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Lower Primary

© Peter Clutterbuck and Blake Education 2000 Reprinted 2007 Blake’s Word Bank: Lower ISBN-13: 978 1 86509 760 2 ISBN-10: 1 86509 760 8

Blake Education Locked Bag 2022 Glebe NSW 2037 www.blake.com.au Publisher: Sharon Dalgleish Editors: Diana Grivas and Tricia Dearborn Designed by Jobi Murphy Illustrated by Judi Forshaw Printed by Bekaam Printers Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 19, 157 Liverpool Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 E-mail: [email protected] Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above.

Contents—An Overview Detailed List of Contents How to Use Blake’s Word Bank

4 8

Part One—Sounds 45 Sounds of the English Language Vowel Sounds Vowel Digraphs Consonant Digraphs Consonant Blends Other Consonant Sounds Some Other Important Sounds

Part Two—Spelling

55 56 60 61 63 67 68 69 70

The 200 Most Used Words Homophones Compound Words Words with Double Consonants Contractions Plurals Frequently Misspelt Words Graded Word Lists

Part Three—Grammar

77 78 81 82 83 84 87 89 90

Nouns Collective Nouns Pronouns Prepositions Verbs Adjectives ‘How’ Adverbs Conjunctions

Part Four—Vocabulary

91 92 93 94 96

Synonyms Antonyms Thematic Word Lists Anagrams

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

12 13 15 22 33 39 50 52

3

Detailed List of Contents Contents—An Overview How to Use Blake’s Word Bank Symbols Used in This Book Uses of the Word Bank Some Fun Activities using Word Bank Lists

4

Part One—Sounds

12

45 Sounds of the English Language

13

Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = short /a/ sound ‘a’ = long /a/ sound ‘a’ = /ar/ sound ‘a’ = short /o/ sound ‘e’ = short /e/ sound ‘e’ = long /e/ sound ‘i’ = short /i/ sound ‘i’ = long /i/ sound ‘o’ = short /o/ sound ‘o’ = long /o/ sound ‘o’ = short /u/ sound ‘u’ = short /u/ sound ‘u’ = long /u/ sound ‘u’ = short /oo/ sound

15 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21

Vowel Digraphs ‘ai’ = long /a/ sound ‘ay’ = long /a/ sound ‘ar ‘= /ar/ sound ‘aw’ = /or/ sound ‘ea’ Sounds ‘ea’ = long /e/ sound ‘ea’ = short /e/ sound ‘ea’ = long /a/ sound ‘ee’ = long /e/ sound ‘er’ = /er/ sound ‘ew’ = long /oo/ sound ‘ew’ = long /u/ sound

22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 26 26 26

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

3 8 8 8 9

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

‘ie’ = long /e/ sound ‘ie’ = long /i/ sound ‘ir’ = /er/ sound ‘oa’ = long /o/ sound ‘oi’ = /oi/ sound ‘oy’ = /oi/ sound ‘oo’ Sounds ‘oo’ = long /oo/ sound ‘oo’ = short /oo/ sound ‘or’ = /or/ sound ‘ow’ and ‘ou’ Sounds ‘ow’ = /ow/ sound ‘ow’ = long /o/ sound ‘ou’ = /ow/ sound ‘ur’ = /er/ sound

27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound ‘kn’ = /n/ sound ‘qu’ = /qu/ sound ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound ‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound ‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound ‘wh’ = /w/ sound ‘wh’ = /h/ sound ‘wr’ = /r/ sound

33 33 33 33 34 35 35 36 36 36

Consonant Digraphs—Final and Medial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound ‘ch’ = /k/ sound ‘ck’ = /k/ sound ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound ‘th’ = unvoiced /th sound ‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound

37 37 37 37 38 38 38

Consonant Blends—Initial /bl/ blend /br/ blend /cl/ blend /cr/ blend /dr/ blend /fl/ blend /fr/ blend /gl/ blend /gr/ blend /pl/ blend /pr/ blend ‘sc’ = /sk/ blend

39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 42 Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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/scr/ blend /sk/ blend /sl/ blend /sm/ blend /sn/ blend /sp/ blend /st/ blend /str/ blend /sw/ blend /tr/ blend

42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 45 45

Consonant Blends—Final and Medial /ct/ blend /ft/ blend /lk/ blend /lp/ blend /lt/ blend /mp/ blend /nd/ blend /nt/ blend /pt/ blend /sk/ blend /sp/ blend /st/ blend

46 46 46 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 49

Other Consonant Sounds ‘dge’ ‘ght’ = /t/ sound ‘nce’ ‘nch’ /ng/ sound /nk/ sound ‘tch’ = /ch/ sound

50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51

Some Other Important Sounds ‘c’ Sounds ‘c’ = /s/ sound (soft c) ‘c’ = /k/ sound (hard c) ‘g’ Sounds ‘g’ = /j/ sound (soft g) ‘g’ = /g/ sound (hard g) ‘y’ Sounds ‘y’ = long /e/ sound ‘y’ = long /i/ sound

52 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

Part Two—Spelling The 200 Most Used Words The first 100 most used words The next 100 most used words Homophones Compound Words Words with double consonants bb, dd, ff, gg, ll, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt, zz Contractions Plurals Frequently Misspelt Words Graded Word lists Prep/Kindergarten Grade One Grade Two

Part Three—Grammar Nouns Common nouns Common nouns—animals Collective nouns Collective nouns—groups of animals Pronouns Common pronouns Possessive pronouns Prepositions Verbs Regular verbs Action verbs Saying verbs Thinking and feeling verbs Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions

Part Four—Vocabulary Synonyms Antonyms Thematic Word Lists Animal names Feelings Plants Food Anagrams

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

55 56 56 58 60 61 63 67 68 69 70 70 72 74 77 78 78 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 94 94 95 95 96

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How to Use Blake’s Word Bank The Symbols Used in this Book

Uses of the Word Bank

A straightforward system has been used throughout Blake’s Word Bank to distinguish clearly between letter patterns and the sounds they make.

Blake’s Word Bank has been structured to maximise flexibility, allowing you to adapt and utilise the material to successfully meet the needs of all students. For example, the lists of sounds in the Sounds section can be used for both reading and spelling activities, and the words in the Grammar section can also be used for vocabulary building.

Two oblique signs / / are used to indicate a sound. For example, the sound that ‘sh’ makes in the word ‘shop’ is referred to as the /sh/ sound. The sound that ‘br’ makes in ‘bread’ is referred to as the /br/ blend. Where a vowel can make two different sounds, these are distinguished by calling them the long and the short vowel sound. For example, the ‘a’ in ‘cat’ makes the short /a/ sound.The ‘a’ in ‘cape’ makes the long /a/ sound. Pages 13-14 contain a summary of these sounds, with examples. Letter patterns are referred to with quotation marks around them. The /sh/ sound can be made by various letter patterns including u ‘sh’ as in shop u ‘ch’ as in chef u ‘ti’ as in nation. The letter pattern ‘ea’ can make various sounds: u long /e/ sound, as in peace u short /e/ sound, as in spread u long /a/ sound, as in steak.

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Below are some suggested uses for Blake’s Word Bank. u Use word lists to increase students’ interest in words and ideas, and to extend their vocabulary and understanding of language concepts. u Phonic groups and year level spelling lists can be used for reinforcement, revision and enrichment. For example, an individual senior grade student experiencing difficulties in spelling may be best assisted by reinforcement of phonic areas to strengthen his or her spelling skills. Alternatively, a competent younger student may be directed to more difficult lists for enrichment purposes. u Both the Grammar and Vocabulary sections provide teachers with accessible examples of parts of speech and specific word types.These can be used for quick reference when a supply of words is needed for individual or group learning sessions, or to provide more examples of a specific word type or part of speech similar to the one already under discussion.

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

Some Fun Activities using Word Bank Lists Part 1 Sounds

Initial and Final Blends around a Central Vowel*

‘Letter boxes’ Use the lists to make letter boxes. Students must take one letter from each box to make a word. For example, using the first set of letter boxes below, a student could take ‘p’ from the first box, ‘i’ from the second box, and ‘g’ from the third box to spell ‘pig’. How many words can they make? Three Letter Words b

a

g

m

e

n

p

i

p

t

o

t x

Initial Blends br

a

b

cr

e

d

fl

i

g

gr

o

m

sm u

n

sw

p t

Final Blends

br

a

ft

cl

e mp

gr

i

nd

st

o

nt

sw u

sk

tr

sp

* A more challenging activity.

What goes in the middle? Using the vowel digraph lists, write the beginning and ending of selected words on the chalkboard, and some possible vowel digraphs beside them. Have students insert the correct vowel digraph and draw a picture of the word they have made. b__t

oa

m__n

oi

ir

ei

oo ee

Shout it out Have students shout out words that begin with the same consonant blend as a chosen word, for example ‘Shout out words that start with the same sound as frog’ (eg friend, frost, free); or words that contain the same vowel digraph, eg ‘Shout out words that contain ‘ee’ " (eg meet, feet, beef). Each time, students who can’t think of a word for that round drop out.

b

a mp

c

e

nd

d

i

nt

Blends

n

u

sk

Provide students with cards on which are written a selection of blends, eg

m

st

r

fr

dr

fl

st

s t Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

9

Part 2 Spelling

and suitable endings, eg og

ip

at

op

Have students match the blend to the ending to create words.

Sort out Provide a list of words, for example: big

lap

map

bed

pig

rat

fat

jug

pug

top

mug

tan

fit

peg

red

sip

ten

wig

Have students sort them into groups, for example by:

Using light cardboard and a split pin, make up a word wheel that contains initial consonants, or consonant blends, on the outer wheel, and word endings on the inner wheel. Have students move the centre wheel to compose words which can then be written in groups according to a pattern. Or make up a wheel that contains different vowel digraphs. Spin the arrow and challenge students to write as many words as they can that contain that letter group.

Compound guessing Describe a compound word and have students guess what it is, for example: I am a special day of the year. I am the day on which you are born. (birthday)

u middle vowel u words that sound the same u initial letters.

Have students take it in turns to devise clues to a compound word that classmates must guess.

Word riddles Challenge students to solve presented word puzzles. For example: I have a ‘oo’ sound. I begin with an ‘sp’ blend. I help you eat a meal.What am I?

Bingo Provide each student with a blend chart.These are best made on light card. gr

cl

cr

sc

dr

sk

fr

sw

st

gl

pl

sn

fr

fl

tr

sl

Compound match Provide students with cards each containing a word that forms part of a compound word. Have students hold their cards and march around the room.Tell students that when you blow your whistle or give some other a signal, they must rush to find their compound partner.The first pair to do so are given points.

Compound catch Use the list of compound words to prepare a set of cards that form compound words when placed together.

Read aloud a series of words containing these blends. Have students mark the blends they hear, using counters.

10

Word wheels

Place the cards face down and have students take turns to turn over two cards each. If the student can use these words to make a compound word, they may keep them. If not, the cards are turned down again.The game continues until no more compound words can be formed.The player with the most compound words at the end wins the game. jelly

roads

butter

book

fly

cross

wind

note

fist

mill

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

Homophone pictures

Part 3 Grammar

Write a word on the chalkboard. Have students draw a picture of something whose name is a homophone of that word, for example:

Noun links

pair

pear

bare

bear

see

sea

Write on the chalkboard a selection of nouns from the common nouns list. Ask students to pair the ones that can be linked, for example cup, dish, fork, bottle, kettle, spoon (things that might be found in the kitchen).

Match up

Jumblies Jumble up list words and have students rearrange the letters to make the original word, for example: mra fi arm

tras fi star (or rats)

krab fi bark

krad fi dark

Cloze Write a sentence on the chalkboard omitting a word. Ask students to add a suitable word for their Graded Word Lists, for example (taken from Grade 1): The ___ blew strongly. This activity is also useful for words with double consonants. A snail has a ___. (shell)

On cards write a number of nouns with a corresponding number of suitable adjectives. Distribute nouns to one group of students and adjectives to the other. Play music and have students move around the room.When music stops, students must match up.

Guess that verb! Use the action verb list to create a set of cards. Have students take turns to pick a card (without looking) and perform the action for the class.The other students try to guess what action is being performed.Whoever guesses the verb gets to go next.

Odd word out Write five words on the chalkboard. Make one word a different category to the other four. Have students identify that word. For example: bite climb red hug jump Red is the odd word out because it is an adjective, rather than an action verb like all the other words.

Double consonants Write a rhyme such as

Part 4 Vocabulary

Little Miss Muffet Sat on her tuffet

Antonym/synonym match

Eating her curds and whey

Write words on pieces of card. On another card write a synonym for each word (or an antonym). Each student is given a card and marches around the room to the beat of a drum or suitable music. When the music stops, each student must find his/her antonym or synonym.

on the chalkboard. Have students come out and underline the words with double letters. Ask the students to say these words. Have them suggest other words with double letters in them. Build up a classroom display of words with double letters.

Synonym (or antonym) snap Allow students to study the synonym and antonym lists in this book. Have them write the words onto cards. Have students jumble the cards and play snap with them.

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Part One

Sounds

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Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

44 Sounds of the English Language Vowel Sounds Sound /a/ (short) /e/ (short) /i/ (short) /o/ (short) /u/ (short) /a/ (long) /e/ (long) /i/ (long) /o/ (long) /u/ (long) /air/ /ar/ /er/ /oi/ /oo/ (long) /oo/ (short) /or/ /ow/

Words cat, mat, apple peg, bed, head, said fig, women, build, busy, mystery dog, wash rub, come, young snake, train, stay eve, cheese, flea, she, lazy bind, pie, time, by, dye, buy, thigh go, toe, cone, coat, low, though, yeoman fuel, cue, cute, few, pneumonia stair, care, where, wear, heir far, pass, palm her, bird, fur, word, journey, heard boil, boy boot, through, do, soup, blue, grew look, put, woman, should for, haul, raw, chalk, ball, board, door, pour, bore, war, ought cow, loud, bough

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Consonant Sounds Sound /b/ /d/ /f/ /g/ /h/ /j/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /p/ /r/ /s/ /t/ /v/ /w/ /y/ /x/ /z/

Words bind, cab, rubber dome, add, stayed fan, puff, photograph, laugh got, egg, ghost horse, hotel, hen, who jug, ginger, gypsy, bridge cut, kite, rock, queue lot, ball, handle mass, swimming, lamb nice, funnel, knot, gnome, pneumatic pan, happy race, burr, wring, rhythm sit, dress, since, city, psalm tip, little, picked van, skivvy, shelve worse, win, wall, why yellow box, x-rays zoo, buzz, as, xylophone

/ch/ /ng/ /qu/ /sh/

chop, patch bring, song quote, choir ship, sugar, ancient, tension, dictation, ocean think, throw that, them, these treasure

/th/ (unvoiced) /th/ (voiced) /zh/

14

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = short /a/ sound add ant at axe bad bag ban bat cab can cap cat dad dam fan fat gap gas had ham has hat jab jam lab lad lap

mad man map mat pad pal pan pat rag ram ran rap rat sad sag sap sat tab tag tan tap tax van vat wag wax yam

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = long /a/ sound ace age ale ape ate bake cage cake came case cave date face fade game gate gave hate lake lane late made make mate name page

16

race rake rate safe sale same save take tale tape wake wave

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = /ar/ sound ask bath

fast last

past

‘a’ = short /o/ sound wand want

was wash

what

‘e’ = short /e/ sound bed beg bell best bet cell cent egg end fed fell get hem

hen jet keg led leg let men met net peg pen pet red

set sled step tell ten vet web well wet yes yet

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Sounds ‘e’ = long /e/ sound he

me

she we

‘i’ = short /i/ sound bib bid big bin bit chin did dig dim dip fib fig fill fin fit fix gin hid hill him hip his

18

hit if ill in is it jig kid kin kit lid lip lit mix nip pig pill pin pip pit rib rid

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

rig rim rip sin sip sit six till tin tip wig will win wit zip

Vowel Sounds ‘i’ = long /i/ sound bike bite dive file fine fire five hide hike hire ice kite life

like line mice mile mine nice nine pile pine pipe rice ride ripe

rise side size tide tile time vine wide wife wire wise

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Sounds ‘o’ = short /o/ sound bob bog box cog cop cot dog doll fog fox got

hog hop hot job jot log lot mob mop nod not

on ox pod pop pot rob rod rot sob top tot

‘o’ = long /o/ sound bone code cone home hope

hose joke nose note poke

pose rope rose tone woke

‘o’ = short /u/ sound none

20

oven

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

son won

Vowel Sounds ‘u’ = short /u/ sound bud bug bun bus but cub cup cut duck dug dull fun gum

gun gut hub hug hum hut jug lug mud mug mum nun nut

pub pug pup rub rug run rut sum sun tub tug up us

‘u’ = long /u/ sound cute dune

fuse huge

tube tune use

‘u’ = short /oo/ sound bull

full

pull put

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Digraphs Note: A digraph is a pair of letters representing a single sound.

‘ai’ = long /a/ sound aid aim bait fail jail

laid mail main nail pail

pain rail rain sail tail

‘ay’ = long /a/ sound away bay clay day gay hay

22

lay may pay play ray say

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

tray way

Vowel Digraphs ‘ar’ = /ar/ sound are arm art bar bark barn car card

cart dark dart far farm hard harp jar

mark park part scar star start tar tart yard

‘aw’ = /or/ sound awe claw

draw law

paw raw saw

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

23

Vowel Digraphs—‘ea’ Sounds Note: ‘ea’ can represent three sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in beat and heat (ii) short /e/ sound as in head and bread (iii) long /a/ sound as in break and steak.

‘ea’ = long /e/ sound bead bean beat easy eat flea heat

leaf meal mean meat neat pea real

sea seal seam seat tea team weak

‘ea’ = short /e/ sound bread dead

deaf head

‘ea’ = long /a/ sound great

24

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

ready

Vowel Digraphs ‘ee’ = long /e/ sound bee been beep cheek deep eel fee feed feel feet

free green heel keep knee meet need peel see seed

seem seen sleep teeth three tree weed week

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Digraphs ‘er’ = /er/ sound fern germ

her herb

herd term

‘ew’ Sounds Note: ‘ew’ can represent two sounds: (i) long /oo/ sound as in blew and flew (ii) long /u/ sound as in new and few.

‘ew’ = long /oo/ sound chew

drew

flew grew

‘ew’ = long /u/ sound dew

26

few

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

new

Vowel Digraphs—‘ie’ Sounds Note: ‘ie’ can represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ as in niece (ii) long /i/ as in pie.

‘ie’ = long /e/ sound chief

niece

piece thief

‘ie’ = long /i/ sound die

lie

pie tie

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Digraphs ‘ir’ = /er/ sound bird circle dirt

first firm girl

shirt sir skirt third

‘oa’ = long /o/ sound boat coat float foam

28

goat load loaf loan

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

oat road soap

Vowel Digraphs ‘oi’ = /oi/ sound boil coil coin

foil join oil

point soil spoil toil

‘oy’ = /oi/ sound boy

joy

toy Troy

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Digraphs—‘oo’ Sounds Note: ‘oo’ can represent two sounds: (i) long /oo/ sound as in boot and food (ii) short /oo/ sound as in book and wool.

‘oo’ = long /oo/ sound broom boot cool food fool hoot

moon noon pool roof room root

soon spoon too tool zoo

‘oo’ = short /oo/ sound book cook foot good

30

hood hook look took

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

stood wood wool

Vowel Digraphs ‘or’ = /or/ sound bore born cord core cork corn for ford

fork form horn horse lord more or pork

port short sore sort store torn wore

‘ow’ Sounds Note: ‘ow’ can represent two sounds: (i) /ow/ sound as in how and cow (ii) long /o/ sound as in tow and low.

‘ow’ = /ow/ sound cow down

fowl how

now owl town

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Vowel Digraphs—‘ow’ Sounds ‘ow’ = long /o/ sound blow bow crow flow glow grow

know low mow owe own row

show slow snow sow tow

‘ou’ = /ow/ sound about cloud count hour

house loud mouse noun

ouch our out round sour

‘ur’ = /er/ sound blur burn

32

burp fur

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

hurt turn

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound chap chain chair chalk chap

chat check cheek chick child

chin chip chop chum

‘kn’ = /n/ sound knee

knife

know

‘qu’ = /qu/ sound quack queen

question quick

quiet quite quiz

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound shack shade shake shall shape share shark sharp shave she shear shed

34

sheep sheet shelf shell shift shin shine ship shirt shock shoe shook

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

shoot shop shore short shot shout show shower shut shy

Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘th’ Sounds Note: ‘th’ can represent two sounds: (i) unvoiced /th/ sound as in thin, thistle (ii) voiced /th/ sound as in that.

‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound thanks thick thin

thing think third

three throw thud

‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound than that the their

them then there these

they this those

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘wh’ Sounds Note: ‘wh’ can represent two sounds: (i) /w/ as in when (ii) /h/ as in who

‘wh’ = /w/ sound what when

where which

while whip why

‘wh’ = /h/ sound who

‘wr’ = /r/ sound wrap

36

wring

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

write

Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound arch bench bunch catch ditch each

inch itch lunch march match much

patch rich such watch which witch

‘ch’ = /k/ sound school

‘ck’ = /k/ sound back black chick click clock cock deck dock duck

jack kick lick lock luck check pack peck pick

rack rock sack sick suck tack tick tuck

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound ash bash bush cash dash dish

fish hush Josh lash mash posh

push rash rush wash wish

‘th’ Sounds Note: ‘th’ at the middle or end of a word can be unvoiced as in bath or birthday, or voiced as in mother or smooth.

‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound bath birth birthday

both cloth maths

moth path tooth with

‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound father

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mother

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

© Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

other

Consonant Blends—Initial /bl/ blend blab black blank bleed blend

blew blink blob block bloke

blot blow blue blunt blur

/br/ blend brag brain bran brat brave

bread break brick bride bring

broke broom brown brush

/cl/ blend clap class clay clean clear

click cliff climb clock close

cloth cloud clown club clue

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 760 2

Blake’s Word Bank - Lower Primary

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Consonant Blends—Initial /cr/ blend crab crack crash creek

crew crib crop cross

crow crowd crown crust cry

/dr/ blend drab drag dress

drew drink drip

drive drop drum dry

/fl/ blend flag flap flat flea

flew flick flip flog

floss flow fluff fly

/fr/ blend free fresh friend

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frog from frost

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fruit fry

Consonant Blends—Initial /gl/ blend glad glass glen

glide globe glory

glove glow glue

/gr/ blend grab grade grand grape

grass great green grew

grey grid grin grip grub

/pl/ blend place plain plan plane

plant plate play plod

plot plug plum plus

/pr/ blend pram pray press

pretty price pride

print prize prod

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Consonant Blends—Initial ‘sc’ = /sk/ blend scab scale scaly scan

scar scare scarecrow scared

scarf scoop scooter

/scr/ blend scram

scrap

scrape screw

/sk/ blend skid skim

skin skip

skirt sky

/sl/ blend slab slam slap

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sled sleep slice

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slip slit slot slow

Consonant Blends—Initial /sm/ blend smack small

smart smash

smell smile

/sn/ blend snack snail

snake snap

sniff

/sp/ blend space spade span spark spare speak spear

speed spell spend spill spin spit splash

split spoil spoon sport spot spy

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Consonant Blends—Initial /st/ blend stab stage stall stamp stand star start state stay steak

steal steam steep stem step stick stiff still sting stink

stir stone stood stool stop store storm story stud stuff

/str/ blend strap straw stray

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stream street strict

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string strip strong

Consonant Blends—Initial /sw/ blend swab swag swam

swan swap sway

sweep swim swing

/tr/ blend trade train tram trap

tray tree trick trim

trip trod trot true try

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Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /ct/ blend act

collect

correct insect

/ft/ blend craft gift left

lift loft sift

soft raft

/lk/ blend milk

silk

/lp/ blend alp

help

!

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Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /lt/ blend belt bolt built colt dealt fault felt

halt hilt jolt knelt kilt malt melt

salt silt spelt spilt tilt volt wilt

/mp/ blend camp bump damp

dump jump lamp

limp lump pump stamp

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Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /nd/ blend and band bend bind blend blind bond end find

fond found friend grand hand kind land lend mend

mind pond round send stand tend wand wind

/nt/ blend ant aunt bent cent dent front gent hint

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hunt lent mint paint pant pint plant point

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print rent sent spent tent want went

Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /pt/ blend crept kept

slept swept

wept

/sk/ blend ask desk

mask risk

task

/sp/ blend clasp

gasp

wasp

/st/ blend best chest cost crust dust fast fist

frost just last list lost must nest

past pest post rust toast west

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Other Consonant Sounds ‘dge’ = /j/ sound badge

bridge

edge hedge

‘ght’ = /t/ sound eight fright

light night

right tight

‘nce’ bounce chance

dance fence

lance mince prince

‘nch’ bench bunch

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finch lunch

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pinch

Other Consonant Sounds /ng/ sound along bang bring gang hang king

long morning rang ring sang sing

song sung strong swing thing wing

/nk/ sound bank drank drink

ink pink sank

sink tank thank wink

‘tch’ = /ch/ sound catch itch

match patch

witch

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Some Other Important Sounds ‘c’ Sounds Note: ‘c’ can represent two main sounds: (i) /s/ sound (or soft c) when followed by e, i or y as in cell, city, cyberspace (ii) /k/ sound (or hard c) when followed by a, o or u as in cat, cow, cup.

‘c’ = /s/ sound (soft c) cell centre cent circle

city face ice mice

nice pencil place race rice

‘c’ = /k/ sound (hard c) cab cage cake calf calm came camp can cane cape card care

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cart case cat catch cave coal coat cob cod code coin cold

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comb come cone cook copy cork corn cost cow cub cut cute

Some Other Important Sounds ‘g’ Sounds Note: ‘g’ can represent two main sounds: (i) /j/ sound when followed by e, i or y, as in cage and giant (ii) /g/ sound (hard g) when followed by a, o, u, or another consonant, as in gain, gone, grand.

‘g’ = /j/ sound (soft g) bridge cage danger

edge gentle giant

huge large magic page

‘g’ = /g/ sound (hard g) gain gale game gang gape gas gate gave gay

glad go goal goat gold golf gone good got

grass green grey grin gulf gum gun guy

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Some Other Important Sounds ‘y’ Sounds Note: ‘y’ can represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in city (ii) long /i/ sound as in fly.

‘y’ = long /e/ sound baby busy city

easy ivy lady

lazy pony tiny very

‘y’ = long /i/ sound by cry dry fly

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fry my ply pry

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shy sky sly spy sty

Part Two

Spelling

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The 200 Most Used Words First 100 Most Used Words The following twelve words make up on average one quarter of all reading and writing: a and he I

in is it of

that the to was

The following 20 words together with the twelve words in the list above make up, on average, one third of all reading and writing: all are as at be but

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for had have him his not on

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one said so they we with you

The 200 Most Used Words First 100 Most Used Words The following 68 words together with the 32 above are the 100 most used words and make up one half of all reading and writing: about an back been before big by call came can come could did do down first from get go has her here if

into just like little look made make more me much must my no new now off old only or other our out over

right see she some their them then there this two up want well went were what when where which who will your

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The 200 Most Used Words The Next 100 Most Used Words after again always am animal another any ask asleep away bad because best bird black blue boy

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bring cool day dog don’t eat every far fast father fell find five fly found four gave

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girl give going good got green hand have head help home house how jump keep know last

The 200 Most Used Words The Next 100 Most Used Words (continued) left let live long man many may men mother once open own play put ran read red

room round run sat saw say school should sing sit soon step take tell than these thing

think three time too tree under us very walk white why wish work would year

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Homophones Note: Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and different meanings. ate eight be bee bean been bear bare by buy bye cell sell cent sent die dye fair fare flea flee for four in inn

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its heal hear made mail meet new no none not one or

it’s heel here maid male meat knew know nun knot won oar

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pain pane pair pear poor pour road rode sail sale saw sore soar see sea sun son tail tale tide tied to too two week weak

Compound Words Note: Compound words are two or more words joined together to make one new word.

What you join

Compound word

noun + noun

rainbow, hailstorm

adjective + noun

blackbird, barefoot

noun + adjective

footloose, headstrong

preposition + noun

outboard, inside

verb + noun

spoilsport, cutthroat

verb + adverb

farewell, walkover

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Compound Words afternoon anything anyone bathroom bedroom birthday blacksmith butterfly classroom cowboy eggcup eyebrow eyelid farmyard firefighter football footprint goldfish grandfather grandmother hairbrush into indoors

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inland inside lifetime lookout lunchbox mailbox moonlight newspaper nobody nothing outdoors outline outside overall pancake pigtail popcorn rainbow raincoat raindrop seaside seaweed shoelace

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shopkeeper snowball stairway starfish suitcase sunflower sunset sunshine teapot teatime textbook themselves toothbrush understand upright upstream weekend wildlife windmill withdraw within without yourself

Words with Double Consonants ‘bb’ bubble gobble grubby

hobby nibble pebble

rabbit ribbon robber rubber

‘dd’ add cuddle daddy

ladder middle paddle

puddle saddle teddy

‘ff’ fluff muffin off

puff sniff stiff

stuff toffee

‘gg’ buggy digger egg

foggy giggle hugged

jiggle juggle muggy tagged

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Words with Double Consonants ‘ll’ all bill cell drill fall fell

fill grill hill kill mill pill

roll shall shell still tell will

‘mm’ hammer mummy

summer swimmer

tummy

‘nn’ banner bunny canned cannot dinner fanned

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funny granny grinned inn inner manner

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nanny skinny sunny tennis runner winner

Words with Double Consonants ‘pp’ apple clapped copper dropped flipped floppy

happy hopped nappy pepper poppy puppet

puppy ripped shopped skipped slipper slopped

‘rr’ berry carry cherry

curry error furry

hurry marry merry sorry

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Words with Double Consonants ‘ss’ bless chess class cross dress fuss

glass grass hiss kiss lass less

loss mass mess miss moss pass press

‘tt’ battle better bottle butter cattle cotton

dotty fatter kettle kitten letter litter

little matter nutty pretty sitter

‘zz’ buzz dizzy

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fizz fizzy

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fuzzy jazz puzzle

Contractions Contractions are formed when one or more letters are omitted from a word or phrase and replaced with an apostrophe. The following are examples of common contractions.

Word or Phrase

Contraction

I am you are she is, he is we are it is

I’m you’re she’s, he’s we’re it’s

is not are not cannot do not does not did not

isn’t aren’t can’t don’t doesn’t didn’t

I will you will she will, he will we will they will

I’ll you’ll she’ll, he’ll we’ll they’ll

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Plurals (a) Most words (nouns) make their plurals simply by adding ‘s’, for example one dog fi two dogs, one table fi many tables. apple fi apples banana fi bananas bin fi bins book fi books cap fi caps cat fi cats chair fi chairs

pen fi pens plate fi plates seat fi seats shrub fi shrubs tap fi taps television fi televisions tree fi trees

(b) Words that end in ch or sh make their plurals by adding es, for example one peach fi two peaches, one wish fi three wishes. beach fi beaches bunch fi bunches bush fi bushes church fi churches dish fi dishes

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flash fi flashes lash fi lashes match fi matches patch fi patches sash fi sashes

Frequently Misspelt Words about also again animal any are been before bird buy by can’t close come could does down each first forty have here he’s hole house into just knew

know like look made many more new none of off old one our right said says shoes some sure tear that their then there they to too two

want was wear week went were what when which who with won word write you

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Graded Word Lists Prep/Kindergarten bad bag bat bed big bit box boy bun bus but

dab dad den did dig dog fan fat fed fig fin fit fog fox fur

can cap car cat cot cow cub cup cut

gap gas get got gum gun .

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had ham has hat hem hen hid him his hit hop hot hug hut

jab jam jet jig job jug

Graded Word Lists Prep/Kindergarten (continued) lad lap leg let lid lip log lot mad man mat may men met mix mob mop mud

nan nap net new nib nip not nun nut pad pal pan pat paw peg pen pet pig pin pip pit pup put

rag ram ran rap rat red rib rig rob rot rub rug run sad sag sap sat set sin sip sit six sub sun

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Graded Word Lists Grade 1 all and are arm ash back ball band bang bark bath bell bend bent best bill boy branch bull by

call car cell cent chap chat chest chin chip chop chum cloth cry dark dash day dish doll duck dull dry dust end

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far farm feet fell find fish fly full hall hand hang harm hay heel hill hung joy jump

Graded Word Lists Grade 1 (continued) lamp land lark lay lick lift limp lock lost luck lump lung may mend mill mind most moth much must my neck nest

pack park path pay peck peel pest pick play pull rang rash ray rest rich ring rock roll sack sand sang say see sell send

sent shed sheep ship shop shot shut shy sick sift sing sky small sock soft spy star start stay strong such sung swing

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Graded Word Lists Grade 1 (continued) tack tall tell tent than that the them then thin

think this three thud till toy tree try wall want

way well went will wind wing wish with yard

Grade 2 about apple bank begin best better between bird birthday bite black blew blow

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blue boat boil boot brick bring brown brush

close coat come could cow crack crust cry

cake cheese circle clean clock

dinner doll down dress drop

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Graded Word Lists Grade 2 (continued) drum each easy eat egg farm flag flow flower fly food for frog from fur

have held her his horse house if into joy kept kitten lazy little lived look

garden glad glow going grab grandma green grew

made mail me meat mice mother must name new nose now off oil open pain pie pink plate play pram proud push

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Graded Word Lists Grade 2 (continued) rain read

string sweet swing

sail sand saw scrub sent shall she sheep shell shop shout show skid slide snow soap some spider spoon stay stir stone stop straw

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thank they thing think today tooth toy train tray tree truck tune turn twin twist upon use very wave went where

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which white wide wind winter wish wood yellow zoo

Part Three

Grammar

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Nouns Common Nouns Note: A common noun is the name of any ordinary thing you can see and touch. axe bag bank barn bath beach bed birds boat book bottle bowl box bread brush bush chair class clock creek cup dam desk dish

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Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

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door dress egg food fork game glove grass hat hill hose ice iron jar jeans jug kettle lake lamp lawn leaf lid log moon

Nouns mop mug oil oven page pan path pen pin pipe pole pond pot rain ring river road rock room rug sand sea shelf ship shoes shop sky snow

socks spoon star sun table tap tar tea tie tin toys tree wall cloud water well wood yard

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Nouns Common Nouns—Animals ant ape bat bear bee bird bug bull cat cow crab deer

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dog emu fish fly fox frog goat grub hare lamb lion moth

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mouse ox pig pony rabbit rat seal slug swan wolf worm

Nouns Collective Nouns Note: A collective noun is the name given to a group of persons or things. army bale band batch bunch class

club crew firm flock gang heap

herd kit pack set suit team

Collective Nouns—Groups of Animals herd flock hive litter mob

(elephants, giraffes, pigs, seals, sheep, swans, wrens) (birds, goats, sheep) (bees) (pups) (kangaroos)

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Pronouns Note: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.

Common Pronouns Note: If a pronoun is the subject or part of the subject of a sentence, it is in the nominative case, for example ‘she’ in ‘ She is coming to my house.’ If a pronoun is the object or indirect object of a sentence, it is in the objective case, for example ‘her’ in ‘I will play with her .’

Nominative

Objective

First person (speaking) Second person (spoken to)

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

I

we

me

us

you

you

you

you

they

her, him, it

them

Third person she, he, it (spoken about)

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Possessive Pronouns Note: Possessive pronouns show ownership. Singular

Plural

First person (speaking)

mine

ours

Second person (spoken to)

yours

yours

Third person (spoken about)

hers, his, its

theirs

Prepositions Note: Prepositions show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words. Preposition means placed in front so they are usually found in front the of nouns or pronouns. They often refer to the position of things. after as at by down for from

in into near of off on out

over past soon to under up with

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Verbs Regular Verbs Note: Most verbs form their tenses in a regular way, as in the following table.

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Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

I watch

I watched

(I have) watched

She plays

She played

(She has) played

Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

Present participle

bark call cook dive drop hop hope hug lift love race rest stop wish

barked called cooked dived dropped hopped hoped hugged lifted loved raced rested stopped wished

barked called cooked dived dropped hopped hoped hugged lifted loved raced rested stopped wished

barking calling cooking diving dropping hopping hoping hugging lifting loving racing resting stopping wishing

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Verbs Note: Verbs can be divided into four main groups: (i) action verbs, for example jump (ii) saying verbs, for example discussed (iii) thinking and feeling verbs, for example feel, know (iv) having and being verbs, for example am, has.

Action Verbs act bite bump burn cut dig dive drink drip drop eat fall fight find

fly grow help hit hop hug jog jump kick knock play push put ride

roll rub run rush sit skate skip stop swim swing take throw walk

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Verbs Saying Verbs add ask call cry

joke roar say sigh

sing sob speak tell yell

Thinking and Feeling Verbs agree care enjoy envy fear feel guess

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hope know like love mind pity plan

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seem sulk think trust want wish worry

Adjectives Note: Adjectives are words that tell us more about nouns or pronouns by describing them, adding detail or refining their meaning. bad bald bent big black blue bold boring brave busy calm clean clear cold cooked cool cute dark

deep dirty dry dull easy fair fast fat fine firm fit flat full good green hairy happy hard

heavy high hot huge kind large lazy light little long loud low mad mean nasty neat new nice

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Adjectives old open oval pale plain poor pretty raw red rich ripe sad sharp

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short shut shy silly small smart soft solid sour still strong tall thick

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thin tidy tiny ugly wavy weak wet white wide windy worn

Adverbs Note: Adverbs add meaning to verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. They tell how something is being done, when something is being done or where something is being done.

‘How’ Adverbs boldly cheaply easily gently

gladly lazily luckily merrily

poorly quickly sweetly truly

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Conjunctions Note: A conjunction is a word which joins together two single words or two groups of words. after and

90

as but

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

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for so who

Part Four

Vocabulary

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Synonyms Note: A synonym is a word having the same, or nearly the same, meaning as another word. above ÷ over all ÷ everything angry ÷ cross baby ÷ infant bare ÷ naked bag ÷ sack begin ÷ start below ÷ beneath

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bend ÷ curve big ÷ large boat ÷ ship bowl ÷ dish boy ÷ lad chair ÷ seat close ÷ shut cold ÷ icy come ÷ arrive cool ÷ chilly creek ÷ stream cry ÷ weep dark ÷ black day ÷ daylight easy ÷ simple end ÷ finish fall ÷ drop fast ÷ quick fix ÷ mend fly ÷ soar gift ÷ present girl ÷ lass glad ÷ happy hard ÷ rigid help ÷ aid

Blake’s Word Bank—Lower Primary

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hen ÷ fowl house ÷ home ill ÷ sick in ÷ inside let ÷ allow lid ÷ cover little ÷ small loud ÷ noisy more ÷ extra neat ÷ tidy noisy ÷ loud over ÷ above right ÷ correct rug ÷ mat sad ÷ unhappy sea ÷ ocean shop ÷ store sick ÷ ill silly ÷ stupid sleep ÷ nap talk ÷ chat tall ÷ lofty thin ÷ skinny tired ÷ sleepy

Antonyms Note: An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning to another word. above fi below add fi subtract after fi before alive fi dead all fi nothing awakefi asleep baby fi adult back fi front begin fi end best fi worst black fi white blunt fi sharp buy fi sell come fi go cool fi warm cry fi laugh dark fi light day fi night dull fi bright east fi west fall fi rise fat fi thin first fi last give fi take glad fi sorry

go fi stay good fi bad happy fi sad hard fi soft here fi there hot fi cold in fi out late fi early little fi big long fi short lost fi found love fi hate more fi less new fi old odd fi even old fi young open fi shut over fi under rich fi poor right fi left roof fi floor save fi waste show fi hide sick fi well start fi end

top up us wet win yes

fi bottom fi down fi them fi dry fi lose fi no

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Thematic Word Lists Animal Names Animal

Male

Female

Baby

cat chicken cow deer dog duck fox goat horse lion mouse

tom rooster bull buck dog drake dog billy stallion lion buck

cat chicken cow doe bitch duck vixen nanny mare lioness doe

rabbit sheep

buck ram

doe ewe

kitten chick calf fawn puppy duckling kitten kid foal, colt, pony cub pup, pinkie, kitten bunny, kitten lamb

Feelings and Words to Describe Feelings angry calm crazy cross envy fond funny glad

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happy hate hurt lonely love mean pain pleased

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rage sad scared shy sorry tired worry

Thematic Word Lists Plants bush daisy flower forest grass gum tree

hedge lily jungle oak olive tree palm tree

pine tree plum tree rose shrub tree

Food apple bacon banana beans beef bread butter cake cheese chicken chilli chips curry dates eggs

fish flour fruit garlic herbs honey jam jelly lamb lemon mango milk nuts onions orange

pasta peas pizza pork potato rice scones soup stew tea toast tuna vegetables waffles

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Anagrams act ant ape arm ate bad ban dad dog

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÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷

cat tan pea ram tea dab nab add god

eat gas low net owe own pin pit rat

÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷

tea sag owl ten woe now nip tip tar

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saw tap top tub who won yam

÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷

was pat pot but how now may

Vowel sounds Short a sound

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Vowel sounds Short a sound

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Vowel sounds Short a sound

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Blake's Word Bank is an essential teaching resource which will enrich your language lessons and provide word lists for all your needs—planning lessons, designing classroom activities, and extension, reinforcement and enrichment work.

by Peter Clutterbuck

The word lists are grouped in four sections for ease of use: Sounds—including vowel sounds, digraphs and blends. Spelling—including homophones, compound words, plurals and frequently misspelt words. Grammar—including common nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Vocabulary—including synonyms, antonyms and thematic word lists.

Also available: Blake’s Word Bank Middle Primary Blake’s Word Bank Upper Primary Other series by Peter Clutterbuck Grammar with a Grin Good Grammar! Spelling Success! Understanding Science ISBN 978-1-86509-760-2

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