرخyuʔarrixu | تأريخ taʔrīx| • date (a letter, check, etc.) ▪ أرخ بتاريخ الحقʔarraxa bi-tārīxin lāɧiqin postdate • chronicle لـ, write the history of ◊ أرخ لتاريخ . البلدHe chronicled the history of the country. تاريخtārīx n. |pl. dip. تواريخtawārīx| • date ◊ ما هو تاريخ ميالدك؟What's your date of birth? ◊ ما التاريخ اليوم ؟What's today's date? • history ◊ . قرأت عن تاريخ الحرب العالمية الثانيةI read about the history of World WarII. ▪ ذو تاريخ قديمđū tārīxun qadīmun having a long history ⓘ تاريخ tārīx is a corruption of the verbal noun تأريخ taʔrīx. تاريخيtārīxīy, تأريخيtaʔrīxīy adj. • historical مؤرخmuʔarrix act. part. n. • historian
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Shiite Call to Prayer The shiite call to prayer is similar to the Sunni call to prayer but contains two additional lines. للا أكبرaLLāhu ʔakbaru God is great (4x) أشهد أن ال إله إال للاʔašhadu ʔan lā ʔilāha ʔillā -LLāhu I bear witness that there is no god but God (2x) أشهد أن محمدا رسول للاʔašhadu ʔan muɧammadan rasūlu -LLāhi I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God (2x) اشهد ان عليا ولي للاʔašhadu ʔan 3alīyan walīyu -LLāhi I bear witness that Ali is the wali of God (2x) حي على الصالةɧayya 3alā -ʂʂalāti Hasten to the prayer (2x) حي على الفالحɧayya 3alā -lfalāɧi Hasten to success (2x) حي على خير العملɧayya 3alā xayri -l3amali Hasten to the best deed (2x) للا أكبرaLLāhu ʔakbaru God is great (2x) ال إله إال للاlā ʔilāha ʔillā -LLāhu There is no God but God (2x) مئذنةmiʔđanat n. |pl. dip. مآذنmaʔāđin| • minaret ➥ picture on p. 6 II أذنʔađđana v.tr. |2s(a) يؤذنyuʔađđinu | أذان ʔađān or تأذينtaʔđīn| • call to prayer ◊ يؤذن . المؤذن لصالة الفجرThe muezzin is calling the morning prayer. مؤذنmuʔađđin act. part. n. • muezzin X استأذنistaʔđana v.tr. |10s(a) يستأذنyastaʔđinu | استئذانistiʔđān| • ask permission from
أذى
7 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا األردنalʔurdunn n. m. • Jordan أردنيʔurdūnnī adj. & n. • Jordanian
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1. عمان3ammān Amman 2. الزرقاءazzarqāʔ Zarqa 3. إربدʔirbid Irbid 4. الرمثاarramŧā Ramtha 5. جرشjaraš Jerash 6. العقبةal3aqabat Aqaba 7. الكركalkarak Al Karak
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• suffer from insomnia أرقʔaraq n.↑ • sleeplessness, insomnia آرقʔāriq act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر أرقاʔakŧar ʔaraqan| • sleepless II أرقʔarraqa v.tr. |2s(a) يؤرقyuʔarriqu | تأريق taʔrīq| • not let sleep أركيدʔorkīd n. • orchid أركيلةʔargīlat • arghila (waterpipe for smoking), hookah أرومةʔarūmat n. |pl. أرومʔurūm| • root, origin, lineage ▪ طيب األرومةʈayyib ∙ alʔarūmati of good lineage • (tree) stump أرمينياʔarmīniyā n. f. invar. • Armenia أرمينيʔarmīnīy adj. & n. • Armenian أرنبʔarnab n. |pl. dip. أرانبʔarānib| • rabbit, hare ▪ أرنب هنديʔarnab hindīy guinea pig أريكةʔarīkat n. |pl. dip. أرائكʔarāʔik| • couch, sofa أزرʔazr n. • capability, power, strength إزارʔizār n. |pl. أزرʔuzur| • izaar (garment for men wrapped around the waist), wraparound, loincloth ▪ إزار إسكتلنديʔizār ʔiskotlandīy kilt مئزرmiʔzar n. |pl. dip. مآزرmaʔāzir| • apron, smock III آزرʔāzara v.tr. |3s(a) يؤازرyuʔāziru | مؤازرة muʔāzarat| • help, assist • support, back up مؤازرةmuʔāzarat n. • assistance, help • support, backing أزʔazza v.intr. |1g3(a) يؤزyaʔuzzu | أزيزʔazīz| • whiz, hum, buzz, hiss أزفʔazifa v.intr. |1s4(a) يأزفyaʔzafu | أزفʔazaf| • approach, draw near مأزقmaʔziq n. |pl. dip. مآزقmaʔāziq| • dilemma, impasse, predicament أزلʔazal, أزليةʔazalīyat n. |pl. آزالʔāzāl| • eternity أزليʔazalīy adj. • eternal أزمةʔazmat n. |pl. أزماتʔaz(a)māt| • crisis ▪ أزمة قلبيةʔazmat qalbīyat heart attack ▪ أزمة مالية ʔazmat mālīyat financial crisis ▪ أزمة اقتصادية ʔazmat iqtiʂādīyat economic crisis ▪ أزمة سياسية ʔazmat siyāsīyat political crisis إزاءʔizāʔa, بإزاءbi-ʔizāʔi, على إزاء3alā ʔizāʔi prep. • regarding, in the face of, vis-à-vis ◊ ما رد فعلك إزاء األحداث؟What is your reaction toward the events? • (direction) toward إسبانياʔisbāniyā n. f. invar. • Spain
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أرزʔaruzz coll. n. • rice أرزʔarz coll. n. |sing. أرزةʔarzat| • cedar أرشيفʔaršīf n. • archive أرضʔarɖ n. f. |pl. def. أراضʔarāɖ(in)| • ground, land ▪ أراض زراعيةʔarāɖ(in) zirā3īyat farmland ▪ األراضي المقدسةalʔarāɖī -lmuqaddisat the Holy Land ▪ مبدأ األرض مقابل السالمmabdaʔ ∙ alʔarɖi muqābila -ssalāmi the principle of land for peace ▪ أرض- قذيفة أرضqađīfat ∙ ʔarɖ-ʔarɖ surface-to-surface missile ▪ جو-قذيفة أرض qađīfat ∙ ʔarɖ-jaww surface-to-air missile • soil, earth • األرضalʔarɖ (planet) Earth, the earth أرضيʔarɖīy adj. • terrestrial • soil-, land- • ground- ▪ طابق أرضيʈābiq ʔarɖīy ground floor أرضيةʔarɖīyat n. • floor, basis • background أرغنʔurɣun n. |pl. dip. أراغنʔarāɣin| • (music) organ أرقʔariqa v.intr. |1s4(a) يأرقyaʔraqu | أرقʔaraq|
8 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا . على أساس العرقWe refuse discrimination on the basis of ethnicity. أساسيʔasāsīy adj. |elat. أكثر أساسيةʔakŧar ʔasāsīyatan| • basic, primary, essential, fundamental ▪ أساسياتʔasāsīyāt pl. n. fundamentals, basics II أسسʔassasa v.tr. |2s(a) يؤسسyuʔassisu | تأسيس taʔsīs| • establish, found, set up تأسيسtaʔsīs n.↑ • establishment, foundation تأسيسيtaʔsīsīy adj. • fundamental مؤسسmuʔassis act. part. n. • founder مؤسسةmuʔassasat pass. part. n. • establishment, foundation, organization V تأسسtaʔassasa v.intr. |5s(a) يتأسسyataʔassasu | تأسسtaʔassus| • be established, be founded إسطبلʔisʈabl n. • stable, barn, stall أسطوانةʔusʈuwānat n. • disk, phonograph record, CD, DVD, CD-ROM • cylinder أسطونيʔusʈūnīy adj. • cylindrical أسفʔasifa v.intr. |1s4(a) يأسفyaʔsafu | أسف ʔasaf| • be sorry for علىor لـ, regret ◊ ال يجد من . يأسف على رحيلهNo one is sorry to see him go. أسفʔasaf n.↑ • sorrow, regret ▪ لألسفli-lʔasafi, مع األسفma3ā -lʔasaf, بكل أسفbi-kulli ʔasafi, بأسف شديدbi-ʔasafin šadīdin adv. unfortunately; interjection That's too bad! ▪ ببالغ األسف bi-bāliɣi -lʔasafi adv. with profound regret آسفʔāsif act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر أسفاʔakŧar ʔasafan| • sorry, regretful ▪ أنا آسفʔana ʔāsifun I'm sorry! IV آسفʔāsafa v.tr. |4s(a) يؤسفyuʔsifu | إيساف ʔīsāf| • distress, make sorry مؤسفmuʔsif act. part. adj. • distressing, unfortunate V تأسفtaʔassafa v.intr. |5s(a) يتأسفyataʔassafu | تأسفtaʔassuf| • regret على تأسفtaʔassuf n.↑ • regret متأسفmutaʔassif act. part. |elat. أكثر تأسفاʔakŧar taʔassufan| • adj. sorry • interjection Sorry! أسفلتʔasfalt n. invar. • asphalt إسفنجʔisfanj coll. n. |sing. إسفنجةʔisfanjat| • (material) sponge ◊ هذا الفراش مصنوع من . اإلسفنجThis mattress is made of sponge. • (marine animal) sponge إسفنجةʔisfanjat n. • (for cleaning) sponge إسفندانʔisfindān n. • maple tree ▪ شراب إسفندان šarāb ∙ istifdān maple syrup آسفيʔāsfī n. f. invar. • (city in Morocco) Safi
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إسبانيʔisbānīy |pl. إسبانʔisbān| • adj. Spanish ▪ اللغة اإلسبانيةalluɣat alʔisbānīyat n. (language) Spanish • n. Spaniard إسبرسوʔespresō n. invar. • espresso أسبرينʔasbirīn n. invar. • aspirin إستادʔistād n. • stadium, arena أستاذʔustāđ n. |pl. أساتذةʔasātiđat| • teacher, professor ▪ أستاذ جامعيʔustāđ jāmi3īy university professor ▪ أستاذ دكتورʔustāđ doktōr |abbreviated .د. |أprofessor, doctor ▪ أستاذ مشاركʔustāđ mušārik associate professor • sir, mister إستانبولʔistānbūl n. f. dip. • (city in Turkey) Istanbul إستراتيجيʔistrātījīy adj. |elat. أكثر استراتيجيةʔakŧar ʔistrātījīyatan| • strategic إستراتيجيةʔistrātījīyat n. • strategy أسترالياʔusturāliyā n. f. invar. • Australia أستراليʔusturālīy adj. & n. • Australian إسترلينيʔistirlīnīy adj. • sterling ▪ جنيه إسترليني junayh istirlīnīy n. pound sterling, English pound إستوديوʔistūdiyō n. |pl. إستوديوهاتʔistūdiyōhāt| • studio إستونياʔistōniyā n. f. invar. • Estonia إستونيʔistōnīy adj. & n. • Estonian إسحاقʔisɧāq dip. man's name • Ishak, Isaac أسدʔasad n. |pl. أسودʔusūd| • lion ▪ أسد بحرʔasad ∙ baɧr sea lion • برج األسدburj ∙ alʔasadi (astrology) Leo ▪ . أنا من برج األسدʔana min burji -lʔasadi I'm a Leo. أسرʔasara v.tr. |1s2(a) يأسرyaʔsiru | أسرʔasr| • capture, take prisoner أسرʔasr n.↑ • captivity • بأسرهbi-ʔasrihi adv. completely, all of ◊ العالم بأسرهthe entire world أسرةʔusrat n. |pl. أسرʔusar or أسراتʔus(u)rāt| • family, immediate family أسريʔusrīy adj. |elat. أكثر أسريةʔakŧar ʔusrīyatan| • family-, domestic أسيرʔasīr n. |pl. invar. أسرىʔasrā | pl. invar. أسارىʔasārā| • prisoner, detainee ▪ أسير حرب ʔasīr ∙ ɧarb n. prisoner of war (P.O.W.) إسرائيلʔisrāʔīl n. f. dip. • Israel إسرائيليʔisrāʔīlīy adj. & n. • Israeli أساسʔasās n. |pl. أسسʔusus| • basis, foundation ▪ أسسʔusus pl. n. essentials, principles ▪ أساساʔasāsan, في األساسfī -lʔasāsi adv. primarily, essentially, basically ▪ على أساس 3alā ʔasāsi prep. on the basis of ◊ نرفض التمييز
9 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا
أصل
ʔaʂl n. |pl. أصولʔuʂūl| • source, origin ◊ كتاب أصل األنواع لـ تشارلز داروينOn the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin ▪ أصالʔaʂlan adv. originally; [negative +] not at all, by no means, never ◊ . لم أذهب لتلك البلدة أصالI've never been to that town. ▪ ∙ __ __ األصلalʔaʂli [adjective +] of __ origin ◊ مصري األصلof Egyptian origin ▪ __ من أصلmin ʔaʂlin __ [+ adjective] of __ origin ◊ من أصل عربيof Arabic origin ▪ في األصلfī -lʔaʂli adv. in the beginning أصليʔaʂlīy adj. |elat. أكثر أصليةʔakŧar ʔaʂlīyatan| • original, authentic أصوليʔuʂūlīy adj. |elat. أكثر أصوليةʔakŧar ʔuʂūlīyatan| • fundamentalist أصوليةʔuʂūlīyat n. • fundamentalism ▪ األُصولية اإلسالميةalʔuʂūlīyat alʔislāmīyat Islamic fundamentalism أصيلʔaʂīl • adj. |pl. dip. أصالءʔuʂalāʔ | elat. أأصل ʔaʔʂal| original, authentic • n. |pl. آصالʔāʂāl| late afternoon إطارʔiʈār n. |pl. إطاراتʔiʈārāt or أطرʔuʈur| • frame ▪ إطار رسمʔiʈār ∙ rasm picture frame ▪ إطار نظارةʔiʈār ∙ naʐārat eyeglass frames • framework, context ▪ إطار خطةʔiʈār ∙ xiʈʈat framework of a plan ▪ في إطارfī ʔiʈāri prep. in the framework of • (wheel) tire (UK: tyre) إطارةʔiʈārat n. • (wheel) rim أطلسʔaʈlas n. |pl. dip. أطالسʔaʈālis| • atlas أطلسيʔaʈlasīy adj. • Atlantic ▪ المحيط األطلسي almuɧīt alʔaʈlasīy n. the Atlantic Ocean ▪ منظمة حلف شمال األطلسيmunaʐʐamat ∙ ɧilf šamāl alʔaʈlasīy n. NATO أطلنطيʔaʈlanʈīy adj. • Atlantic ▪ المحيط األطلنطي almuɧīt alʔaʈlanʈīy the Atlantic Ocean إغريقيʔiɣrīqīy adj. n. |m. pl. إغريقʔiɣrīq| • ancient Greek أغسطسʔaɣusʈus n. dip. • August ➥ The Months
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➥ map on p. 222 أسقفʔusquf n. |pl. أساقفةʔasāqifat| • bishop ▪ رئيس أساقفةraʔīs ∙ ʔasāqifat archbishop أسقفيʔusqufīy adj. • episcopal إسكتلنداʔiskotlandā n. f. invar. • Scotland إسكتلنديʔiskotlandīy • adj. Scottish ▪ اللغة اإلسكتلنديةalluɣat alʔiskotlandīyat n. (language) Scottish Gaelic • n. Scot اإلسكندريةalʔiskandarīyat n. • (city in Egypt) Alexandria ➥ map on p. 287 إسكندنافياʔiskandīnāfiyā n. f. invar. • Scandinavia إسكندنافيʔiskandīnāfīy adj. & n. • Scandanavian إسكواشalʔiskwāš n. invar. • (sport) squash إسكيموʔiskīmō n. invar. • Eskimo إسالمَأبادʔislām ʔabād n. f. invar. • Islamabad إسماعيلʔismā3īl dip. man's name • Isma'il, Ishmael اإلسماعيليةalʔismā3īlīyat n. • (city in Egypt) Ismaïlia ➥ map on p. 287 إسمنتʔismant n. invar. • cement, concrete أسوانʔaswān n. f. dip. • (city in Egypt) Aswan ➥ map on p. 287 أسيʔasiya v.intr. |1d4(a) يأسىyaʔsā | indecl. أسى ʔas(an)| • grieve أسىʔas(an) n.↑ indecl. • grief, sorrow أسوةʔuswat n. • model, pattern ▪ أسوة بـʔuswatan bi- prep. just as, just like ◊ أسوة بما حدث الشهر الماضيjust like what happened last month ◊ . التحق بالجيش أسوة بإخوتهHe joined the army, just like his brothers (did). • concept مأساةmaʔsāt n. |pl. def. مآسmaʔās(in)| • tragedy مأساويmaʔsāwīy adj. |elat. أكثر مأساويةʔakŧar maʔsāwīyatan| • tragic آسياʔāsiyā n. f. invar. • Asia ▪ آسيا الصغرى ʔāsiyā -ʂʂuɣrā Asia Minor آسيويʔāsiyawīy adj. & n. • Asian أسيوطʔasyūʈ n. f. dip. • (city in Egypt) Asyut ➥ map on p. 287 II أشرʔaššara v.tr. |2s(a) يؤشرyuʔašširu | تأشير taʔšīr| • stamp (a visa) مؤشرmuʔaššir act. part. n. • sign, indication • indicator, gauge needle • index ▪ مؤشر بورصةmuʔaššir ∙ būrʂat stock market index تأشيرةtaʔšīrat n. • visa ▪ تأشيرة دخولtaʔšīrat ∙ duxūl entry visa آشورʔāšūr n. f. dip. • Assyria آشوريʔāšūrīy adj. & n. • Assyrian إصطبلʔiʂʈabl n. • stable, barn, stall
p. 165 أفريقياʔafrīqiyā, إفريقياʔifrīqiyā n. f. invar. • Africa ▪ أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرىʔafrīqiyā janūb ∙ aʂʂahrāʔi -lkubrā sub-Saharan Africa ▪ أفريقيا الجنوبيةʔafrīqiyā -ljanūbīyat southern Africa ▪ جنوب أفريقياjanūb ∙ ʔafrīqiyā m. or f. South Africa ▪ جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطىjumhūrīyat ∙ ʔafrīqiyā -lwusʈā n. Central African Republic ▪ االتحاد األفريقيalittiɧād alʔafrīqīy n. the African
Union أفريقيʔafrīqīy, إفريقيʔifrīqīy adj. & n. |pl. أفارقة ʔafāriqat| • African ▪ جنوب أفريقيjanūb ʔafrīqīy
10 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا adj. & n. South African
أفغانستان
ʔafɣānistān n. f. invar. • Afghanistan أفغانيʔafɣānīy adj. & n. |pl. أفغانʔafɣān|
• Afghan
أفق
ʔufuq n. |pl. آفاقʔāfāq| • horizon أفقيʔufuqīy adj. • horizontal
أفوكادوʔafōkādō n. invar. • avocado أفيونʔafyūn n. invar. • opium أقحوانʔuqɧuwān n. • chrysanthemum QI أقلمʔaqlama v. |11s(a) يؤقلمyuʔaqlimu | أقلمة
• eat ▪ أكل الفطورʔakala alfuʈūr eat breakfast ▪ ال يؤكلlā yuʔkalu pass. v. inedible أكلʔakl n.↑ • food ▪ صالح لألكلʂāliɧ li-lʔakli, قابل لألكلqābil li-lʔakli adj. edible آكلʔākil act. part. n. |pl. أكلةʔakala(t)| • eater ▪ آكل نملʔākil ∙ naml anteater مأكولmaʔkūl pass. part. adj. • edible ▪ مأكوالت maʔkūlāt pl. n. food اإلكوادورalʔekwādōr n. invar. • Ecuador إكوادوريʔekwādōrīy adj. & n. • Ecuadorian الـal- article prefix • the ⓘ An attributive adjective agrees with its noun in definiteness: ◊ السيارة الجديدةassayyārat aljadīdat the new car (lit. the-car the-new) ⓘ The article is not prefixed to the first term of an idafa construction: ◊ رئيس البلدraʔīs ∙ albaladi the president of the country (lit. president the-country)
pl e
ʔaqlamat| • v.tr. acclimatize sb هto أقلم نفسه ▪ مع معacclimatize oneself to, adapt to • v.intr. acclimatize oneself to مع, adapt إقليمʔiqlīm n. |pl. dip. أقاليمʔaqālīm| • region إقليميʔiqlīmīy adj. • regional QII تأقلمtaʔaqlama v.intr. |12s(a) يتأقلمyataʔaqlamu | تأقلمtaʔaqlum| • acclimatize oneself to مع, adapt أكاديرʔakādīr, أڭاديرʔagādīr n. f. dip. • (city in Morocco) Agadir ➥ map on p. 222 أكاديميةʔakādīmīyat n. • academy أكاديميʔakādīmīy • adj. academic • n. scholar أكتوبرʔoktōbir n. dip. • October ➥ The Months p.
أكزيماʔakzīmā n. invar. • eczema أكسجينʔuksijīn n. • oxygen أكسسوارʔakseswār n. • accessory أكلʔakala v.tr. |1s3(a) يأكلyaʔkulu | أكلʔakl|
m
165 ʔakīd adj. • certain, sure ▪ أكيداʔakīdan Sure!,
أكيد
sa
Definitely! • guaranteed, certain II أكدʔakkada v. |2s(a) يؤكدyuʔakkidu | تأكيدtaʔkīd| • v.tr. confirm, assert, maintain ◊ .يؤكد براءته He maintains his innocence. ▪ أكد أنʔakkada ʔanna confirm that... • v.intr. emphasize على, stress ◊ . أكدوا على أهمية هذه فرصةThey emphasized the importance of this opportunity. ▪ أكد أنʔakkada ʔanna emphasize that... تأكيدtaʔkīd n.↑ • confirmation, assertion, assurance ▪ بالتأكيدbi-ttaʔkīdi adv. absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, of course • emphasis on على, stress مؤكدmuʔakkad pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأكدا ʔakŧar taʔakkudan| • certain, definite ▪ من المؤكد أنmina -lmuʔakkadi ʔanna it is certain that… V تأكدtaʔakkada v.intr. |5s(a) يتأكدyataʔakkadu | تأكد taʔakkud| • be certain of • منverify من, ascertain تأكدtaʔakkud n.↑ • certainty • assurance متأكدmutaʔakkid act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأكدا ʔakŧar taʔakkudan| • certain of/about من, sure ▪ . لست متأكدأlastu mutaʔakkidan I'm not sure. أكرʔakr n. • acre
Sun and Moon Letters Assimilation occurs with the article prefix in certain cases. That is, the 'l' sound in the prefix الـal- (the) is not pronounced before certain consonants. Instead, the consonant is pronounced doubled. Such consonants are called الحروف الشمسيةalɧurūf aššamsīyat (sun letters), and they are: ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن. ◊ الشمسaššams the sun ◊ الطاولة aʈʈāwilat the table ◊ النورannūr the light Assimilation does not occur before other consonants, which are called الحروف القمرية alɧurūf alqamarīyat (moon letters): ء ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م ه و ي. ◊ القمرalqamar the moon ◊ الباب albāb the door ◊ الكتابalkitāb the book
أال
ʔalā particle |> ال+ أʔa + lā| • (precedes yes/no question) [+ indicative] don't…?, doesn't…? ◊ أال يريد أن يذهب؟Doesn't he want to go? أالʔallā conj. |> ال+ أنʔan + lā| • that… not ◊ . أتمنى أال أكون قد أزعجتكI hope I'm not bothering you. أالʔalā, أال إنʔalā ʔinna adv. • indeed, verily
إالʔillā, وإالwa-ʔillā particle |> ال+ إنʔin(i) + lā| 11 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا cetera), and so on
الذي
allađī sing. m. relative pronoun • which, who, that • he who, what ➥ table below الذينallađīna plural m. relative pronoun • which, who, that • those who ➥ table below السلفادورelsalvādōr n. invar. • El Salvador ⓘ The الـis not the Arabic definite article, but rather the Spanish definite article, and is thus not assimilated. سلفادوريsalvādōrīy adj. & n. • Salvadoran ألفʔalifa v.tr. |1s4(a) يألفyaʔlafu | ألفʔalf| • become accustomed to, get used to مألوفmaʔlūf pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر ألفةʔakŧar ʔulfatan| • familiar, usual, typical, customary ▪ من المألوف... mina -lmaʔlūfi ...than usual ألفʔalf number |pl. آالفʔālāf or ألوفʔulūf | as numeral, written ٠١١١| • [+ indefinite genitive singular noun] (one) thousand ▪ __ اآلالف من alʔālāf min __ [+ definite genitive plural noun] thousands of __ ◊ شارك اآلالف من المتظاهرين في . المسيرةThousands of protestors partipated in the demonstration. ▪ __ عشرات اآلالف من 3ašarāt alʔālāfi min __ [+ definite genitive plural noun] tens of thousands of __ ◊ عشرات اآلالف من األشخاصtens of thousands of people ▪ __ مئات اآلالف منmiʔāt alʔālāfi min __ [+ definite genitive plural noun] hundreds of thousands of __ ◊ مئات اآلالف من الدوالرات hundreds of thousands of dollars ▪ ألف ليلة وليلة ʔalfu laylatin wa-laylatin (book title) 1001 Arabian Nights • adj. (ordinal number) [agrees for case but does not vary for gender] thousandth ◊ اليوم األلفthe one-thousandth day ◊ المرة األلف the one-thousandth time ⓘ When a noun immediately follows, ألفʔalf (thousand) takes the indefinite genitive singular form. In compound numbers, the form of the noun is determined by the number which immediately precedes it: ◊ ألف بيتone thousand houses ◊ ثالثة آالف بيتthree thousand houses ◊ ألف وخمسة بيوتone thousand and five houses ◊ ألف وعشرون بيتاone thousand and twenty houses ألفانʔalfāni |acc. and gen. ألفينʔalfayni | as numeral, written ٣١١١| • two thousand ثالثةَآالفŧalāŧat ʔālāfin |as numeral, written ٢١١١ | • three thousand أحدَعشرَألفاʔaɧada 3ašra ʔalfan |as numeral, written ٠٠١١١| • eleven thousand
m
pl e
• [+ noun in logical case] except (for), save ◊ ما من أحد منا إال هوno one among us but him ▪ إال أنʔillā ʔanna conj. however, yet, but, nevertheless, nonetheless, still ◊ إال أن هناك . إشارات إيجابيةNevertheless, there are positive signs. ▪ إال إذاʔillā iđā, إال وʔillā wa- conj. unless, except when ◊ . ال أؤمن بشيء إال إذ رأيته بعينيI don't believe anything unless I've seen it with my own two eyes. ▪ وإالwa-ʔillā adv. | + إن+ و > الwa- + ʔin + lā| otherwise, if not ◊ نظف . غرفتك وإال ستعاقبClean your room or you'll be punished. • [negative +] just, merely, only, nothing but ◊ . ما هو إال ولدHe's just a boy. ◊ ال . إله إال للاThere is no god but God. ◊ إن هي إال . مسألة وقتIt is just a matter of time. • (time) to ▪ إال الثلثʔillā -ŧŧulŧa [hour +] twenty to ◊ الساعة السادسة إال الثلثtwenty to six (5:40) ▪ إال الربع ʔillā -rrub3a [hour +] a quarter to ◊ في الساعة الرابعة إال الربعat a quarter to four (3:45) ▪ إال خمس دقائقʔillā xamsa daqāʔiqa [hour +] five to ◊ إنها الساعة الثالثة إال خمس دقائقIt's five to three (2:55). ألبانياʔalbāniyā n. f. invar. • Albania ألبانيʔalbānīy adj. & n. • Albanian ألبومʔalbūm n. • album التيallatī sing. f. relative pronoun • which, who, that • she who
sa
Relative Pronouns masculine
singular dual
nom. acc./gen.
feminine
الذي
التي
allađī
allatī
اللذان
اللتان
allađāni
allatāni
اللذين
اللتين
allađayni
allatayni
الالتي allātī
plural
الذين
الالئي
allađīna
allāʔī
اللواتي allawātī
إلخʔilā ʔāxirihi |abbreviation of • |إلى آخرهetc. (et
12 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا عشرونَألفا3išrūna ʔalfan |as numeral, written ٣١١١١| • twenty thousand مئةَألفmiʔat ʔalfin, |as numeral, written ٠١١١١١ | • one hundred thousand ألفيةʔalfīyat n. • millennium
U.A.E. 1,000-dirham bills
ألف
mutaʔālif act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تآلفاʔakŧar taʔālufan| • harmonious
VIII ائتلفiʔtalafa v.tr. |8s(a) يأتلفyaʔtalifu | ائتالف iʔtilāf| • form a coalition ائتالفiʔtilāf n.↑ • (politics) coalition, union ألفباءʔalifbāʔ n. • alphabet ألفبائيʔalfabāʔīy adj. • alphabetical V تألقtaʔallaqa v.intr. |5s(a) يتألقyataʔallaqu | تألق taʔalluq| • shine, radiate متألقmutaʔalliq act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تألقاʔakŧar taʔalluqan| • shining, radiant إلكترونʔelektrōn n. • electron إلكترونيʔelektrōnīy adj. • electronic ▪ جهاز إلكترونيjihāz ʔelektrōnīy n. electronic appliance ▪ إلكترونياتʔelektrōnīyāt pl. n. electronics الالئيallāʔīy plural f. relative pronoun • who, which, that ➥ Relative Pronouns p. 12 الالتيallātī plural f. relative pronoun • who, which, that ➥ Relative Pronouns p. 12 اللتانallatāni dual f. relative pronoun • who, which, that ➥ Relative Pronouns p. 12 اللذانallađāni dual m. relative pronoun • who, which, that ➥ Relative Pronouns p. 12 اللواتيallāwātī plural f. relative pronoun • which, who, that ➥ Relative Pronouns p. 12 ألمʔalam(i) particle |> لم+ أʔa + lam(i)| • [+ jussive] didn't…? ◊ ألم تتناول الفطور هذا الصباح؟ Didn't you eat breakfast this morning? ألمʔalam n. |pl. آالمʔālām| • pain ▪ ألم في البطن ʔalam fī -lbaʈani, ألم في المعدةʔalam fī -lma3idati stomach ache أليمʔalīm adj. |elat. أكثر إيالماʔakŧar ʔīlāman| • sore, in pain II ألمʔallama v.tr. |2s(a) يؤلمyuʔallimu | تأليمtaʔlīm| • hurt, cause pain IV آلمʔālama v.tr. |3s(a) يؤلمyuʔlimu | إيالمʔīlām| • hurt ◊ ! هذا يؤلم كثيراIt really hurts! مؤلمmuʔlim act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر إيالماʔakŧar ʔīlāman| • painful V تألمtaʔallama v.intr. |5s(a) يتألمyataʔallamu | تألم taʔallum| • be in pain, hurt ألماسʔalmās coll. n. |sing. ألماسةʔalmāsat| • diamonds ألمانياʔalmāniyā n. f. invar. • Germany ألمانيʔalmānīy adj. & n. |pl. ألمانʔalmān| • German ألنʔalan(i) particle |> لن+ أʔa + lan(i)| • [+ subjunctive] won't…? ◊ ألن تشكرني؟Aren't you
sa
m
pl e
ʔalif n. • (first letter of the Arabic alphabet) alif ▪ (ا) ألف طويلةʔalif ʈawīlat regular alif ▪ ألف فاصلةʔalif fāʂilat separating alif (silent alif at end of some verb conjugations), otiose alif ▪ ( ٰ ) ألف قصيرةʔalif qaʂīrat, ألف خنجريةʔalif xanjarīyat (diacritic representing a long ā and only occurring in a few words) dagger alif ➥ Dagger Alif p. 1 ▪ (آ) ألف مدةʔalif maddat alif maddah ▪ (ى) ألف مقصورةʔalif maqʂūrat shortened alif ألفةʔulfat n. • familiarity, intimacy أليفʔalīf adj. |m. pl. ألفاءʔalfāʔ | elat. أألفʔaʔlaf| • domestic, tamed ▪ حيوان أليفɧayawān ʔalīf n. pet • familiar, intimate • friendly, amicable II ألفʔallafa v.tr. |2s(a) يؤلفyuʔallifu | تأليفtaʔlīf| • write, author, compose, pen • compile بين, put together تأليفtaʔlīf n.↑ • authorship ▪ __ : تأليفtaʔlīf (written) by __ مؤلفmuʔallif act. part. n. • author, writer • composer مؤلفmuʔallaf pass. part. n. • (music) composition ▪ مؤلفاتmuʔallafāt pl. n. writings, publications V تألفtaʔallafa v.intr. |5s(a) يتألفyataʔallafu | تألف taʔalluf| • consist of من, be composed of, be made up of VI تآلفtaʔālafa v.intr. |6s(a) يتآلفyataʔālafu | تآلف taʔāluf| • harmonize, get along well • work together, unite
متآلف
13 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا
going to thank me?⚠ ألنʔalan (English name) Alan, Allen
إله
ʔilāh, also spelled إالهʔilāh n. |pl. آلهةʔālihat| • god, deity ▪ يا إلهيyā ʔilāhī Oh my God! إالهةʔilāhat n. • goddess إالهيʔilāhīy adj. • godly, divine
هللا
aLLāh n. • God, Allah ▪ هللli-LLāhi |> للا+ لـ li- + aLLāh| to God ⓘ This irregular spelling is
pl e
meant to avoid three adjacent 'لs. ▪ للا أكبر aLLāhu ʔakbaru God is great ➥ تكبيرtakbīr p. 259 ▪ إن شاء للاʔin šāʔa -LLāhu, بإذن للاbi-ʔiđni -LLāhi If God wishes, God willing ▪ بسم للاbi-smi -llāhi in the name of God ▪ ما شاء للاmā šāʔa -LLāhu Praise God! ▪ وللاwa-LLāhi I swear!, By God! ▪ يا للاyā -LLāhu, اللهمaLLāhumma My God!, Oh, God! ▪ قضاء للاqaɖāʔ ∙ aLLāhi death ▪ الحمد هلل alɧamdu li-LLāhi, للا سبحانه وتعالىaLLāhu subɧānahu wa-ta3ālā, سبحان للاsubɧāna -LLāhi (exclamation of surprise or wonder) Praise (be to) God! ▪ في أمان للاfī ʔamāni -LLāhi Goodbye! ▪ . ال إله إال للاlā ʔilāha ʔillā -LLāhu There is no god but God. ▪ سجد شكرا هللsajada šukran li-LLāhi v. prostrate in thanks to God ▪ للا يعطيك العافية aLLāhu yu3ʈīka al3āfiyata May God give you good health! ▪ للا يعافيكaLLāhu yu3āfīka (resposne) Thank you! ▪ صلى للا عليه وسلم ʂallā -LLāhu 3alayhi wa-sallama (following the name of the prophet Muhammad) PBUH (peace be upon him) ▪ استودعك للاistawda3aka aLLāhu May God be with you! ▪ أصلحه للا ʔaʂlaɧahu aLLāhu may God grant sb prosperity ▪ بارك للا فيكbāraka aLLāhu fīka, للا يبارك فيك aLLāhu yubāriku fīka God bless you! ▪ حماه للا ɧamāhu aLLāhu, ستره للاsatarahu aLLāhu may God protect sb ▪ رحمه للاraɧimahu aLLāhu (for the deceased) may God have mercy upon sb; may God bless sb ▪ رعاه للاra3āhu aLLāhu may God protect sb ◊ ! رعاك للاMay God protect you! ▪ سلمه للاsallamahu aLLāhu may God bless sb ◊ ! سلمك للاGod bless you! ▪ طول للا عمره ʈawwala aLLāhu 3umrahu may God prolong sb's life ▪ كرمه للاkarramahu aLLāhu may God honor sb ▪ قتله للاqatalahu aLLāhu may God kill sb ▪ لعنه للاla3anahu aLLāhu may God damn sb ▪ نصره للاnaʂarahu aLLāhu may God help sb ▪ يسره للاyassarahu aLLāhu may God pave sb's way ⓘ Notice that the long ā of للاaLLāh is unwritten. ➥ Dagger Alif p. 1 ⓘ The word للا aLLāh is unique in Arabic in that the لis pronounced dark. ➥ Pronunciation p. ix ⓘ The
word للاaLLāh is found in several Arab names: ◊ عبد للاAbdullah ◊ نصر للاNasrallah آلوʔālō interjection • (on telephone) Hello? ألومنيومʔalūminiyūm n. • aluminum إلىʔilā prep. • to ◊ .ذهب من بيته إلى المدرسة بالحافلة He went from his home to school by bus. ▪ إلى آخرهʔilā ʔāxirihi |abbreviated إلخʔilā ʔāxirihi| etc., and so on ▪ إلى ذلكʔilā đālika adv. in addition to that, additionally • (time) until ▪ إلى اللقاءʔilā -lliqāʔi Good-bye! ▪ إلى غدʔilā ɣadin See you tomorrow! ▪ إلى أنʔilā ʔan conj. [+ perfect or subjunctive] until ◊ انتظرت إلى أن . انتهى من كالمهI waited until he was finished speaking. ▪ إلى متىʔilā matā how long, until when ◊ إلى متى بقيت في بغداد؟When did you stay in Baghdad until? ◊ إلى متى ستستمر األحوال بهذا الشكل؟How long will things keep going like this? إالمʔilāma |> ما+ إلىʔilā + mā| • how far, to what extent • to what إلينا
ʔilayya
ʔilaynā
إليك
m
sa
إلي
إليكم
ʔilayka
إليكما
ʔilaykum
إليك
ʔilaykumā
إليكن
ʔilayki
ʔilaykunna
إليه
إليهم
ʔilayhi
إليهما
ʔilayhim
إليها
ʔilayhimā
إليهن
ʔilayhā
ʔilayhinna
أليةʔalyat n. |pl. ألياتʔal(a)yāt| • buttock أليسʔalaysa |> ليس+ أʔa + laysa| • isn't…? ▪ أليس كذلك؟ʔalaysa ka-đālika Isn't that so?, Right? أمʔam(i) conj. • (introduces a second alternative in questions) or ◊ هل تريد شايا أم قهوة؟Would you like tea or coffee? ▪ أم أنʔam ʔanna or (is it that…) ◊ أليس كذلك أم أني مخطئ؟Isn't that so, or am I wrong? ▪ ... … … كان أمkāna ʔam..., …سواء ... أمsawāʔan… ʔam… (regardless) whether… or…, be they… or… ◊ جديدا كان أم قديماwhether new or old ◊ كل أحد رجال كان أم امرأةeveryone, be they men or women ◊ سواء أردت أم لم ترد
14 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا
whether you want to or not ➥ compare with أو ʔaw p. 20 إماʔimmā conj. • either ▪ ... إما… أوʔimmā… ʔaw…, إما… وإماʔimmā... wa-ʔimmā… either…
map of the U.A.E. 1. دبيdubayy Dubai 2. أبوظبيʔabūʐabī Abu Dhabi 3. الشارقةaššāriqat Sharjah 4. العينal3ayn Al Ain 5. عجمان3ajmān Ajman 6. رأس الخيمةraʔs alxaymat Ras al-Khaimah 7. أم القيوينʔumm alquwwayn Umm al-Quwain 8. خورفكانxawr fakkān Khor Fakkan 9. دبا الحصنdibbā -lɧiʂn Dibba Al-Hisn 10. الفجيرةalfujayrat Fujairah
pl e
or… ◊ إما في بيتي أو بيتكeither at my house or yours ▪ ... إما أن… أو أنʔimmā ʔan… ʔaw ʔan… either… or… ◊ .إما أن تبقى هنا وإما أن تذهب إلى البيت Either you stay here or you go home. إمبراطورʔimbarāʈūr n. |pl. أباطرةʔabāʈirat| • emperor إمبراطورةʔimbarāʈūrat n. • empress إمبراطوريʔimbarāʈūrīy adj. • imperial إمبراطوريةʔimbarāʈūrīyat n. • empire إمبرياليʔimbiriyāllīy adj. • imperial إمبرياليةʔimbiriyālīyat n. • imperialism أمدʔamad n. |pl. آمادʔāmād| • period, duration ▪ طويل األمدʈawīl ∙ alʔamadi adj. long-term ▪ قصير األمدqaʂīr ∙ alʔamadi short-term ▪ منذ أمد بعيدmunđu ʔamadin ba3īdin, منذ أمد طويلmunđu ʔamadin ʈawīlin adv. for a long time أمرʔamara v.tr. |1s3(a) يأمرyaʔmuru | أمرʔamr| • أمره بأنʔamarahu bi-ʔan order sb to (do), command that sb (do) ◊ أمر الرئيس بأن يكون . االجتماع فى أقرب وقتThe president ordered that the meeting be held as soon as possible. أمرʔamr n.↑ • |pl. أمورʔumūr| matter, issue, thing ▪ ألمر ماli-ʔamrin mā adv. for some reason ▪ في بادئ األمرfī bādiʔi -lʔamri, بادئ األمر bādiʔa -lʔamri, في أول األمرfī ʔawwali -lʔamri, أول األمرʔawwala -lʔamri adv. at first, in the beginning ▪ كيف األمور؟kayfa -lʔumūru How are things? • |pl. dip. أوامرʔawāmir| order, command ▪ بأمر للاbi-ʔamri -LLāhi adv. by God's command, God willing ▪ األمرalʔamr (grammar) the imperative ▪ فعل أمرfi3l ∙ ʔamr imperative verb مأمورmaʔmūr pass. part. • adj. authorized, in charge • n. official, officer ▪ مأمور سجنmaʔmūr ∙ sijn prison warden إمارةʔimārat n. • emirate, principality ▪ اإلمارات العربية المتحدةalʔimārāt al3arabīyat almuttaɧidat the United Arab Emirates (the U.A.E.) ➥ map
sa
m
III آمرʔāmara v.tr. |3s(a) يؤامرyuʔāmiru | مؤامرة muʔāmarat| • consult, ask sb's opinion مؤامرةmuʔāmarat n.↑ • conspiracy, plot VI تآمرtaʔāmara v.intr. |6s(a) يتآمرyataʔāmaru | تآمرtaʔāmur| • conspire against على, plot تآمرtaʔāmur n.↑ • plot, conspiracy VIII ائتمرiʔtamara v.intr. |8s(a) يأتمرyaʔtamiru | ائتمارiʔtimār| • confer with بـ, consult, discuss مؤتمرmuʔtamar pass. part. n. • conference ▪ مؤتمر صحفيmuʔtamar ʂuɧufīy press conference ▪ المؤتمر اليهودي العالميalmuʔtamar alyahūdīy al3ālamīy The World Jewish Congress (WJC) X استمارةistimārat, استئمارةistiʔmārat n. • form, application ▪ مأل استمارةmalaʔa istimārat v.tr. fill out a form أمريكاʔamrīkā n. f. invar. • America ▪ أمريكا الجنوبية ʔamrīkā -ljanūbīyat South America ▪ أمريكا الشمالية ʔamrīkā -ššamālīyat North America ▪ أمريكا الالتينيةʔamrīkā -llātīnīyat Latin America ▪ أمريكا الوسطىʔamrīkā -lwusʈā Central America أمريكيʔamrīkīy, أمريكانيʔamrīkānīy adj. & n. • American األمريكانalʔamrīkān pl. n. • Americans QI أمركʔamraka v.tr. |11s(a) يؤمركyuʔamriku | أمركةʔamrakat| • Americanize QII تأمركtaʔamraka v.intr. |12s(a) يتأمرك
above
إماراتيʔimārātīy adj. & n. • Emirati أميرʔamīr n. |pl. dip. أمراءʔumarāʔ| • prince, emir, commander • man's name Amir, Ameer ⓘ The English word 'admiral' has been borrowed from this Arabic word. أميرةʔamīrat n. • princess • dip. woman's name Amira, Ameera
15 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا yataʔamraku | تأمركtaʔamruk| • become
Americanized
أمس
ʔams n. dip. • yesterday ▪ أمسʔams , باألمس bi-lʔamsi, يوم أمسyawma ʔamsi adv. yesterday ▪ أمس األولʔamsi -lʔawwala, أول أمسʔawwala ʔamsi, أول من أمسʔawwala min ʔamsi adv. the day before yesterday ▪ ليلة أمسlaylata ʔamsi adv. last night ▪ باألمس القريبbi-lʔamsi -lqarībi adv. i
• cosmopolitan • UN أمامʔamām n. • front ▪ إلى األمامʔilā -lʔamāmi adv. forward, ahead ▪ في األمامfī -lʔamāmi adv. in front أمامʔamāma prep. • in front of ◊ هناك سياج أمام . بيتناThere's a fence in front of our house. ▪ ليس أمامه إالlaysa ʔamāmahu ʔillā (figuaratively) only have __ ahead of oneself ◊ . ليس أمامه إال طريق واحدThere's only one path ahead for him. ▪ ليس أمامه إال أنlaysa ʔamāmahu ʔillā ʔan have no choice but to…, can only… ◊ . ليس أمامها إال إكمال ما بدأتهShe has no choice but to finish what she started. ◊ ليس أمامهم إال . أن يقبلوا القرارThey have no choice but to accept the decision. أماميʔamāmīy adj. • front-, fore- ▪ بوابة أمامية bawābat ʔamāmīyat n. front gate ▪ خط أماميxaʈʈ ʔamāmīy n. front line إمامʔimām n. |pl. أئمةʔaʔimmat| • imam
sa
m
pl e
recently, not long ago أمسيةʔumsīyat n. |pl. أمسياتʔumsīyāt or dip.أماسي ʔamāsīy| • evening party, soiree أمستردامʔamsterdām n. f. dip. • (capital of the Netherlands) Amsterdam أملʔamala v.tr. |1s3(a) يأملyaʔmulu | أملʔamal| • hope ▪ . آمل ذلكʔāmulu đālika I hope so. ▪ أمل أن ʔamala ʔan hope to (do), hope that… ◊ آمل أال . تمطرI hope that it doesn't rain. ◊ آمل أن أقيم في . هذا الفندق مرة أخرىI hope to stay in this hotel again. ◊ . آمل أن تأتي إلى الحفلةI hope you'll come to the party. أملʔamal n.↑ |pl. آمالʔāmāl| • hope مأمولmaʔmūl pass. part. adj. • hoped ▪ من المأمول أنmina -lmaʔmūli ʔan it is hoped that… V تأملtaʔammala v.intr. |5s(a) يتأملyataʔammalu | تأملtaʔammul| • contemplate فيor بـ, ponder, meditate on تأملtaʔammul n.↑ • contemplation, meditation أمʔumm n. f. |pl. أمهاتʔummahāt| • mother, mom ⓘ Notice how the dual and plural are used for referring to two and three unrelated people's mothers: ◊ (dual) أماهماʔummāhumā their mothers ◊ (plural) أمهاتهمʔummahātuhum their mothers ▪ أم لـʔumm li- a mother of ◊ أم لثالثة أطفالa mother of three ▪ أم لؤلؤʔumm ∙ luʔluʔ mother of pearl ▪ زوج أمzawj ∙ ʔumm stepfather أمَدرمانʔumm ∙ durmān n. f. • (city in Sudan) Omdurman ➥ map on p. 151 أمَالقيوينʔumm ∙ alquwwayni n. f. • (city in the U.A.E.) Umm al-Quwain ➥ map on p. 15 أميʔummīy adj. |elat. أكثر أميةʔakŧar ʔummīyatan| • illiterate • maternal أميةʔummīyat n. • illteracy • motherhood أمةʔummat n. |pl. أممʔumam| • nation ▪ األمم المتحدةalʔumam almuttaɧidat pl. n. the United Nations (the UN) • world, region ▪ األمة اإلسالمية alʔummat alʔislāmīyat the Muslim world ▪ األمة العربيةalʔummat al3arabīyat the Arab world أمميʔumamīy adj. |elat. أكثر أمميةʔakŧar
ʔumamīyatan| • global, universal
An imam leads prayer at a mosque.
أمومة
ʔumūmat n. • maternity, motherhood أموميʔumūmīy adj. |elat. أكثر أمومةʔakŧar ʔumūmīyatan| • maternal
II أممʔammama v.tr. |2s(a) يؤممyuʔammimu | تأميم taʔmīm| • nationalize تأميمtaʔmīm n.↑ • nationalization أمنv.intr. • ʔamina |1s4(a) يأمنyaʔmanu | أمن ʔamn or أمانʔamān| feel safe • ʔamuna |1s6(a) يأمنyaʔmunu | أمانةʔamānat| be faithful, be trustworthy أمنʔamn, أمانʔamān n.↑ • security, safety ▪ رجل أمنrajul ∙ ʔamn watchman, guard ▪ في أمان للاfī ʔamāni -LLāhi Goodbye! ▪ أمن قوميʔamn qawmīy national security أمنيʔamnīy adj. • security- ▪ فحص أمنيfaɧʂ ʔamnīy n. security check
16 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا
أمانة
ʔamāna • faithfulness, integrity, loyalty, honesty • deposit, consignment ▪ خزانة أماناتxizānat ∙ ʔamānāt (night) safe ▪ صندوق أماناتʂundūq ∙ ʔamānāt deposit box آمنʔāmin act. part. adj. |elat. أأمنʔaʔman| • safe, secure مأمونmaʔmūn pass. part. adj. |elat. أأمنʔaʔman| • safe, secure أمينʔamīn |pl. dip. أمناءʔumanāʔ| • adj. |elat. أأمن ʔaʔman| safe, secure • adj. faithful, trustworthy, loyal, honest • n. trustee ▪ أمين عامʔamīn 3āmm secretary general • man's name Amin ▪ أمينةʔamīnat dip. woman's name Amina, Ameena آمينʔāmīn interjection • Amen! II أمنʔammana v.tr. |2s(a) يؤمنyuʔamminu | تأمين taʔmīn| • reassure sb هof على, give assurance • insure تأمينtaʔmīn n.↑ • insurance, protection إيمانʔīmān n.↑ • faith, belief IV آمنʔāmana v.intr. |4s(a) يؤمنyuʔminu | إيمان ʔīmān| • believe in بـ, have faith ▪ آمن باهلل ʔāmana bi-LLāhi believe in God مؤمنmuʔmin act. part. n. • believer VIII ائتمنiʔtamana v.tr. |8s(a) يأتمنyaʔtaminu | ائتمانiʔtimān| • entrust, credit ائتمانiʔtimān n.↑ • credit ▪ بطاقة ائتمانbiʈāqat ∙ iʔtimān credit card أمويʔumawīy adj. |m. pl. أميةʔumayyat| • Umayyad ▪ بنو أميةbanū ∙ ʔumayyat n. The Umayyads ▪ الخالفة األمويةalxālifat alʔumawīyat n. The Umayyad Caliphate ▪ الدولة األمويةaddawlat alʔumawīyat n. The Ummayad Dynasty n.↑
َأن
ʔanna conj. [+ accusative noun or pronoun suffix] • that… ◊ . أعتقد أنه جيد جداI think it's really good. ➥ table below left ألنli-ʔanna conj. • [+ accusative noun or pronoun suffix] because ◊ ذهبت إلى الطبيب ألني . ال أشعر بخيرI went to the doctor's because I don't feel well. ➥ Inna and Her Sisters p. 18 إنʔin(i) conj. • [+ perfect] if ▪ إن شاء للاʔin šāʔa -LLāhu If God wishes!, God willing! ▪ ولئن wa-laʔin, لئنlaʔin |> إن+ لـla + ʔin| if ◊ لئن لم . تنته ألعاقبكIf you don't stop, I will punish you.; while, whereas ▪ ( (حتى) وإنɧattā) wa-ʔin, ( (و)حتى إنwa-)ɧattā ʔin even if, even though ◊ . سأحبك وإن لم تحبنيI will love you even if you don't love me. • conj. whether, if ◊ ال أعرف إن . كنت في المكان الصحيح أم الI didn't know whether I was in the right place or not. • not ▪ إن هو إال ʔin huwa ʔillā one is (nothing) but, one is no more than ◊ . إن هي إال مسألة وقتIt was just a matter of time. إالʔillā, وإالwa-ʔillā conj. |> ال+ إنʔin(i) + lā| • otherwise, if not ◊ .أنه فروضك وإال فأنت معاقب Finish your homework or you're grounded. ➥ إالʔillā p. 12
)إنني (إني
)إننا (إنا
ʔinnanī (ʔinnī)
ʔinnanā (ʔinnā)
sa
m
pl e
t
)أنني (أني
)أننا (أنا
ʔannanī (ʔannī)
ʔannanā (ʔannā)
أنك أنكما
ʔannakum
أنك
ʔannakumā
أنكن
ʔannaki
ʔannakunna
أنه
أنهم
ʔannahu
أنهما
ʔannahum
أنها
ʔannahumā
أنهن
ʔannahā
ʔannahunna
إنكم
ʔinnaka
إنكما
ʔinnakum
إنك
ʔinnakumā
إنكن
ʔinnaki
ʔinnakunna
إنه
إنهم
ʔinnahu
إنهما
ʔinnahum
إنها
ʔinnahumā
إنهن
ʔinnahā
أنكم
ʔannaka
إنك
إن
ʔinnahunna
ʔinna • conj. [+ accusative noun or pronoun suffix] that… ▪ قال إنqāla ʔinna say that... ▪ إن وأخواتهاʔinna wa-ʔaxawātuhā n. (grammar) Inna and her sisters • إنهʔinnahu, إنه لـʔinnahu la- particle (usually untranslated in English) truly, certainly➥ table above إنماʔinnamā adv. • only, just • however ▪ … وإنما… أيضا، فقط... faqaʈ wa-ʔinnamā… ʔayɖan [negative +] not only…, but also... ◊ ليس مفيدا . وإنما مهما جدا أيضا، فقطIt's not only useful, but
17 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا also very important. ◊ هي مشكلة ليست في الغرب . وإنما في جميع أنحاء العالم، فقطIt's a problem not only in the West, but throughout the world. Inna and Her Sisters These conjunctions (or 'accusative particles') require that the subject of the following clause be in the accusative case. In the absence of a noun subject, a pronoun suffix must be added to the conjunction. أنʔanna that... إنʔinna that…; truly كأنka-ʔanna as if ألنli-ʔanna because لعلla3alla perhaps لكنlākinna but ليتlayta I wish that...
I've seen you, I feel better.
أنا
ʔana sing. m. f. first-person personal pronoun • I ◊ . أنا الذي فعلتهI'm the one who did it. ⓘ Notice that the final vowel in أناʔana is pronounced short even though it is spelled with alif. أنانيʔanānīy • adj. |elat. أكثر أنانيةʔakŧar ʔanānīyatan| egotistic, self-centered, selfish ▪ غير أنانيɣayr ∙ ʔanānīy selfless • n. egotist أنانيةʔanānīyat n. • egotism, selfishness أناناسʔanānās n. invar. • pineapple II أنبʔannaba v.tr. |2s(a) يؤنبyuʔannibu | تأنيب taʔnīb| • scold, berate, rebuke
أنت أنت
ʔanti sing. f. second-person personal pronoun
• you
أنتم
ʔantum(u) plural m. second-person personal pronoun • you ⓘ أنتمʔantum can also be used
َْ أنʔan(i) conj. • [+ subjunctive] that…, to (do)
to show deference to an individual in very formal situations: ◊ السيد الرئيس؟، وأنتمAnd you, Mr. President?
pl e
◊ . من الممكن أن يأتيIt's possible that he'll come. ◊ . أريد أن أتزوجI want to get married. ⓘ أنʔan is normally followed by a subjunctive verb but can be followed by a perfect-tense verb in some idiomatic structures: ▪ سبق أنsabaqa ʔan [+ perfect] have (done) ◊ هل سبق أن قابلت أحد المشاهير؟Have you ever met anyone famous? ▪ إلى أنʔilā ʔan conj. [+ perfect or subjunctive] until ◊ . انتظرت إلى أن انتهى من كالمهI waited until he was finished speaking. ⓘ In most situations, أنʔan can be replaced by a definite masdar. ➥ p. vii⑧ أالʔallā, أن الʔan lā conj. [+ subjunctive] • that… not ◊ . من الممكن أال يأتيIt's possible that he won't come. ◊ . أطلب أال تفعل ذلكI ask you not to do that. َْ ألنli-ʔan conj. [+ subjunctive] • in order to (do), so that... ◊ . حان الوقت ألن يتغير العالمThe time has come for the world to change. لئالli-ʔallā conj. [+ subjunctive] • in order not to (do), so as not to (do), lest ◊ أراجع الدرس لئال . أنسىI'm reviewing the lesson so that I don't forget. أماʔammā particle |> ما+ أنʔan + mā| • __ أما … فـʔammā __ fa-… (often untranslated) as for __, as far as __ is concerned ◊ أما أنا فال يفهمنى . أحدAs far as I'm concerned, no one understands me. ◊ . أما اآلن فأنا ال أعملAs for now, I'm not working. ▪ ) أما و(قدʔammā wa-(qad) since, now that ◊ أما.كنت أشعر بالقلق وقد رأيتك فقد اطمأننتI was worried. But now that
ʔanta sing. m. second-person personal pronoun
• you
أنتما
ʔantumā dual m. f. second-person personal pronoun • you, you two
sa
m
أنتن
ʔantunna plural f. second-person personal pronoun • you
أنتاركتيكاʔantārktīkā n. f. invar. • Antarctica إنترنتʔinternet n. invar. • internet, web ▪ اإلنترنت
alʔinternet the internet ▪ على اإلنترنت 3alā -lʔinternet adv. on the internet, online ▪ موقع إنترنتmawqi3 ∙ ʔinternet website ▪ متصل باإلنترنتmuttaʂil bi-lʔinternet adj. online أنثىʔunŧā n. f. invar. |pl. إناثʔināŧ or invar.أناثى ʔanāŧā| • female أنثويʔunŧawīy adj. • female
أنوثةʔunūŧat n. • femininity II أنثʔannaŧa v.tr. |2s(a) يؤنثyuʔanniŧu | تأنيث taʔnīŧ| • (grammar) make feminine
مؤنث
muʔannaŧ pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأنثا ʔakŧar taʔannuŧan| • (grammar) feminine
إنجلترا
ʔingilterā, also spelled إنكلتراʔingilterā n. f. invar. • England إنجليزيʔingilīzīy, also spelled إنكليزيʔingilīzīy |pl. إنجليزʔingilīz , also spelled إنكليزʔingilīz| • adj. English ▪ اللغة اإلنجليزيةalluɣat alʔingilīzīyat n. (language) English ▪ مفتاح إنجليزيmiftāɧ ∙ ʔingilīzīy n. wrench (UK: spanner) • n. English
person, Englishman إنجليزيةʔingilīzīyat, also spelled إنكليزيةʔingilīzīyat
18 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا
أناقة أنيق
ʔanāqa n. • elegance t
ʔanīq adj. |m. pl. dip. أنقاءʔunaqāʔ | elat. أكثر أناقةʔakŧar ʔanāqatan| • stylish, elegant
أنقرةʔanqarat n. dip. • (capital of Turkey) Ankara إنكلتراʔingilterā n. f. invar. • England ➥ إنجلتراp. 18
إنكليزيʔingilīzīy adj. • English ➥ إنجليزيp. 18 أنʔanna v.intr. |1g2(a) يئنyaʔinnu | أنينʔanīn| • moan
أنين إناء
ʔanīn n.↑ • moan ʔināʔ n. |pl. def. أوانʔawān(in) or آنيةʔānīyat |
• container, jar V تأنىtaʔannā v.intr. |5d(a) يتأنىyataʔannā | تأن taʔann(in)| • take one's time with في, (do) at a leisurely pace ◊ .عليك أن تتأنى في النظر في األمر You should take the time to look at the issue. ▪ . من تأنى أدرك ما تمنىman taʔannā ʔadraka mā tamannā proverb He who takes his time (moves cautiously) will reach his goal. ـاه-āh suffix • (used for calling out for help in a dramatic manner) oh __! ⓘ This is often preceded by ياyā or واwā: ◊ ! وا أحمداهwā ʔaɧmadāh Oh Ahmad! ▪ رباهrabbāh Oh Lord! ▪ أبتاهʔabtāh Oh father! ▪ أماهʔummāh Oh mother! آهʔāh interjection • oh, ah II أهبʔahhaba v.tr. |2s(a) يؤهبyuʔahhibu | تأهيب taʔhīb| • make ready for لـ, prepare V تأهبtaʔahhaba v.intr. |5s(a) يتأهبyataʔahhabu | تأهبtaʔahhub| • be ready for لـ, be prepared متأهبmutaʔahhib act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأهبا ʔakŧar taʔahhuban| • ready for لـ أهلʔahl n. |pl. def. أهالʔahāl(in)| • relatives, kin, folk, family • (belonging to a group) [+ definite genitive noun] people of __, __ people, inhabitants of __, adherents of __ ◊ أهل نيويركNew Yorkers ▪ )أهل السنة (والجماعة ʔahl ∙ assunnati (wa-ljamā3ati) n. Sunnis ▪ أهل الكتابʔahl ∙ alkitābi people of the Book (Christians and Jews) أهالʔahlan interjection • Hello! ▪ أهال وسهال ʔahlan wasahlan Welcome! ▪ أهال بكʔahlan bi-ka Welcome! أهليʔahlīy adj. • family-, domestic, civil • national, domestic ▪ حرب أهليةɧarb ʔahlīyat n. f. civil war أهليةʔahlīyat n. • capacity, competence, aptitude ▪ كامل األهليةkāmil ∙ alʔahlīyati adj. competent ▪ عديم األهلية3adīm ∙ alʔahlīyati adj.
sa
m
pl e
• n. Englishwoman إنجيلʔinjīl n. |pl. dip. أناجيلʔanājīl| • gospel األندلسalʔandalus n. f. • Al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia) أندلسيʔandalusīy adj. • Andalusian إندونيسياʔindūnīsiyā n. f. invar. • Indonesia إندونيسيʔindūnīsīy adj. & n. • Indonesian آنسةʔānisat n. |pl. آنساتʔānisāt or dip.أوانس ʔawānis| • miss, young lady ⓘ Titles in Arabic can be followed by a person's first name or last name: ▪ __ اآلنسةalʔānisat __ (talking about) Miss __ ◊ من أين اآلنسة زينب؟Where is Miss Zaynab from? ▪ __ يا آنسةyā ʔānisatu __ (talking to) Miss __ ◊ يا آنسة منصور؟،كيف حالك How are you, Miss Mansour? إنسانʔinsān n. |pl. ناسnās| • person, human ▪ إنسان عينʔinsān ∙ 3ayn (eye) pupil ▪ اإلنسان عبد . اإلحسانalʔinsānu 3abdu -lʔiɧsāni proverb Man is a slave of his good deeds. ▪ .الناس أعداء ما جهلوا annāsu ʔa3dāʔu mā jahilū proverb People are enemies of the things they do not know. ⓘ The plural ناسnās can take a singular feminine or plural masculine verb. إنسانيʔinsānīy adj. |elat. أكثر إنسانيةʔakŧar ʔinsānīyatan| • human • humane, humanitarian ▪ غير إنسانيɣayr ∙ ʔinsānīy inhumane إنسانيةʔinsānīyat n. • humanity, humankind • humaneness, humanitarianism نساءnisāʔ plural f. |sing. امرأةimraʔat| • women نسائيnisāʔīy adj. • women's, for women ◊ مالبس نسائيةwomen's clothing ◊ حالق نسائي hairdresser for women إنسولينʔinsūlīn n. • insulin أنغوالʔanɣōlā n. f. invar. • Angola أنغوليʔanɣōlīy adj. & n. • Angolan أنفʔanifa v.tr. |1s4(a) ينأفyanʔafu | أنفةʔanafat| • disdain, sneer at, regard with contempt أنفʔanf n. |pl. أنوفʔunūf| • nose أنفيʔanfīy adj. • nasal X استأنفistaʔnafa v.tr. |10s(a) يستأنفyastaʔnifu | استئنافistiʔnāf| • resume ▪ استأنف اجتماعا istaʔnafa ijtimā3an resume a meeting • appeal ▪ استأنف حكماistaʔnafa ɧukman appeal a judgment استئنافistiʔnāf n.↑ • resumption • appeal إنفلونزاʔinfluwanzā n. invar. • influenza, flu ▪ إنفلونزا الخنازيرʔinfluwanzā ∙ -lxanāzīr swine flu ▪ إنفلونزا الطيورʔinfluwanzā ∙ -ʈʈuyūr bird flu
19 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا incompetent II أهلʔahhala v.tr. |2s(a) يؤهلyuʔahhilu | تأهيل taʔhīl| • qualify sb هfor لـ تأهيلtaʔhīl n.↑ • qualification, certification, training
مؤهالت
muʔahhilāt act. part. pl. n.
• qualifications, credentials
مؤهل
muʔahhal pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تأهال ʔakŧar taʔahhulan| • qualified for/to لـ, eligible,
sa
m
pl e
competent, fit, suited V تأهلtaʔahhala v.intr. |5s(a) يتأهلyataʔahhalu | تأهلtaʔahhul| • be qualified for لـ, be suited, be fit X استأهلistaʔhala v.tr. |10s(a) يستأهلyastaʔhilu | استئهالistiʔhāl| • be worthy of , deserve مستأهلmustaʔhil act. part. adj. • worthy, deserving أوʔaw(i) conj. • or; [negative +] nor ◊ ال يريد . طعاما أو شراباHe wants neither food nor drink. ➥ compare with أمʔam p. 14 آبʔāba v.intr. |1h3(a) يؤوبyaʔūbu | إيابʔiyāb| • return, go back, come back إيابʔiyāb n.↑ • return ▪ تذكرة ذهاب وإيابtađkirat ∙ đahāb wa-ʔiyāb round-trip ticket ▪ ذهابا وإيابا đahāban wa-ʔiyāban adv. there and back, to and fro أوبراʔōberā n. f. invar. • opera أوبكōpek, منظمة الدول المصدرة للبترولmunaʐʐamat ∙ adduwali -lmuʂaddirati li-lbetrōli n. • OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) أوتوبيسʔotobīs n. • bus أوتوسترادʔōtōstrād n. • expressway (UK: motorway), freeway, interstate أوتوماتيكيotomātīkīy adj. • automatic أورانوسʔūrānūs n. • (planet) Uranus أوركستراʔorkestrā n. f. invar. • orchestra أوروباʔūrūbbā or ʔūrūbā n. f. invar. • Europe أوروبيʔūrūb(b)īy adj. & n. • European إوزʔiwazz coll. n. |sing. إوزةʔiwazzat| • geese أوساكاʔōsākā n. f. invar. • (city in Japan) Osaka أوسلوʔōslō n. f. invar. • (capital of Norway) Oslo أوغنداʔūɣandā n. f. invar. • Uganda أوغنديʔūɣandīy adj. & n. • Ugandan آفةʔāfat n. • disease, affliction, malady, lesion ▪ . آفة العلم النسيانʔāfatu -l3ilmi -nnisyānu proverb Knowledge is afflicted by forgetfulness. ▪ آفة
. الحديث الكذبʔāfatu -lɧadīŧi -kiđbu proverb Communication is afflicted by lies. أوفʔūff interjection • (annoyance) Argh! أوكازيونʔōkāzyōn n. • sale أوكرانياʔūkrāniyā n. f. invar. • Ukraine أوكرانيʔūkrānīy adj. & n. • Ukrainian أوكيʔokay interjection • okay, OK آلʔāl n. • family, house, clan ▪ آل سعودʔāl ∙ saʔūd the House of Saud (ruling family of Saudi Arabia) ▪ آل صباحʔāl ∙ ʂabāɧ The House of Sabah (ruling family of Kuwait) آلةʔālat n. • machine, device, tool, instrument ▪ ) آلة تصوير (رقميةʔālat ∙ taʂwīr (raqmīyat) (digital) camera ▪ آلة موسيقيةʔālat mūsīqīyat musical instrument ▪ اسم آلةism ∙ ʔālat (grammar) noun of instrument آليʔālīy adj. • mechanical, automatic آليةʔālīyat n. • mechanism أولʔawwal dip. • n. |pl. dip. أوائلʔawāʔil| (often plural) [+ definite genitive noun] beginning, early part ◊ في أول الخمسيناتat the beginning of the fifties ◊ في أوائل القرن العشرينin the early twentieth century ▪ في أوائل الشهرfī ʔawāʔili -ššahri adv. at the beginning of the month ▪ .أول الغضب جنون وآخره ندم ʔawwalu -lɣaɖabi junūnun wa-ʔāxiruhu nadamun proverb A rage begins with frenzy and ends in remorse.; n. [+ genitive indefinite (masculine
or feminine) noun or pronoun suffix] first ▪ ألول مرةli-ʔawwali marratin the first time ▪ من __ أوائلmin ʔawāʔili __ [+ definite genitive plural noun] one of the first __, one of the top __ ◊ … هو من أوائل الناس الذينhe was one of the first people to… • adj. |f. sing. invar. أولى ʔūlā | m & f pl. dip. أوائلʔawāʔil| first ◊ المسلمون األوائلthe first Muslims ◊ الالعبين الثالثة األوائل the first three players ▪ للمرة األولى li-lmarrati -lʔūlā adv. for the first time ▪ أوال ʔawwalan adv. firstly, first of all, first أولʔawwala prep. • before ▪ أول األمر ʔawwala -lʔamri adv. at first, in the beginning ◊ . لم أكن سعيدا بالوظيفة أول األمرI wasn't happy with the job at first. ▪ أول أمسʔawwala ʔamsi, أول من أمسʔawwala min ʔamsi adv. the day before yesterday ▪ أول ماʔawwala mā conj. as soon as أوليʔawwalīy adj. • primary, chief, main, principal أوليةʔawwalīyat, أولويةʔawlawīyat n. • priority أولويةʔawlawīyat n. • priority
20 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا
أيلʔayyil n. |pl. dip. أيائلʔayāʔil| • deer أولئكʔūlāʔika plural m. f. demonstrative • those
ʔāh interjection • (surprise) ah!, oh! • (pain) ouch!, ow! آهةʔāhat n. • sigh, moan أوهawwah interjection • oh!, ah! II أوهʔawwaha v.intr. |2s(a) يؤوهyuʔawwihu | تأويه taʔwīh| • sigh, moan V تأوهtaʔawwaha v.intr. |5s(a) يتأوهyataʔawwahu | تأوهtaʔawwuh| • sigh, moan أوىʔawā v.intr. |1d2(a) يأويyaʔwī | إيواءʔīwāʔ| • take shelter at/in • إلىhead toward ▪ أوى إلى الفراشʔawā ʔilā -lfirāši, أوى إلى السريرʔawā ʔilā -ssarīri go to bed مأوىmaʔw(an) n. indecl. |dual مأويانmaʔwayāni | pl. def. مآوmaʔāw(in)| • shelter, accommodation II أوىʔawwā v.tr. |2d(a) يؤويyuʔawwī | تأوية taʔwiyat| • shelter, put up, accommodate IV آوىʔāwā v.tr. |4d(a) يؤويyuʔwī | إيواءʔīwāʔ| • shelter, put up, accommodate أيʔayi particle • namely, that is, i.e. ◊ بعد الساعة الثانية عشر مساء أي بعد منتصف الليلafter 12 a.m., that is, after midnight ◊ عائلتي أي أمي وأبيmy family, namely my mom and dad أيʔayy pronoun |f. أيةʔayyat| • interrogative [+ indefinite genitive singular noun] which ◊ أي ولد؟which boy? ◊ أية بنت؟which girl? ▪ )أي (من __ ʔayy (min) __ [+ definite genitive plural noun or pronoun suffix] which of (the) __ ◊ أي (من) الكتب؟which one of the books? ◊ أيها؟ which one of them? • any ▪ أي شيءʔayy šāyʔin n. anything ▪ أي واحدʔayy wāɧidin, أي شخصʔayy šaxʂin n. anybody, anyone ▪ على أي حال3alā ʔayyi ɧālin adv. anyhow, in any case ▪ في أي مكان fī ʔayyi makānin adv. anywhere ▪ في أي وقتfī ʔayyi waqtin adv. (at) any time ▪ أيʔayya [+ indefinite genitive noun] What (a)...! ◊ أي شرير أنتWhat a naughty devil you are! ▪ أيا كان ʔayyan kāna whatever… (may be); whoever… (may be) ▪ أيماʔayyumā [+ perfect] whichever, whatever ◊ أيما اخترتwhatever you choose; [+ noun in same case] whichever ▪ أيماʔayyamā [+ indefinite genitive masdar] (for emphasis) very much ▪ ابتهج أيما ابتهاجibtahaja ʔayyamā -btihājin v. be very delighted ▪ يسرني أيما سرور أنyasurrunī ʔayyamā surūrin ʔan v. I'm very pleased to (do) ▪ رحب أيما ترحيب بـraɧɧaba ʔayyamā tarɧībin bi- v. welcome warmly ⓘ The masculine form can precede a masculine or feminine noun. It can also precede a plural
sa
m
pl e
◊ [+ animate indefinite plural noun] أولئك . مدرسونThose are teachers. ◊ . أولئك بناتThose are girls. ◊ [+ animate plural noun with definite article] أولئك الرجالthose men ◊ أولئك البناتthose girls ▪ أولئك همʔūlāʔika hum Those are (the) __ ◊ [+ animate plural noun with definite article] أولئك هم المدرسون الذين أخبرتك . عنهمThose are the teachers I told you about. ⓘ Notice that the long ā of أولئكʔūlāʔika is unwritten. ⓘ Demonstratives cannot precede an idafa construction. When أولئكʔūlāʔika modifies the first term of an idafa construction, it must follow the entire construction: ◊ رجال األعمال أولئكthose businessmen ⓘ When modifying the second term of an idafa construction, it precedes the second term: ◊ مدرسة أولئك الطالبthose students' school ➥ That and Those p. 111 أولمبيادʔolimbiyād n. • the Olympics أولمبيʔolimbīy • adj. Olympic ▪ األلعاب األولمبية alʔal3āb alʔolimbīyat pl. n. the Olympic Games, the Olympics • n. Olympian آنʔāna v.intr. |1h3(a) يؤونyaʔūnu | أونʔūn| • (time) approach, arrive ▪ آن األوان لـʔāna alʔawānu li- the time has come for/to… آنʔān n. • moment ▪ اآلنalʔānᵃ adv. now ▪ بعد اآلنba3da -lʔāni adv. from now on, in the future ▪ حتى اآلنɧattā -lʔāni adv. so far, until now ▪ في آنfī ʔānin adv. simultaneously, at the same time ▪ من اآلنmina -lʔāni adv. [time +] from now ◊ سنوات من اآلنyears from now ▪ من اآلن فصاعداmina -lʔāni faʂā3idan adv. from now on ▪ قبل اآلنqabla -lʔāni adv. formerly, previously آنيʔānīy adj. • instant, immediate • present, current آنذاكʔānađāka, آنئذʔānaʔiđin adv. • that day, at that time • in those days أوانʔawān n. |pl. آونةʔāwinat| • time ▪ آن األوان لـ ʔāna alʔawānu li- v. the time has come for/to… ▪ بين اآلونة واألخرىbayna -lʔāwinati wa-lʔuxrā adv. from time to time, at times, sometimes ▪ سابق ألوانهsābiq li-ʔawānihi adj. premature ▪ فات األوان fāta alʔawānu v. it is too late ▪ في اآلونة األخيرة fī -lʔāwinati -lʔaxīrati adv. recently, lately ▪ فى سالف العصر واألوانfī sālifi -l3aʂri wa-lʔawāni adv. long ago, in the olden days أونسʔawns n. invar. • ounce
آه
21 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ا Irishman إيرلنديةʔīrlandīyat, أيرلنديةʔayrlandīyat n. • Irishwoman آيسَكريمʔāys krīm n. • ice cream آيسلنداʔāyslandiyā n. f. invar. • Iceland آيسلنديʔāyslandīy • adj. Icelandic • n. Icelander اإليسيسكوalʔaysīskō n. • ISESCO (Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) أيضاʔayɖan adv. • also, too, as well إيطالياʔīʈāliyā n. f. invar. • Italy إيطاليʔīʈālīy adj. & n. • Italian آيفونʔāyfōn n. invar. • iPhone™ أيلولʔaylūl n. dip. • September ➥ The Months p. 165
إيميلʔīmayl n. • e-mail أينʔayna adv. • interrogative where? ◊ أين تعيشون أنتم؟Where do you live? ◊ أين تذهب؟Where are you going? ▪ إلى أينʔilā ʔayna where to? ◊ إلى أين تتجه الدولة؟Where is the country headed for? ▪ من أينmin ʔayna where from? ◊ من أين جاء ذلك الرجل؟Where did that man come from? ▪ من أين له بـmin ʔayna lahu bi- where can one get...? ◊ من أين لي بدواء بالقرب من هنا؟Where can I get medicine around here? ◊ من أين لك ذلك؟ Where did you get that? • conj. where ◊ ال . أعرف أين يعيشI don't know where he lives. أينماʔaynamā conj. [+ perfect] • wherever ◊ . أينما ذهبت تجد الفوضىWherever you go, you find chaos. ◊ . كان يقابلها أينما ذهبHe saw her wherever he went. أيهاʔayyuhā, يا أيهاyā ʔayyuhā particle |f. أيتها ʔayyatuhā| [+ nominative noun with definite article] • (usually untranslated) ◊ أيها السادة ! والسيداتLadies and gentlemen! ◊ لماذا تريد أن تفعل هذا أيها األحمق؟Why do you want to do that, stupid? ◊ ! أيها اإللهO God! ◊ !شكراً أيتها الجميلة Thank you, beautiful! ⓘ أيهاʔiyyā is a vocative particle, used to address people. It agrees in gender with the following word. It is not used with names. ➥ compare with ياyā p. 341 الكوتalkūt n. f. • (city in Iraq) Kut ➥ map on p.
sa
m
pl e
masculine or feminine pronoun suffix: ◊ أي رجل؟which man? ◊ أي مدينة؟which city? ◊ أيهم؟ which one of them? ◊ أيهن؟which one of them? ⓘ The feminine form can only precede a feminine noun, not a pronoun: ◊ أية مدينة؟ which city? آيةʔāyat n. • (Quran) verse • sign, indication, miracle ▪ آية للاʔāyat ∙ aLLāhi Ayatollah (Shi'a cleric) إياʔiyyā particle • (untranslated) [verb + pronoun suffix (indirect object) + إياʔiyyā + pronoun suffix (direct object)] ◊ . أعطاني إياهHe gave me it. ◊ . سألتك إياه مرتينShe asked you it twice. ◊ . سيهدينا إياهاHe'll send them to us. ⓘ A verb cannot take two pronoun suffixes. If both the direct and indirect objects of a verb are pronouns, the direct object is suffixed to إيا ʔiyyā. If either of the objects is a noun, إياʔiyyā is not required. Compare: ◊ . أعطيت ألحمد الهديةI gave Ahmad the present. ◊ . أعطيته الهديةI gave him the present. ◊ . أعطيتها ألحمدI gave it to Ahmad. ◊ . أعطيته إياهاI gave him it. / I gave it to him. • وإياهwa-ʔiyyāhu together with sb ◊ أنا وإياهمI together with them • ) إياك (وʔiyyā(ka) (wa), إياك منʔiyyāka min beware of ◊ إياك . واالقتراب منهBeware of getting to close to it. ▪ إياك أنʔiyyāka ʔan take care not to ◊ إياك أن . تنسى ما قلت لكTake care not to forget what I told you. آيبادʔāypād n. invar. • iPad™ II أيدʔayyada v.intr. |2s(a) يؤيدyuʔayyidu | تأييد taʔyīd| • support, stand up for, back up, advocate • corroborate, confirm تأييدtaʔyīd n.↑ • support, advocacy • corroboration, confirmation مؤيدmuʔayyid act. part. n. • supporter, advocate أيدزʔaydz n. • AIDS أيارʔayyār n. dip. • (month) May ➥ The Months p. 165 إيرانʔīrān n. f. dip. • Iran إيرانيʔīrānīy adj. & n. • Iranian
إيرلندا
ʔīrlandā, أيرلنداʔayrlandā n. f. invar. • Ireland إيرلنديʔīrlandīy, أيرلنديʔayrlandīy • adj. Irish • n.
202
22 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب
ب ب
بي
بنا
bī
binā
بك
بكم
bika
بكما
bikum
بك
bikumā
بكن
biki
bikunna
به
بهم
bihi
بهما
bihim
بها
bihimā
بهن
bihā
bihinna
pl e
bāʔ n. f. |( • |باءsecond letter of the Arabic alphabet) • (numerical value) 2 • (point of information) B.,II. ➥ The Abjad Numerals p. 61 بـbi- prep. prefix • in, at ➥ table on the right; compare with فيfī p. 239 ◊ . يعيشون بالقاهرةThey live in Cairo. ◊ من بالباب؟Who's at the door? ▪ بالعربيةbi-l3arabīyati adv. in Arabic ▪ بالليل bi-llayli adv. at night • by, with ◊ بالقطارby train ◊ . كتب رسالة بالقلمHe wrote a letter by hand. • (untranslated; prefixed to direct object in some instances) ◊ . تعلم بكل هذاYou know all this. • because of ▪ بذلكbi-đālika adv. because of that • with, having, in ◊ . أريد غرفة بسريرينI want a room with two beds. ◊ بمالبس السباحة dressed in swimwear • (with passive verbs and participles) by • (forms adverbs) -ly, in, with ◊ ببطءslowly ◊ بخوفin fear ◊ بصعوبةwith difficulty • [verb of motion +] take, bring ▪ جاء بـjāʔa bi- v. bring َْ بأنbi-ʔan [+ subjunctive] • by (do)ing ◊ "أحيانا " (أحمد خالد.يساعدنا اآلخرون بأن يكونوا في حياتنا فحسب )" توفيقSometimes others help us just by being in our lives." (Ahmed Khaled Tawfik, Egyptian writer) بالbi-lā, بدونbi-dūna prep. • without ▪ بال تردد bi-lā taraddudin without hesitation ▪ بال جدوى bi-lā jadwā adv. worthless, useless, of no use; in vain ▪ بال شكbi-lā šakkin, بال ريبbi-lā raybin adv. without a doubt, definitely, undoubtedly ▪ بال عقابbi-lāa 3iqābin adv. unpunished بماbi-mā conj. • with what, in what ◊ أنا فخور بما فعلت؟I'm proud of what I did. ▪ بما أنbi-mā ʔanna conj. since, because, in view of the fact that... ◊ . بما أنك أنت مشغول سأفعله أناSince you are busy, I'll do it. ▪ بما فيهاbi-mā fīhā, بما في ذلك bi-mā fī đālika including ◊ بما،هناك مشاكل كثيرة . في ذلك التلوث وزحام السياراتThere are many problems, including pollution and traffic. بؤبؤbuʔbuʔ n. |pl. dip. بآبئbaʔābiʔ| • (eye) pupil بئرbiʔr n. f. |pl. آبارʔābār| • well, spring ▪ بئر نفطيةbiʔr ∙ nafʈīyat oil well بؤرةbuʔrat n. |pl. بؤرbuʔar| • focus, focal point ▪ نظارة ثنائية البؤرةnaʐārat ŧunāʔīyat ∙ albuʔrati bifocals, bifocal glasses
بئس
buʔs| • become miserable
بؤس
baʔusa v.intr. |1s6(b) يبؤسyabʔusu | بأس baʔs| • be brave, be strong
بأس
m
sa
baʔisa v.intr. |1s4(b) يبأسyabʔasu | بؤس
baʔs n.↑ |pl. أبؤسʔabʔus| • bravery, strength • damage, harm ▪ ال بأسlā baʔsᵃ Not
bad!; Never mind!, It doesn't matter! • dread, fear بؤسbuʔs n.↑ • misery بائسbāʔis act. part. adj. |m. pl. dip. بؤساءbuʔasāʔ | elat. أكثر بؤساʔakŧar buʔsan| • miserable بئسbiʔsa interjection • [+ definite nominative noun] what a horrible…! ◊ ! بئس الرجال أنتمWhat horrible men you are! ◊ ! بئس الكذبWhat a horrible lie! ▪ بئس ماbiʔsa mā it is horrible what… ◊ ! بئس ما قلتThat's a horrible thing to say! ◊ أال بئس ما نفعل؟Isn't what we're doing horrible? بناتَبئسbanāt ∙ biʔs pl. n. • adversities, misfortunes باءbāʔ n. f. ➥ بabove باباbābā n. invar. |pl. بابواتbābawāt or باباوات bābāwāt| • pope بابويbābawīy adj. • papal بابلbābil n. f. dip. • Babylon باتنةbātnat n. dip. • (city in Algeria) Batna ➥ map on p. 57 باذنجانbāđinjān coll. n. |sing. باذنجانةbāđinjānat|
23 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب بجعbaja3 coll. n. |sing. بجعةbaja3at| • pelicans بحتbaɧt adj. m. f. • pure, exclusive ▪ بحتاbaɧtan adv. purely, exclusively, merely, only, just
بحث
baɧaŧa v.intr. |1s1 يبحثyabɧaŧu | بحثbaɧŧ|
• search for عن, look, seek ▪ بحث عن إبرة في كومة قشbaɧaŧa 3an ʔibratin fī kawmati qaššin v. idiom look for a needle in a haystack • research • عنdiscuss sth هwith مع بحثbaɧŧ n.↑ |pl. بحوثbuɧūŧ or آبحاثʔabɧāŧ| • search ▪ في بحث عنfī baɧŧin 3an, بحثا عنbaɧŧan 3an in search of, on the look for ◊ سافر . المغامرون بحثا عن الذهبThe adventurers traveled in search of gold. • research, study, dissertation
sa
m
pl e
• eggplants (UK: aubergines) بارbār n. • bar (UK: pub) بارودbārūd n. • gunpowder بارودةbārūdat n. |pl. dip. بواريدbawārīd| • rifle باروكةbārūkat n. |pl. dip. بواريكbawārīk| • wig باريسbārīs n. f. dip. • (capital of France) Paris باستاbāstā n. invar. • pasta باشاbāšā n. invar. |pl. باشاواتbāšāwāt| • pasha باصbāȿ n. • bus باكستانbākistān n. f. invar. • Pakistan باكستانيbākistānīy adj. & n. • Pakistani بالونbālūn n. • balloon باليهbālayh n. • ballet ▪ راقص باليهrāqis ∙ bālayh danseur ▪ راقصة باليهrāqiʂat ∙ bālayh ballerina باميةbāmiyat n. • okra بانجوbāngo n. • banjo • marijuana, cannabis بانكوكbānkōk n. f. invar. • (capital of Thailand) Bangkok باوندbāwnd n. • (sterling) pound بايbāy interjection • Bye! بايتbāyt n. invar. • byte باينتbāynt n. invar. • pint ببرbabr n. |pl. ببورbubūr| • tiger ببغاءbabbaɣāʔ n. |dual ببغاوانbabbaɣāwāni | pl. ببغاواتbabbaɣawāt| • parrot بتbatta v.tr. & intr. |1g3 يبتyabuttu | بتbatt| • decide on )(في, determine ◊ بت القاضى فى أمر . القضيةThe judge decided on the case. بتةbattat n. • decision ▪ كال البتةka-lā -lbattata [negative +] adv. not at all, absolutely not ◊ ! هل يمكن أن نتخلى عن أهدافنا؟ كال البتةCan we give up our goals? Absolutely not! بترbatara v.tr. |1s3 يبترyabutru | بترbatr| • amputate البتراءalʔbatrāʔ n. f. • Petra (archaeological site in Jordan) ➥ picture to the right بترولbetrōl n. • petroleum, oil بتروليbetrōlīy adj. • petroleum-, oil-based بثbaŧŧa v.tr. |1g3 يبثyabuŧŧu | بثbaŧŧ| • spread • broadcast بثbaŧŧ n.↑ • transmission, broadcast ▪ بث حي baŧŧ ɧayy, بث مباشرbaŧŧ mubāšir live broadcast بثرةbaŧr coll. n. |sing. بثرةbaŧrat | pl. بثورbuŧūr| • pimples • blisters VII انبثقinbaŧaqa v.intr. |7s ينبثقyanbaŧiqu | انبثاق inbiŧāq| • spring from عن
Camels in front of the treasury in Petra
باحثbāɧiŧ act. part. n. |pl. باحثونbāɧiŧūna or بحاث buɧɧāŧ| • researcher
بحاثةbaɧɧāŧat n. m. • eminent scholar III باحثbāɧaŧa v.tr. |3s يباحثyubāɧiŧu | مباحثة mubāɧaŧat| • discuss sth هwith مع, talk
مباحثة
mubāɧaŧat n.↑ • conversation, discussion, dialog, talk ▪ مباحثاتmubāɧaŧāt pl. n. talks
VI تباحثtabāɧaŧa v.intr. |6s يتباحثyatabāɧaŧu |
24 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب بحار
baɧɧār n. |pl. بحارةbaɧɧāra | • sailor,
بحيرةbuɧayrat n. diminutive • lake II بحرbaɧɧara v.intr. |2s يبحرyubaɧɧiru | تبحير tabɧīr| • sail, travel by sea IV أبحرʔabɧara v.intr. |4s يبحرyubɧiru | إبحار ʔibɧār| • sail, travel by sea بخارbuxār n. |pl. أبخرةʔabxirat or بخاراتbuxārāt| • steam, vapor بخورbaxūr n. • incense باخرةbāxirat n. |pl. dip. بواخرbawāxir| • ocean liner • steamboat II بخرbaxxara v.tr. |2s يبخرyubaxxiru | تبخيرtabxīr| • vaporize V تبخرtabaxxara v.intr. |5s يتبخرyatabaxxaru | تبخر tabaxxur| • evaporate تبخرtabaxxur n.↑ • evaporation بخلbaxula v.intr. |1s6 يبخلyabxulu | بخلbuxl| • be tightfisted toward علىor عنwith بـ, be stingy ◊ . كان يبخل عليها بالمالHe was tightfisted toward her with his money. • be greedy with بـ بخلbuxl n.↑ • tightfistedness, stinginess • greed, avarice بخيلbaxīl |pl. dip. بخالءbuxalāʔ| • adj. |elat. أبخل ʔabxal| stingy, tightfisted, miserly, cheap; greedy • n. miser بدأbadaʔa v. |1s1(b) يبدأyabdaʔu | بدءbadʔ| • v.intr. begin, start, commence ◊ متى بدأت الحرب العالمية االولى؟When did World War One begin? • v.tr. & intr. begin )(بـ, start, commence ◊ . لنبدأ حياة جديدة معاLet's start a new life together. ◊ . لم يبدأ عمله بعدHe still hasn't started his job. • [+ indicative or masdar] begin to (do), start to (do), commence (do)ing ◊ . بدأت تشعر بالندمShe has started to have feelings of regret. ◊ . بدأ القراءة بال صوتHe began reading silently. ▪ بدأ الكالمbadaʔa alkalām begin speaking, start talking بدءbadʔ n.↑ • beginning, start, commencement ▪ بدءا منbadʔan min, بدءا بـbadʔan bi- prep. starting, from ◊ بدءا من اليومstarting today ▪ في البدءfī -lbadʔi, في بدء األمرfī badʔi -lʔamri adv. at first, in the beginning بادئbādiʔ act. part. n. • beginning ▪ في بادئ األمر fī bādiʔi -lʔamri, بادئ األمرbādiʔa -lʔamri adv. at first, in the beginning بدايةbidāyat n. • beginning, start ▪ منذ البداية
m sa map of Bahrain 1. المنامةalmanāmat Manama 2. الرفاعarrifā3 Riffa 3. المحرقalmuɧarraq Muharraq 4. مدينة حمدmadīnat ∙ ɧamad Hamad Town 5. عالي3ālī A'ali 6. مدينة عيسىmadīnat ∙ 3īsā Isa Town 7. سترةsitrat Sitra 8. البديعalbuday3 Budaiya
t
seaman
pl e
تباحثtabāɧuŧ| • discuss together sth حولwith مع, talk together تباحثtabāɧuŧ n.↑ • discussion, conversation بحرbaɧr n. |pl. بحورbuɧūr or بحارbiɧār| • sea ▪ بحراbaɧran adv. by sea ▪ البحر األبيض المتوسط albaɧr alʔabyaɖ almutawassiʈ the Mediterranean Sea ▪ البحر األحمرalbaɧr alʔaɧmar the Red Sea ▪ بحر العربbaɧr ∙ al3arabi the Arabian Sea ▪ البحر الميتalbaɧr almayyit the Dead Sea ▪ فواكه بحرfawākih ∙ baɧr pl. n. seafood • (poetry and music) measure, meter • في بحرfī baɧri prep. within ◊ سأنهي هذا العمل في . بحر ساعةI will finish this work within an hour. بحريbaɧrīy adj. • marine, sea-, seaside • naval • n. sailor, seaman بحريةbaɧrīyat n. • navy البحرينalbaɧrayn n. f. • Bahrain ▪ مملكة البحرين mamlakat ∙ albaɧrayni n. the Kingdom of Bahrain بحرينيbaɧraynīy adj. & n. • Bahraini
25 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب munđu -lbidāyati adv. from the beginning, all along ▪ في البدايةfī -lbidāyati adv. at first, in the
sa
m
pl e
beginning بدائيbidāʔīy adj. |elat. أكثر بدائيةʔakŧar bidāʔīyatan| • primitive مبدأmabdaʔ n. |pl. dip. مبادئmabādiʔ| • principle, rule, basis مبدئيmabdaʔīy adj. • basic, fundamental ▪ مبدئيا mabdaʔīyan adv. in principle; originally • original VIII ابتدأibtadaʔa v. |8s(c) يبتدئyabtadiʔu | ابتداء ibtidāʔ| • v.intr. begin, start ◊ يبتدئ عرض الفيلم . في الساعة السابعةThe movie starts at seven o'clock. • v.tr. begin, start ◊ ابتدأت عملي من ستة . أشهرI started my work six months ago. ابتداءibtidāʔ n.↑ • beginning, start, commencement ▪ ابتداء منibtidāʔan min prep. starting, from ◊ ابتداء من اليومstarting today ابتدائيibtidāʔīy adj. • initial, primary, elementary ▪ مدرسة ابتدائيةmadrasat ibtidāʔīyat n. elementary school مبتدئmubtadiʔ act. part. n. • beginner, novice مبتدأmubtadaʔ pass. part. n. • (grammar) subject (of a nominal sentence) بدbudd n. • option, choice • way out, escape ▪ ال بد له من أنla budda lahu min ʔan, ال بد وأنlā budda wa-ʔan, ال بد أنlā budda ʔan be necessary to (do), must (do), have to (do) ◊ ال بد من أن . تفعل شيئاYou must do something. ◊ كان ال بد لها . أن تذهب معهShe had to go with him. ◊ أوال ال بد . من أن أشكركم كلكمFirst of all, I have to thank all of you. ◊ ! ال بد وأن يعني ذلك شيئاThat has to mean something! ◊ ! ال بد أنك تمزحYou must be kidding! ◊ . ال بد من االنتظار أكثر من سنةOne has to wait over a year. ◊ ... ، ال بد لي من القولI have to say, ... ◊ . كان ال بد له من الذهاب إلى المستشفىHe had to go to the hospital. ⓘ The subject of the English verbs 'must' and 'have to' is expressed as the object of the preposition لـli-: ◊ ال بد لي . أن أذهب إلى البيت فوراI have to go home immediately. ◊ . ال بد له أن يذهب إلى البيت فوراHe has to go home immediately. ; [+ negative] must not ◊ . ال بد من أن ال ننسى هذا أبداWe mustn't ever forget this.; [+ perfect] must have (done) ◊ ! البد أنه فقد عقلهHe must have lost his mind! ◊ . ال بد وأني أكثرت من النبيذI must have had too much wine to drink. ▪ ال بد منه أنlā budda minhu ʔan it is inevitable that... II بددbaddada v.tr. |2s يبددyubaddidu | تبديدtabdīd|
• scatter, disperse • waste, squander تبديدtabdīd n.↑ • dispersal • waste مبددmubaddid act. part. • adj. |elat. أكثر تبديدا ʔakŧar tabdīdan| wasteful, extravagant • n. spendthrift, squanderer X استبدistabadda v.intr. |10g يستبدyastabiddu | استبدادistibdād| • overpower بـ, overwhelm ◊ . استبد به التعبTiredness overcame him. استبدادistibdād n.↑ • dictatorship, despotism مستبدmustabidd act. part. • adj. |elat. أكثر استبدادا ʔakŧar istibdādan| autocratic, tyrannical • n. tyrant بادرةbādirat n. |pl. dip. بوادرbawādir| • sign, indication, gesture III بادرbādara v.intr. |3s يبادرyubādiru | مبادرة mubādarat| • hurry, rush, hasten • embark on إلى, set out, begin مبادرةmubādarat n.↑ • initiative بدرومbadrūm, بدرونbadrūn n. • basement بديعbadī3 adj. |elat. أبدعʔabda3| • wonderful, magnificent البديعalbuday3 n. f. • (city in Bahrain) Budaiya ➥ map on p. 25 IV أبدعʔabda3a v.tr. |4s يبدعyubdi3u | إبداعʔibdā3| • create إبداعʔibdā3 n.↑ • creativity, originality • creation, innovation مبدعmubdi3 act. part. • adj. |elat. أكثر إبداعاʔakŧar ʔibdā3an| creative • n. innovator بدلbadal n. • substitute, alternative ▪ بدال من badalan min prep. instead of ◊ بإمكانك أن تذهب . بدال مني إذا رغبتYou can go instead of me if you want. ▪ بدال من أنbadalan min ʔan conj. instead of (do)ing, rather than ◊ أذهب إلى العمل . سيرا على األقدام بدال من الذهاب بالسيارةI walk to work rather than go by car. ◊ بقيت في البيت . ألصلي معهم بدال من أن أذهب إلى المسجدI stayed home to pray with them rather than go to the mosque. • (grammar) apposition بدلbadala prep. • instead of ◊ قررت المغادرة بدل . اإلنتظار بال طائلI decided to leave instead of waiting in vain. بدلةbadlat n. |pl. بدلbidal| • suit بديلbadīl n. |pl. dip. بدالءbudalāʔ| • alternative, substitute, replacement, spare II بدلbaddala v.tr. |2s يبدلyubaddilu | تبديلtabdīl| • change, switch, substitute تبديلtabdīl n.↑ • replacement, substitution
26 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب III بادلbādala v.tr. |3s يبادلyubādil | مبادلة mubādalat| • exchange sb/sth هfor بـ مبادلةmubādalat n.↑ • exchange VI تبادلtabādala v.tr. |6s يتبادلyatabādalu | تبادل tabādul| • exchange ▪ تبادل آراء حولtabādala ʔārāʔ ɧawla share opinions about, exchange views on تبادلtabādul n.↑ • exchange متبادلmutabādal pass. part. adj. • mutual, reciprocal ▪ بشكل متبادلbi-šaklin mutabādalin, بصورة متبادلةbi-ʂūratin mutabādalatin adv. mutually X استبدلistabdala v.tr. |10s يستبدلyastabdilu | استبدالistibdāl| • exchange sth هfor بـ, replace استبدالistibdāl n.↑ • replacement, substitution بدنbaduna v.intr. |1s6 يبدنyabdunu | بدانةbadānat| • become fat بدنbadan n. |pl. أبدانʔabdān| • body بدنيbadanīy adj. • physical, bodily, corporal بدانةbadānat n.↑ • obesity بدينbadīn adj. |m. pl. dip. بدناءbudunāʔ or بدن budun | elat. أبدنʔabdan| • fat, obese, overweight بداbadā v.intr. |1d3 يبدوyabdū | بدوbudūw| • seem, appear, look ▪ يبدو أنyabdu ʔanna, يبدو وكأنyabdū wa-ka-ʔanna, يبدو كما لو أنyabdū ka-mā law ʔanna it seems that…, it appears as if… ◊ بدت راقصة الباليه كما لو أنها تطيرThe ballerina looked as though she was flying. ▪ يبدو لي أن yabdū lī ʔanna, يبدو لي كما لو أنyabdū lī ka-mā law ʔanna it seems to me that… ◊ يبدو لي كما لو أن . الضيف لن يأتيIt seems to me that the guest is not coming. ▪ على ما يبدو3alā mā yabdū adv. so it seems, apparently بدويbadawīy |pl. بدوbadw| • adj. Bedouin, nomadic • n. Bedouin, nomad
بداوة
badāwa n. • Bedouin life, desert life, t
nomadism
بادية
bādiyat n. |pl. def. بوادbawād(in)| • steppe,
desert, wilderness
بيداء
baydāʔ n. f. dip. |pl. بيدbīd or بيداوات baydāwāt| • steppe, desert, wilderness
IV أبدىʔabdā v.tr. |4d يبديyubdī | إبداءʔibdāʔ| • show, demonstrate • express, voice ▪ أبدى رأيه فيʔabdā raʔyahu fī express one's opinion on بذرbađara v.tr. |1s3 يبذرyabđuru | بذرbađr| • sow, disseminate بذرbađr coll. n. |sing. بذرةbađrat | pl. بذورbuđūr| • seeds II بذرbađđara v.tr. |2s يبذرyubađđiru | تبذيرtabđīr| • waste, squander تبذيرtabđīr n.↑ • waste مبذرmubađđir act. part. • adj. |elat. أكثر تبذيرا ʔakŧar tabđīran| wasteful, extravagant • n. spendthrift, squanderer بذلbađala v.tr. |1s2/1s3 يبذلyabđilu or yabđulu | بذلbađl| • exert, expend ▪ بذل جهداbađala juhdan make an effort ▪ بذل قصارى جهدهbađala qaʂārā juhdihi go to great pains بذلbađl n.↑ • effort, exertion, expenditure مبذولmabđūl pass. part. • adj. exerted • n. effort, exertion, expenditure بذلةbađlat n. |pl. بذلbiđal| • suit بذاءbađāʔ n. • obscenity برأbaraʔa v.tr. |1s1(b) يبرأyabraʔu | برءbarʔ| • create ◊ . برأ اللـه الكونGod created the universe. برئbariʔa v.intr. |1s4(c) يبرأyabraʔu | براءة barāʔat| • be innocent of • منbe acquitted of من, be cleared (of wrongdoing) • be cured of من, get better, recover ◊ تناول الدواء لكي تبرأ من . المرضTake the medication so that you get better. براءةbarāʔat n.↑ • innocence • acquittal • patent, license بريءbarīʔ adj. |m. pl. dip. أبرياءʔabriyāʔ | elat. أكثر براءةʔakŧar barāʔatan| • innocent, naive II برأbarraʔa v.tr. |2s(c) يبرئyubarriʔu | تبرئة tabriʔat| • acquit sb هof من, exonerate تبرئةtabriʔat n.↑ • acquittal, exoneration البرازيلalbrāzīl n. f. • Brazil برازيليbrāzīlīy adj. & n. • Brazilian
sa
m
pl e
u
Bedouins and the Giza Pyramids
27 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب براغ
brāɣ n. f. dip. • (capital of the Czech
Republic) Prague
برافوbrāvō interjection • Bravo!, Well done! بربريbarbarīy adj. & n. • |pl. بربرbarbar or برابرة barābirat| Berber (ethnic group in northern
burūd| become cold • barada v.tr. |1s3 يبرد yabrudu | بردbard| file (down)
بارد
bārid act. part. adj. |elat. أبردʔabrad| • cold • silly, stupid بردbard n. • coldness, cold • (sickness) cold بردbarad coll. n. |sing. بردةbaradat| • hail برديbardīy n. • (plant) papyrus ▪ ورق البردي waraq ∙ albardīyi papyrus paper برديةbardīyat n. • papyrus paper برادةburādat n. • filings, shavings برودةburūdat n. • cold بريدbarīd n. • mail ▪ بريد جويbarīd jawwīy airmail ▪ بريد إلكترونيbarīd ʔelektrōnīy e-mail ▪ بريد عادي barīd 3ādīy standard mail ▪ بريد مسجلbarīd musajjal registered mail ▪ بريد مستعجلbarīd musta3jil express mail ▪ ساعي بريدsā3ī ∙ barīd n. mail carrier (UK: postman) ▪ صندوق بريدʂundūq ∙ barīd mailbox (UK: letter box) ▪ مكتب بريد maktab ∙ barīd post office بريديbarīdīy adj. • postal مبردmibrad n. |pl. dip. مباردmabārid| • (tool) file, rasp ▪ مبرد أظافرmibrad ∙ ʔaȥāfir nail file II بردbarrada v.tr. |2s يبردyubarridu | تبريدtabrīd| • cool, chill IV أبردʔabrada v.intr. |4s يبردyubridu | إبرادʔibrād| • أبردت السماءʔabradat assamāʔu hail ◊ .تبرد السماء It's hailing. (lit. The sky is hailing.) بريدةburaydat n. • (city in Saudi Arabia) Buraidah ➥ map on p. 144 برbarr n. • land, ground ▪ براbarran adv. by land, overland بريbarrīy adj. • land-, terrestrial برbirr n. • charity • piety, righteousness برمائيbarmāʔīy |> ماء+ برbarr + māʔ| • adj. amphibious • n. amphibian II بررbarrara v.tr. |2s يبررyubarriru | تبريرtabrīr| • justify, warrant تبريرtabrīr n.↑ • justification, excuse مبررmubarrir act. part. n. • justification, excuse ▪ ال مبرر لهlā mubarrira lahu unjustifiable برزbaraza v.intr. |1s3 يبرزyabruzu | بروزburūz| • stand out, be prominent, emerge بروزburūz n.↑ • prominence, emergence بارزbāriz act. part. adj. |elat. أبرزʔabraz| • outstanding, remarkable, prominent
sa
m
pl e
Africa) • barbarian بربريةbarbarīyat n. • barbarianism بربرةbarbarat n. dip. • (city in Somalia) Berbera ➥ map on p. 177 برتغالburtuɣāl n. f. dip. • Portugal برتغاليburtuɣālīy adj. & n. • Portuguese برتقالburtuqāl coll. n. |sing. برتقالةburtuqālat| • oranges برتقاليburuqālīy adj. • (color) orange برجburj n. |pl. أبراجʔabrāj| • tower ▪ برج العرب burj ∙ al3arabi Burj Al Arab (luxury hotel in Dubai) • sign of the zodiac ▪ دائرة األبراجdāʔirat ∙ alʔabrāji zodiac ▪ ما هو برجك؟mā huwa burjuka What's your sign? ▪ .__ أنا من برجʔana min burji ∙ __ I'm a __. • constellation
البارحةalbāriɧata adv. • yesterday بردv. • baruda v.intr. |1s6 يبردyabrudu | برود
Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai
برجل
barjal n. |pl. dip. براجلbarājil| • (for inscribing circles) compass
28 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب برك
baraka v.intr. |1s3 يبركyabruk | بروكburūk| • (of camels) kneel down مبروكmabrūk pass. part. • adj. |elat. أبركʔabrak or أكثر بركةʔakŧar barkatan| blessed, happy • مبروكmabrūk, ألف مبروكʔalfa mabrūk Congratulations! بركاءbarkāʔ n. f. dip. • (city in Oman) Barka ➥ map on p. 214 بركةbarakat n. • blessing بركةbirkat n. |pl. بركbirak| • pool, pond, puddle II بركbarraka v. |2s يبركyubarriku | تبريكtabrīk| • v.intr. bless fii • فيv.tr. make (a camel) kneel down تبريكtabrīk n.↑ • blessing III باركbāraka v.intr. |3s يباركyubāriku | مباركة mubārakat| • (of God) bless بارك للا فيك ▪ في bāraka aLLāhu fīka, للا يبارك فيكaLLāhu yubāriku fīka God bless you! مباركmubārak pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر مباركة ʔakŧar mubārakatan| • fortunate, lucky • blessed بركانburkān n. |pl. dip. براكينbarākīn| • volcano بركانيburkānīy adj. • volcanic ▪ حمم بركانية ɧumam burkānīyat lava برلمانbarlamān n. • parliament برلمانيbarlamānīy adj. • parliamentary برلينbarlīn n. f. dip. • (capital of Germany) Berlin برمbarama v.intr. |1s3 يبرمyabrumu | برمbarm| • spin, twist, curl, wind بريمةbarrīmat, برامةbarrāmat n. |pl. dip. برائم barāʔim| • drill V تبرمtabarrama v.intr. • |5s يتبرمyatabarramu | تبرمtabarrum| get bored with بـ, bemoan برمائيbarmāʔīy |> ماء+ برbarr + māʔ| • adj. amphibious • n. amphibian QI برمجbarmaja v.tr. |11s يبرمجyubarmiju | برمجة barmajat| • (computers) program برمجةbarmajat n.↑ • programing مبرمجmubarmij act. part. n. • programmer برنامجbarnāmaj n. |pl. dip. برامجbarāmij| • (plan) program, campaign, schedule ▪ نفذ برنامجاnaffađa barnāmajan v. implement a program • (TV, radio) program • (computer) program, app برميلbirmīl or barmīl n. |pl. dip. براميلbarāmīl| • barrel, keg, vat, drum
sa
m
pl e
برازbirāz n. • feces, excrement III بارزbāraza v.tr. |3s يبارزyubārizu | مبارزة mubārazat| • duel, fence مبارزةmubārazat n.↑ • fencing, sword fighting مبارزmubāriz act. part. n. • competitor, contender IV أبرزʔabraza v.tr. |4s يبرزyubrizu | إبرازʔibrāz| • highlight, accentuate • expose • present, show إبرازʔibrāz n.↑ • accentuation • exposure برسيمbirsīm n. • clover برشلونةbaršilōnat n. invar. • (city in Spain) Barcelona برصburʂ n. |pl. أبراصʔabrāʂ| • gecko برطمانbarʈamān n. • jar برعbara3a v.intr. |1s1 يبرعyabra3u | براعة barā3at | • be proficient in في, be skillful براعةbarā3at n.↑ • skill, efficiency, proficiency بارعbāri3 act. part. adj. |elat. أبرعʔabra3| • skilled, skillful V تبرعtabarra3a v.tr. |5s يتبرعyatabarra3u | تبرع tabarru3| • donate to هsth بـ, contribute تبرعtabarru3 n.↑ • donation, contribution متبرعmutabarri3 act. part. n. • donor QI برعمbar3ama v.intr. |11s يبرعمyubar3imu | برعمةbar3amat| • bud, sprout برعمbur3um n. |pl. dip. براعمbarā3im| • bud, sprout, shoot برغوثburɣūŧ n. |pl. dip. براغيثbarāɣīŧ| • flea برغيburɣīy n. |pl. dip. براغيbarāɣīy| • screw برقbaraqa v.intr. |1s3 يبرقyabruqu | برقbarq| • flash برقbarq n.↑ |pl. بروقburūq| • lightning ▪ أسرع من البرقʔasra3 mina -lbarqi idiom faster than lightning (i.e. very fast) برقيةbarqīyat n. • telegram, telegraph براقbarrāq adj. |elat. أكثر بريقاʔakŧar barīqan| • flashing, twinkling بريقbarīq n. |pl. dip. برائقbarāʔiq| • shine, luster إبريقʔibrīq n. |pl. dip. أباريقʔabārīq| • jug, kettle ▪ إبريق شايʔibrīq ∙ šāy teapot برقعburqa3 n. |pl. dip. براقعbarāqi3| • burka (veil covering a woman's entire body, with netting covering the eyes), burqa برقوقbarqūq coll. n. |sing. برقوقةbarqūqat| • plums
29 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
u
ب برنbern n. f. dip. • (capital of Switzerland) Bern برهةburhat n. |pl. برهاتbur(u)hāt| • moment,
bastanat n.↑ • gardening
bustān n. |pl. dip. بساتينbasātīn| • orchard, garden بستانيbustānīy • adj. garden-, horticultural • n. gardener بسرbusr coll. n. |sing. بسرةbusrat or إبسارʔibsār| • unripe dates VIII ابتسرibtasara v.tr. |8s يبتسرyabtasiru | ابتسار ibtisār| • begin prematurely مبتسرmubtasir act. part. adj. • premature بسطv. • basaʈa v.tr. |1s3 يبسطyabsuʈu | بسطbasʈ| extend, spread • unroll, unfold • clarify, lay out, set out • please, delight, make happy • basuʈa v.intr. |1s6 يبسطyabsuʈu | بساطةbasāʈat| be simple بسطbasʈ n.↑ • extension, spread • (mathematics) numerator بساطةbasāʈat n.↑ • simplicity ▪ ببساطةbi-basāʈatin adv. simply (speaking) بساطbisāʈ n. |pl. بسطbusuʈ or أبسطةʔabsiʈat| • carpet ▪ بساط ريحbisāʈ ∙ rīɧ flying carpet بسيطbasīʈ adj. |m. pl. dip. بسطاءbusaʈāʔ | elat. أبسطʔabsaʈ| • simple, basic II بسطbassaʈa v.tr. |2s يبسطyubassiʈu | تبسيطtabsīʈ| • simplify, streamline تبسيطtabsīʈ n.↑ • simplification بسكويتbaskawīt n. • cookie (UK: biscuit) بسمةbasmat n. |pl. بسماتbas(a)māt| • smile VIII ابتسمibtasama v.intr. |8s يبتسمyabtasimu | ابتسام ibtisām| • smile مبتسمmubtasim act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر ابتساما ʔakŧar ibtisāman| • smiling, smiley ابتسامةibtisāmat n. • smile QI بسملbasmala v.intr. |11s يبسملyubasmilu | بسملة basmalat| • say "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful" ⓘ This verb is an abbreviation derived from the first part of the utterance بسم للا الرحمن الرحيم
بريطانيا
sa
m
pl e
instant ▪ برهةburhatan adv. for a little while QI برهنbarhana v.intr. |11s يبرهنyubarhinu | برهنة barhanat| • prove على, demonstrate برهنةbarhanat n.↑ • demonstration برهانburhān n. |pl. dip. براهينbarāhīn| • proof بروتستانتيbrotostāntīy adj. & n. • Protestant بروتستانتيةbrotostāntīyat n. • Protestantism بروتينbrōtīn n. • protein بروستاتةbrostātat, invar. بروستاتاbrostātā, بروستات brostāt n. • prostate بروفسورbrofisōr n. • professor بروكسلbrōksel n. f. dip. • (capital of Belgium) Brussels برونايbrūnāy n. f. invar. • Brunei برونزbronz n. • bronze برونزيbronzīy adj. • bronze-, bronzen برىbarā v.tr. |1d2 يبريyabrī | بريbary| • sharpen, trim, shape برايةbarrāyat n. • pencil sharpener مبراةmibrāʔ n. |pl. def. مبارmabār(in)| • pencil sharpener III بارىbārā v.tr. |3d يباريyubārī | مباراةmubārāt| • compete with مباراةmubārāt n.↑ |pl. مبارياتmubārayāt| • contest, competition, match, game VI تبارىtabārā v.intr. |6d يتبارىyatabārā | def. تبار tabār(in)| • compete against مع
بستنة بستان
barīʈāniyā or brīʈāniyā n. f. invar.
• Britain ▪ بريطانيا العظمىbarīʈāniyā -l3uʐmā Great Britain بريطانيbarīʈānīy • adj. British • n. Briton بزرbizr coll. n. |sing. بزرةbizrat | pl. بزورbuzūr| • seeds بزةbizzat n. • attire, uniform VIII ابتزibtazza v.tr. |8g1 يبتزyabtazzu | ابتزاز ibtizāz| • blackmail, extort ابتزازibtizāz n.↑ • blackmail, extortion بزغbazaɣa v.intr. |1s3 يبزغyabzuɣu | بزوغbuzūɣ| • dawn • teethe بزوغbuzūɣ n.↑ • dawn ▪ مع بزوغ الفجرma3a buzūɣi -lfajri adv. at the crack of dawn بازالءbāzillāʔ, بازالbāzillā coll. n. • peas إبزيمʔibzīm n. |pl. أبازيمʔabāzīm| • buckle, clasp QI بستنbastana v.intr. |11s يبستنyubastinu | بستنة bastanat| • garden
The Basmalah written in calligraphy
30 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب بسملةbasmala
t
• basmalah (saying "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful")➥ picture on p. 30 بشتbišt n. • bisht (men's overcoat worn over a thobe) بشرbašara v.tr. |1s3 يبشرyabšuru | بشرbašar| • grate بشرbašar coll. n. • humankind, humans بشريbašarīy adj. • human بشريةbašarīyat n. • humankind, human race بشرةbašarat n. • complexion, skin ▪ أسمر البشرة ʔasmar ∙ albašarati, أسود البشرةʔaswad ∙ albašarati, داكن البشرةdākin ∙ albašarati dark(-skinned), tanned ▪ فاتح البشرةfātiɧ ∙ albašarati fair(-skinned) بشارbaššār man's name • Bashar بشيرةbušayrat n. • cuticle مبشرةmibšarat n. • grater ▪ مبشرة جبنةmibšarat ∙ jubnat cheese grater II بشرbaššara v.tr. |2s يبشرyubašširu | تبشيرtabšīr| • preach to sb هsth بـ, propagate, spread (good news) مبشرmubaššir act. part. n. • evangelist, missionary III باشرbāšara v.tr. |3s يباشرyubāširu | مباشرة mubāšarat| • undertake, carry out, pursue, practice مباشرةmubāšarat n.↑ • pursuit ▪ مباشرة mubāšaratan adv. directly, immediately مباشرmubāšir act. part. adj. • direct ▪ غير مباشر ɣayr ∙ mubāšir indirect ▪ بشكل غير مباشرbi-šaklin ɣayri mubāširin, بصورة غير مباشرةbi-ʂūratin ɣayri mubāširatin adv. indirectly • (broadcast) live ◊ . يذاع البرنامج على الهواء مباشرThe program is being broadcast live. X استبشرistabšara v.intr. |10s يستبشرyastabširu | استبشارistibšār| • rejoice at بـ, be cheerful about بشروشbašarūš coll. n. |sing. بشروشةbašarūšat| • flamingos بشوشbašūš adj. |elat. أكثر بشاشةʔakŧr bašāšatan| • cheerful بشعbaši3a v.intr. |1s4 يبشعyabša3u | بشاعة bašā3at | • be ugly, be hideous, be unsightly بشاعةbašā3at n.↑ • ugliness, unsightliness بشعbaši3, بشيعbašī3 adj. |elat. أبشعʔabša3| • ugly, hideous, unsightly • horrible, disgusting
بشكيرbaškīr n. |pl. dip. بشاكيرbašākīr| • towel بصرbaʂura v.intr. |1s6 يبصرyabʂuru | بصرbaʂr| • perceive (clearly) بـ, comprehend بصرbaʂar n.↑ |pl. أبصارʔabʂār| • perception • vision, eyesight, sight بصريbaʂarīy adj. • visual, optical بصيرbaʂīr adj. |elat. أبصرʔabʂar| • having a good eye for بـ, discerning, discriminating البصرةalbaʂrat n. • (city in Iraq) Basra ➥ map on p. 202 baʂīrat n. |pl. dip. بصائرbaʂāʔir| • insight,
بصيرة
foresight, perception بصقbaʂaqa v.intr. |1s3 يبصقyabsuqu | بصق baʂq| • spit on على بصقةbaʂqat n. • spit بصلbaȿal coll. n. |sing. بصلةbaʂalat | pl. أبصال ʔabʂāl| • onions ▪ . ال تدخل بين البصلة وقشرتهاlā tadxul bayna -lbaʂlati wa-qišratihā proverb Mind your own business. (lit. Don't get between an onion and its peel.) بصمbaʂama v.tr. |1s3 يبصمyabʂumu | بصمbaʂm| • imprint بصمةbaȿmat n. |pl. بصماتbaȿ(a)māt| • print, impression ▪ بصمة إصبعbaʂmat ∙ ʔisba3 fingerprint بضعbiɖ3 n. • [+ indefinite genitive plural feminine noun] some, several ◊ بضع نساء several women ◊ بعد بضع الساعاتafter several hours بضعةbiɖ3at n. • [+ indefinite genitive plural masculine noun] some, several ◊ بضعة أشخاص several people ◊ لبضعة أيامfor several days بضاعةbiɖā3at n. |pl. dip. بضائعbaɖāʔi3| • commodity ▪ بضائعbaɖāʔi3 pl. n. merchandise, goods بطؤbaʈuʔa v.intr. |1s6(c) يبطؤyabʈuʔu | بطءbuʈʔ| • be slow بطءbuʈʔ n.↑ • slowness ▪ ببطءbi-buʈʔin adv. slowly بطيءbaʈīʔ adj. |m. pl. بطاءbiʈāʔ | elat. أبطأʔabʈaʔ| • slow ▪ بطيء الحركةbaʈīʔ ∙ alɧarakati adj. slow-moving ▪ أبطأ من سلحفاةʔabʈaʔ min sulɧafātin idiom slower than a turtle (i.e. very slow) II بطأbaʈʈaʔa v.tr. |2s(c) يبطئyubaʈʈiʔu | تبطيء tabʈīʔ| • slow down, delay IV أبطأʔabʈaʔa v. |4s(c) يبطئyubʈiʔu | إبطاءʔibʈāʔ| • v.tr. slow down, delay • v.intr. be late for عن بطاريةbaʈʈārīyat n. • battery
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ب بطاطس
baʈāʈis coll. n. |sing. ثمرة بطاطسŧamarat ∙ baʈāʈis| • potatoes ▪ بطاطس بالفرنbaʈāʈis bi-lfurni baked potatoes ▪ بطاطس مقليةbaʈāʈis maqlīyat, بطاطس محمرةbaʈāʈis muɧammarat
French fries (UK: chips) baʈʈīx coll. n. |sing. بطيخةbaʈʈīxat| • watermelons بطرسbuʈrus dip. man's name • Butrus, Peter بطbaʈʈ coll. n. |sing. بطةbaʈʈat| • ducks بطاقةbiʈāqat n. |pl. dip. بطائقbaʈāʔiq| • card ▪ بطاقة بريديةbiʈāqat barīdīyat postcard ▪ بطاقة ائتمانbiʈāqat ∙ iʔtimān credit card بطلbaʈal n. |pl. أبطالʔabʈāl| • hero • champion • star (of a movie, etc.) بطلةbaʈalat n. • heroine بطالbaʈʈāl adj. • unemployed بطالةbaʈālat or biʈālat n. • unemployment بطولةbuʈūlat n. • heroism باطلbāʈil act. part. • adj. absurd, baseless, false, invalid • n. falsehood, lie IV أبطلʔabʈala v.tr. |4s يبطلyubʈilu | إبطالʔibʈāl| • cancel, annul, void إبطالʔibʈāl n.↑ • cancellation, annulment بطنbaʈn n. |pl. بطونbuʈūn| • abdomen, belly, stomach ▪ بطن ساقbaʈn ∙ sāq (anatomy) calf بطانةbiʈānat n. • inside lining بطانيةbaʈʈānīyat n. • blanket باطنbāʈin |pl. dip. بواطنbawāʈin| • n. interior, inside • n. bottom, underside ▪ باطن يدbāʈin ∙ yad (hand) palm ▪ باطن قدمbāʈin ∙ qadam (foot) sole • adj. |elat. أبطنʔabʈan| hidden, covert باطنيbāʈinīy • internal, interior- ▪ الطب الباطني aʈʈibb albāʈinīy n. internal medicine بظرbaʐr n. |pl. بظورbuʐūr| • clitoris بعثba3aŧa v.tr. & intr. |1s1 يبعثyab3aŧu | بعث ba3ŧ| • send ) (بـto إلى بعثba3ŧ n.↑ |pl. بعوثbu3ūŧ| • expedition, mission • revival, resurrection باعثbā3iŧ act. part. n. |pl. dip. بواعثbawāʔiŧ| • motive, incentive مبعوثmab3ūŧ pass. part. n. • envoy, delegate, representative بعثةba3ŧat n. |pl. بعثاتba3(a)ŧāt| • mission, expedition, delegation ▪ في بعثةfī ba3ŧatin adv. on a mission, on an expedition ▪ أوفد بعثة إلى ʔawfada ba3ŧat ʔilā v. send a delegation to بعثيba3ŧīy adj. n. • Baathist
mab3aŧ n. |pl. dip. مباعثmabā3iŧ| • cause, factor QI بعثرba3ŧara v.tr. |11s يبعثرyuba3ŧiru | بعثرة ba3ŧarat| • scatter بعدba3uda v.intr. |1s6 يبعدyab3udu | بعدbu3d| • be far from عن بعدbu3d n.↑ |pl. أبعادʔab3ād| • distance ▪ بعد النظر bu3d ∙ annaʐari hyperopia, farsightedness ▪ عن بعد3an bu3din adv. from afar, at a distance, remotely ▪ على بعد3alā bu3di prep. at a distance of • dimension بعدba3da prep. • (time) after ▪ بعد الظهر ba3da -ʐʐuhri adv. in the afternoon ▪ بعد ذلك ba3da đālika, بعدئذba3daʔiđin, بعدهاba3dahā adv. after that, afterward, then ▪ بعد __ بـba3da __ bi- prep. [+ length of time] …after __ ◊ بعد عودته بيومينtwo days after his return ▪ مرة بعد مرةmarratan ba3da marratin adv. again and again ▪ الواحد بعد اآلخرalwāɧid ba3da -lʔāxari one after another ▪ ما بعدmā ba3da (lit. that which is after) after, post- ◊ ليبيا ما بعد الثورة post-revolutionary Libya ◊ ما بعد االستعمارية post-colonialism; (referring to past, present, or future) [+ masdar] after (do)ing ◊ سأبدأ حياتي . المهنية بعد التخرج من الجامعةI'll start my career after finishing college. ◊ تتناول،بعد انتهاء الدروس . المعلمة الغداء في مكتبهاAfter the lessons finish, the teacher has lunch in her office. ▪ بعد أن ba3da ʔan, بعدماba3damā conj. (referring to past) [+ perfect] after (do)ing, after having (done) ◊ . بعد أن تناولت العشاء ذهبت إلي النومAfter she had dinner, she went to bed.; (referring to present or future) [+ subjunctive] after (do)ing ◊ . بعد أن أتخرج من الجامعة سأبدأ حياتي المهنيةAfter I finish college, I'll start my career. • in, away, off, from now, later ◊ بعد أيامa few days later / in a few days ▪ بعد اآلنba3da -lʔāni from now on • (location) beyond, after ◊ بعد الجبالbeyond the mountains بعدba3du adv. • yet ◊ هل وصلنا بعد؟Are we there yet? ▪ فيما بعدfīmā ba3du, من بعدmin ba3du adv. later, subsequently ◊ ! أراك فيما يعدSee you later!; [negative past +] haven't (done) yet, still haven't (done) ◊ . أنا لم أفعله بعدI haven't done it yet. ▪ ليس بعدlaysa ba3du not yet بعيدba3īd adj. |m. pl. بعادbi3ād | elat. أبعدʔab3ad| • far from عن, distant, remote ▪ بعيداba3īdan adv. far (away) ▪ بعيد النظرba3īd ∙ annaʐri clairvoyant, farsighted, shrewd, wise
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ب IV أبعدʔab3ada v.tr. |4s يبعدyub3id | إبعادʔib3ād| • remove sth هfrom عن, keep away • exile, deport إبعادʔib3ād n.↑ • removal • exile, deportation VIII ابتعدibta3ada v.intr. |8s يبتعدyabta3idu | ابتعاد ibti3ād| • stay away from عن, avoid, keep away, move away, distance oneself • be away from عن, be far X استبعدistab3ada v.tr. |10s يستبعدyasta3bidu | استبعادistib3ād| • deem unlikely, regard as improbable, rule out ▪ ال يُستبعدlā yustab3adu pass. v. not inconceivable ◊ ال تستبعد الحرب بين . البلدينWar between the two countries is not inconceivable. مستبعدmustab3ad pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر استبعادا ʔakŧar istib3ādan| • unlikely, improbable, far-fetched ▪ من المستبعد أنmina -lmustab3adi ʔan it is improbable that… ◊ من المستبعد أن يعلن . الرئيس حالة الطوارئIt's unlikely that the president will declare a state of emergency. ▪ من غير المستبعد أنmin ɣayri -lmustab3adi ʔan it cannot be ruled out that… بعيرba3īr n. |pl. أبعرةʔab3irat| • camel بعضba3ɖ n. • portion, part •__ بعض منba3ɖ min __ [+ definite genitive noun or pronoun suffix] some (of the) __ ◊ بعض الناسsome people ◊ بعض الدولsome (of the) countries ▪ البعضalba3ɖ some (people) ◊ ...يقول البعض إن some say that... ▪ ... بعض __ … البعض األخرba3ɖ __… alba3ɖ alʔaxar some __…, others... ▪ بعض األحيانba3ɖa -lʔaɧyāni adv. sometimes ▪ بعض الشيءba3ɖa -ššayʔi adv. a little, a bit ◊ ابتعدت عنه . بعض الشيءShe moved a bit away from him. ◊ . انتظر بعض الشيءWait a little.; [adjective +] rather, somewhat ◊ ربما يكون هذا السؤال غريبا لكن، بعض الشيءMaybe this question is somewhat strange, but... ▪ بعض الوقت ba3ɖa -lwaqti adv. for some time, for a while بعضهمba3ɖuhum, بعضهم البعضba3ɖuhum alba3ɖ, بعضهم بعضاba3ɖuhum ba3ɖan n. • each other بعوضba3ūɖ coll. n. |sing. بعوضةba3ūɖat| • mosquitoes بغتةbaɣtat n. • surprise, unexpected event ▪ بغتة baɣtatan, على بغتة3alā baɣtatin adv. surprisingly, unexpectedly بغدادbaɣdād n. f. dip. • (capital of Iraq) Baghdad بغداديbaɣdādīy adj. & n. • Baghdadi ➥ map on
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IV أبغضʔabɣaɖa v.tr. |4s يبغضyubɣiɖu | إبغاض ʔibɣāɖ| • detest, hate, loathe بغلbaɣl n. |pl. بغالbiɣāl| • mule بغىbaɣā v.tr. • |1d2 يبغيyabɣī | بغاءbuɣāʔ| long for, wish for • |1d2 يبغيyabɣī | بغيbaɣy| wrong, oppress • |1d2 يبغيyabɣī | بغاءbiɣāʔ| work as a prostitute, whore; fornicate, commit adultery بغاءbiɣāʔ n.↑ • prostitution بغيbaɣīy |pl. invar. بغاياbaɣāyā| • adj. |elat. invar. أبغىʔabɣā| promiscuous, sexually immoral ⓘ This adjective does not vary for gender: ▪ امرأة بغيimraʔat baɣīy n. prostitute • n. f. prostitute, whore بغيةbuɣyat n. • wish, object of desire بغيةbuɣyata prep. • for the purpose of, with a view to, with the aim of, so that, in order to ◊ . ذاكر الطالب بغية النجاحThe student studied in order to succeed. VII انبغىinbaɣā v.intr. |7d ينبغيyanbaɣī | انبغاء inbiɣāʔ| • ينبغي (عليه) أنyanbaɣī (alayhi) ʔan, ينبغي له أنyanbaɣī lahu ʔan (impersonal verb) should (do), ought to (do) ◊ .ينبغى أن تتحدث معها You ought to talk to her. ◊ هل ينبغي علي القلق؟ Should I worry? ◊ أخبرهم بأنه ينبغي عليهم الذهاب إلى . دمشقHe told them they should go to Damascus. ⓘ Notice that the above examples have pronoun subjects in English. A noun subject should precede the verb: ◊ النساء ينبغي … عليهن أنWomen should… ▪ ال ينبغي (عليه) أنlā yanbaɣī (alayhi) ʔan, ينبغي (عليه) أالyanbaɣī (3alayhi) ʔallā must not (do), should not (do) ◊ ! ينبغي أال ننسى هذا أبداWe mustn't ever forget this! ◊ . ال ينبغي عليك قول كالم كهذاYou shouldn't say things like that. ◊ . ينبغي عليك عدم الذهابYou mustn't go. ▪ ) كان ينبغي (عليهkāna yanbaɣī (alayhi) should have (done) ◊ كان ينبغي عليك أن . تقوم بإضافة القليل من الملح إلى الطعامYou should have added a little salt to the food. ▪ لم يكن ) ينبغي (عليهlam yakun yanbaɣī (alayhi) should not have (done) ◊ . لم يكن ينبغي أن تفعل هذاShe shouldn't have done that. VIII ابتغىibtaɣā v.tr. |8d1 يبتغيyabtaɣī | ابتغاء ibtiɣāʔ| • strive for QI بقبقbaqbaqa v.intr. |11s يبقبقyubaqbiqu | بقبقة baqbaqat| • bubble, gurgle بقرbaqar coll. n. |sing. بقرةbaqarat | pl. أبقار ʔabqār| • cows, cattle
p. 202
بغيض
baɣīɖ adj. |elat. أبغضʔabɣaɖ| • dreadful,
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ب بقشيش
baqšīš n. |pl. dip. بقاشيشbaqāšīš| • tip,
بكتيريا
baktīriyā n. invar. • bacteria بكتيريbaktīrīy adj. • bacterial باكرbākir adj. |elat. أبكرʔabkar| • early ▪ صباح باكرʂabāɧ bākir n. early morning ▪ باكراbākiran adv. early; early in the morning II بكرbakkara v.intr. |2s يبكرyubakkiru | تبكيرtabkīr| • [+ masdar] be early (do)ing في, (do) early ◊ . بكرت في الوصول إلى المدرسةShe got to school early. مبكرmubakkir act. part. |elat. أبكرʔabkar| • adj. early, premature ▪ مبكراmubakkiran adv. early, prematurely VIII ابتكرibtakara v.tr. |8s يبتكرyabtakiru | ابتكار ibtikār| • devise, innovate ابتكارibtikār n.↑ • innovation • creativity مبتكرmubtakir act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر ابتكارا ʔakŧar ibtikāran| • (of people) innovative, creative مبتكرmubtakar pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر ابتكارا ʔakŧar ibtikāran| • (of things) innovative, creative, original أبكمʔabkam adj. dip. |m. pl. بكمbukm | f. sing. dip. بكماءbakmāʔ | f. dual بكماوانbakmāwāni | f. pl. بكماواتbakmāwāt| • mute, dumb بكىbakā v.intr. |1d2 يبكيyabkī | بكاءbukāʔ| • cry over/about على, weep ▪ بكى بحرارةbakā bi-ɧarāratin cry buckets IV أبكىʔabkā v.tr. |4d يبكيyubkī | إبكاءʔibkāʔ| • make cry, bring to tears مبكmubk(in) act. part. adj. def. |elat. أكثر إبكاء ʔakŧar ʔibkāʔan| • saddening, lamentable بكينpikīn n. f. dip. • (capital of China) Beijing, Peking بلbal(i) conj. • [negative clause +] but, rather, but rather ◊ . مريم ليست بنتي بل بنت أخيMaryam isn't my daughter; she's my niece. ▪ … فحسب … بل… أيضاfaɧasbu bal… ʔayɖan, …… فقط بل … كذلكfaqaʈ bal… kađālika not only… but also… ◊ . إنه ال يتكلم العربية فحسب بل يتكلم اإلنجليزية أيضاNot only does he speak Arabic, but he speaks English also. • (after misspeaking) or rather, …, no,… ◊ … هذا الولد بل الرجلthis boy, no, man… بالbi-lā prep. • without ➥ بـbi- p. 23 ◊ عاشت . يومين بال طعامShe lived for two days without food. ◊ . كان هو األفضل بال شكWithout a doubt, he was the best.
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gratuity II بقعbaqqa3a v.tr. |2s يبقعyubaqqi3u | تبقيعtabqī3| • stain بقعةbuq3at n. • |pl. بقعbuqa3| stain, spot • |pl. بقاعbiqā3| (land) plot, lot, tract بقلةbaqlat n. |pl. بقولbuqūl| • cress, garden cress بقالbaqqāl n. • (green)grocer بقالةbiqālat n. • groceries • grocery store بقيbaqiya v.intr. |1d4 يبقىyabqā | بقاءbaqāʔ| • stay, remain ◊ بقيت في البيت طوال عطلة نهاية . االسبوعI stayed home all weekend. ▪ بقي علي قيد الحياةbaqiya 3alā qaydi -lɧayāti survive, continue to live • [+ imperfect] continue to (do), keep (do)ing ◊ .بقي يدرس في الجامعة مدة طويلة He continued studying in college for a long time. • [+ predicate in the accusative] continue (to be), remain ◊ .بقي عازبا طوال حياته He remained a bachelor throughout his life. ▪ بقي بدون تغييرbaqiya bi-dūni taɣyīrin remain unchanged, stay the same بقاءbaqāʔ n.↑ • continuance, survival ▪ صراع من أجل البقاءʂirā3 min ʔajli -lbaqāʔi struggle for survival باقbāq(in) act. part. def. |elat. invar. أبقىʔabqā| • adj. remaining • n. (money back) change • n. remainder, rest ▪ __ باقي الـbāqī -l-__ the rest of __, other ◊ مقارنة بباقي العامcompared to the rest of the year ◊ مثل باقي الناسlike other people بقيةbaqīyat n. |pl. invar. بقاياbaqāyā| • remainder, rest ▪ __ بقية الـbaqīyat ∙ al-__ the rest of __, other ◊ مقارنة ببقية الطالبcompared to the rest of the students ◊ مثل بقية العالمlike the rest of the world ▪ بقاياbaqāyā pl. n. remains IV أبقىʔabqā v.tr. |4d يبقيyubqī | إبقاءʔibqāʔ| • leave (behind), make stay, leave be • keep على, maintain, conserve إبقاءʔibqāʔ n.↑ • maintenance of على, conservation V تبقىtabaqqā v.intr. |5d يتبقىyatabaqqā | def. تبق tabaqq(in)| • remain, be left (over) متبقmutabaqq(in) act. part. adj. def. • left over, remaining X استبقىistabqā v.tr. |10d يستبقيyastabqī | استبقاء istibqāʔ| • retain, detain, keep بكالوريوسbakālōriyūs, بكالورياbakālōriyā n.
• bachelor's degree
34 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب بالسترblāstir n. • bandage بالستيكblāstīk n. • plastic
extremely important ▪ ببالغ األسف bi-bāliɣi -lʔasafi adv. with profound regret • n. adult, grown-up • amount ▪ البالغ عددهمalbāliɣ 3adaduhum [+ number] which number… ◊ سكان
… مليون نسمة٩ المدينة البالغ عددهمthe inhabitants of the city, who number 9 million,… بالغbalāɣ n. • notification, notice, announcement بالغةbalāɣat n. • eloquence بليغbalīɣ adj. |m. pl. dip. بلغاءbulaɣāʔ | elat. أبلغ ʔablaɣ or أكثر بالغةʔakŧar balāɣatan| • eloquent, well-spoke • intense, lasting مبلغmablaɣ n. |pl. dip. مبالغmabāliɣ| • sum, amount II بلغballaɣa v.tr. |2s يبلغyuballiɣu | تبليغtablīɣ| • report to هabout بـor عن, inform • communicate, tell ▪ بلغ تحياته لـballaɣa taɧīyātahu li- give sb's regards to ◊ .بلغ تحياتي لها Say hi to her for me. III بالغbālaɣa v.tr. |3s يبالغyubāliɣu | مبالغة mubālaɣat| • exaggerate مبالغةmubālaɣat n.↑ • exaggeration IV أبلغʔablaɣa v.tr. |4s يبلغyubliɣu | إبالغʔiblāɣ| • inform sb هabout بـor عن, report ◊ أبلغوا . الشرطة بالتفاصيلThey reported the details to the police. بلوغbulūɣ n.↑ • puberty بلغارياbulɣāriyā n. f. invar. • Bulgaria بلغاريbulɣārīy adj. & n. • Bulgarian بلكونةbalkōnat, بلكونbalkōn n. • balcony بلballa v.tr. |1g3 يبلyabullu | بللbalal| • moisten, make wet, wet مبلولmablūl pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر بلالʔakŧar balalan| • wet باللbilāl man's name • Bilal II بللballala v.tr. |2s يبللyuballilu | تبليلtablīl| • moisten, make wet, wet ▪ بلل السريرballala assarīra wet the bed مبللmuballal pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر تبلالʔakŧar taballulan| • wet V تبللtaballala v.intr. |5s يتبللyataballalu | تبلل taballul| • become wet ◊ . تبللت من المطرI got wet in the rain. بالهةbalāhat n. • foolishness, stupidity, idiocy
sa
m
pl e
بالستيكيblāstīkīy adj. • plastic بلبلbulbul n. |pl. dip. n. بالبلbalābil| • nightingale IV أبلجʔablaja |4s يبلجyubliju | إبالجʔiblāj| • v.intr. shine ▪ . الحق أبلج والباطل لجلجalɧaqqu ʔablaja wa-lbāʈilu lajlaja proverb Truth glitters and falsehood falters. بلجيكاbeljīkā n. f. invar. • Belgium بلجيكيbeljīkīy adj. & n. • Belgian بلحbalaɧ coll. n. |sing. بلحةbalaɧat| • dates بلدbalad n. m. or f. |pl. بالدbilād or بلدانbuldān| • (nation) country • town بلدَوينbalad ∙ wayn n. f. • (city in Somalia) Beledweyne ➥ map on p. 177 بلديbaladīy adj. • municipal ▪ مجلس بلديmajlis baladīy n. city council بلديةbaladīyat n. • municipality ▪ مبنى بلدية mabnā ∙ baladīyat city hall بلدةbaldat n. • town بالدةbalādat n. • stupidity بليدbalīd adj. |pl. dip. بلداءbuladāʔ | elat. أبلد ʔablad| • stupid, idiotic ◊ ! أيها البليدYou idiot! بليدةbulaydat n. diminutive • small town البليدةalbulaydat or blīdat n. dip. • (city in Algeria) Blida ➥ map on p. 57 بلطةbalʈat n. • axe بالطbalāʈ • coll. n. |sing. بالطةbalāʈat| floor tiles ▪ بالطة سقفbalāʈat ∙ saqf (roof) shingle • n. (royal) court بلوطballūʈ coll. n. |sing. بلوطةballūʈat| • oaks ▪ جوز بلوطjawz ∙ balūʈ acorns II بلطballaʈa v.tr. |2s يبلطyuballiʈu | تبليطtablīʈ| • tile بلعbala3a v.tr. |1s1 يبلعyabla3u | بلعbal3| • swallow بالعةballā3at n. |pl. dip. بالليعbalālī3 or بالعات ballā3āt| • drain • sewer بالوعةbāllū3at n. |pl. dip. بواليعbawālī3| • drain • sewer VIII ابتلعibtala3a v.tr. |8s يبتلعyabtali3u | ابتالع ibtilā3| • swallow بلعومbul3ūm n. • pharynx بلغbalaɣa v.tr. |1s3 يبلغyabluɣu | بلوغbulūɣ| • reach بالغbāliɣ act. part. • adj. |elat. أكثر بلوغاʔakŧar
bulūɣan| adult, of age, grown up ▪ بالغ سن الرشد bāliɣ sinna ∙ -rrušdi of age • adj. |elat. أبلغʔablaɣ| extreme, utmost ▪ بالغ األهميةbāliɣ ∙ alʔahammiyati of the utmost importance,
35 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب أبله
ʔablah dip. |m. pl. بلهbulh | f. sing. dip. بلهاء balhāʔ | f. dual بلهاوانbalhāwāni | f. pl. بلهاوات balhāwāt | elat. أكثر بالهةʔakŧar balāhatan| • adj. foolish, stupid, idiotic • n. fool, idiot
بلي
baliya v.intr. |1d4 يبلىyablā | indecl. بلى bil(an)| • wear out, become worn out
sa
m
pl e
بالءbalāʔ n. • misfortune, affliction III بالىbālā v.tr. & intr. |3d يباليyubālī | مباالة mubālāt | • care about )(بـ, be concerned مباالةmubalāt n.↑ • care, concern, attention, consideration, regard ▪ المباالةlāmubalāt indifference, disregard مبالmubāl(in) act. part. adj. def. • concerned about بـ, mindful ▪ المبالlāmubāl(in) indifferent to بـ, unconcerned بلورballūr or billawr n. • crystal بلوريballūrīy or billawrīy adj. • crystalQII تبلورtabalwara v.intr. |12s يتبلورyatabalwaru | تبلورtabalwur| • crystalize البلوزalblūz n. invar. • (music) the blues بلوزةblūzat n. • blouse بلىbalā interjection • (affirmative answer to a negative quesiton) yes, indeed, certainly ◊ أال . بلى إنى أوافق تماما- توافق على ذلك؟You don't agree? - Yes, I do. I completely agree. • (contradicts a negative statement) yes ◊ ال ! بلى تعرفين- . أعرفI don't know. - Yes, you do! بلياردوbilyārdō n. • billiards بليونbilyūn n. number |pl. dip. باليينbalāyīn| • [+ indefinite genitive singular] billion ◊ أكثر من ثالثة باليين نسمةmore than three billion people بنbnu n. • (used in names) son of ◊ الشيخ حمد بن خليفة آل ثانيSheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (emir of Qatar 1995-2013) بنوbanū n. • [+ genitive noun] sons of ▪ بنو إسرائيلbanū ∙ ʔisrāʔīl Israelites, sons of Israel بنتbint n. |pl. بناتbanāt| • girl • daughter ▪ بنت أخbint ∙ ʔax (brother's daughter) niece ▪ بنت أختbint ∙ ʔuxt (sister's daughter) niece ▪ بنت خالbint ∙ xāl (maternal uncle's daughter) cousin ▪ بنت خالةbint ∙ xālat (maternal aunt's daughter) cousin ▪ بنت عمbint ∙ 3amm (paternal uncle's daughter) cousin ▪ بنت عمةbint ∙ 3ammat (paternal aunt's daughter) cousin بناتَبئسbanāt ∙ biʔs pl. n. • adversities, misfortunes ابنibn n. |pl. أبناءʔabnāʔ or بنونbanūna| • son ▪ أبناءʔabnāʔ pl. n. children ▪ ابن أخibn ∙ ʔax
(brother's son) nephew ▪ ابن أختibn ∙ ʔuxt (sister's son) nephew ▪ ابن بالتبنيibn bi-ttabannī adopted son ▪ ابن خالibn ∙ xāl (maternal uncle's son) cousin ▪ ابن خالةibn ∙ xālat (maternal aunt's son) cousin ▪ ابن عمibn ∙ 3amm (paternal uncle's son) cousin ▪ ابن عمةibn ∙ 3ammat (paternal aunt's son) cousin ▪ زوجة ابن zawjat ∙ ibn daughter-in-law ▪ ابن آدمibn ∙ ʔādam human being • member ▪ ابن أقليةibn ∙ ʔaqalliyat member of a minority ▪ أبناء المجتمعʔabnāʔ ∙ almujtama3i pl. n. members of society بنويbanawīy adj. • filial ابنةibnat n. |pl. بناتbanāt| • daughter ▪ ابنة أخ ibnat ∙ ʔax (brother's daughter) niece ▪ ابنة أخت ibnat ∙ ʔuxt (sister's daughter) niece ▪ ابنة بالتبني ibnat bi-ttabannī adopted daughter ▪ ابنة خال ibnat ∙ xāl (maternal uncle's daughter) cousin ▪ ابنة خالةibnat ∙ xālat (maternal aunt's daughter) cousin ▪ ابنة عمibnat ∙ 3amm (paternal uncle's daughter) cousin ▪ ابنة عمة ibnat ∙ 3ammat (paternal aunt's daughter) cousin ▪ زوج ابنةzawj ∙ ibnat son-in-law V تبنىtabannā v.tr. |5d يتبنىyatabannā | def. تبن tabann(in)| • adopt ◊ . تبنوا طفلينThey adopted two children. • take up, embrace, adopt ◊ . تبنت رؤية مستنيرةShe's adopted an enlightened view. تبنtabann(in) n.↑ def. • adoption ▪ والدان بالتبني wālidāni bi-ttabannī adoptive parents البنتاغونalbentāgōn n. • the Pentagon بنجbanj n. • anesthetic II بنجbannaja v.tr. |2s يبنجyubanniju | تبنيجtabnīj| • anesthesize, drug بنجرbanjar coll. n. |sing. بنجرةbanjarat| • beetroot بندband n. |pl. بنودbunūd| • (legal) article, clause بندقbunduq coll. n. |sing. بندقةbunduqat| • hazelnuts بندقيةbunduqīyat n. |pl. dip. بنادقbanādiq| • gun ▪ البندقيةalbunduqīyat n. (city in Italy) Venice بندورةbanadōrat n. • tomato بنزرتbinzart n. f. dip. • (city in Tunisia) Bizerte ➥ map on p. 45 بنزينbenzīn n. invar. • gasoline (UK: petrol), gas ▪ دواسة بنزينdawwāsat ∙ benzīn gas pedal (UK: accelerator) بنسيونbansiyōn n. • pension, lodging house
36 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب بنصر
binʂir n. f. |pl. dip. بناصرbanāʂir| • ring
finger
بنطلون بنغازي
banʈalūn n. • (a pair of) pants, trousers
sa
m
pl e
banɣāzī n. f. invar. • (city in Libya) Benghazi ➥ map on p. 278 بنغالديشbangladeš n. f. invar. • Bangladesh بنغالديشيbangladešīy adj. & n. • Bangladeshi بنفسجbanafsaj coll. n. |sing. بنفسجةbanafsajat| • violets بنفسجيbanafsajīy adj. • (color) violet, purple بنكbank n. |pl. بنوكbunūk| • bank بنكيbankīy adj. • bank بنكرياسbankriyās n. • pancreas بنماbanamā n. f. invar. • Panama ▪ مدينة بنما madīnat ∙ banamā (capital of Panama) Panama City ▪ قناة بنماqanāt ∙ banamā the Panama Canal بنمانيbanamānīy adj. & n. • Panamanian بنbunn n. • coffee beans بنيbunnīy adj. • brown بنومَبنهb(i)nōm b(i)nah n. f. invar. • (capital of Cambodia) Pnom Penh بنىbanā v.tr. |1d2 يبنيyabnī | بناءbanāʔ| • build, construct بناءbināʔ n. |pl. أبنيةʔabniyat| • building, edifice, structure • construction ▪ بناء علىbināʔan 3alā prep. on the basis of ▪ بناء على طلبهbināʔan 3alā ʈalabihi on sb's request بنائيbināʔīy adj. • structural مبنيmabnīy pass. part. adj. • based on على بناءbannāʔ • n. builder • adj. constructive, positive بنايةbināyat n. • building, edifice, structure بنيانbunyān n. • construction • building, edifice, structure بنيةbinyat or bunyat n. |pl. indecl. بنىbin(an) or bun(an)| • structure ▪ بنية تحتيةbinyat taɧtīyat infrastructure ▪ بنية جسمbinyat ∙ jism physique, build مبنىmabn(an) n. indecl. |dual مبنيانmabnayāni | pl. def. مبانmabān(in)| • building, structure ▪ مبنى بلديةmabnā ∙ baladīyat city hall بنيَسويفbanī swayf n. f. dip. • (city in Egypt) Beni Suef ➥ map on p. 287 باهتbāhit adj. |elat. أبهتʔabhat| • faint, dull, faded, pale بهجةbahjat n. • delight, joy بهيجbahīj adj. |elat. أبهجʔabhaj| • delightful
• magnificent, splendid IV أبهجʔabhaja v.tr. |4s يبهجyubhiju | إبهاجʔibhāj| • make happy, delight مبهجmubhij act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر إبهاجاʔakŧar ʔibhājan| • delightful, cheerful VIII ابتهجibtahaja v.intr. |8s يبتهجyabtahiju | ابتهاج ibtihāj| • be happy about بـ, rejoice ▪ ابتهج أيما ابتهاجibtahaja ʔayyamā -btihājin be very delighted مبتهجmubtahij act. part. adj. |elat. أكثر ابتهاجا ʔakŧar ibtihājan| • happy بهرbahara v.tr. |1s1 يبهرyabharu | بهرbahr| • overwhelm باهرbāhir act. part. adj. |elat. أبهرʔabhar or أكثر إبهاراʔakŧar ʔibhāran| • wonderful, splendid, marvelous مبهورmabhūr pass. part. adj. |elat. أكثر انبهارا ʔakŧar inbihāran| • overwhelmed • out of breath بهارbahār n. • herb, spice بهلوانbahlawān n. |pl. بهلواناتbahlawānāt| • clown بهلوانيbahlawānīy adj. • acrobatic بهيمةbahīmat n. |pl. dip. بهائمbahāʔim| • four-legged animal ▪ بهائمbahāʔim pl. n. livestock IV أبهمʔabhama v.tr. |4s يبهمyubhimu | إبهامʔibhām| • obscure, make ambiguous إبهامʔibhām n.↑ • |pl. dip. أباهيمʔabāhīm| thumb ▪ إبهام قدمʔibhām ∙ qadam, إبهام رجلʔibhām ∙ rijl big toe • obscurity, vagueness, ambiguity بهيbahīy adj. |elat. invar. أبهىʔabhā| • radiant, splendid, beautiful, lovely ▪ في أبهى حلةfī ʔahbā ɧullatin adv. in one's best attire III باهىbāhā v.intr. |3d يباهيyubāhī | مباهاة mubāhāt| • boast about بـ بيئةbīʔat n. • environment, surroundings ▪ رفيق بالبيئةrafīq bi-lbīʔati adj. environmentally friendly بيئيbīʔīy adj. • environmental بابbāb n. |pl. أبوابʔabwāb| • door ▪ على األبواب 3alā -lʔabwābi adv. imminent, close at hand ◊ . االنتخابات على األبوابElections are right around the corner. بوابbawwāb n. • doorman, porter بوابةbawwābat n. • gate ▪ بوابة أماميةbawwābat ʔamāmīyat front gate ▪ بوابة مغادرةbawwābat ∙ muɣādarat departure gate
37 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب بوتسوانا
بوكرbōkar or pōker n. invar. • poker بالbāla v.intr. |1h3 يبولyabūlu | بولbawl| • urinate
بول
bawl n.↑ |pl. أبوالʔabwāl| • urine, urination بوليbawlīy adj. • urinary ▪ جهاز بوليjihāz bawlīy n. urinary system
بالbāl n. • heart, mind مبولةmibwalat n. • urinal بولنداbōlandā n. f. invar. • Poland بولنديbōlandīy • adj. Polish • n. Pole بوليسbūlīs n. • police بوليفياbōlīviyā n. f. invar. • Bolivia بوليفيbōlīvīy adj. & n. • Bolivian بومbūm coll. n. |sing. بومةbūmat | pl. أبوامʔabwām| • owls بيانوbiyānō n. |pl. بيانوهاتbiyānōhāt| • piano بيبbīb n. invar. • pipe, tube بيبةbībat n. • (smoking) pipe باتbāta v.intr. |1h2 يبيتyabītu | مبيتmabīt| • spend the night ◊ . بتنا في فندق صغيرWe spent the night in a small hotel. • [+ predicate in the accusative] become ➥ Kāna and Her Sisters p. 268 ◊ . لقد بات النهار مظلماThe days are growing darker. • [+ indicative] begin to (do) ◊ . باتت الحكومة تفهم الخطرThe government has begun to understand the danger. مبيتmabīt n.↑ • spending the night ◊ هل لديك مكان للمبيت الليلة؟Do you have a place to spend the night? ▪ حفلة مبيتɧaflat ∙ mubīt slumber party بيتbayt n. • |pl. بيوتbuyūt| house ▪ البيت األبيض albayt alʔabyaɖ the White House ▪ بيت عنكبوت bayt ∙ 3ankabūt spider web ▪ بيت لحمbaytalaɧm f. dip. (city in Palestine) Bethlehem ➥ map on p. 237 ▪ بيت المقدسbayt ∙ almaqdisi Jerusalem ➥ map on p. 237 ▪ بيتا بيتاbaytan baytan adv. house by house, door to door • |pl. أبيات ʔabyāt| verse بيتزاbītzā, بيتساbītsā n. f. invar. • pizza ▪ بيتزا هات bītzā hāt Pizza Hut™ بيجbayj adj. |f. بيجbayj| • beige ▪ اللون البيجallawn albayj n. beige (color) بيجامةbījāmat, بيجاماbījāmā n. • pajamas بيدbayda conj. • بيد أنbayda ʔanna but, however, nevertheless IV أبادʔabāda v.tr. |4h يبيدyubīdu | إبادةʔibādat| • exterminate, annihilate
sa
m
pl e
bōtswānā n. f. invar. • Botswana بوتسوانيbōtswānīy adj. & n. • Botswanan باحbāɧa v.tr. |1h3 يبوحyabūɧu | بوحbawɧ| • disclose, reveal بوحbawɧ n.↑ • disclosure of بـ, revelation IV أباحʔabāɧa v.tr. |4h يبيحyubīɧu | إباحةʔibāɧat| • disclose, reveal مباحmubāɧ pass. part. adj. • permitted, lawful, halal, kosher إباحيʔibāɧīy adj. |elat. أكثر إباحيةʔakŧar ʔibāɧīyatan| • indecent, lewd, immoral, obscene, pornographic إباحيةʔibāɧīyat n. • pornography باحةbāɧat n. • courtyard بودرةbūdrat n. • powder بودكاستbodkast n. invar. • podcast بوذاbūđā n. invar. • Buddha بوذيbūđīy adj. & n. • Buddhist البوذيةalbūđīyat n. • Buddhism بورسعيدbūrsa3īd n. f. dip. • (city in Egypt) Port Said ➥ map on p. 287 بورَسودانbōr ∙ sūdān n. f. • (city in Sudan) Port Sudan ➥ map on p. 151 بورصةbūrʂat n. • stock market, stock exchange بورماbūrmā n. f. invar. • Burma بورماويbūrmāwīy adj. & n. • Burmese II بوزbawwaza |2s يبوزyubawwizu | تبويزtabwīz| • v.intr. pout, sulk باسbāsa v.tr. |1h3 يبوسyabūsu | بوسbaws| • kiss بوسةbawsat n. |pl. بوساتbaw(a)sāt| • kiss بوساسوbōsāso n. f. invar. • (city in Somalia) Bosaso ➥ map on p. 177 بوسطنbosʈon n. f. invar. • (city in the U.S.) Boston البوسنةalbōsnat n. f. invar. • Bosnia بوسنيbōsnīy adj. & n. • Bosnian بوشارbūšār n. • popcorn بوصbūʂ coll. n. • |sing. بوصةbūʂat| reeds بوصةbūʂat n. • inch بوصلةbūʂulat n. • (navigation) compass بوظةbūʐat n. • ice cream sundae بوفيهbūfayh n. invar. • buffet باقةbāqat n. • bouquet, bunch ▪ باقة زهورbāqat ∙ zuhūr bouquet of flowers بوقbūq n. |pl. أبواقʔabwāq| • trumpet, horn
38 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
ب إبادة
ʔibāda • extermination, annihilation ▪ إبادة جماعيةʔibādat jamā3īyat genocide مبيدmubīd act. part. • adj. |elat. أكثر إبادةʔakŧar ʔibādatan| destructive, deadly, lethal • n. pesticide ▪ مبيد حشريmubīd ɧašarīy insecticide ▪ مبيد أعشابmubīd ∙ ʔa3šāb, مبيد عشبيmubīd 3ašabīy herbicide بيدقbaydaq n. |pl. dip. بيادقbayādiq| • (chess) pawn بيدواbaydawā n. f. invar. • (city in Somalia) Baidoa ➥ map on p. 177 بيرةbīrat n. • beer بيرقbayraq n. |pl. dip. بيارقbayāriq| • banner بيروbayrū n. f. invar. • Peru بيروفيbayrūfīy adj. & n. • Peruvian بيروتbayrūt n. f. dip. • (capital of Lebanon) Beirut ➥ map on p. 272 بيروتيbayrūtīy adj. & n. |m. pl. بيارتةbayāritat| • Beiruti بيروقراطيbīrūqrātīy adj. • bureaucratic بيروقراطيةbīrūqrātīyat n. • bureaucracy بيسةbaysat n. • baisa (1000 baisa = 1 Omani rial) بيسبولbaysbōl n. invar. • baseball ▪ مضرب بيسبول miɖrab ∙ baysbōl baseball bat ▪ قبعة بيسبول qubba3at ∙ baysbōl baseball cap باضbāɖa v.intr. |1h2 يبيضyabīɖu | بيضbayɖ| • lay an egg بيضbayɖ coll. n. |sing. بيضةbayɖat| • eggs بيضيbayɖīy, بيضويbayɖawīy • adj. egg-shaped, oval بياضbayāɖ n. • white, whiteness بويضةbuwayɖat, بييضةbuyayɖat n. diminutive • ovum, egg بيضاويbayɖāwīy • adj. oval • adj. & n. Casablancan أبيضʔabyaɖ dip. |m & f pl. بيضbīɖ | f. sing. dip. بيضاءbayɖāʔ | f. dual بيضاوانbayɖāwāni | f. pl. بيضاواتbayɖāwāt| • adj. |elat. أكثر بياضاʔakŧar bayāɖan| white • (hair) gray • n. white person البيضاءalbayɖāʔ n. f. • (city in Libya) Baida ➥ map on p. 278 الدارَالبيضاءaddār albayɖāʔ n. f. • (city in Morocco) Casablanca ➥ map on p. 222 مبيضmibyaɖ n. |pl. dip. مبايضmabāyiɖ| • ovary II بيضbayyaɖa v.tr. |2s يبيضyubayyaɖu | تبييض tabyīɖ| • whiten, bleach ▪ مادة تبييضmāddat ∙ tabyīɖ n. bleach
IV أباضʔabāɖa v.intr. |4h يبيضyubīɖ | إباضة ʔibāɖat| • ovulate إباضةʔibāɖat n.↑ • ovulation IX ابيضibyaɖɖa v.intr. |9s يبيضyabyaɖɖu | ابيضاض ibyiɖāɖ| • become white, turn white بيطرةbayʈarat n. • veterinary medicine بيطريbayʈarīy adj. & n. • veterinarian باعbā3a v.tr. |1h2 يبيعyabī3u | بيعbay3| • sell بيعbay3 n.↑ • sale ▪ للبيعli-lbay3i adv. for sale بائعbāʔi3 act. part. n. |pl. باعةbā3at or بائعون bāʔi3ūna| • salesperson, merchant ▪ بائع زهور bāʔi3 ∙ zuhūr florist ▪ بائع سمكbāʔi3 ∙ samak n. fishmonger ▪ بائع سياراتbāʔi3 ∙ sayyārāt car salesperson ▪ بائع كتبbāʔi3 ∙ kutub bookseller بياعbayyā3 n. • salesperson, merchant مبيعmabī3 n. • sale ▪ مدير مبيعاتmudīr ∙ mabī3āt sales manager بيالروسياbaylārūsiyā n. f. invar. • Belarus بيالروسيbaylārūsīy adj. & n. • Belarusian بانbāna v.intr. |1h2 يبينyabīnu | بيانbayān| • become evident, become clear, become obvious بيانbayān n.↑ • announcement, statement • clearness, obviousness بائنbāʔin act. part. adj. • clear, evident, obvious بينbayna, من بينmin bayni, ما بينmā bayna prep. • between ◊ بين القاهرة واإلسكندريةbetween Cairo and Alexandria ◊ بين المدنbetween the cities ⓘ بينbayna is repeated when followed by a pronoun: ◊ بينك وبين أبيكbetween you and your dad ▪ بين يديهbayna yadayhi adv. before, in front of sb; in sb's arms ▪ بيني وبينكbaynī wa-baynaka between me and you ▪ بينه وبين نفسه baynahu wabayna nafsihi adv. to oneself ◊ . ضحكت بيني وبين نفسيHe laughed to himself. • among ▪ من بينهاmin baynahā from among which…, including ◊ زرنا بضع دول من بينها الصين . واليابانWe visited several countries, including China and Japan. ▪ ليس من بينهاlaysa min baynahā excluding, except ◊ دول عربية ليس من … بينها سورياArab countries, except Syria,… بينماbaynamā conj. • (simultaneous actions) while ◊ . دخل لص منزلي بينما كنت نائماA thief entered my house while I was asleep. • (contrast) whereas, while ◊ أنا أحب القراءة بينما . هي تكرههاI love reading, whereas she hates it. بينbayyin adj. |elat. أبينʔabyan| • clear, evident, obvious
m
pl e
n.↑
sa
t
39 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
u
ب V تبينtabayyana v.intr. |5s يتبينyatabayyanu | تبين tabayyun| • become clear, become evident • see clearly, بيولوجيbīyūlūjīy adj. • biological بيولوجيةbīyūlūjīyat n. • biology
sa
m
pl e
II بينbayyana v.tr. |2s يبينyubayyinu | تبيينtabyīn| • show, display IV أبانʔabāna v.tr. |4h يبينyubīnu | إبانةʔibānat| • explain, make clear إبانةʔibānat n. • explanation مبينmubīn act. part. • clear, obvious, evident
40 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
Difficult to Find Roots It can sometimes be difficult to determine all of the radicals of a root in order to look up a ), weakء( word. This list contains difficult cases, including those containing hamza ) that do not appear in the word, and geminates.ي andو( consonants
pl e
m
sa
رخو رخو ردد سوغ شور شور شيط شفي شفي ضوء ضيف طوع طوع طول عود عود عوذ عور عون عدد عدو علو علو غوث غوث غلل غني فيد فيد فتي فتي فزز قيل قيل
استرخاء استرخى استرد استساغ استشار استشارة استشاط استشفاء استشفى استضاء استضاف استطاع استطاعة استطال استعاد استعادة استعاذ استعار استعان استعد استعدى استعالء استعلى استغاث استغاثة استغل استغنى استفاد استفادة استفتاء استفتى استفز استقال استقالة
رشو رشو رقي رقي روح زيد ستت سوء ءجر ءذن ءنف ءهل بدد بقي ثني ثني جوب جوب جور جدد جمم حول حول حقق حمم حيي خفف دور دوم دعو دعو روح روح رءف
ارتشاء ارتشى ارتقاء ارتقى ارتياح ازداد است استاء استأجر استأذن استأنف استأهل استبد استبقى استثناء استثنى استجاب استجابة استجار استجد استجم استحال استحالة استحق استحم استحيا استخف استدار استدام استدعاء استدعى استراح استراحة استرأف
جوز جثث جوح حوج حير حوط حول حجج حذو حرر حفي حفي حكك حلل حمي حوي حوج حوط حول خير خبء خصص خفي خفي ذخر ذخر دعو دعو ريب روح رود رجج ردد ردي
اجتاز اجتث اجتياح احتاج احتار احتاط احتال احتج احتذى احتر احتفاء احتفى احتك احتل احتمى احتوى احتياج احتياط احتيال اختار اختبأ اختص اختفاء اختفى ادخار ادخر ادعاء ادعى ارتاب ارتاح ارتاد ارتج ارتد ارتدى
َ root بدء بدء بزز بغي بن بن وجه وجه وحد وحد ءخذ وزن وزن وسع وسق وسخ وسع وسق وشح وصل وصف وصل وضح وفق وفق وقي وكل وكء وكل وهم وهم ثني جوح
)347 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com
word ابتداء ابتدأ ابتز ابتغى ابن َ ابنة َ اتجاه اتجه اتحاد اتحد اتخذ اتزان اتزن اتساع اتساق اتسخ اتسع اتسق اتشح اتصال اتصف اتصل اتضح اتفاق اتفق اتقى اتكال اتكأ اتكل اتهام اتهم اثنان اجتاح
pl e
m
sa
وعي وفي وقي ولي وبء وثء وثء ودد وري وضء وطء وطء وعي وعي وفي وفي وفي وقي وقي ولي ولي ياء يءس يءس يءس
واع واف واق وال وباء وثء وثأ ود وراء وضوء وطأة وطئ وعاء وعى وفاء وفاة وفى وقاء وقى والء ولى ياء يائس يأس يئس
هدء هدي هرر هرء هزز هزء هزء هزز هشش هفو همم همم هنء هنء هنء هنء هوي هوي هوي هيء هور هون هيء ودي وزي وطء
هدوء هدى هر هراء هز هزء هزأ هزة هش هفا هم همة هناء هنأ هنيء هنئ هواء هوة هوى هيأ هير هين هيئة واد وازى واطئ
نمي نهي نوي نوي نيء نوب نوي نوف نوق هاء هيب هدء هزء هول هول همم هون هنء هوي هول هبب هبو وهب هجو هجو هدء
نمى نهى نواة نوى نيء نيابة نية نيف نيق هاء هاب هادئ هازئ هال هالة هام هان هانئ هاو هائل هب هباء هبة هجاء هجى هدأ
نيل نوم نوء نوب نوم نبء نبء نبو نتء نجو نجو نجو ندو ندو ءنس نسو نشء نشء نصص نطط نطط نفي نقق نقي نمم نمو
نال نام ناوأ نائب نائم نبأ نبوءة نبي نتأ نجا نجاة نجى نداء ندى نساء نشأ نشوء نص نط نط نفى نق نقى نم نما
Modern Standard Arabic Verbs Conjugation Tables Modern Standard Arabic Verbs: Conjugation Tables (available in paperback and as an e-book) is the companion book to the Arabic Learner’s Dictionary. Every verb entry in the dictionary contains a reference to a table from MSA Verbs which lays out the conjugation pattern for the verb in all persons, tenses, and moods. The first table (1s1) is presented for your convenience on the following page.
)359 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com
sound measure I
other
perfect vowel: a imperfect vowel: a
R2 R3
perfect singular
indicative
dual
plural
singular
fa3altu
2m
fa3alnā
fa3alta
ʔaf3alu fa3altum
taf3alu
fa3altunna
taf3alīna
fa3altumā
plural
fa3alti
3m
3f
naf3alu taf3alūna taf3alāni taf3alna
fa3ala
fa3alā
fa3alū
yaf3alu
yaf3alāni
yaf3alūna
fa3alat
fa3alatā
fa3alna
taf3alu
taf3alāni
yaf3alna
pl e
2f
subjunctive singular
2m
taf3ala
3m
3f
jussive
plural
taf3alū
taf3alī
plural
naf3al
taf3al
taf3alū taf3alā
taf3alna
taf3alī
taf3alna
yaf3ala
yaf3alā
yaf3alū
yaf3al
yaf3alā
yaf3alū
taf3ala
taf3alā
yaf3alna
taf3al
taf3alā
yaf3alna
dual
if3al
participles plural
passive
active
passive
perfect
imperfect
fā3il
maf3ūl
fu3ila
yuf3alu
if3alū if3alā
if3alī
dual
ʔaf3al
taf3alā
imperative singular
singular
naf3ala
sa
2f
ʔaf3ala
dual
m
1
2f
dual
َ
1
2m
1s1
R1
if3alna
360 | Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (www.lingualism.com)
