Monday, November 8, 1999 - ashrae

Sunday, June 23 Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM SPECIAL SESSION 1 (INTERMEDIATE) Panel Discussion: Shifting Landscape of Renewable Energy Systems in an Era of Low PV and Natural Gas Prices Track: Renewable & Alternative Energy Sources Room: Governors Square 17 Sponsor: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization, 01.09 Electrical Systems

Chair: Ram Narayanamurthy, Member, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA The past 5 years have seen a sea change in our energy landscape with the rise of shale gas and a precipitous drop in the cost of PV. Together, they have substantially changed the economics of renewable energy systems such as solar thermal in many applications. However, the impact is uneven around the world, as local energy sources vary. This panel discussion will bring experts from around the world to discuss the shifting landscape and applications in various parts of the globe. 1. International Trends in Renewable Energy Technologies Marija S. Todorovic, VEA-INVI.Ltd, Zug, Switzerland 2. State of US Solar Thermal Market Tim Merrigan, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 3. Influence of Natural Gas on Distributed Renewable Energy Systems Ram Narayanamurthy, Member, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA

Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM SPECIAL SESSION 2 (BASIC) Panel Discussion: The VRF MythBuster Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 16 Sponsor: 08.07 Variable Refrigerant Flow

Chair: Paul Solberg, Member, Trane Co., La Crosse, WIChris Bellshaw, Member, Daikin, Carrollton, TXPaul L. Doppel, Mitsubishi Electric, Suwanee, GABrian Bogdan, LG Electronics Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems have gained significant traction and are becoming a mainstream equipment choice because of energy efficiency, improved zoning control, and ease of installation. While acceptance of these systems is wide spread, the systems have varied idiosyncrasies between the manufacturers. This technical program is a moderated round table discussion between three factory technical representatives from Daikin, LG, and Mitsubishi. This discussion will be a moderated, synergistic, non-commercialized view of VRF systems from the viewpoint of the different manufacturers. Predetermined questions are presented to the panelists and time given to each to respond with time allocated for questions from the audience.

Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM SPECIAL SESSION 3 (BASIC) Workshop: Achieving High Performance Buildings through Integrated Project Delivery and Design-Build

Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design, 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management

Chair: Thursten D. Simonsen, P.E., Member, McKinstry, San Antonio, TX Delivering a building that is truly high performance in design, construction, operations and maintainability requires a culture of teamwork that begins with the owner trusting and including the designers, builders and facility management from project inception. This session will explore a successful integrated project delivery design-build concept, including a case study of a new medical office building in west Texas built in this method. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain how Integrated Project Delivery differs from alternative project delivery methods 2. Identify the key participants in Integrated Project Delivery 3. Identify contractual methods for Integrated Project Delivery 4. Understand how Integrated Project Delivery benefits the construction and turnover processes 5. Explain how Integrated Project Delivery provides more efficient operations and maintenance 6. Understand the difference between Integrated Project Delivery and the software tools that may be used to provide IPD 1. Integrated Project Delivery and Design-Build Results in High Performing, Efficient, Maintainable Buildings Phillip Saieg, McKinstry, Denver, CO Delivering a building that is truly high performance in design, construction, operations and maintainability requires a culture of teamwork, that begins with the owner trusting and including the designers, builders and facility management from project inception. Successful IPD projects see condensed schedules, on-time delivery, managed costs and sustainable buildings. This presentation will demonstrate a successful model for integrated project delivery through design-build that accounts for the building owner's short-term and long-term needs, including maintainability, operation cost, and first cost.

2. Case Study: Rolling Plains New Medical Office Building David White1 and Thursten D. Simonsen, P.E., Member1, (1)McKinstry, San Antonio, TX Rolling Plains Memorial Hospital implemented a high performance integrated design build concept for their new medical office building. This allowed them to achieve their desired outcome of a high performing building. We compressed the design delivery with an integrated team, and went to construction with a GMAX no change order contract with minimized risk to the owner in regards to change orders. This presentation demonstrates a successful model for integrated project delivery through design-build that accounts for the building Owner's total cost of ownership, including short and long-term needs, maintainability, operational cost, and first cost. 3. 4.

Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM SPECIAL SESSION 4 (INTERMEDIATE) Workshop: BIM, Commissioning, and COBie: Does Automated Building Energy Modeling Replace Measurement and Verification? Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Governors Square 14 Sponsor: 01.04 Control Theory and Application, TC 1.5, TC 7.1, TC 7.3, and TC 7.4, 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization

Chair: Frank Shadpour, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, SC Engineers, Inc., San Diego, CA Building Information Modeling (BIM), Commissioning, and Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie) are powerful tools to predict and deliver high-level energy performance in today's green buildings. Have these tools advanced to the point where they can be relied upon to monitor and track actual building performance as a substitute to measurement and verification? Learning Objectives: 1. Define BIM, and its role in building design 2. Describe how designers predict building energy performance

3. Describe the Commissioning process 4. Explain how Commissioning aids in Measurement and Verification 5. Describe the role of Meausurement and Verification in renewable energy systems 6. Explain the differences between building energy modeling and actual building energy performance 1. Verification Required: The Dubiousness of Modeling Equipment Installation Quality and Performance Steve Kavanaugh, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL Accurate prediction of building energy performance requires equal attention to the building envelope and HVAC equipment performance. While advances in prediction of building envelope loads may well be improving, the complexity of “advanced” HVAC equipment and controls dictates that installation quality be verified. Likewise, the energy consumption of all of the system components must be modeled based on actual performance when often only idealized rated performance is available. Results from a recent field study of forty commercial buildings with ground source heat pumps (GSHP) indicate buildings with simple equipment out-performed more advanced systems installed and modeled in high performance buildings.

2. All You Need Is BIM and COBie Michael Smith, CW Driver, Ontario, CA BIM and COBie have made great advancements over the last few years and have become powerful O&M tools for owners to keep buildings operating at peak efficiency.

3. Automated Measurement and Verification: Is It Required for Renewable Energy Systems? Gaylen Atkinson, Member, Atkinson Electronics, Salt Lake City, UT The emergence of renewable energy technology has led to an a varied approach to the measurement of renewable energy systems. Traditionally measurement and verification has been applied to building metered utilities; however, the role of automated measurement and verification in renewable energy systems has not been clearly addressed.

Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM SPECIAL SESSION 5 (INTERMEDIATE) Workshop: Building Owners Share Experiences with Hydronic Radiant Cooling Systems coupled with DOAS: What Works and What Doesn’t? Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom A Sponsor: 06.01 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems, 06.05 Radiant Heating and Cooling

Chair: Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO Although chilled beam technology has existed for more than 60 years, it has had problems in the past. Condensation of moisture on the cooled surfaces sometimes damaged ceiling materials (e.g., plaster) and created conditions favorable to biological growth. Current systems usually require dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) and tight building envelopes to manage humidity. Radiant ceilings, used in combination with a DOAS, can reduce commercial building HVAC energy consumption relative to the old stand-by variable air volume (VAV) systems. This workshop allows building owners to share experiences with installed passive chilled beam DOAS hydronic systems - what works and what doesn’t? No submitted Learning Objectives Case Study #1 NREL Shanti D. Pless, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO Passive Beams with Underfloor Air Distribution: An American Tale Fred Betz, P.E., Member, PEDCO E&A Services, Cincinnati, OH This presentation is a case study of a call center building featuring passive chilled beams with underfloor air distribution, which was the winner of ASHRAE’s 2010 Technology Award. The building is one of three similar facilities located in a campus setting in northern Kentucky. The other two buildings are served by all-air VAV systems. The presenter will discuss the owner’s reasoning for adopting the hybrid air-water system and document the building HVAC energy savings and occupant’s satisfaction with the facility.

Engineer and Technical Expert for Panel Discussion

Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Fellow Member1 and David Okada, P.E., Member2, (1)IBE Consulting Engineers, Sherman Oaks, CA, (2)Arup, Seattle, WA

Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM SPECIAL SESSION 6 (ADVANCED) Workshop: Cutting Edge Absorption and Adsorption Cooling Technologies in Cogeneration and Trigeneration Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 15 Sponsor: 08.03 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines

Chair: Ersin Gercek, P.E., Associate Member, Real Engineering Services LLC, Totowa, NJ In this session, one of the authors describes issues with high ambient applications while the second author investigates application of absorption chillers in LNG facilities. The third and fourth authors present case studies for industrial trigeneration application of absorption chillers as well as applications with renewable energy. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe issues of high ambient temperature operation for sorption systems 2. Describe absorption chillers, natural gas liquefaction plant and CCS operation and modeling 3. Describe natural gas liquefaction refrigerant optimization 4. Understand multi-energy absorption chillers and CCHP applications 5. Understand integration of solar PV energy with multi energy chillers and CCHP 6. Provide an overview of differences between adsorption and absorption chillers 1. Waste Heat Recovery Using Absorption Chiller in LNG Plant With CO2 Capturing Plant Abdullah Alabdulkarem, Student Member1, Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member2 and Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE2, (1)University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, (2)University of Maryland, College Park, MD Liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities are energy intensive. Due to high CO 2 emission, they are suitable for CO2 capturing. Waste heat from LNG facilities can be used in absorption chillers for reducing the power consumption. The presentation explores the power savings by using the absorption chillers in NG liquefaction process, CO2 capturing and CO2 liquefaction process for CO2 sequestration. In addition, inlet-air cooling to a gas turbine powering the facility was explored. HYSYS simulation software was used for modeling and data validation. Resulted power savings in a 110 MW LNG plant was found to be as much as 14%.

2. Separate Sensible and Latent Cooling for Trigeneration Kyle Gluesenkamp, Student Member1, Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member1 and Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)University of Maryland, College Park, MD Many heat-activated technologies suffer from limitations on the temperature lift they can achieve. In adsorption systems, sorbent properties that allow high COP at low activation temperature result in this limitation. In water/LiBr systems, crystallization is the mechanism behind the limitation. In both cases, the problem can be resolved by lowering the heat rejection temperature or raising the evaporator temperature. Commercial adsorption chillers generally use a very high regeneration temperature. This work presents a unique approach of using separate sensible and latent cooling (SSLC) for trigeneration in order to address such issues. The fuel savings are 3 to 11%.

3. Solar Combined Heat Power and Cooling or Solar Trigeneration Rajesh Dixit, Associate Member1 and Andrea Gains-Germain2, (1)Johnson Controls, York, PA, (2)Cogenra Solar, Mountain View, CA This paper on solar tri-generation discusses the solar module design that combines standard photovoltaic technology with concentrating optics, single-axis tracking and an innovative thermal transfer system in an integrated hybrid receiver, producing both solar hot water and low-cost electricity in a single product. The paper also discusses the application of absorption chiller with this solar module system to produce chilled water for process cooling and air-conditioning applications.

Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM

SPECIAL SESSION 7 (BASIC) Workshop: The Smartest and Top Dumb Things Engineers and Designers Do to Impact Geothermal Heat Pump System Costs Track: Renewable & Alternative Energy Sources Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 06.08 Geothermal Heat Pumps and Energy Recovery Applications

Chair: Lisa Meline, P.E., Member, Meline Engineering Corporation, Sacramento, CA One of the most popular technologies employed for LEED, Energy Star and Net Zero is ground-source or geothermal heat pumps (GHPs). Intended to be simple in operation and application, systems are often adaptations of central plant designs that include unnecessary equipment, inappropriate controls, and excess equipment capacity. Ground heat exchangers are often the exclusive focus of efforts to lower installation costs. However, recent studies indicate high quality ground loops are critical to high performance and the lowest hanging fruit for cost savings are found instead within the building. This seminar provides three different perspectives on design strategies that enhance GHP performance and economic value while contrasting practices that don't LEED to Energy Star or Net Zero Buildings. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the materials used to ensure effective vertical ground loop heat transfer while protecting ground water resources. 2. Explain why HDPE or PEX are specified for ground heat exchangers. 3. Provide a list of recommended GHP design and installation procedures and identify which Handbook Chapters are best referenced for design guidance. 4. Describe how oversized pumps and fans impact overall GHP system efficiency. 5. Explain the impacts of short-looping ground heat exchangers. 6. Describe key variables needed when sizing a ground loop. 1. A Driller's Perspective on Good Ground Heat Exchanger Design Dominque Durbin, Durbin Geothermal, Beecher City, IL An overview of the different types of drill rigs and their best applications are discussed. Input from the field on the best and worst designs for ground heat exchangers are presented and the impact to overall system performance and cost.

2. A Mechanical Contractor's Perspective on Best Design Practices Mark Morelli, Air Connection, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA Feedback from the field on how different designs and their selected building system components (ground loop layout, piping materials, heat pumps and pumps) impact the overall installed system performance, costs and occupant comfort.

3. A Historical Perspective - Working Towards Superior GHP System Designs Kirk T. Mescher, P.E., Member, CM Engineering, Inc., Columbia, MO The evolution of best practices over the past 30 years is presented and its impact on the current 'state of the art' for GHP technology discussed. Examples of varying design approaches and their best applications are given, citing guidelines currently published in Chapter 34 for the Applications Handbook

Sunday, June 23, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM SPECIAL SESSION 8 (BASIC) Workshop: Tools and Techniques for Avoiding Construction Moisture Problems Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 01.12 Moisture Management in Buildings, 04.04 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance

Chair: Samuel V. Glass, Ph.D., Member, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI Tens of millions of dollars are lost each year because of insufficient attention to moisture control during building construction. When building materials and components get wet or are inherently wet (e.g. fresh concrete) and are not allowed to

dry out before building enclosure, the result often is mold in the building as well as in the HVAC system. This seminar explores how we can ensure that buildings are dry after the building is finished and before the HVAC system is turned on. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the problem of construction moisture and its importance to the HVAC community 2. Describe the consequences and cost of providing poor moisture management during construction 3. Provide methods to prevent construction moisture problems in masonry construction 4. Provide methods to dry out a wet building 5. Provide on overview and methods on how to keep building materials dry before installation 6. Provide methods on how to control construction moisture in light-frame construction 1. Drying Out Wet Construction Lew Harriman III, Fellow ASHRAE, Mason Grant, Portsmouth, NH Buildings are built outdoors, so parts of them will get nearly always get wet before completion. When natural drying is too slow, technology developed originally for the water damage restoration industry is used to dry out wet construction more quickly, before moisture-sensitive materials and millwork is installed. These tools and techniques allow project completion on time and on budget, rather than waiting for favorable weather to remove normal (and sometimes abnormal) amounts of construction moisture.

2. Moisture Release From Concrete, Masonry and Light-Weight Concrete and How to Deal With It Hugo Hens, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium This presentation reviews construction moisture in masonry, concrete en light-weight concrete with some examples of damage, the requirements how to construct assemblies with these materials as to avoid problems and the importance of surplus ventilation, when needed, the first years after completion of buildings constructed with the named materials.

3. Controlling Construction Moisture in Mid-Rise Wood-Frame Buildings Wahid Maref, Ph.D., Member, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Constructing mid-rise wood-frame buildings extends the exposure of the structural wood components to moisture during the construction phase. Designers should consider this when designing and specifying components and systems. It is important to protect wood studs and panels from exposure to moisture for prolonged periods. Wood studs should be dry before the vapor barrier and exterior sheathing are put in place. This paper addresses how long it takes before wood-based elements are below the acceptable moisture limit. Furthermore, this presentation focuses on drying walls insulated with spray-in place foam.

4. Control of Moisture in Building Materials During Shipment and At the Building Site Stanley Gatland, Member, Saint-Gobain, .., PA Building materials are shipped long distances from manufacturing facilities to distribution centers using enclosed freight or protective coverings. Sometimes materials are exposed to rain and snow during final transportation to the job site resulting in wet products. In addition, materials stored at the site may be exposed to the weather, or placed in direct contact with water. The speaker presents the best practices to keep building materials dry during transportation and ways to properly handle and store materials at the job site. Problems related to wet materials, and techniques to identify wet surfaces and elevated moisture contents are discussed.

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 1 (INTERMEDIATE) Heat Transfer Issues in Cooling and Heating Systems Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 16 Sponsor: 01.03 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

Chair: Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD This session presents fundamental heat transfer characteristics of working fluids used in vapor compression cycles, and radiant heating. A comprehensive study evaluating correction factors against a wide range of experimental data presents an assessment of predictive methods for single fluid correlations for use with multi-component refrigerant mixtures. The potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to circulate throughout a vapor compression air conditioning system was experimentally investigated. The effect of a change in height on the heat flux distribution on a floor from a single-stage radiant tube heater (RTH) was investigated.

Learning Objectives: 1. Learn about a comprehensive general correlation for calculating heat transfer during condensation inside tubes. 2. Learn about the physical phenomena during condensation inside tubes. 3. Describe the expected distribution of carbon nanotubes throughout a vapor compression air-conditioning system. 4. Explain the existing barriers associated with using carbon nanotubes as a heat transfer enhancement within an airconditioning system. 5. Explain the change of heat flux distribution on floor with the height of the tube-reflector assembly. 6. Predict numerically heat flux distribution on floor from an infrared tube heater and compare with the experimental measurements. 7. Learn about available methods for calculating heat transfer during condensation of mixtures. 8. Find how reliable these methods are when compared to test data. 1. General Correlation for Heat Transfer During Condensation in Plain Tubes: Further Development and Verification (DE-13-001) M. Mohammed Shah, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Consultant, Redding, CT Further development and verification of the author’s general correlation is presented. While this correlation is also applicable to vertical tubes, only horizontal tubes are addressed in this paper. The boundary between the mixed and laminar heat transfer regimes for horizontal tubes was hitherto undefined. An equation to determine this boundary is presented. The relation between these heat transfer regimes and flow pattern regimes is investigated. The correlation is compared to additional data for horizontal tubes which include very low flow rates and fluids not included in the 2009 paper. A total of 547 data points from 11 studies are analyzed. The data include CO2 near critical pressure besides seven other fluids. Together with the previously analyzed data for all orientations, this correlation has been verified with 1736 data points from 51 studies that include 24 fluids.

2. Distribution Map of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in a Refrigerant and Oil Mixture within a 2.5 Ton (8.8 kW) Unitary Air-Conditioner (DE-13-002) Darin W. Nutter, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1 and Warren Long1, (1)University of Arkansas - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fayetteville, AR In recent years, nanoparticles have received considerable attention as a potential additive to heat transfer fluids (e.g., refrigerant) in order to increase their overall heat transfer capabilities. The potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to circulate throughout a vapor compression air conditioning system was experimentally investigated in this research. Six grams of CNTs were added to the R-410a and polyol ester oil used by a 2.5 ton (8.79 kW) unitary air conditioning system, and then continuously operated for 168 hours. A distribution map of CNTs was developed based on post-experiment destructive inspection of the system. For the six grams (92.6 grains) initially placed into the compressor, approximately 2.5 grams (38.6 grains) were recovered from inside the compressor, leaving 3.5 grams (54 grains) distributed elsewhere throughout the system. A portion of the CNTs found were in the process of flowing with the refrigerant and oil, but the majority had become strongly adhered to the interior surface walls. The location of the heaviest fouling was found in the first 2-3 feet (0.61-0.91m) of tubing in each aluminum condenser circuits.

3. Effective Height Changes with Heat Flux Variation Due to a Single-Stage Infrared Tube Heater System (DE-13-003) Samer Hassan, Ph.D., Member, Schwank Ltd., Ontario, ON, Canada In this study, the effect of a change in height on the heat flux distribution on a floor from a single-stage radiant tube heater (RTH) was investigated. Experimental measurements and numerical simulation were performed for various heights, ranging from 12 ft (3.66 m) to 15 ft (4.57 m). The RTH had a firing rate of 200,000 Btu/h (58.63 kW) and a tube length of 70 ft (21.34 m). The maximum and average heat fluxes were found to always decrease with height. The results also show a good match between the experimental data obtained and the numerical results generated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Thus, the CFD solver can be used with confidence to predict the heat flux for wider coverage areas on the floor. In addition, a heat flux zone between 31.70 Btu/hr•ft2 (100 W/m2) and 63.40 Btu/hr•ft2 (200 W/m2) was studied. This heat flux region will help to determine the thermal comfort zone in combination with other comfort parameters, such as the metabolic rate and air draft. This heat flux zone increases with increasing height; thus, placing the heater at high levels above the floor will lead to a wider coverage area for the same heat flux.

4. An Assessment of Some Predictive Methods for In-tube Condensation Heat Transfer of Refrigerant Mixtures (DE13-004) M. Mohammed Shah, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, Ahmad M. Mahmoud, Ph.D.2 and Jaeson Lee2, (1)Consultant, Redding, CT, (2)Thermo-Fluid Dynamics Group, East Hartford, CT Condensation heat transfer coefficient of non-azeotropic mixtures is significantly lower than that of single-component fluids due to mass transfer resistances. Several correction factors have been proposed for modifying the predictions of single fluid correlations for use with multi-component refrigerant mixtures. A comprehensive study evaluating these correction factors against a wide range of experimental data has not been undertaken previously. This research aims at presenting an assessment of such predictive methods to fulfill this need in industry and academia. Analyzable data for miscible mixtures condensing in plain tubes were compared with the predictions of the general correlation of Shah (2009) modified by correction factors proposed by three researchers. The data

included 529 test points for 36 refrigerant mixtures from 22 studies in horizontal and vertical tubes and included temperature glides up to 35.5 c. These were predicted with a mean deviation of 18% using the correction factors of Bell-Ghaly (1973) and McNaughton (1979).

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 2 (INTERMEDIATE) Thermal Comfort Design Conditions: Males, Females and Data Centers Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Governors Square 17 Sponsor: 06.09 Thermal Storage

Chair: Samir Traboulsi, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Thermotrade/Ranec, Beirut, Lebanon Many factors affect the comfort design conditions. Gender is responsible for generating different tolerances towards the indoor conditions while intermittent electrical power disruptions affect the thermal energy of the cooling systems. Learning Objectives: 1. Distinguish between measures of thermal comfort and thermal sensation. 2. Explain differences in temperature and airflow preferences of males and females. 3. Learn how the software (TRNSYS) was used to develop and examine the transient behavior of chilled water systems when applied to the three emergency cooling applications. 4. Understand a design methodology consisting of a general approach to cooling system type selection, component sizing, economic analysis, and design criteria. 1. Gender Differences of Thermal Comfort Perception Under Transient Environmental and Metabolic Conditions (DE13-005) Ahmet Ugursal, Ph.D.1 and Charles Culp, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE 1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX The thermal environment perception differences between the males and females were tested for various airflow, ambient temperature, and metabolic rate conditions. Human thermal environments are transient in nature in which various thermal factors interact. A factorial test design was conducted to quantify the interaction effects of three major comfort factors in relation to the gender differences. Test results showed that females felt consistently warmer and more uncomfortable than the males under the same conditions. Test results showed that metabolic rate has more pronounced effect on thermal comfort than the room temperature for transient and high metabolic rate conditions. Test results also showed that neutral temperatures in which people feel neither cool nor warm was 26.4°C (79.5°F) for males and 23.9°C (75°F) for females. Consecutive exercise sessions during the tests showed that male thermal sensation has a linear increase in time, whereas female thermal sensation increases earlier than males resulting in less tolerance towards the warm conditions.

2. Thermal Energy Storage for Emergency Cooling, Part 1 (RP-1387) (DE-13-006) Donald Fenton, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Walter Bembry IV2 and Lance E. Basgall3, (1)Kansas State University - Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Manhattan, KS, (2)Ceram Environmental, Overland Park, KS, (3)United States Air Force, Herndon, KS A disruption of electrical power causing the lack of cooling to temperature sensitive equipment (for example, internet data centers) can cause failure in a matter of several minutes or less. The availability of appropriately designed and built emergency cooling systems would prevent data loss and failure of the equipment. The objective of this research is to develop useful and practical design methodologies for the design of emergency cooling systems. To accomplish this, ten candidate facility types were examined concerning their cooling load profile and design variables. Three of these - data center, manufacturing clean room, and specialized laboratory -were examined in greater detail in conjunction with five conceptual chilled water emergency cooling designs including chilled water and ice-storage systems. The software Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) was used to develop and examine the transient behavior of all the chilled water systems when applied to the three emergency cooling applications. From these designs and their associated cost analyses, a design methodology consisting of a general approach to cooling system type selection, component sizing, economic analysis, design criteria were developed.

3. Thermal Energy Storage for Emergency Cooling, Part 2 (RP-1387) (DE-13-007) Donald Fenton, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Lance E. Basgall2 and Walter Bembry IV3, (1)Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, (2)United States Air Force, Herndon, KS, (3)Ceram Environmental, Overland Park, KS A disruption of electrical power causing the lack of cooling to temperature sensitive equipment (for example, internet data centers) can cause failure in a matter of several minutes or less. The availability of appropriately designed and built emergency cooling systems would prevent data loss and failure of the equipment. The objective of this research is to develop useful and practical design methodologies for the design of emergency cooling systems. To accomplish

this, ten candidate facility types were examined concerning their cooling load profile and design variables. Three of these - data center, manufacturing clean room, and specialized laboratory -were examined in greater detail in conjunction with five conceptual chilled water emergency cooling designs including chilled water and ice-storage systems. The software Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) was used to develop and examine the transient behavior of all the chilled water systems when applied to the three emergency cooling applications. From these designs and their associated cost analyses, a design methodology consisting of a general approach to cooling system type selection, component sizing, economic analysis, and design criteria were developed.

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 1 (INTERMEDIATE) Energy Efficiency Modeling in Buildings Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 14 Chair: Steven Eckels, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS This session consists of several research papers reviewing and studying energy efficiency methods and techniques in buildings. Some of these studies focus on building envelopes modeling, testing, and analysis while others deal with climate conditions and overheating issues. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the limitations of existing overheating risk assessment methods, particularly on how the definitions of occupancy and thresholds can substantially alter the relative overheating risks. 2. Recognize the importance of exposure duration especially with respect to thermal health in the context of climate change. 3. Provide an overview of 2D methods of building wall assembly analysis, along with 3D approaches of finite element analysis (FEA) for thermal modeling. 4. Describe the comparison, correlation and simulation of various building wall assemblies: a conventional building wall, and a continuous insulation wall with and without spray polyurethane foam (SPF). 5. understand how the hysteresis phenomenon of PCM is incorporated in Energy simulaion 6. learn how to simulate PCMs with manufacturer and experimental property data 7. Define the insulating performance of encapsulated and buried ducts. 8. Explain the methods for determining encapsulated and buried duct R-values using derived equations, finite element methods, and generalized correlation coefficients. 9. 1) Understand the shortfalls of using historical weather station data for some ASHRAE projects. Recognize the availability of advanced numerical climate modelling methods that can be applied to estimate high-resolution localized climate data unavailable in the past. 10. 2) Understand the basic model performance of next-generation meteorological models (WRF), and gain confidence in this new approach to generate high-resolution ASHRAE climate data. 1. Accounting for Exposure Duration in Overheating Risk Assessment - A Chicago Retrofit Case Study (DE-13-C001) W. Victoria Lee1 and Koen Steemers1, (1)Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Overheating in buildings is rapidly becoming a worldwide concern not only for its implication on occupant discomfort and energy consumption, but also for public health reasons. However, our current overheating assessment methods have yet to offer us a more informative picture of overheating beyond a binary judgment of whether it occurs or not. The industry standard of overheating assessment approach has utilized CIBSE’s summer peak time temperature and overheating criteria as laid out in CIBSE-TM36, but this has been critiqued in existing literature for not providing a way to measure the severity of overheating. While the European Standard EN-15251 resolved this through the use of cooling degree-hours, this paper argues that another key aspect of overheating – duration – is still yet to be addressed.

2. Energy Efficiency of Building Walls: Thermal Modeling, Experimental Testing, Long Term Evaluation and Correlation of Building Wall Systems (DE-13-C002) Elena Enache-Pommer, Ph.D., Associate Member1, Robert Mayer, Ph.D.1 and Gary Parsons1, (1)Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI New energy codes prescriptively require the increased use continuous insulation (ci) in steel stud exterior wall designs. The 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1-2007 contains significant insulation changes for steel stud wall constructions, especially regarding thermal shorts via steel studs. We seek a better understanding of industry

requirements regarding U-factor and R-value calculation procedures, modeling guidelines, and the tools necessary for building envelope performance evaluation, and its application to new building envelope solutions. This paper focuses on thermal modeling and experimental test correlations as well as the performance evaluation of various walls related to building materials and mechanical attachment techniques. There are many challenges related to the thermal modeling of building walls, including the proper representation of frame cavity and boundary condition. In order to better address industry challenges and to develop a better understanding of the limitations of 2D analysis tools, a 3D finite element analysis thermal modeling approach has been developed. This paper outlines findings from guarded hot box tests of three walls: a conventional building wall, and a continuous insulation wall with and without spray polyurethane foam (SPF). Comparisons are made between testing and FEA modeling for the same three walls. The analysis results show significantly increased performance of continuous insulation with SPF filled cavity vs. typical gypsum wall with fiberglass insulation.

3. An Enhanced Simulation Model for Building Envelopes with Phase Change Materials (DE-13-C003) Ramprasad Chandrasekharan, Student Member1, Edwin S. Lee, Student Member1, Dan Fisher1 and Pratik S. Deokar1, (1)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Utilizing Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in building envelopes as a measure for reducing energy use has been studied and practiced over the last four decades. In the context of whole building energy simulation, building envelopes are typically modeled using a simplified one dimensional finite difference approach. PCMs can be included in such models if the models handle property variation. Simplified models generally do not capture detailed physical phenomena of PCMs such as hysteresis and sub-cooling. This paper presents the enhancements to the simulation model for Phase Change Materials in a modern whole building energy simulation program, EnergyPlus. The EnergyPlus PCM model was modified to an equation based model and the new model was validated. Demonstration of construction of temperature enthalpy curve from the properties of PCM available from experiments and manufacturers is also presented in this paper. Wallboards with experimental property data and manufacturers’ catalog data were studied. In both cases, a similar behavior of the material is observed under same simulation conditions.

4. Determining the Thermal Resistance of Buried and Encapsulated Ducts (DE-13-C004) Carl Shapiro, Steven Winter Associates, Inc., Norwalk, CT Thermal losses and gains from ductwork installed in unconditioned attics can contribute significantly to the overall heating and cooling loads of low-rise residential buildings, with typical duct losses ranging from 10 to 45%. Burying ducts below loose-fill insulation or encapsulating ductwork in closed cell spray polyurethane foam (ccSPF) can significantly reduce conductive losses and gains. Effective R-values of buried and/or encapsulated ducts are needed to calculate the energy performance of these duct installations. Using closed form equations and finite element analysis, effective R-values for traditional, encapsulated, buried, and buried & encapsulated ducts were calculated. R-values for an 8 in round flexible duct were found to range from R-7.2 for codeminimum duct insulation to R-31.1 for deeply buried ducts encapsulated in 1.5 in of ccSPF. For encapsulated ducts, effective R-values can vary substantially from the nominal R-value of the insulation; heavily insulated, small diameter ducts can have effective R-values less than half the nominal insulation rating. Calculated R-values were validated using test data from several test homes incorporating buried and/or encapsulated ducts. Predicted and measured changes in apparent UA values for these houses differed by no more than 10%. Simplified equations for determining the effective R-values of various duct systems are presented for use in ASHRAE Standard 152 distribution system efficiency calculations or building energy simulation applications. As buried ducts are accepted as a method of meeting more stringent duct insulation requirements of new building codes, these calculated R-values will help provide needed quantification of the energy savings associated with buried and/or encapsulated ducts.

5. Evaluation of A Climate Modelling Procedure Against Observed Meteorological Data (DE-13-C005) Xin Qiu, Ph.D., Member1, Michael Roth, Ph.D.2, Fuquan Yang, Ph.D.1, Hamish Hains1 and Jason Slusarczyk1, (1)Novus Environmental Inc., Guelph, ON, Canada, (2)Klimaat, Guelph, ON, Canada ASHRAE is funding a research project to develop a procedure for members to generate climate data in locations where it is not available. As a first step in the project, we present an evaluation of the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to replicate observed weather for various locations across the northeastern United States and Southern Ontario. WRF are capable of integrating meteorological data from a large number of monitoring stations, satellite data, weather radar and other remote sensing data with NOAA modeled reanalysis data to replicate weather and climate conditions in a very refined grid resolution. This approach is able to provide time-series meteorological data for an arbitrarily selected location inside the modeling domain where observed meteorological data is not available. There are significant implications to such data within the architectural and engineering community such as ASHRAE.

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 2 (INTERMEDIATE) Smart Grid: Demand Response Measures, the Human Element, Building Management Systems, and Smart Appliances

Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 15 Chair: Richard Brooks, Florida Power & Light , Fort Myers, FL This session presents how alternative sets of Demand Response measures are examined according to the magnitude of load reductions; explores an advanced technique to save energy in buildings by tracking the movement of people in a building using wireless sensors, monitoring, and actuating systems; and takes a unique look at developing a Multi-Agent comfort and energy system to supplement or replace the traditional Building Management System. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the need for electric utilities to encourage demand response programs, and the difference between long-term and short-term notification. 2. Describe the various demand response measures available to building owners and the need to balance load reduction amount with indoor occupant thermal discomfort 3. Learn about the effect of occupancy on energy consumption 4. Learn about the possibilities to trace and track people in a building by using wireless sensors 5. Learn the added value of an ontology for multi agent systems to connect BEMS and Smart Grid 6. Have an insight in the use of multi agent in building process control 7. Learn about micro grid process control 8. learn about a new approach for personalized comfort by using critical indicators 9. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to describe how residential refrigerators can best respond to Demand Response events. 10. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to apply lessons learned from this testing to other appliances and end use equipment. 1. Short-Term Reduction of Peak Loads in Commercial Buildings in a Hot and Dry Climate (DE-13-C006) Amruta Khanolkar1, T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE 2 and Marlin Addison, Member3, (1)Smith Group JJR, Phoenix, AZ, (2)The Design School/The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ, (3)Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Demand response (DR) is a load curtailment strategy strongly advocated by electric utilities nationwide to tide over periods when grid usage is likely to reach/exceed its maximum capacity. It essentially involves notifying customers and incentivizing them to reduce their consumption voluntarily during such peak periods. In essence, this notification can be either short term with a lead time of 2-3 hrs, or long term when 12-24 hour notification is given. The demand-side curtailment measures which a customer can implement under the former are fewer and, often, not transparent. In this paper, we present the results of a simulation study which investigated the effect of various short notification DR measures and their resulting impact on indoor occupant comfort. Two DOE prototype commercial buildings, the medium size office building (53,600 sq. ft.) and the large size office building (498,600 sq. ft.) were simulated using the detailed building energy simulation program, EnergyPlus V6.0.0, under the hot and dry climate of Phoenix, AZ. The peak diurnal period selected was 12:00-18:00 PM (6 hour window). From the weather file, two hot peak days, one reflective of the summer high-peak (15th July) and another of the midpeak (29th June) days were selected. The impact of building thermal mass as well as several other measures such as reducing lighting levels, increasing thermostat set points, adjusting supply air temperature, resetting chilled water temperature were studied.

2. Smart Micro Grids: Wireless Sensor Technology and Building Energy Managment System to Optimize the Occupant's Dynamic Demand Pattern within the Building (DE-13-C007) Wim Zeiler1 and Gert Boxem1, (1)TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands Optimised process control is a necessity for the improvement energy performance of buildings. Currently the energy management within buildings is far from optimal, improved control could save up to € 600 billion worldwide. Remarkable the potential savings of energy due to better use of ICT technology is well documented, however, in most of the research focusing on improved ICT often overlooks the role of user in reducing the energy conservation. With smart energy efficient buildings, the relation between behaviour and energy consumption has become even more prominent. In practice, the intended comfort level and energy performance of the building design are most often not achieved, resulting in more energy use, more sickness absence and lower productivity of the building occupants. Ubiquitous wireless sensors, monitoring and actuating systems in relation to the user perception and preferences will play the key role in further reducing overall energy consumptions in buildings by tracing the individuals in the building. Earlier research by Madahvi showed that during more than 40% of their time occupants were not on their workplace. Energy needs to be send to those spots where needed by anticipating on the human behaviour with the purpose of providing optimal comfort. The purpose of this research is to assess the energy saving potential by not sending the energy to those spots (coldspots) where it is not needed and to determine how the user movements can be taken into account in the design to improve the performances of office buildings.

3. Smart Grid – Building Energy Management System; Multi Agent Systems for Optimized Cooperation Between Energy Supply and Comfort Demand (DE-13-C008) Wim Zeiler, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands Performance demands for building are becoming more and more difficult to fulfill especially within the operational phase of buildings. This leads to new demands for the process control for buildings and development of Intelligent Buildings. Existing performance process control and the calculations used to obtain them reflect a “static” view of the building but to meet the higher demands a more “dynamic” view on process control is required especially during the operational phase. The building dynamically responds to internal and external perturbations with the goal of fostering comfort conditions or the building occupants. The unpredictable user-behavior, changing weather conditions, generation–consumption matching, operation of active and passive climate-control systems, are some of the factors that affect the building’s behavior and demand intelligent decisions in real-time. These decisions have direct consequences to energy efficiency, occupant thermal comfort. The complex interplay between the many parameters necessitates the development of intelligent process control with application of Artificial Intelligence techniques. Therefore the road towards intelligent buildings in real-time operation in practice involves groundbreaking innovations and progress beyond the state-of-the-art in various fields. This includes human behaviour modeling, building automation components (i.e. infrastructure and networking) real time optimization and control of building energy management operations and user-interaction. To be able to reach the necessary goals, the application of AI techniques could be very useful, especially multi agent systems have an enormous potential for improving the operational process control. However up to now in practice there still are no applications of intelligent agents in operational building management systems. Our field tests with multi agent systems in combination with building management systems led to the experience that the combination of AI and Intelligent Buildings is a promising one to combine Building management Systems with Smart Grid strategies, and thus we continue to develop a Multi agent comfort and energy systems as an addition to or even a replacement for existing Building Management Systems. The first steps toward an ontology for a open multi agent platform in combination with a Building Energy Management System will be presented.

4. A New Process Control Strategy: The Human Leading the Thermal Comfort Control (DE-13-C009) Wim Zeiler, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands A smart electrical energy supply grid is being developed to cope with fluctuations in energy generation from the different energy sources. To better match energy demand and energy need to achieve improved overall efficiency, the process control of the energy infrastructure in the buildings also needs to become smart, intelligent and capable of adaptable behaviour in changing conditions. It is of great importance to take in account the goal of the energy use: human comfort. Dynamic individual local comfort control with the use of low cost sensors and low cost infra red cameras leads to comfort-energy management on workspace and even personal level instead of only at room level. Actual user behavior is monitored and leading in the process control as well as in the control of electrical appliances and lighting. A multi agent approach will let the system respond in a optimal way to all the changing conditions and situations.

5. Testing the Demand Response Capabilities of Residential Refrigerators (DE-13-C010) Scott A. Mitchell, P.E., Member, Southern California Edison, Irwindale, CA Achieving the goals of the Smart Grid will require deployment of a wide array of communicating devices, enabling utilities to better manage energy use across the electric grid. In the residential sector, Smart Appliances are the key to realizing the full potential benefits of the Smart Grid. These appliances not only achieve the highest levels of energy efficiency during normal operation, but also are capable of responding to Demand Response (DR) events – where utilities need to drop electric load quickly during peak usage days to avoid widespread power outages. Appliance manufacturers have embraced this functionality and are just beginning to release their first DR-capable products. This paper shares the results from an on-going laboratory evaluation of the DR potential of residential refrigerators from at least one manufacturer. Testing captures each device’s reaction to DR events initiated during the various stages of its operation. Standardized test methods for quantifying the benefits of Smart Appliances are currently being developed by the industry and other interested stakeholders. A discussion of the creation of test methods used in this investigation and their applicability to the industry at large are included. Additionally, an in-depth look at the communication capabilities of these appliances will be presented.

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 1 (INTERMEDIATE) Energy Efficient Design through Integrated Project Delivery: A Case Study Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design

Chair: Elyse Malherek, Associate Member, The Weidt Group, Minneapolis, MN Integrated building design brings all the players from the building life cycle into the design process early on. This melds the accumulated knowledge from the architect, mechanical engineer, energy modeler, commissioning agent, and facility manager,

which results in a more informed design that can be sustained through operations. This seminar follows a LEED gold elementary school project in Colorado with high efficiency energy design goals from design conception through occupancy. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe how to practically implement an integrated building design process. 2. Understand the decision making process when faced with crucial design decisions. 3. Establish evaluating techniques to make well-informed design decisions. 4. Realize the benefit of commissioning to verify that the design intent is met. 5. Understand the value of all building project roles if utilized early in the design process. 6. Appreciate the different dynamics and synergies of the integrated process relative to the typical linear process. 1. Using IPD to Deliver an Energy Efficient School Building Design Barry Stamp, P.E., Shaffer-Baucom Engineering, Lakewood, CO This portion of the seminar will provide a description of the building design process followed to design an energy efficient school building, including an overview of the design goals. Discussion will revolve around the different design decisions that occurred from the earliest stages of design with conceptual decisions all the way through design when the details are painted in.

2. Energy Modeling to Inform Design Dana Kose, The Weidt Group, Denver, MN This portion of the seminar will provide a summary of how energy modeling is integral to informed energy efficient design decisions from the earliest decisions of HVAC system to daylighting feasibility to finer design details of energy savings and payback leading up to construction documents and the LEED energy model.

3. Maintaining the Design Intent Through Occupancy Erik Jeannette, Eaton Energy Solutions, Boulder, CO This portion of the seminar will provide a summary of the two years of occupancy, describing the energy results and occupant satisfaction. It will cover commissioning and continued effort by the design team to ensure the design intent is still met. Other topics include additional opportunity for savings and informing occupants to ensure the energy efficiency goals become a priority for the students and teachers.

4. IPD Process Panel Discussion Todd Piccone1, Matt Swenka, P.E.2 and Stephanie Barr3, (1)St. Vrain Valley School District, Longmont, CO, (2)The Weidt Group, Des Moines, IA, (3)Institute for the Built Environment, Fort Collins, CO Each member will start out with a statement as to their role and involvement. This portion of the seminar will question the speakers, design team members, and facility managers to analyze the IBD process used in the design and occupancy of the energy efficient building including how team members were included, the value of each member, positive and negative attributes of the design delivery method, specifics of the actual integrated process, lessons learned, and overall impression of incorporating integrated design to deliver an energy efficient building.

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 2 (INTERMEDIATE) Investigation of Replacement Refrigerants for R410A and Test Results from the Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 08.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, MTG, TC 10.6, 08.04 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment

Chair: Raymond Rite, Ph.D., Member, Ingersoll Rand - Residential Solutions, Tyler, TX Low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants have garnered much interest because of concerns about climate change and the possibility of increased regulation for existing refrigerants, namely R410A. The HVAC&R industry is working together through AHRI’s Low-GWP Alternate Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) to evaluate lower GWP options and share results. This seminar reviews test results on split AC and heat pump systems with alternatives to R410A. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the impacts on system design due to switching from a high pressure to a low pressure refrigerant. 2. Understand the role of refrigerant selection on the Life Cycle Climate Performance of a heat pump system.

3. Explain system performance of leading R410A alternative refrigerants and identify design challenges associated with these future refrigerants 4. Describe the potential savings in GWP, COP and capacity and thermo physical property differences of three refrigerants Vs. R410A 5. Describe the Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program (AREP) and the implemented testing procedure 6. Explain the drop-in performance implications and design modifications of refrigerant L-41 in systems designed for R410A 1. Modification and Testing of a Split-System R-410A Heat Pump for Use With R-1234yf Robert Uselton, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Lennox Industries Inc., Carrollton, TX This presentation reports performance testing conducted on a 3.5 ton split-system heat pump that was originally designed for operation with R-410A refrigerant. Baseline testing was done and then the unit was modified to be able to use R-1234yf refrigerant. This new refrigerant is a near drop-in for R-134a but significant changes were needed to the heat pump to enable useful data to be collected. The changes included: different compressor, different expansion devices, re-circuited heat exchangers and a suction / liquid heat exchanger.

2. Test Results of Low GWP Alternatives to R-410A in a Residential Heat Pump Larry Burns, Associate Member, Carrier Corp., Indianapolis, IN In response to the impact of high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, new alternative refrigerants with lower GWP are under development and evaluation. Application of these new alternative refrigerants in air conditioning and heat pump systems while maintaining system performance may increase the challenges to the system development. Experimental results for five R-410A alternatives tested in a residential heat pump as part of the AHRI Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program (AREP) are presented.

3. Drop-In Performance Evaluation of Three Alterative Refrigerant Candidates for R-410A Abdullah Alabdulkarem, Student Member1, Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member2 and Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE2, (1)University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, (2)University of Maryland, College Park, MD This presentation is to present testing results for the performance of an air conditioner and a heat pump using three low GWP refrigerants and compare the results against the baseline refrigerant which is R-410A. The refrigerants tested are R32, D2Y-60 and L-41A. The results show R32 and L-41A are good replacement candidates for R-410A. Since the thermo-physical properties for these refrigerants are different than R-410A, soft optimization tests would be conducted to identify the necessary changes on a typical air conditioner and a heat pump which was designed for R410A and to be used with the tested refrigerants.

4. Low GWP Replacements for R-410A in Air Conditioning Applications Samuel F. Yana Motta, Ph.D., Member1 and Ankit Sethi1, (1)Honeywell, Buffalo, NY Due to the growing global concerns around the use of refrigerants with relatively high global warming potential, new working fluids with the positive attributes of both high thermal performance and low environmental impact are currently in development. These refrigerants exhibit promising performance when compared with refrigerants currently used in AC systems such as R-410A and R-407C. They also show significantly lower flammability characteristics than the much more flammable hydrocarbons. Experimental and theoretical evaluations of L-41 replacement for R-410A for residential air conditioning and chillers applications are presented and discussed in detail.

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 3 (BASIC) Moving Buildings and the Grid to a Renewable Future Track: Renewable & Alternative Energy Sources Room: Plaza Ballroom A Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

Chair: Shanti D. Pless, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO Buildings consume almost 70% of the electricity in the United States. Colorado established renewable energy portfolio standards which created a market for grid-scale renewables as well as building scale photovoltaic systems. This seminar will present the current fuel mixes for Colorado and the potential future direction highlighting the technologies and research underway to move to a renewable grid. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the availability of renewable resources on the grid.

2. Describe the availability of renewable resources for the built-environment. 3. Identify the changing Colorado fuel mix and its impact on the environment 4. Understand what technologies might be available in the near term 5. Identify research challenges for incorporating renewable on the grid 6. Be prepared to answer questions about the cost-effectiveness of renewable generation and financing options 1. The Colorado Electrical Grid Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO This session will cover the basics of the Colorado grid and the shift to renewable energy partially driven by a renewable energy portfolio. The discussion also includes shifts in power generation from coal to natural gas as well as large scale solar project including photovoltaic and concentrating solar power.

2. Large Scale Wind Farms Ian Baring-Gould, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO The presentation focuses on the the wide scale development of wind farms in the state of Colorado now accounting for over 10% of the total Colorado electrical consumption. The presentation focuses on the reliability, how much more capacity can be added, and new technologies in wind.

3. Solar Energy - Photovoltaics (PV) Otto VanGeet, P.E., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO The presentation will focus on building scale renewable energy sources, in particular photovoltaic systems and mechanisms for financing these projects. The presentation will focus on applications for the built environment, incentives, and practical experience and expectations for renewable energy systems.

Sunday, June 23, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 4 (INTERMEDIATE) Realizing Sustainability with Commissioning Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 07.09 Building Commissioning

Chair: Rocky Alazazi, Member, Executive Director, City of Taylor, Taylor, MI The value of building commissioning is a well- documented and recognized process. The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) has recognized this value and made Fundamental Commissioning a mandate on most LEED projects (V3). USGBC also offers Enhanced Commissioning point options for starting the commissioning process before 50 percent construction documents (V3) and is seeking to name by reference the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) Guideline 3, Commissioning The Building Enclosure (V4). However, do any of these commissioning processes fully address moisture control and some of the risks associated with Green high performance buildings? While green buildings have many positive benefits, there is also strong evidence to suggest a direct correlation between new products/innovative design and building failures. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the differences between MEP commissioning of the building energy systems, and a commissioning process known as moisture control commissioning. 2. Describe case studies including innovative HVAC design and building system failures. 3. Analyze alternative approaches to achieve high performance goals. 4. List the phases in the design where it is critical to engage the Commissioning Authority in a project. 5. Explain the benefits of commissioning various building systems. 6. Discuss the interrelationships between different building systems. 1. Expansion of Integrated Design and Commissioning Scope H. Jay Enck, Member, Commissioning & Green Build Solutions Inc, Buford, GA, USA, Duluth, GA The measure of a high performing building is how it performs over its life from a people, planet, and profit perspective. USGBC is again raising the bar of performance, providing suggested approaches to lower the total cost of ownership in LEEDv4, including expanding credit for integrated design, building enclosure and monitoring based commissioning. The seminar educates attendees on these changes.

2. Commissioning Issues and Benefits Log Charles Dorgan, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI A major task in the commissioning process is identifying issues and tracking them until resolution. The party responsible for resolving the issue may be the designer, contractor, owner, or other party. Regardless, the ultimate responsibility is with the commissioning team, which is composed of all these project participants. The benefits log, similarly, identifies and often monetizes specific benefits that have been realized by the commissioning process. This presentation reviews the purpose of the issues and benefits log, and demonstrate strategies for effectively resolving issues.

3. Expanded Commissioning Processes and Preventing Moisture Problems in High Performance Green Buildings Donald Snell, Member, Liberty Building Forensics Group, Zellwood, FL The value of building commissioning is a well- documented and recognized process to deliver a high performance building. However, the very concepts intended to enhance a green building's performance over its entire lifetime are many of the same things that make a building highly susceptible to moisture and mold problems. While green buildings have many positive benefits, there is also strong evidence to suggest a direct correlation between new design strategies and building failures. This talk focuses on the moisture related risks and show how the commissioning processes can be adapted to address those risks.

4. Expanding the Commissioning Process Norman Nelson, P.E., Member, CH2M Hill, Portland, OR Many commissioning projects do not fully address moisture control and some of the risks associated with high performance buildings. This talk focuses on the moisture related risks and show how the commissioning processes can be adapted to address those risks. Case studies illustrate the direct correlation of how innovative design can lead to building failures; how innovative HVAC and energy driven design can lead to building failures; and alternative compliance options to these building failures in achieving high performance building goals.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 3 (INTERMEDIATE) Building Energy Modeling and Calculations Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Governors Square 17 Sponsor: 04.07 Energy Calculations

Chair: Dan Weimar, Member, Chem-Aqua, Tallahassee, FL Predicting and verifying energy consumption from HVAC systems within energy modeling programs is as important as ever. However not all modeling programs are accurate due to abridged calibration and verification against the modeling data. There are computer programs developed based on single-zone modeling, but zonal models have the best chance at predicting energy consumption where non-uniformity parameters exist. Energy modeling for heat pump systems with variable refrigerant flow (VRF) within the Energy Plus model is also a part of these session papers. This model includes data for full and part load performances based on manufacturer’s data.Another energy user in a building are electric motors. See the mathematic relationships between motor efficiency and power factor data when estimating an induction motor circuit parameters and the efficacy under variable frequencies. Building simulation software for solar energy utilization may result in energy savings and energy production, however solar gains can result in an increase in air conditioning energy consumption. One model provides useful insight of the effect of accuracy of absorbed solar gains combines ray-tracing simulation and modified radiosity for the diffusely transmitted part. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe reasons for and challenges involved with creation of an automated calibration methodology 2. Explain how evolutionary computation works and how effectively it can create calibrated models 3. Provide an overview of the EnergyPlus VRF Heat Pump Computer model 4. Demonstrate the VRF computer model verification using manufacturer’s data 5. Distinguish between five different existing methods for calculating distribution of absorbed direct and diffuse solar gains in perimeter building zones 6. Understand the impact of solar energy distribution on heating and cooling loads as well as on free-floating room air temperatures for various climates and building envelope options 1. Evolutionary Tuning of Building Models to Monthly Electrical Consumption (DE-13-008)

Aaron Garrett, Ph.D.1, Joshua New, Ph.D., Member2 and Theodore Chandler1, (1)Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL, (2)Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Building energy models of existing buildings are unreliable unless calibrated so they correlate well with actual energy usage. Calibrating models is costly because it is currently an “art” which requires significant manual effort by an experienced and skilled professional. An automated methodology could significantly decrease this cost and facilitate greater adoption of energy simulation capabilities into the marketplace. The “Autotune” project is a novel methodology which leverages supercomputing, large databases of simulations, and machine learning to allow automatic calibration of simulations that match measured experimental data on commodity hardware. This paper shares initial results from the automated methodology applied to the calibration of building energy models (BEM) for EnergyPlus (E+) to reproduce measured monthly electrical data.

2. Thermostat Setpoint Temperature Prediction Using an Integrated Zonal Model (DE-13-009) Ahmed Cherif Megri1 and Yang Yao, Ph.D., P.E.2, (1)University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, (2)Institute of Heat Pump and Air Conditioning Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China For decades, a large number of computer programs have been developed to predict energy consumption based on the single-zone (or multi-room) modeling approach and the assumptions of uniform distribution of temperature within the room, as well as, uniform pressure at each room elevation. Usually, the presence of HVAC systems generates a non-uniformity of the physical parameters within the indoor environments, which may affect the energy consumption of the buildings. Zonal models are the best substitute to predict the parameters non-uniformity within the building and consequently predict more accurately the energy consumption in buildings. They provide more accurate and detailed results compared to the multi-room modeling approach, and uses less computer resource and time compared to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. In this work, the zonal model POMA has been improved and coupled with a multi-room thermal model; and a new approach is introduced and investigated to predict energy demand in buildings. A case study of general heating system is investigated to demonstrate the advantage of such approach.

3. Verification of A VRF Heat Pump Computer Model in EnergyPlus (DE-13-010) Bereket A. Nigusse1 and Richard Raustad1, (1)Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL This paper provides verification results of the EnergyPlus™ variable refrigerant flow (VRF) heat pump computer model using manufacturer’s performance data. The paper provides an overview of the VRF model, presents the verification methodology, and discusses the results. The verification provides quantitative comparison of full and part-load performance to manufacturer’s data in cooling-only and heating-only modes of operation. The VRF heat pump computer model uses dual range bi-quadratic performance curves to represent capacity and Energy Input Ratio (EIR) as a function of indoor and outdoor air temperatures, and dual range quadratic performance curves as a function of part-load-ratio for modeling part-load performance. These performance curves are generated directly from manufacturer’s published performance data. The verification compared the simulation output directly to manufacturer’s performance data, and found that the dual range equation–fit VRF heat pump computer model predicts the manufacturer’s performance data very well over a wide range of indoor and outdoor temperatures and part-load conditions in heating and cooling modes. The predicted capacity and electric power deviations observed are comparable to equation-fit HVAC computer models commonly used for packaged and split unitary HVAC equipment.

4. Estimation of Induction Motor Circuit Parameters and Efficiency Under Variable Frequencies (DE-13-011) Gang Wang, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Li Song, Ph.D., P.E., Member2 and Sung-Won Park3, (1)University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, (2)University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, (3)Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX Theoretically the motor efficiency is impacted by motor load as well as frequency. The motor equivalent circuit method provides an effective method to estimate motor efficiency. However, the circuit parameters normally have to be determined through field tests, which are impossible to conduct when systems are in service. Based on the fact that measured motor efficiency and power factor data at four load levels under the rated frequency are always published, an iterative method is proposed to identify the circuit parameters using published data. The circuit parameters are used to estimate the motor efficiency under different frequencies. In this paper, the mathematical relations between motor efficiency and power factor data and the circuit parameters are first formularized, then the least squares method is utilized to identify the circuit parameters using the published data under the rated frequency, and finally the motor efficiency is estimated under different frequencies.

5. Analysis and Comparison of Absorbed Solar Radiation Distribution Models in Perimeter Building Zones (DE-13-012) Athanasios Tzempelikos, Associate Member1 and Ying-Chieh Chan1, (1)Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Solar energy utilization in buildings may result in energy savings and energy production; however, solar gains in perimeter building zones can result in overheating and increase in air-conditioning energy use since they account for a significant portion of cooling load and therefore need to be accurately calculated. Building simulation software and energy modeling professionals use different degrees of simplifications to compute the distribution of absorbed direct and diffuse solar gains in interior building surfaces. In this paper, a model that combines ray-tracing simulation for the directly transmitted part and modified radiosity for the diffusely transmitted part was developed and compared to five different existing methods for calculating distribution of absorbed direct and diffuse solar gains in perimeter building zones. The impact on heating and cooling loads as well as on free-floating room air temperatures for typical rooms is evaluated using a finite difference thermal network-based approach. The model was validated with experimental measurements in full-scale test office spaces and several quantities were compared to EnergyPlus. Results and modeling errors are presented for different spaces, mass layers and

orientations for Philadelphia and Phoenix and provide useful insights on the effect of accuracy of absorbed solar gains distribution on energy modeling calculations.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 3 (INTERMEDIATE) Field Research of Energy Conservation Modeling Fidelity of Window Shades and Plug Load Control Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 14 Chair: Elyse Malherek, Associate Member, The Weidt Group, Minneapolis, MN This session seeks to address the capability of modeling to reflect field-measured data. The information presented focuses on accurate modeling of heat transfer through slat blinds, as well as how occupants interact with window shades as compared to typical modeling assumptions. Control sequences are examined as well with discussion on optimizing and integrating HVAC, lighting, and blind controls. Learning Objectives: 1. Readers will understand the state of the art of airtightness of buildings built after 2000, and that of green buildings. 2. Understand that HVAC system contribute significantly to building leakage. 3. Explain how interior blinds can influence the thermodynamic behavior of a room. 4. Describe simulation model parameters that require special consideration when modeling the effects of interior blinds. 5. Identify physical measurements commonly used to predict manual operation of shading devices in commercial office buildings 6. Describe important issues associated with use of existing assumptions for occupant shade control behavior 7. Describe control algorithm for maintaining indoor comfort and saving energy in “Integrated Control System”. 8. Explain “Integrated control system” between system air-conditioner, blind and lighting system considering outdoor irradiation, illumination and temperature were proposed by controlling blind slat angle. 1. ASHRAE 1478: Measuring Air-Tightness of Mid- and High-Rise Non-Residential Buildings (DE-13-C011) Terry Brennan1, Wagdy Anis, Member2, Gary Nelson3 and Collin Olson, Ph.D.3, (1)Camroden Associate, Westmoreland, NY, (2)Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Boston, MA, (3)Energy Conservatory, Minneapolis, MN ASHRAE 1478 is a research project designed to measure enclosure air-tightness of mid- and high-rise buildings in the United States. Data was collected from 15 non-residential buildings in climate zones 2 - 7 constructed since the year 2000. The dataset includes buildings with no particular attention to making the building air-tight, buildings where some attention was given to air-tightness and buildings where extensive attention was paid to air-tightness. A subset of the buildings were designed to be sustainable. A fan pressure testing protocol for large buildings based on ASTM E779 was developed by the project team. A number of issues in using E779 to test large building were identified, discussed and addressed. Building air-tightness was reported in cfm per square foot of above grade enclosure at a 75 Pascal induced shell pressure difference, and cfm per square foot of complete enclosure (including slab and below grade conditioned space walls). The results range from 0.05 cfm75/ft2 to 0.80 cfm75/ft2 enclosure. Air leakage through HVAC related penetrations was measured in a subset of the buildings. Factors that are associated with the most air-tight enclosures include air-barrier continuity detailed in construction documents and precast concrete panel construction. Damper air leakage turned out to be a significant portion of the total enclosure air leakage in some of the buildings. The significance of air leakage by HVAC systems is reviewed in relation to building air tightness.

2. The Influence of Slat-Type Blinds On Energy Consumption in Office Buildings: Results of Experiments and Parallel Simulations (DE-13-C012) Gregory N. Arcangeli, Student Member1 and Atila Novoselac, Ph.D., Member2, (1)The Univeristy of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, (2)University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX This paper presents the results of a series of experiments conducted in an outdoor office-scale façade performance testing laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin. The experiments measured the effect of slat-type blinds on cooling energy, examining different blind positions, slat angles, and slat colors. In parallel with the physical tests, a model of the lab was developed to test the blind modeling algorithms of EnergyPlus. Weather data from the experiment days was used in the simulations, and daily energy consumption and the magnitude of peak cooling load were compared to the experimental results. While an exterior blind was found to greatly reduce energy consumption and peak cooling load as compared to unshaded glazing, all cases with indoor blinds showed

minimal reductions in both energy consumption and magnitude of the peak. For both dark and light-colored interior blinds, the cases with slat angles at 45º resulted in higher energy consumption than the open blind cases, and the dark blind also exhibited a greater peak load. While the model closely matched experimental results for bare glazing, it overestimated the reduction in energy consumption and cooling load due to the blinds—this was most pronounced slat angles of 45º. The paper will present a critical analysis of the model with the aim of improving the accuracy of simulations for glazing with a slat-type blind layer.

3. The Influence of Occupant Behavior On Facade Solar Transmission: Discrepancies Between Observed Shade Control Behavior and Simulation-Based Shade Control Models (DE-13-C013) Kyle Konis, Ph.D., Member, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Occupant control of venetian blinds or fabric roller shades can have a significant impact on facade solar transmission, with cascading implications for daylight availability, energy reduction and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). However, field data describing how occupants operate interior shading devices is extremely limited, leading to theoretical assumptions for the position and frequency of operation of shades or the discounting of shading devices entirely in simulation. This paper presents results of a 6-month field study conducted in open-plan daylit offices in a LEED Silver office building located in San Francisco, CA. In total, 78 workspaces were observed over multi-week periods to develop a data set describing the physical environmental conditions associated with shade operations and to collect observations of individual shade configurations. The paper compares observed behavior to existing behavioral models used in simulation and presents single-variable logistic regression models developed from this field data. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of observed shade control behavior for existing approaches to model occupant behavior in facade performance optimization and for compliance with energy codes and green building standards.

4. Integrated Control System for HVAC, Lighting and Blind As an Energy Saving Strategy in Office Building (DE-13C014) Kinam Kang, Dr.Ing., Student Member1, Doosam Song, Ph.D., Member1, Kyumin Kang, M.D.1 and Brain S. Kim, Dr.Ing., Member2, (1)Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea, (2)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, South Korea Energy saving has become a hot issue all over the world to minimize CO2 emission. Also, the demand for thermal comfort in office building is increasing rapidly. As an energy saving strategy, the integrated control system composed of HVAC, lighting and blind system will be proposed in this study. The aim of integrated system is to minimize the energy demand for HVAC and lighting using blind control in office building. In this paper, the concept of the integrated control will be described and the effect of energy saving with integrated control will be suggested using simulation and field measurement. The results show that the annual energy demands for HVAC and lighting in office building were down by 20% with integrated control system.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 4 (INTERMEDIATE) Making Advances in Efficiency: Air-Conditioning Equipment and Design Research Results Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Governors Square 15 Chair: Geoffrey C. Bares, Associate Member, CB&I, Plainfield, IL One of the most significant challenges for today’s HVAC industry is reducing electrical energy consumption while maintaining comfort. Meeting that challenge means finding new ways to boost energy efficiency in both air conditioning equipment and design strategies. This session highlights four research projects where such efficiency gains have been achieved through improvements to residential air conditioning equipment design and control. Learning Objectives: 1. learn how the separate sensible and latent cooling works out. 2. learn how the convective cooling and radiant cooling are achieved. 3. Define partial conditioning strategy • Describe how partial conditioning strategy perform in a positively pressurized residence Describe how partial conditioning strategy is modeled. 4. Describe how partial conditioning strategy performs in a positively pressurized residence. 5. Explain the performance of the laboratory tested residential variable capacity system at part load conditions 6. Describe performance differences between residential single speed and variable speed split air-source heat pumps 7. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to differentiate between a standard air-conditioning refrigeration cycle and any cycle variant, and apply variants to unitary equipment. 8. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to explain how cycle variation can result in increased IEER rating and improved dehumidification performance.

1. Efficiency Improvement of Residential Air-Conditioning System (DE-13-C015) Jiazhen Ling1, Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member1 and Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE 1, (1)University of Maryland, College Park, MD This paper presents the design, fabrication and test of a high efficiency residential air-conditioning system. The design utilizes the technologies of separate sensible and latent cooling (SSLC), low temperature-driven desiccant wheel (DW) and radiative heat exchangers (RHX). The SSLC technology increases the vapor compression cycle COP by elevating the evaporating temperature, and the latent cooling demand is fulfilled by utilizing the condenser waste heat to drive the DW. The RHX is designed to provide better thermal comfort for occupants. The preliminary test results demonstrated that the design could achieve the system COP enhancement by 31%. The project was conducted by 20 undergraduate and graduate students, and faculty members of the University Maryland, who participated in the one-year long national design competition, MaxTech and Beyond Ultra-Low Energy Use Appliance Design Competition, as hosted by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and U.S. DOE.

2. Transformation of a Baseline Affordable House Into a Partially Conditioned Atrium House in a Hot-Humid Climate (DE-13-C016) Simge Andolsun, Student Member1 and Charles Culp, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE 1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX In the U.S., the 23% of the total primary energy consumption (EIA 2011) and 22% of the national CO2 emissions (EPA 2010) occur in the residential sector. Residential sector is the largest electricity consuming sector in the U.S. accounting for 39% of the overall electricity produced in the country (EERE 2010). This electricity is used mainly for space cooling (EERE 2010), and space cooling is particularly high in hot and humid climates. The authors proposed a new energy saving HVAC design strategy (i.e. “partial conditioning”) and showed that it can reduce the overall HVAC energy consumption of affordable houses by 28% in hot-humid climates while effectively meeting the heating/cooling setpoints (Andolsun and Culp 2011). Partial conditioning strategy combined three primary ideas i.e. 1) using a courtyard building scheme to provide a buffer zone between conditioned spaces, 2) zoning and applying occupancy based heating/cooling in each zone and 3) reusing the conditioned air returning from the occupied zones in the unoccupied zones. This paper describes a new case study where a ~1000ft2 Habitat for Humanity house in College Station, Texas, is transformed into a partially conditioned low energy atrium house through the use of multiple energy modeling tools. Different from the previous test case, this house was modeled as a positively pressurized building with exhaust fans in the primary living areas including the atrium. The atrium was central and was effectively used as a return plenum in summer and as a supply plenum in winter accounting for seasonal variations.

3. Cooling Efficiency Comparison Between Residential Variable-Capacity and Single-Speed Heat Pump (DE-13-C017) Walter E. Hunt, Associate Member1, Ronald Domitrovic, Ph.D., Associate Member1 and Ammi Amarnath2, (1)Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN, (2)Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA Variable-capacity space conditioning equipment offers many advantages over traditional single-speed equipment. For space conditioning in the residential sector, variable-capacity systems have the potential to provide a homeowner with greater comfort and lower electric bills and to provide an electric utility with a resource for load management of the electrical grid. Variable-capacity systems typically consist of a variable-speed compressor, variable-speed fans, and a sophisticated control system in order to match the specific thermal load that a space requires at a given instant. This report details a cooling efficiency comparison between a residential single-speed heat pump and a residential variable-capacity heat pump in both a laboratory and field setting. Both systems under discussion are ducted split-systems typical in a single family home in the U.S.

4. Improvement of IEER Rating and Dehumidification Capability in Unitary DX Equipment (DE-13-C018) Michael K. West, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Tom Brooke, P.E., Member2, (1)Advantek Consulting Engineering, Melbourne, FL, (2)Advantek Consulting Engineering, Inc., Ocala, FL Variation of the refrigeration circuit and evaporator coil arrangement from conventional unitary air-conditioning equipment has been demonstrated to improve energy efficiency and dehumidification performance in lab and field tests 1. This paper presents the modeling, field test methodology and results. The variations resulted from an extensive evaluation of limitations in current R410a unitary equipment design, focusing on latent capacity boundaries and suboptimal heat transfer in the evaporator coil. Analysis using the DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model2 and other software identified that refrigerant condition through the evaporator coil could be controlled to increase phase change heat transfer by maximizing liquid refrigerant fraction.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 5 (INTERMEDIATE) CFD Modeling of Occupant Comfort and Health in Diverse Applications Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 16

Sponsor: 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling

Chair: James VanGilder, P.E., Member, APC by Schneider Electric, Billerica, MA This session presents the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the design of patient rooms, residential living spaces, and places of worship. Detailed airflow modeling allows occupant comfort and health to be ensured at all locations throughout the space. The unique modeling challenges of each class of application are discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe how airflow patterns can affect the flow path of airborne pathogens 2. Describe of CFD analyses can help optimize the airflow distribution system for a patient room 3. Review the air distribution and thermal comfort parameters in a room 4. Describe the design factors of air supply grilles that are affecting thermal comfort 5. Provide an overview on Air flow distribution in worship places 6. Understand the various thermal comfort principles in the churches, Mosques etc. 1. Role of HVAC System Configuration on Probable Flow Path of Airborne Pathogens in a Patient Room (DE-13-C019) Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., Member, AnSight LLC, Ann Arbor, MI Air is the main carrier of heat, moisture, and other contaminants in patient rooms. Airflow patterns within the patient room determine the levels of air speeds, temperature, and contaminant concentrations in the room. The spread of pathogens from the patient is directly related to the airflow patterns in the room. It is important that supply air moves over and around the patient and carries the contaminants effectively out of the room without forming recirculation and stagnant zones. The locations of supply diffusers; locations of returns, strength and location of heat sources; and obstructions in the room determine the airflow patterns. Code minimum airflow requirements only ensure enough air changes and cannot provide any details of the distribution of airflow within a patient room. This paper, with the help computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, demonstrates the effect of the supply and return locations on the resulting airflow pattern, temperature distribution, and thermal comfort of the occupants within a patient room. With the help of airflow visualization this paper shows which combination of the supply and return locations provide the effective flow path for the return air without entrainment and recirculation. The analysis provided in this paper is useful to practicing engineers in the healthcare industry in designing the HVAC systems for the patient rooms.

2. Air Distribution Performance Analyses in Enclosures (DE-13-C020) Essam E. Khalil, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1 and Alaa Mahfouz, P.E.1, (1)Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt This paper is devoted to critically analyzing the air distribution, thermal patterns and thermal comfort parameters in an air-conditioned enclosure. A computational fluid dynamics model is developed to examine the air flow characteristics of a room with different supply air diffusers at different blade angles. Air distribution's effect on thermal comfort parameters was investigated depending on changing the air supply diffusers type, angles and velocity. The socalled standard k-ε turbulence model, one of the most widespread turbulence models for industrial applications, was utilized. Basic parameters included in this work are air-dry bulb temperature, air velocity, relative humidity and turbulence parameters are used for numerical predictions of indoor air distribution and thermal comfort.

3. Air Flow in Places of Worship (DE-13-C021) Essam E. Khalil, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1 and Ramy Ragab, P.E.1, (1)Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt The selection and control of cooling, ventilation and air conditioning systems to provide controlled internal conditions in historic and heavy weighted buildings requires knowledge not only of the effectiveness of the proposed system, providing the required conditions quickly and efficiently, but also on the long term effects of the system and any sudden fluctuations of the internal climatic conditions on the comfort and on the life of the building envelope itself and any work of arts that are there. Places of worship are of high spiritual nature and commonly architecturally elite. The occupants are usually praying either standing or sitting, bowing and kneeling as well. The level of activities should be accounted for the thermal load calculations. The present work is a numerical investigation to point out the factors affecting the air outlets position, size and orientation in various places of worship. The activity level, position of occupant and arrangement in the designated spaces are investigated. The performance of the air conditioning system is characterized by air flow patterns, temperature and relative humidity contours as well as the PMV and PPD. Three examples are shown here for an archaeological mosque of moderate size (200 prayers) in Cairo, the grand mosque extension project in Mecca, Saudi Arabia (500000 prayers) and the St.Mary's Orthodox Church in Cairo, Egypt (450 prayers).The paper ends with a brief summary of conclusions and guidelines for design remarks.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM SEMINAR 5 (INTERMEDIATE) Effect of Frosting and Water Condensation on Microchannel Heat Exchangers Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment

Room: Plaza Ballroom A Sponsor: 08.04 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment, 01.03 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

Chair: Sankar Padhmanabhan, Ph.D., Member, Danfoss HX, Baltimore, MD Microchannel heat exchangers have been recently adopted by the HVAC industry because of their compactness and efficiency when used in AC systems for residential applications. Recently significant research effort is focused on understanding the phenomenon of water retention and frost growth on microchannel heat exchangers. This seminar presents the effect of surface coating, refrigerant distribution, heat exchanger orientation, etc. in the condensate drainage and frost growth phenomenon on microchannel heat exchangers. Learning Objectives: 1. Characterize the effect of orientation and refrigerant flow distribution on water condensate retention in microchannel evaporators 2. Explain how frost growth occurs in microchannel heat exchangers and how it is different from conventional round tube plate fin heat exchangers 3. Describe various ways to modify the wettability of a surface 4. Describe the effect of surface coating on air side heat transfer and pressure drop performance in frosting conditions 5. Explain what condensate carryover from a heat exchanger is and how it might be avoided 6. Highlight the challenges in using microchannel technology for high efficiency, compact, and sustainable heat pump systems 1. How to Apply Microchannel Heat Exchangers as Evaporators Mark Johnson, Associate Member, Modine Mfg., Racine, WI, USA, Racine, WI The presentation deals with challenges with using microchannels as evaporators in air conditioners. Details on mechanism of condensate and frost formation on the surface of microchannel heat exchangers will be discussed. The importance of refrigerant distribution in the performance of microchannel evaporators is presented. In addition, the effect of geometry and pass configuration is also presented. The corrosion performance of microchannel heat exchangers is discussed also.

2. Effect of Surface Coatings on Frost Growth on Microchannel Heat Exchangers Lorenzo Cremaschi, Ph.D., Member1, Ehsan Moallem1, Sankar Padhmanabhan, Ph.D., Member2 and Dan Fisher1, (1)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, (2)Danfoss HX, Baltimore, MD Use of microchannel heat exchangers is limited in outdoor coils of heat pump systems, due to significant frost growth. Studies in the literature proposed hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings applied to air-side surfaces of microchannels to address this degradation of performance. This presentation summarizes experimental data of frost growth on louvered folded fins of microchannels with surface coatings. Effects of six surface coatings on the performance of microchannel heat exchangers under frosting conditions were quantified and will be discussed in detail. Data showed that hydrophobic coating had slightly lower frosting performance after few defrost cycles with respect to hydrophilic surface coating.

3. Effect of Inclination on the Air-Side Performance of Microchannel Heat Exchangers Under Dry and Wet Conditions Man-Hoe Kim, Ph.D., Member, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, South Korea This paper presents the effect of an inclination angle from the vertical position on the air-side thermal hydraulic performance for microchannel heat exchangers. For heat exchangers with louver angles of 23-29o, fin pitches of 1.0-1.4 mm and flow depth of 20 mm, a series of tests for dry and wet surface conditions were conducted for the face velocity of 0.75-3.0 m/s. The inclination angles from the vertical position were 0°, ±15°, and ±30° clockwise. The test results of air-side heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics will be presented for both dry and wet conditions.

4. Effects of Water Retention and Refrigerant Flow Distribution on Microchannel Heat Exchanger Chad Bowers, Ph.D., Associate Member, Creative Thermal Solutions, Urbana, IL Microchannel heat exchangers under dehumidifying and frosting conditions have been gaining attention recently. This presentations aims to present an understanding of the effect of orientation on water condensate retention in microchannel evaporators. The individual contributions of water retention and refrigerant flow distribution to the performance of microchannel evaporators will be discussed. The experiments show that the heat exchanger orientation is dramatically important in determining the condensate removal characteristics of a microchannel evaporator. It is also shown that the effects of water retention and refrigerant distribution on the performance of microchannel heat exchanger can be de-coupled to some extent.

5. Managing Condensate and Frost on Heat Exchanger Surfaces: A Condensed View of Surface Wettability Modification and Control Andrew Sommers, Ph.D., Miami University, Oxford, OH Water retention characteristics of microchannel heat exchanger significantly affects it's performance in evaporating and frosting conditions. Characteristics of heat exchanger surfaces can be modified by engineering the surfaces to change the surface tension gradients. Methodologies such as laser and chemical

etching, embosing, and micro-milling to create preferential droptlet movement are discussed. Mathematical models will be presented which can model the droplet behaviour for various coatings.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM SEMINAR 6 (INTERMEDIATE) Field and Equipment Issues that Impact Economizer Control Performance Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 06.03 Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems, 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

Chair: Kevin B. Mercer, P.E., Associate Member, Carrier Corp., Indianapolis, IN This seminar discusses results related to common economizer control practices and such implications. Field data and results are also presented to show benefits of advanced controls. The seminar also aims to expand on faults and controls integration of economizers and the effects on building operation. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the differences between traditional analog and emerging digital eEconomizer control technology. 2. State the general savings and paybacks from different approaches to rooftop unit control upgrades. 3. Describe the requirements for Economizer Fault Detection and Diagnostics in California’s Title 24 building code. 4. Explain why a standard method of test is required to advance the market for FDD and the performance of economizers. 5. Explain the impact of economizer damper leakage on the airflow performance and learn duct design methodologies to minimize such leakage. 6. Educate to the benefits of economizers, as well as some of the field problems and new changes implemented in particular standards. 1. Air-Side Economizer Improvements and New Regulations Richard Lord, Member, Carrier Corp., Murfreesboro, TN The presentation covers the following airside economizer technology: review of economizer and damper control problems; review of commercial building load profiles; benefits of economizers; improvements in economizers; new economizer regulations for ASHRAE 2010, 2012, and beyond.

2. Field Testing Advanced Economizer Applications Reid Hart, P.E., Member, PNNL, Richland, WA Economizers have a large savings potential that, unfortunately, is often unrealized. Past field studies of economizer operation on rooftop units are reviewed. Recent advancements in approaches to economizer implementation are characterized and field results of advanced economizer controllers discussed. Benefits of movement from analog to digital control technology and movement from stand-alone economizers to fully integrated unit controls are reviewed.

3. Impacts of Damper Leakage on Economizer Performance Jon Douglas, Member, Lennox Industries, Carrollton, TX A numerical airflow model of a commercial roof top unit was developed to study the impact of economizer damper leakage on the unit’s operation. Damper leak rates, ventilation airflow, and supply airflow are calculated for a system equipped with a typical economizer and an ASHRAE 90.1 compliant low leak economizer. Results show the impact of the damper leakage is dependent upon the system operating state and the return duct pressure drop. Data is summarized to quantify the benefit of the low leak economizer. Recommendations are provided on duct designs which minimize the impact of damper leaks.

4. Efforts to Detect Faults in Economizers Kristin Heinemeier, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Western Cooling Efficiency Center, Davis, CA Economizers are notorious for not working correctly and being abandoned in place. This speaker describes a survey that was conducted of commercial contractors to find out the prevalence of economizer and other faults, and presents the results showing that economizers are the largest source of faults. This seminar describes the requirements in California’s building code to have an automated system to detect these faults, and describes the process of developing the requirements. It also discusses the need for standardized tests of FDD performance to demonstrate that the tool will actually do what it claims to do.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM

SEMINAR 7 (INTERMEDIATE) Measured and Simulated Building Performance with Emphasis on Existing Building Commissioning Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 07.06 Building Energy Performance

Chair: Bruce D. Hunn, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Hunn Building Energy, Raleigh, NC This seminar presents experiences in measuring and simulating the performance of commercial buildings, with emphasis on the results of commissioning. Included are descriptions of the development of databases for archiving, analyzing, comparing, benchmarking, and reporting measured building performance data. Metrics protocols, data quality control, and security procedures, for a range of levels of detail, are described; approaches to data sharing through an automated XML platform are presented. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe database metrics protocols for data input/output and appropriate benchmarking procedures. 2. Identify and understand how to apply the key commercial building performance measures for energy, water, thermal comfort, IAQ, lighting, and acoustics. 3. Understand how to apply the commercial building performance measures at three levels of depth and cost: basic, intermediate, and advanced. 4. Understand how the performance measurement protocols facilitate determining if a building’s design intent and objectives have been achieved. 5. Compare post commissioning data with simulation results and whole-building M&V data. 6. Share data on buildings, energy efficiency improvements, utility billing, and renewable energy systems during project development. 1. Energy Modeling in Hindsight – A San Francisco High Rise Case Study Lisa Gartland, Ph.D., Member, kW Engineering, Oakland, CA We studied a 32-story high-rise in San Francisco where retro-commissioning (RCx) was used to significantly lower HVAC energy use. The project team installed variable frequency drives on air handlers, and implemented new perimeter control strategies. A basic core-perimeter model was developed using eQUEST, calibrated to the weather-adjusted building energy use, and used to estimate RCx measure savings. We compared building energy savings from preand post-installation measurement and verification (M&V) to eQUEST model estimates and bin-analysis savings estimates. We rate the accuracy of the model, the level of effort required, and the value of the model to the savings analyses.

2. Measuring Triple Bottom Line Performance With DASH: Database for Analyzing Sustainable and High Performance Buildings Aurora Sharrard, Ph.D., Green Building Alliance, Pittsburgh, PA Since 2004 DASH (Database for Analyzing Sustainable and High Performance Buildings) has been developed to facilitate the consistent collection of measurable triple bottom line information about buildings that aspire towards higher performance. DASH now exists as an alpha national repository of building performance data that supports evidence-based decision-making for investment, operations, and occupant-related building performance. Developed by the Green Building Alliance, in collaboration with ASHRAE, DASH provides users with the ability to track quantitative and qualitative information about building performance, pull user-specific reports, compare their portfolio properties, as well as dynamically query and benchmark against national building performance data.

3. Analysis of Commissioning Cost/Benefit Data in the DASH Database Bruce D. Hunn, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Hunn Building Energy, Raleigh, NC ASHRAE and the Green Building Alliance have recently developed a commissioning module for DASH for both new and existing buildings. Data are included for the number of deficiencies discovered and corrected as a result of commissioning, the cost of commissioning, and the energy and water savings resulting from commissioning. This presentation describes the process of identifying the commissioning data sources, the incorporation of IEA Annex 47 data structures, and the population of the module with 50 case study buildings. Output reports comparing commissioning cost/benefit data with the measure averages for the 50-building ensemble will be presented.

4. A New Open-Source Protocol for Sharing Information on Proposed Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Projects Jim Kelsey, P.E., Member, kW Engineering, Oakland, CA Imagine “one-click” exchange of information between a building owner and a contractor to communicate energy efficiency and renewable project information. This reality may not be far off if entities adopt a communication protocol for sharing information about energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. The authors present an open-source XML platform for sharing such information among project stakeholders. Based on this protocol, stakeholders have used automated approaches (developed during a pilot study) to share information such as building characteristics, proposed efficiency measures, proposed renewable energy project data, utility billing data, and proposed project pricing.

Sunday, June 23, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM SEMINAR 8 (ADVANCED) The Rules of Engagement for a New Game: IPD Contract “Styles” and You! Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 01.07 Business, Management & General Legal Education, TC07.01

Chair: E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., Member, MDC Systems, Paoli, PA Integrated project delivery is rolling across the nation in waves. The goal is to get better efficiency and better quality with fewer change orders and much less aggravation. Pooled profits, shared risks and ‘covenants not to sue’ can be part of that brave new world. But to work so well together means that the payers will need to drop their traditional guards to support the ‘openness’ that IPD demands. How is that done? How do I do THE job while protecting MY job? This program highlights several of the most commonly used IPD contract forms, addresses how you keep track, and tells you what to do if “issues” do arise. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the various IPD contract forms 2. Select which form best fits their organization's projects 3. Compare the forms and note the differences 4. Understand the risk\reward structure of IPD 5. Understand the risk\reward structure of each contract form 6. Better manage their practice to utilize IPD 1. Integrating the Boots On the Ground: The Contractor's Perspective Roland Nikles, J.D., Rogers Joseph O'Donnel, San Francisco, CA 2. Am I the Brains of the Outfit?: The Designer's Perspective Julie Sneed Muller, J.D., Wyatt, Tarrant & Combs, LLP, Jackson, MS 3. Over the Finish Line Together: The Owner's Perspective John Theiss, J.D., Davis Wright Tremaine, Seattle, WA

Sunday, June 23, 3:15 PM-4:45 PM SEMINAR 9 (BASIC) Sky High Efficient Case Studies Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 09.01 Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems

Chair: Kelley Cramm, P.E., Member, Henderson Engineers, Lenexa, KS

This program presents case studies for two high profile buildings where existing HVAC systems were upgraded. The new systems were designed to significantly reduce operating costs. The presentations will highlight practical approaches to upgrading systems in existing buildings to improve performance. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand how the Ventilation Rate Procedure of Standard 62.1 applies to convention facilities. 2. Understand how to effectively apply demand controlled ventilation, heat recovery, and economizers in sequence for lowest energy use. 3. Understand how to control two VAV units on one duct system. 4. Explain how to improve a restaurant HVAC system's reliability, comfort control, and reduce energy costs. 5. Learn how HVAC systems can incorporate direct-indirect cooling systems to reduce energy consumption. 6. Learn how global positioning and BIM modeling tools were used to effectively reduce the cost of construction on the project. 1. High Efficiency, Direct-Indirect Cooling Application for High Performance Office Building (Trimble), Denver, CO Kevin Madigan, P.E., Member, MTech Mechanical Technologies Group, Denver, CO Trimble, a leading provider of advanced positioning solutions and GPS technology serving the construction industry, has begun construction of a new LEED Gold Office facility located in Westminster, Co., just north of Denver. The new 125,000 sq ft facility will accommodate up to 550 people and incorporates a Direct-Indirect Evaporative Cooling system with (2) 70,000 cfm custom air handling units. Mechanical cooling is significantly reduced based on the low wet bulb temperatures throughout most of the year in Denver’s low humidity climate.

2. High-Efficiency Ventilation Air Upgrade at Major Convention Facility Stephen W. Duda, P.E., Member, Ross & Baruzzini, Inc., St. Louis, MO This seminar describes improvements for the introduction of outdoor air in exhibition halls of a major Midwestern convention facility. The project consisted of three new roof-mounted ventilation air-handling units with enthalpic energy-recovery heat exchangers, air economizer bypass, and carbon dioxide-based Demand-Controlled Ventilation. Wireless DDC temperature sensors were chosen to relocate with whatever layout of the hall is used for the event. Because every show or use of space is different, the new supply air outlets feature motorized isolation dampers, so staff can adjust airflow pattern to suit each individual event. The project won an ASHRAE local-chapter Technology Award.

3. High Efficiency, High Profile Riverfront Restaurant HVAC Replacement Without Missing a Serving John Kuempel Jr., P.E., Member, DeBra-Kuempel, Mechanical/Electrical, Cincinnati, OH Extremely popular Riverfront Restaurant was battling high utility cost with terrible reliability and comfort from their 25-year-old HVAC system. New high efficiency HVAC technology was available to be installed. However, business could not be interrupted by system replacement,and HVAC equipment required concealment from neighbors on adjoining hill. See this solution to upgrade this extreme building with new high efficiency equipment while maintaining existing operations.

Monday, June 24 Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 4 (INTERMEDIATE) Fire and Smoke Management in High-Rise Buildings Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 17 Sponsor: 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke

Chair: Kai Kang, Ph.D., Member, KAI Consulting Engineers, Nutley, NJ Successful development of an integrated fire safety plan is inseparable from a good knowledge of airflow and smoke movement in the event of a fire in high-rise buildings. An application is presented using a computer program designed specifically to track smoke movement, taking into account system and equipment such as stairwell pressurization fans. This is supported by an evaluation of the computer modeling capabilities substantiating its appropriate use.

Learning Objectives: 1. Understand an introduction to an integrated smoke management program that utilizes HVAC equipment to pressurize floor spaces to keep them smoke-free, plus stairwell fans to prevent smoke from entering fire escapes. 2. Learn how air handling equipment forces smoke into the low-pressure elevator shafts to keep smoke away from building occupants and improve life safety conditions during a structural fire. 3. Realize the importance of temperature profiles for the predictions of smoke movement during a fire 4. Know how to apply an appropriate temperature profile for a shaft in a building 1. An Integrated Fire Safety Plan to Manage Smoke Movement during a High-Rise Fire (DE-13-013) William Black, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA A computer program designed specifically to track smoke movement during a fire was applied to the task of designing an integrated smoke management scheme for high-rise buildings. The goal of the program was to design a smoke control plan that manipulates the pressure distribution throughout the building while keeping smoke away from building occupants. The results of the program indicate that a plan to pressurize both the stairwells and floor spaces within the building and utilize the elevator shafts as a route to vent smoke to the exterior can be employed to maintain smoke-free areas on the floors as well as in the fire escape stairs. The combination of pressurized stairwells and floors coupled with elevator exhaust forms a three pronged approach to smoke management which has the best opportunity to improve life safety during the fire. The program results are used to determine the capacity of the pressurization equipment sufficient to maintain smoke-free conditions in the high-rise building.

2. Comparison of Simulation Programs for Airflow and Smoke Movement during High-Rise Fires (DE-13-014) Liangzhu (Leon) Wang, Ph.D., Member1, William Black, Ph.D., P.E., Member2 and Guanchao Zhao, Student Member1, (1)Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, (2)Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Computer modeling of structural fires can play a significant role in simulating the development of a fire and the subsequent movement of smoke throughout the building. Computer programs have evolved to such an extent that they are able to predict where smoke will travel and to what extent they will contaminate various areas throughout the building such as fire escape stairwells and elevator shafts. Therefore they can be employed to suggest modifications in the building construction, employment of building HVAC equipment and use of pressurization fans in order to formulate a building life safety plan that has a reasonable chance of reducing injuries due to smoke inhalation. The results provided by two computer programs that are capable of simulating smoke movement during building fires are compared for a simulated fire in a high-rise structure. Major differences in the formulation of the two programs are identified, and the differences in the predicted smoke movement results are explained. The temperature distribution throughout the building is shown to be a major factor in moving smoke within the building. Overall, there is a reasonable comparison between the two computer predictions; however, large errors can result if the models employ unrealistic temperature distributions throughout the building structure.

Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 5 (INTERMEDIATE) Improvements to Climatic Data for ASHRAE Design Calculations Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom A Sponsor: 04.02 Climatic Information

Chair: Joe Huang, Member, White Box Technologies, Moraga, CA As part of its continuing activity to update the Climatic Design Values in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, ASHRAE TC 4.2 (Climatic Information) has also conducted research to improve the derivation of climatic design condition, adding new data elements such as monthly average temperatures, heating and cooling degree days, and creating a new clear-sky solar radiation model. Two of the papers in this technical session give an overview of the 2009 climatic design condition tables, and an explanation of the new ASHRAE Clear-Sky Model. A third paper describes the use of NOAA's MERRA satellitederived data to supplement ASHRAE climatic design tables that are based on ground observations. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the limitations in developing statistical inverse models from short-term monitoring to predict annual energy use. 2. Describe how the hybrid inverse approach is different from the traditional inverse modeling approach. 3. Understand how the ASHRAE climatic design conditions are calculated 4. Learn why and how precipitation data was added to the 2013 climatic design conditions 5. Understand how the ASHRAE clear sky solar radiation model was developed

6. Understand the differences between the 2009 and 2013 versions of the model 7. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using reanalysis model data or surface station data. 8. Describe how NASA MERRA meteorological data could be used to supplement observed data for calculation of ASHRAE climatic design conditions. 1. Predicting Annual Energy Use in Buildings Using Short-Term Monitoring: The Hybrid Inverse Model Using Daily Data (HIM-D) (DE-13-015) T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, Vipul Singh, Student Member2 and Bass Abushakra, Ph.D., P.E., Member 3, (1)The Design School/The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ, (2)The Green Engineer, Concord, MA, (3)Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI This paper reports on some of the research findings of ASHRAE RP-1404 meant to develop and assess methods by which short-term in-situ monitoring of building energy use could be used as a workable alternative to yearlong monitoring in M&V projects. The RP-1404 research explored two different approaches: coarse approach based on daily data and monitoring periods in monthly increments (described in this paper), and a fine approach using hourly data and monitoring periods ranging from two weeks to a full year (described in Abushakra and Paulus (2012-a); these two papers summarize early research findings of ASHRAE RP-1404.

2. Revising ASHRAE Climatic Data for Design and Standards, Part 1: Overview and Data (RP-1613) (DE-13-016) Didier Thevenard, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Steve Cornick, Member2, (1)Numerical Logics Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada, (2)National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada ASHRAE Research Project 1613-RP prepared an update of the climatic design conditions for the Climatic Design Information chapter of the ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals and for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 169, Weather Data for Building Design Standards. This update resulted in an increase of the number of stations to 6,443 (a 16% increase compared to 2009), and the inclusion of precipitation data used in particular to determine climate zones in energy standard ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1. A more recent period of record (1986-2010 for most stations) was used to keep track of changes in the climate; compared to the previous edition, climatic design temperatures are generally slightly higher; cooling degree are slightly higher and heating degree-days lower, which are indicative of a general warming of the climate. In addition, 1613-RP prepared an update of the Weather Data Viewer, a stand-alone product used by engineers to access the full single and joint frequency distributions of all the climatic design parameters listed in the Handbook, as well as additional parameters such as temperature bin data and wind roses. Part II of the paper, Revising ASHRAE Climatic Data for Design and Standards – Part II, Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Model (1613-RP), provides a detailed description of the changes made to the clear sky solar radiation model.

3. Revising ASHRAE Climatic Data for Design and Standards, Part 2: Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Model (RP-1613) (DE-13-017) Didier Thevenard, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Numerical Logics Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada This second part of this paper describes changes that are made to the clear-sky solar radiation model. The model provides a simple way to calculate solar irradiance components from a pair of location-specific parameters for any location in the world, and is used in particular to evaluate cooling loads in buildings. The model was first introduced in the 2009 Handbook but frequently exhibited an apparent bias (direct normal irradiance too low, diffuse irradiance too high), which presumably resulted from a high bias in the aerosol data sets used for its derivation. This paper explains how the bias was corrected for the 2013 Handbook. Various sources of gridded aerosol data, derived from satellite observations, were combined and calibrated with sunphotometric data from 652 ground stations. A statistical analysis was performed to determine the most appropriate statistical estimator of aerosol optical depth to use. It was found that because of the log-normality distribution of that variable over monthly periods, using its median (rather than its mean) translates into irradiance values that are more representative of average conditions. A simple linear correlation was established to correlate the median aerosol optical depth to its mean. Finally, the derivation of a condensed set of equations, which constitutes the clear-sky model as it appears in the Handbook, was revised to cover a larger set of aerosol and surface albedo conditions. The clear-sky model has been validated against clear-sky solar irradiance data from a number of research-class stations, including Darwin, Australia; Golden, CO, USA; and Xianghe, China. Based on the analysis summarized here, the clear-sky model is found to be in reasonable agreement with measured values for these stations, even under very hazy conditions.

4. An Analysis of NASA’s MERRA Meteorological Data to Supplement Observational Data for Calculation of Climatic Design Conditions (DE-13-018) David Westberg1, Paul W. Stackhouse Jr., Ph.D.1, Drury Crawley, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE2, James Hoell1, William Chandler1 and Taiping Zhang1, (1)SSAI/NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, (2)Bentley Systems, Inc., Washington, DC ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.2 Climatic Information publishes a quadrennial update of climatic design information in chapter 14 of the ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals volume (ASHRAE 2009a). The design information for 5,564 locations around the world is based upon hourly values of dry bulb, wet bulb and dew-point temperature, wind speed and direction, surface pressure, and solar radiation. These data are generally from surface stations having a minimum of 8 years but ideally a maximum of 25 years of continuous data. The 2009 design conditions provided a significant enhancement over the 2005

design conditions with respect to the global coverage - 5564 locations in 2009 versus 1152 locations in 2005. A potential source for both global and time contiguous meteorological and solar data is NASA’s POWER (Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource) project. This includes the recently available meteorological data based upon an improved reanalysis model - Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). MERRA yields global hourly surface meteorological parameters for years 1981 to present. An initial evaluation of the temperatures from MERRA indicates that its accuracy is comparable to surface-based observations. In this paper, we present our evaluation of the accuracy of the MERRA temperatures, followed by an assessment of the applicability of the MERRA hourly temperatures in the development of annual dry bulb climate design criteria and annual heating and cooling degree days over the continental United States.

Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 6 (INTERMEDIATE) Analysis for Optimization of Thermal and Renewable Energy Systems Track: Renewable & Alternative Energy Sources Room: Governors Square 14 Chair: Michele Friedrich, P.E., Member, ODOE, Salem, OR Increases in energy and power efficiency can be found through system optimization. This session presents models and analysis on optimizing 3 different thermal and renewable energy systems. Included are methods for optimizing a ground source heat pump system, a solar flat plate thermo-syphon tracking system and an electric power grid with intermittent renewable power supply. Learning Objectives: 1. Define renewable energy technologies 2. assess the importance of utilizing lake water 3. Explain how to model the performance of an energy-pile ground source heat pump (GSHP) system using current available conventional borehole ground-heat-exchanger (GHE) models. 4. Describe how to assess the economical and CO2 reduction potential of an energy-pile GSHP system. 5. Compute Heat Transfer to or from a surface exposed to the environment and the sky even when the ambient temperature equals that at the surface. 6. Apply a Transient analysis approach to Design of domestic solar-syphon water systems. 7. Understand the issues with integrating intermittent generation sources like wind in the electric grid. 8. Explain the benefits of using water heaters for renewable integration 1. Energy Analyses of a District Cooling Plant with a Proposed Energy Saving Using Open Loop Geothermal Substitution (DE-13-C022) Essam E. Khalil, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1, Mahmouad Fouad, Ph.D., P.E., Member 1 and Hesham Safwat, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, (1)Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Renewable energy resources are the main concern nowadays; lack of energy is the future nightmare. The HVAC Design stage has been implemented by new codes and different scenarios to reach green systems with less energy and less environmental impact. The research paper investigates an existing an energy problem in a district cooling plant in Egypt as the price of Electricity kw.hr is high, which affected the price of the ton refrigerant produced by the district cooling plant to be sold to all the buildings of the district cooling area. The research investigates and makes use of an existing artificial lake near the plant, and investigates the average temperature profile of the lake by replacing the cooling towers with a closed piping loop in the lake

2. Post-Occupancy Assessment of Energy-Pile and Open-Well Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) System: Case Study (DE-13-C023) Denis Garber1, Ruchi Choudhary1 and Kenichi Soga1, (1)University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom This paper presents a case study of a 1.5 MW capacity hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump system installed in the One New Change retail development in London, UK. The system includes over 200 energy-piles underneath the building foundations as well as two open-well heat exchangers. The GSHP system was simulated using an integrated modelling approach in the TRNSYS energy simulation platform. The integrated model was calibrated against monitoring data from the installation, and then used to evaluate the performance and the environmental and economical impact of the system as compared to conventional fossil fuel heating/cooling systems. The study demonstrated the sensitivity of the GSHP system to control parameters and variation in building loads, as well as the advantages of the integrated modelling approach in optimizing system performance and reducing capital and operational costs of GSHP systems.

3. Modelling Annual Yields of a Solar-Tracking Solarsyphon Using ASHRAE's Weather Data for Tropical Africa (DE13-C024) Kant E. Kanyarusoke1, Jasson Gryzagoridis1 and Graeme Oliver1, (1)Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa This work is a follow on to the previous ones on solar tracking in Tropical Africa by the authors. While the first work showed the necessity to replace current fixed panels/collectors with two slope fixed installations at prescribed angles and times, the second established the need for - and determined the constraining techno-economic factors of - tracking photovoltaic panels in rural Africa. This paper investigates tracking of passive flat collectors as would be applied in water geysers in these areas.

4. Renewable Integration by End-Use Thermal Devices (DE-13-C025) Harshal Upadhye, Associate Member1, Ronald Domitrovic, Ph.D., Associate Member1, Nohealani Hirahara2, Mathew Goo2, Earle Ifuku2, John Somdecerff2 and Yoh Kawanami2, (1)Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN, (2)Hawaiian Electric Company, Honolulu, HI Renewable energy generated by sources like wind and solar is unpredictable. Sometimes the renewable energy is available when it’s not needed and viceversa. These resources ramp up or down very quickly depending on the weather – wind gust will rapidly increase the output from a wind farm or a cloud cover will decrease output from a photovoltaic installation. Integrating these renewables in the electricity grid is a challenge for the grid operators who are always trying to balance supply and demand of electricity. Currently utilities and grid operators use existing generating assets and ramp them up or down to balance this fluctuating generation. This ramp up and down causes wear and tear as well as maintenance issues on expensive generating assets. End-use thermal devices like water heaters offer an existing and a cheaper resource to help balance load and generation. This paper presents analysis of a utility SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) data. A discussion on how electric resistance water heaters can help mitigate the issues related to wind integration is provided. This same analysis can also be applied to other intermittent renewable generation.

Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 7 (INTERMEDIATE) Reducing the Climate Impacts of Refrigeration Systems Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 15 Chair: Cynthia Gage, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC Achieving safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly refrigeration will require studies in several areas including modeling and experimental evaluation of refrigerants and systems, as well as investigations ensuring the safe use of alternatives. This session presents recent results on performance testing of low GWP refrigerants in various applications; the relationship of the leak rate of Class 2L refrigerants to developing the LFL concentration; and various supermarket systems using LCCP. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the challenge of reducing the GWP for the HVAC equipment refrigerants 2. Describe the requirement for a drop in refrigerant candidate 3. gain knowledge on the current industry effort on testing low-GWP refrigerants. 4. gain knowledge on results of tested low-GWP refrigerants for refrigeration applications. 5. 1. Explain the basic construction of ASHRAE 34 and ASHRAE 15, and how requirements for Class 2L will be incorporated into these standards. 6. 2. Describe the general methods using CFD that were used to provide technical justification for (expected) new rules for ASHRAE 15 and understand that CFD results show that Class 2L refrigerant can be safely applied with certain restrictions. 7. Describe the various refrigeration system configurations which are commonly utilized in supermarket applications. 8. Explain which refrigeration system configurations perform the best in terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, in various climate zones in the continental United States. 1. Retrofit of R-410A in Air to Water Heat Pumps: Test of Two Low GWP Candidates (DE-13-C026) Assaad Zoughaib, Dr.Ing.1 and Karim Besbes1, (1)Center for Energy and Processes, Mines Paristech, Paris, France This paper presents an experimental evaluation of two low GWP refrigerants candidate for the replacement of R-410A in a "air to water" heat pump. The baseline is evaluated following the ANSI/AHRI Standard 551/591. For both low GWP candidates (ARM710 and DR5), tests are performed following the same standard for three refrigerant charges. Both heat capacity and coefficient of performance are compared for the baseline and the tests with the low GWP

refrigerants. The results show that for the best refrigerant charge, both heat capacity and COP are improved by 5 to 10%. The best refrigerant charge is found for both replacement candidates to be lower than the baseline charge.

2. Testing of Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants for Refrigeration Applications (DE-13-C027) Xudong Wang, Member1 and Karim Amrane, Ph.D., Member1, (1)Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), Arlington, VA The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Low-Global Warning Potential Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (Low-GWP AREP) was launched in March 2011. The objective of this industry-wide cooperative research program is to identify and evaluate promising alternative refrigerants to high GWP refrigerants. Thirty-eight low-GWP alternative refrigerant candidates were tested in a variety of products including ten for commercial refrigerator, automatic ice machine, bottle cooler, and transport refrigeration. The alternative candidates’ performance was compared to their baseline refrigerants, R-134a, R-404A, and R-410A. This paper summarizes the results of testing these low-GWP alternative candidates.

3. An Analytical Investigation of Class 2L Refrigerants (DE-13-C028) Dennis Dorman, Member, Trane, LaCrosse, WI New rules for ASHRAE 15 must have a technical basis that comes from an examination of the time related concentration of leaked refrigerant. Work was undertaken to characterize the physics that govern leaked refrigerant dispersion, allowing it to concentrate and potentially be ignited in real applications. And then, assuming that the potential for ignition exists, ventilation methods were explored to mitigate the consequences of a leak event. Results using a CFD model release with no motive force simply creates an element of conservatism in the results. There is always some motive force causing dispersion in a real leak event, the force being a pressure dependent. Leak rates of 2 minutes, 5 minutes and 10 minutes were used to examine the sensitivity to refrigerant release rate.

4. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Analyses of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems (DE-13-C029) Brian A. Fricke, Ph.D., Member1, Pradeep Bansal, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE 1 and Shitong Zha, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, (2)Hill PHOENIX, Covington, GA Refrigeration systems account for approximately 50% of supermarket energy use, placing refrigeration equipment among the highest energy consumers in the commercial building segment. The commonly used refrigeration system in supermarket applications is the multiplex direct expansion (DX) system, which is prone to refrigerant leaks due to its long lengths of refrigerant piping. This leakage reduces system efficiency and adversely impacts the environment. Methods for reducing the refrigerant leakage, adverse environmental impacts, and energy consumption of refrigeration systems are available. However, further efforts are required to reduce the costs of advanced system designs and to improve their market utilization. In this paper, energy and life cycle climate performance (LCCP) analyses were performed on a variety of supermarket refrigeration systems to identify those designs which exhibit low environmental impact and high energy efficiency. The results may hopefully encourage legislators, policy makers and supermarket owners to select low emission, high efficiency commercial refrigeration system designs for future retrofit and new construction projects.

Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 8 (INTERMEDIATE) Prove You’re Green Presentation Series Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Governors Square 16 Chair: James Vallort, P.E., Member, Environmental Systems Design, Chicago, IL Building owners want verification that the energy savings produced from energy efficient measures and designs are going to outweigh their initial cost investment. Similarly, many energy service companies and utilities offer incentives and financial packages to reduce the investment required to implement energy saving projects based on future energy savings projections. Therefore confidence in projected energy savings and then proof of actual energy savings is an essential business requirement for building owners. This collection of papers will present methods for modeling energy savings as well as means and methods for measurement and verification of the completed project. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand how the Asset Score tool helps in evaluating building infrastructure and operation. 2. Understand applicability of the Asset Score tool as a means for evaluating as-built system efficiencies and not as a means for predicting a buildings annual energy use. 3. understand state-of-the-art analysis approaches for measurement and verification of energy savings in buildings 4. understand the limitations of existing analysis methods for measurement and verification of energy savings in buildings

5. explain Pay for Performance energy efficiency programs. 6. describe the various M&V approaches and how they apply to Pay for Performance programs. 7. Demystify the internal relationship between two expressions (matrix equation and simplified equation) for calculating fractional savings uncertainty and analyze the accuracy of the estimation. 8. Improve the simplified equation to obtain higher accuracy for calculating fractional savings uncertainty. 1. Understanding Building Infrastructure and Building Operation Through DOE Asset Score Model: Lessons Learned From a Pilot Project (DE-13-C031) Na Wang, Ph.D., Supriya Goel, Willy Gorrissen and Atefe Makhmalbaf, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA A pilot project with sixty buildings (consisting mostly offices and schools) was conducted in 2012. This paper reports the findings. Participants were asked to collect a minimum set of building data and enter it into the asset score tool. Participants also provided their utility bills, existing ENERGY STAR scores, and previous energy audit/modeling results if available. The results from the asset score tool were compared with the building energy use data provided by the pilot participants. Three comparisons were performed. First, the actual building energy use, either from the utility bills or via ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager, was compared with the modeled energy use. It was intended to examine how well the energy asset score represents a building’s system efficiencies, and how well it is correlated to a building’s actual energy consumption. Second, calibrated building energy models (where they exist) were used to examine any discrepancies between the asset score model and the pilot participant buildings’ [known] energy use pattern. This comparison examined the end use breakdowns and more detailed time series data. Third, ASHRAE 90.1 prototype buildings were also used as an industry standard modeling approach to test the accuracy level of the asset score tool.

2. Cost-Effective Measurement and Verification Method for Determining Energy-Savings Under Uncertainty (DE-13C031) Yeonsook Heo, Ph.D.1, Victor M. Zavala, Ph.D.1 and Diane J. Graziano, Ph.D.1, (1)Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL For energy service companies (ESCOs) and regulated utility energy efficiency programs, measurement and verification (M&V) of energy savings is a crucial business requirement. Their M&V processes follow the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol and ASHRAE Guideline 14. The guidelines involve estimation of energy-savings by developing predictive models for the baseline period energy use and subtracting measured post-retrofit energy use from predicted baseline energy use corresponding to the post-retrofit period. Conventional methods deploy multiple linear regressions of measured data to model different weather, occupancy, and operational regimes. These methods require large data sets and cannot adequately model the non-linear building energy performance. Moreover, they do not effectively quantify uncertainty in predictions associated with data availability. This paper proposes a cost-effective approach based on Gaussian Process (GP) modeling that can represent nonlinear energy behavior, multivariable interactions, and time correlations while quantifying uncertainty associated with predictions. A case study demonstrates the strengths of GP models for M&V in comparison to existing methods and explores the importance dataset characteristics and explanatory variables on the reliability of analysis results. The case study illustrates the capability of GP modeling to predict hourly dynamic behavior and to reduce uncertainty in energy use predictions using measured data with finer time resolutions.

3. Measurement and Verification for Energy Efficiency Programs (DE-13-C032) Roy Torbert1 and Kendra Tupper, P.E., Associate Member1, (1)Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO Definitions of measurement and verification (M&V) vary considerably depending on the application and stakeholders involved. On one end of the spectrum, M&V could be as narrow as verification that specific equipment is performing as intended. At a much broader level, M&V can serve as a crucial means for utility officials to determine overall effectiveness of an energy efficiency program. This paper defines the range of M&V definitions, highlights where some common applications fall on this spectrum, and focuses on long term M&V applications for Pay for Performance energy efficiency programs.

4. Analysis and Improvements on the Estimation of Building Energy Savings Uncertainty (DE-13-C033) Yifu Sun1 and Juan-Carlos Baltazar, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Energy Systems Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, (2)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX According to ASHRAE Guideline GPC 14-2002 and the IPMVP option C, the baseline model is the crucial element for the savings determination of a whole building. From both energy conservation and return on investment perspectives, it is necessary and essential to give the energy savings under an accurate uncertainty, since the meaning and significance of the uncertainty of the measured energy savings could help to avoid erroneous conclusions or misconceptions about the validity of the savings that are being obtained in a building retrofit or commissioning project. This paper presents a brief statistical description of the comprehensive analysis needed to evaluate uncertainty which is based on matrix algebra and illustrates the internal relationship between these expressions and the simplified ones. Based on actual building utility data and the comprehensive statistical expressions, the estimated savings uncertainties were compared to the ones from simplified expressions for different periods – number of months or days – and their accuracy was analyzed. This paper also introduces an improved expression that accounts for the differences found for different length of the period under analysis pursuing to improve the lack of accuracy on the simplified expressions.

Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 10 (INTERMEDIATE) Control Your Costs and Expand Your Possibilities: Integrating Factory-Mounted Controls Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 01.04 Control Theory and Application

Chair: Marcelo Acosta, P.E., Member, SA Armstrong Ltd., Toronto, ON, Canada Factory mounted controllers are changing the landscape for today’s building management systems (BMS). Equipment is arriving with independent operating capabilities, along with serial communication capabilities and many new data points. What are the implications for our building designs, the controls contractors and building owners? Three perspectives on the subject are presented by an equipment manufacturer, a controls contractor and a design consultant. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain how factory mounted controls allow to achieve the new energy performance standards without escalating risk for owners and consultants or labor cost for the BAS contractor 2. Describe how factory mounted controls allow BAS contractors to deliver performance beyond what typical BAS controls can achieve 3. Design installations that allow factory mounted controls to operate at peak performance 4. Identify situations where a traditional BAS controls approach is better than factory mounted controls 5. Explain advantages and disadvantages of factory mounted controls for the building owner 6. Describe 3 factory mounted controls and explain their benefits 1. Factory Mounted Controls: New Possibilities in a World of High Energy Performance Standards Peter Thomsen, P.Eng., Member, SAA Armstrong Ltd., Toronto, ON, Canada 2. Factory Mounted Controls: New Opportunities for the BAS Contractor Cory Knopp, M.D., Member, Setpoint Systems Corporation, Denver, CO 3. The Impact of Including Factory Mounted Controls in an HVAC Design Ira Goldschmidt, Goldschmidt Engineering Solutions, Denver, CO

Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 11 (INTERMEDIATE) Performance Based Procurement Process Case Studies Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, 07.01 Integrated Building Design

Chair: Dunstan Macauley, P.E., Member, TAI Engineers, Owings Mills, MD The goal of this session is to present case studies of projects delivered using performance procurement methods such as integrated project delivery method (IPD). The session provides insight into the pros and cons of the various delivery methods. Learning Objectives: 1. Learn the various types of project delivery 2. Define the Integrated Project Delivery method 3. Discuss the pros and cons of the various types of delivery methods 4. Discuss the benefits of the Integrated Project Delivery method 5. Define additional delivery methods 6. Define the benefit of the various delivery methods to the owner

1. Using a Performance Based Procurement Process for an Energy Efficient Office Building Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 2. Scalability of Integrated Project Delivery, BIM, User Collaboration, and Sustainability for Smaller Laboratory Facilities: Part I Heather Buckberry, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 3. Scalability of Integrated Project Delivery, BIM, User Collaboration, and Sustainability for Smaller Laboratory Facilities: Part II Heather Buckberry, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

Monday, June 24, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 12 (BASIC) Quality BIM Objects for Lifelong Building Reality in a Virtual World Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 01.05 Computer Applications, BIM MTG, 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management

Chair: Tim Dwyer, Fellow ASHRAE, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom Many MEP manufacturers and building system designers are struggling to develop and apply BIM objects that are truly fit for use. This seminar examines the challenges of applying architectural objects in the engineering process, the practicalities of creating usable BIM objects to deliver a manufacturer’s catalogue, and the benefits of using rich BIM objects across the whole design and operations team. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the importance of using data-rich BIM components in the building design environment 2. Be able to show the value of avoiding unwanted constraints of construction materials and methods when using BIM 3. Describe what is involved in creating and transferring standard structured objects 4. Explain how the COBie calculator works 5. Identify the alternate paths available to manufacturers for creating good content 6. Identify reasons manufacturers should create and maintain quality content 1. A Brave New World of BIM for Engineers David Branson, Compliance Services Group, Lubbock, TX The use of BIM brings a new set of requirements to the Engineer's due-diligence checklist. On the list are issues like how to deal with model residue related to fill-in elements placed by architects, that conflict with replacement elements by engineers, e.g., mechanical or electrical elements in the ceiling grid. Sparsely populated elements and attribute defaults that introduce misinformation into the model and could be of particular interest to the legal community. Nothing reveals the criticality of discipline coordination like working with an architectural model and a particular manufacturer's BIM elements whilst attempting to develop an engineering model.

2. Calculating the Value of Quality Objects From Project Conception to Handover Kristine Fallon, Kristine Fallon Associates, Chicago, IL The COBie information exchange standard defines standard structured objects representing space and managed assets. Use of these structured objects allows information to flow, without reformatting or re-entering, from project brief through design and construction and into operations and maintenance. The question for many early adopters is how much would the use of COBie, coupled with electronic information delivery systems, save on a project or portfolio basis? This presentation introduces the ‘COBie calculator’ - a freely available Excel-based application that allows the user to set variables to define a project or portfolio, set cost variables and calculate potential savings

3. Benefits and Challenges for Manufacturers Developing Meaningful and Useful BIM Objects Daniel Rau, P.E., Member, Ruskin Company, Grandview, MO Designers and contractors prefer manufacturer created content because it more accurately reflects the installed product. The demand on manufacturers to create content is high but return for manufacturers seems low. Why should money be spent on a technology shift that does not directly benefit the bottom

line? Challenges lie in creation of quality content when faced with a changing end game - it must now address 5D modeling, energy models, and FM. This segment of the seminar reviews paths manufacturers have in creating good content, resources available to them and help understand the financial benefits to creating BIM content.

Monday, June 24, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM KEYNOTE NREL's New Research Support Facility Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom E Chair: Shanti D. Pless, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO This keynote address reviews the NREL Commercial Buildings Research focus areas over the 3 sections in our research group: Whole building Integration, Tools Development, and Fundamentals and Technologies. It reviews the research and laboratory facilities at NREL, including large scale net zero energy office buildings, advanced HVAC development and test loops, and energy systems integration facilities, from small scale labs to individual net zero buildings with electric vehicle integration, to campus scale energy integration efforts.

Monday, June 24, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM KEYNOTE The Business of Project Development: Risk, Returns, and IPD Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom F Chair: Robert Springer, Concurrent Technologies Corporation, Denver, CO Integrated Project Delivery promises greater efficiency and value through early collaboration by the design, construction, and ownership teams. Considering that early stage project efforts are subject to varying degrees of project development risk; how does IBD compete with traditional delivery methods? This question must be considered in light of the traditional risk management approaches to early stage project development. A project development is developed and discussed, then considered with respect to delivery methods, risk management, and overall value.

Monday, June 24, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM KEYNOTE Trends in Data Center Design: ASHRAE Leads the Way to Large Energy Savings Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom B Chair: Otto VanGeet, P.E., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO ASHRAE TC 9.9 “2011 Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments” have redefined the operating requirements for data center. The thermal guidelines recommend a temperature of over 80F and allow 90 F at the face of the rack. The “2011 Thermal Guidelines for liquid cooled Data Processing Equipment” allow for “free cooling” of most liquid cooled equipment. 90.1-2010 requires air or water economizers for most data centers, the trends are much lower cooling energy use in data centers because of economizers in most climates. ASHRAE Standard 90.4 “Energy Standard for Data Centers” will be covered, as well as leading data center examples.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 9 (INTERMEDIATE)

Reduced Order Modeling Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 17 Sponsor: 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling

Chair: James VanGilder, P.E., Member, APC by Schneider Electric, Billerica, MA Practical airflow modeling for building design is often hindered by the balance of simulation speed and accuracy. This seminar presents the most recent state-of-the-art techniques of airflow modeling to achieve a good balance for fast and practical applications. Tools and methods discussed here are directly applicable to better practices of airflow modeling for thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Learning Objectives: 1. Quantify the error in modeling the heat flow from the human body using computational fluid dynamics based on the near body grid size 2. Use modified coarse grid heat flow equations in computational fluid dynamics models of the human body 3. Inversely solve for air supply momentum based on target velocity distribution. 4. Understand how the reduced-order models (ROMs) can accelerate flow solution. 1. Coarse Grid Methods for Improving Convective Heat Loss Predictions From Numerical Manikins (DE-13-C034) Chao-Hsin Lin, Ph.D., Member1, Raymond Horstman, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE2 and Michael Tonks, Ph.D., Member2, (1)The Boeing Company, Seattle, WA, (2)Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, Seattle, WA Researchers have determined that Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations of the human body require grids consisting of cell counts numbering in the millions in order to resolve the near body heat flux. This makes it virtually impossible to accurately model a room with more than a few people with the resources available to the typical engineer. Some comparisons are made here to see the effect of cell count on the heat loss from a body-contoured and block numerical manikin located in slowly moving upward flow and several block manikins located in circulating flow. Possible modifications to the near body energy equation to accommodate a larger grid for a limited range of Grashof and Reynolds numbers are presented.

2. Inverse Determination of Air Supply Speed for Room Ventilation Based on Reduced Order Models (DE-13-C035) Hongbiao Zhou1, Tengfei Zhang, Ph.D., Member1 and Shugang Wang, Ph.D.1, (1)Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China To select proper diffusers or air terminal devices for room air distribution, the air supply momentum of the devices must be determined. Given the required ventilation rate, the selected air supply velocities should assure good ventilation performance and appropriate local velocities near an occupant. However, the varying of local air velocities with respect to the air supply momentum is nonlinear. Conventional method to determine the air supply momentum has to use an iterative guess-and-correction procedure. This investigation proposes an inverse model for designers to quickly obtain the required air supply momentum at an air supply device. The cause-effect relation between the momentum source and the resulted local velocities in the occupied zone is expressed into an implicit matrix based on the reduced order flow model.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 10 (INTERMEDIATE) Golden Nuggets from New 'Diggings' about Higher Efficiencies in Unitary and Water Heating Equipment Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Governors Square 15 Chair: Alonzo Blalock, P.E., Member, Jacobs, Fort Worth, TX This session includes descriptions of several new findings on improvement in technology that could be golden for projects. The first paper describes methods being applied to unitary systems which result in improved performance for systems in hot humid and hot arid environments. The second paper deals with 'surveys' being filed for model of improved Heat Pump Water Heating units that have proven operation in other lands but need consideration with homeland reviews. The third paper presents little ideas that might have double the savings with a new type heat pump water heating units. In new technology, the first runs are when the 'mined' proof begins to show up.

Learning Objectives: 1. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to describe two field demonstrations of the cycle variant and attendant equipment modifications. 2. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to explain how the equipment modifications increase operating EER and IEER rating. 3. Describe some of the advantages and drawbacks of heat pump water heaters compared to electric resistance water heaters. 4. Understand the value of simulating heat pump water heater systems with various control strategies and in different locations. 5. Identify potential advantages of HPWH using CO2 as a refrigerant, as well as disadvantages/obstacles to acceptance 6. Compare the performance of HPWH using CO2 as refrigerant to other conventional HPWH systems 1. Improvement of Integrated Energy Efficiency and Latent Cooling Capability by Refrigeration Cycle Variation with Evaporator Coil Optimization in R410a Unitary Equipment (DE-13-C036) Michael K. West, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Richard Combes, Ph.D., P.E., Associate Member 1, (1)Advantek Consulting Engineering, Melbourne, FL Variation of the refrigeration circuit and evaporator coil arrangement from conventional unitary air-conditioning equipment has been demonstrated to improve energy efficiency and dehumidification performance in lab and field tests. This paper presents the modeling, field test methodology and results. The variations resulted from an extensive evaluation of limitations in current R410a unitary equipment design, focusing on latent capacity boundaries and suboptimal heat transfer in the evaporator coil. Analysis using the DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model and other software identified that refrigerant condition through the evaporator coil could be controlled to increase phase change heat transfer by maximizing liquid refrigerant fraction.

2. Modeling Advanced Heat Pump Water Heater Systems (DE-13-C037) Dennis M. Nasuta, Associate Member1, John D. Bush, Member2, Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member3, Ronald Domitrovic, Ph.D., Associate Member2, Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE 3 and Ammi Amarnath4, (1)Optimized Thermal Systems, LLC, College Park, MD, (2)Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN, (3)University of Maryland, College Park, MD, (4)Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA In recent years, interest in heat pump water heaters as energy- and cost-saving devices has increased, corresponding with a recent surge in available heat pump water heater products. While a traditional electric resistance tank heater can offer a theoretical maximum COP of 1, heat pump water heaters can deliver several units of heat energy to water for every unit of electrical energy used by the system. Heat pump water heaters have, in particular, sparked the interest of electric utility companies, who see them as a potential energy-saving and peak load-reducing asset. However, modern heat pump water heaters have limitations. They generally rely on electric resistance heat to provide backup during large loads and when ambient temperatures are low. Water heaters using CO2as a refrigerant have addressed some of these issues, but have yet to emerge in the United States for a variety of reasons. This paper describes modeling of heat pump water heater systems, including a potential next generation of systems using variable speed compressors to eliminate the electric resistance element in R134a systems.

3. Field and Laboratory Evaluation of a New Integrated CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater (DE-13-C038) John D. Bush, Member1, Ronald Domitrovic, Ph.D., Associate Member1 and Ammi Amarnath2, (1)Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN, (2)Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA Heat pump water heaters using CO2 as a refrigerant have been available in Japan and elsewhere in the world since the early 1990s, with millions of devices sold. However, they have yet to emerge in the United States at all. One major reason is cost: any heat pump system will cost more than an electric resistance water heater, and CO2 systems tend to be particularly expensive. Another reason for the lack of CO2 water heaters in the US is that existing models have differed strongly from the conventional water heating equipment seen in the US marketplace. Models developed under the EcoCute label often have an indoor tank with an outdoor heat pump, and features such as remote controls, bath water recirculation loops and others. This study examines a new, integrated CO2 heat pump water heater developed by a Japanese manufacturer and marketed in Europe, which removes many of the features common to CO 2systems and is meant for indoor, single-location installation.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 11 (INTERMEDIATE) Energy Modeling vs. Actual Building Energy Consumption: Why Do They Seem to be So Different? Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Plaza Ballroom B

Chair: Keith Newcomer, Member, Piedmont Natural Gas, Fuquay Varina, NC Energy modeling has become a vital part of the standard design criteria of most buildings as the owner wants to know what it is going to cost to operate his building. This session looks at some of the issues and reasons why energy modeling programs and actual energy usage in buildings, in many cases, provide different results. Some of the problems are driven by the level of energy efficiency desired, stricter code requirements, efforts to reduce CO2 emissions and commitment to sustainability. The use of BIM as an integration program and tool is discussed as well as several programs that are being used. Conflicts between modeled energy usage and actual results along with suggestions and partial solutions to the problems encountered are reviewed. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain misaligned expectations between architects and buildings engineers. 2. Describe how customized workflow maps can optimize the energy modeling process. 3. Have gained knowledge from experience from an evaluation of nine properties with energy efficient multi-family dwellings. 4. Have an insight to what might be the reasons to the gap between measurements and simulation results. 5. Distinguish between the two general factors causing the discrepancy between predicted energy performance and actual energy consumption. 6. Recognize that even projects following the LEED process do not always perform as well as predicted. 1. Architecture, Cartography and Energy: Mapping the Way We Share Information to Build Better Buildings (DE-13C039) Matt R. Grinberg, P.E., Member1 and Adam Rendek1, (1)Stantec Consulting, San Francisco, CA The building industry is seeing an increase in demand for energy analysis on projects, either as part of an energy audit or included in the design process. This demand is driven by an increased focus on energy efficiency, stricter codes, and an increase in commitment to sustainability. Specifically in California, the Public Utilities Commission has a Net Zero Energy Initiative that states that all new commercial buildings will need to be built as Net Zero by 2030 and 50% of all existing buildings need to be converted to Net Zero. The only way these targets can be achieved is if energy analysis tools will be utilized better than they are today. This study maps out the interactions between architects and engineers from the perspective of the present state of BIM and energy modeling tools. The result of the study – a workflow map – identifies pitfalls and technicalities that often derail current workflows. The iconography of the workflow map shows the level of confidence in the exchanged information, and the specific details of each information exchange. This allows practitioners to see where the workflow fails to meet modeling schedules and budgets.

2. Prediction and Verification of Energy Performance in Energy Efficient Multi-Family Dwellings (DE-13-C040) Hans Bagge, Ph.D.1 and Dennis Johansson, Ph.D.2, (1)Building Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, (2)Lund University, Lund, Sweden The building industry is facing a great challenge. Energy efficiency has to be significantly improved in new, as well as in existing buildings in order to reduce CO2emissions. This calls for actions from all involved in the building process, from architects and designers to construction workers and operation managers. Predictions of energy use and indoor climate generally do not agree with results from measurements in buildings during operation. These discrepancies are counter-productive to the implementation of energy-efficiency and sustainability measures. This paper presents results from a research project that addressed these issues and suggests viable partial-solutions to the problems encountered and discusses them in a building process context.

3. From Design to Occupancy: Strategies to Enhance Building Performance and Prediction Accuracy (DE-13-C041) Anthony Hardman, P.E., Member1, Leslie Beu, Member2 and Tom Riead2, (1)The Green Engineer, Concord, MA, (2)Tolin Mechanical Systems, Denver, CO Under optimal circumstances, energy performance is a key driver throughout the lifecycle of a building. In reality, the significance of energy performance rises and falls in concert with energy prices over the span of decades. Unlike previous energy cost inflation cycles, the cycle of the last decade has combined with non-monetary factors such as global warming and the adverse effects of poor air quality, to generate a firestorm of public awareness pertaining to how our buildings consume energy, and what should be done to reduce it. As a result, energy services companies (ESCO’s) and the US Green Building Council (USGBC) have experienced an explosion in growth over that same timeframe. Energy models of varying complexity are used by both groups, with the goal of enhancing building performance. ESCO’s deal primarily with existing buildings while the majority of USGBC’s LEED projects fall under the New Construction rating criteria. This report draws on the expertise of professionals operating across the full spectrum of the building lifecycle. Surprisingly, this investigation has led to the discovery of key variables to building performance that are (too) often overlooked in both the design and occupancy stages, which results in poor performance. The good news is that many of the significant contributors to poor building performance are correctable without significant capital outlay.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 12 (INTERMEDIATE)

Identifying Efficiency Opportunities for Refrigeration Systems Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom A Chair: Cynthia Gage, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC An on-going field of study in refrigeration is advancing the energy performance of systems. Areas of study include investigating factors which impact the cooling load, identifying parameters which improve performance, and optimizing refrigerant selection. This session presents the results of recent research in these three areas. Research on thermoelectric refrigerators reveals the effects of TEM voltage and temperature on the system COP; and a zeotropic refrigerant blend is evaluated in a low temperature refrigeration system for biotechnology applications. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand that the infiltration rate is a transient process and cannot be modeled by steady state formulation. 2. Define the parameters that affect the infiltration/exfiltration rate of walk-in coolers, as well as know which ones have the most significant impact. 3. Compare a small thermoelectric refrigerator’s performance with that of a commercial refrigerator. 4. Explain the effect of the heat rejection method from the hot side of a thermoelectric refrigerator on its coefficient of performance. 5. Describe how a mixed refrigerant system can operate for ultra low temperature refrigeration applications. 6. Define the difference between auto cascading refrigeration cycles and refrigerant mixture cycles. 1. Experimental and Analytical Study of the Transient Process of Infiltration/Exfiltration in Walk-in Coolers (DE-13C042) Homayun K. Navaz, Ph.D., Member1, Kristina Kamensky, Member2, Mazyar Amin, Ph.D., Member3 and Ramin Faramarzi, P.E., Member4, (1)Kettering University, Flint, MI, (2)Prismitech, Flint, MI, (3)Miami University, Middletown, OH, (4)Southern California Edison Company, Irwindale, CA A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis of infiltration rate for walk-in coolers is performed. The CFD results are validated by experimental measurements acquired through the tracer gas technique. Initially, the “natural exfiltration/infiltration” of cold air (through cracks and seals) in a walk-in cooler is measured to establish the baseline (sink term) for the CFD analysis and also correcting the experimental data obtained by the amount of the tracer gas leaving the cooler in a certain period of time when the door is left open. It was found that the exfiltration of cold air from the cooler or infiltration of warm air into the cooler is a transient process never modelled or measured in the past. The time dependency of the process starts with an initially significant amount of cold air rushing out and its gradual decay in time depending the duration of time that the door stays open. The hybrid modelling/experimental approach for different cooler’s inside and outside temperature gradients is providing us to accurately calculate the time varying cooling load of walk-in coolers that is caused be exfiltration/infiltration process.

2. Coefficient of Performance Improvement in Small Thermoelectric Refrigerators (DE-13-C043) Hessam Taherian, Ph.D., Member1 and William L. Adams1, (1)University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Refrigeration has become an integral part of modern day society. Thermoelectric modules (TEMs) offer a quiet, simplistic method of refrigeration; they, however, have a low coefficient of performance (COP). The ability of the system to reject the absorbed heat has a direct effect on the COP of the system. Much research has been undertaken on increasing the heat transfer from the heat rejection side of the thermoelectric module by use of air convection and finned heat sinks. This approach has proven only slightly effective in raising the COP. Evaporative cooling with water offers a better approach to the removal of heat from the heat rejection side by combining both latent and sensible heat transfer. The paper examines this hypothesis by analyzing the data obtained from two identical experimental apparatuses with the exception of the cooling media.

3. Modeling and Testing of an R23/R-134a Mixed Refrigerant System for Low Temperature Refrigeration (DE-13C044) Nicholas A. Hugh, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI Low temperature refrigeration storage equipment in the biotechnology industry typically uses cascade refrigeration to achieve evaporating temperatures of 80°C or below. Current systems utilize multiple compressors leading to high energy consumption and lower coefficients of performance (COP). Equipment operating costs contribute significantly to the total operating costs of biotechnology companies and therefore motivate the development of more efficient alternatives for low temperature refrigeration. This paper describes a single compressor R23/R-134a mixed refrigerant cycle that has been designed to extract a load of 250 W from a conditioned space at -87 °C. The system compresses a mixture of the gaseous refrigerants to a high pressure and then condenses the R-134a in a water-cooled separator while the R23 remains in vapor phase. The stream of liquid R-134a is expanded to the suction pressure and is used to condense the R23 that remains in vapor phase, operating much like an interstage heat exchanger in a cascade cycle. The condensed stream of R23 then

expands to the suction pressure and enters a low-temperature evaporator, where it absorbs the energy from the load. A model of the cycle is developed using first and second law principles of thermodynamics to calculate cycle COP, refrigeration capacity, power consumption, and entropy generation. The model results are then validated through comparison with experimental results for a prototype system under steady-state conditions. Finally, the modeled performance of the mixed refrigerant system is compared to the modeled performance of a cascade system operating under the same conditions with similar compressors and heat exchangers. The results are used to provide recommendations for the development of more efficient low temperature refrigeration storage for biotechnology applications.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 13 (INTERMEDIATE) Research and Developments Impacting Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for Data Centers Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom E Chair: Nick Gangemi, Member, Facility Gateway Construction, Madison, WI This session looks at three areas where recent research and new developments could have a significant impact on the total cost of ownership of a data center. New server classes A3 and A4 operate at higher inlet temperatures and offer energy savings from reduced mechanical cooling costs but that may be offset by higher server fan speeds and leakage power. A comparison will be made across two different data centers. Improved design of chilled water thermal expansion tanks offer increased availability of chilled water during a power outage and can help reduce energy cost during peak demand periods. It is shown how 3D numerical simulation and virtual design approach both help to improve the design. Finally, recent years have seen advancements in the technology that enables the application of liquid cooling at the processor level. The newest technologies are discussed as an update to an earlier paper published. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the impact of new ASHRAE A3 and A4 IT requirements on data center economics 2. Define models for data center cooling energy consumption and total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis 3. The flow field results of different double-ring octagonal diffusers describe why equal slot sizes cannot guarantee a uniform flow distribution in the double-ring octagonal diffusers. 4. The paper describes how the design of the mounted baffle rings can alleviate the swirling effect in the tank and improve its performance. 5. Understand how liquid-cooling at the processor level can improve energy efficiency and reliability of data centers 6. Understand how the mechanical and electrical infrastructure supporting data center operations can be modified, reduced in size and cost, and simplified from conventional air-cooled designs. 1. Impact of Allowable Server Air Conditions on Data Center Economics (DE-13-C045) Niru Kumari, Ph.D., Associate Member1, William J. Kosik, P.E., Member2 and Tahir Cader, Ph.D., Member3, (1)HewlettPackard Co., Palo Alto, CA, (2)Hewlett-Packard Co., Chicago, IL, (3)Hewlett-Packard Co., Spokane, WA The increased demand for IT services provided through data centers has resulted in their tremendous energy consumption as a growing concern. Many in the industry have focused on improving the energy efficiency of the data center by using air-side economizers where ambient air can be directly introduced in the cold aisles to cool the servers and exhaust hot air is released in the atmosphere. Such economizer deployment has been limited to the specific location with desirable weather conditions which enables longer time of “free” cooling operation providing significant enough benefits. In addition, many other factors like available power infrastructure, storage and networking infrastructures, air delivery and filtration, etc. have to be taken into account when broadly using freecooling. . To address this issue, ASHRAE TC9.9 has suggested developing servers which can sustain a wider range of inlet air conditions. The new server classes A3 and A4 operate at high temperatures as high as 40 and 45 °C, respectively; and hence can be deployed at locations with extreme weather conditions without relying on mechanical cooling. However, the energy savings from reduced mechanical cooling costs may be counter-balanced by other factors like increased server fan speed (and hence fan power) and leakage power which drive up overall server power consumption up at high air temperatures. Furthermore, it is essential to consider the higher capital costs of servers and higher failure rates to capture true savings in the total cost of ownership (TCO) for the data center.

2. Use of Numerical Simulation and Optimization to Analyze the Design and Performance of a Chilled Water Thermal Storage Tank (DE-13-C046)

Reza Ghias, Ph.D., Member1, Kris Xu, Member1, Richard Ellison, P.E., Member1 and Curt Eisenhower, P.E., Member1, (1)Southland Industries, Dulles, VA Chilled water thermal storage tanks are one of the efficient and economic options in HVAC design. The sensible cooling capacity which is typically generated and stored during lower demand period can serve many purposes such reducing the energy cost during the peak demands, backing up cooling capacity during a power outage, and suppressing fire during a fire accident. This paper shows how the full 3D numerical simulation and virtual design approach provide more details and visualizations of the flow field structure to improve the design. The main goal was design the chilled water storage tanks to provide at least fifteen minutes chilled water with specific temperature for a data center during a power outage. Different octagonal inlet an outlet diffusers with different size and location of the slots in the diffusers were virtually designed and their impacts on flow distribution, thermocline shape, swirl effect, and time amount of delivering cold water were investigated. The outcome was used to optimize the design and provide solutions to improve the performance of the tank.

3. Liquid Cooling in Data Centers: Part 2 (DE-13-C047) Vali Sorell, P.E., Member1, Phillip Tuma2 and Liam Newcombe3, (1)Syska Hennessy Group, Charlotte, NC, (2)3M Corp., St. Paul, MN, (3)Romonet, LTD, London, United Kingdom Recent years have seen advancements in the technology that may enable the application of liquid cooling at the processor level. A few years ago, several articles were published taking a stab at describing how a hypothetical solution might work – both from the standpoint of the processor design as well as the infrastructure to support a large scale installation in a data center. New technologies are now available that can allow the use of conventional air-cooled processors and devices to be immersed completely in a dielectric liquid which can remove all the heat from the IT equipment and discharge it to the ambient with very little energy input. This paper serves as an update to a paper first published in the ASHRAE Transactions as “Liquid Cooling in Data Center,” (CH09-025). The paper addresses 1) the advancements in the engineered liquid technologies that allow this type of cooling to occur, and 2) potential system architectures to remove the IT heat from the building using effective, reliable, and efficient mechanisms.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM SEMINAR 13 (INTERMEDIATE) Chilled Water Systems for YEA Members: What the Gen Xers and Baby Boomers Have Done Wrong Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 16 Sponsor: 06.01 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems

Chair: Mick Schwedler, P.E., Member, Trane Co., La Crosse, WI This session is ideal for YEA members so they don’t repeat the mistakes the Gen Xers and baby boomers have made. In this seminar the audience helps identify mistakes too commonly made in chilled water systems. Presenters share specific job mitigation techniques as well as design methods used to overcome the issues. Learning Objectives: 1. Avoid common small chilled water system problems and issues 2. Understand the importance of parallel and series applications for variable primary flow systems 3. Determine how controls differ between primary-secondary and variable primary flow systems 4. Investigate the interaction between design parameters (flow rate and ÄT) and system configurations 5. Recognize opportunities to balance heat recovery and cooling loading of chillers in a VPF system 6. Identify ways in which minimum chiller flow requirement affect system operation and control and steer clear of common retrofit issues 1. Chilled Water System Design and Problem Mitigation - Part 1 Jason A. Atkisson, P.E., Member, Ross & Baruzzini, Inc., St. Louis, MO A chilled water system and its application are described, and a list of possible problems with the system are displayed. The audience members will help determine the most significant issues.

2. Chilled Water System Design and Problem Mitigation - Part 2 Mick Schwedler, P.E., Member, Trane Co., La Crosse, WI

The presenter addresses the mistakes – in the order defined by the audience vote – describe how a job was changed – unfortunately after installation; then describes how this could be prevented by a different design.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM SEMINAR 14 (ADVANCED) Heat and Resource Recovery in Industrial Air-conditioning Applications: New School or Old Hat? Track: Renewable & Alternative Energy Sources Room: Governors Square 14 Sponsor: 09.02 Industrial Air Conditioning

Chair: Michael Connor, P.E., Member, Connor Engineering Solutions, Alpharetta, GA The practice of not wasting thermal or chemical resources is not new to industrial processes. This is due to the fact that many processes operate at conditions that are considered extreme compared to simple air conditioning applications. As such there is a greater opportunity for energy recovery from industrial processes than in commercial air conditioning applications. However, coupled with the opportunity for greater resource recovery is the reality that, in some cases, this may not be possible, for the recovery airstream may be laden with dangerous or outright toxic vapors and chemicals. Learning Objectives: 1. More thoroughly understand the issues associated with heat recovery in industrial applications 2. Understand what steps are taken to ensure no cross-contamination of air streams 3. How simple mistakes can lead to undesirable effects 4. Understand how industry is going green in unique ways that are different from commercial facilities 5. Learn about different system applications for industrial process air systems 6. Learn about sending power back to the utility grid through thermal processing 1. Energy Savings or Energy Recovery from Industrial Waste: Eliminate Air Pollutants Vinod P. (V. P.) Gupta, P.E., Member, 3M Company, Saint Paul, MN As we continue to incinerate waste solvent from industrial process we realize that waste is the bad word;we must make every effort to reduce waste and reuse the energy from waste to make it a sustainable system. In many industries today we use coating/ drying ovens to coat solvent based adhesives and produce a variety of adhesive tapes and other products. The incinerators or thermal oxidizers are used to incinerate solvent laden air discharged from the ovens to meet EPA requirement for reducing air pollutants discharged in air streams.

2. Lowering Energy Costs in Industrial Facilities for Safety and Efficiency Michael Connor, P.E., Member, Connor Engineering Solutions, Alpharetta, GA Several examples of process air systems are presented along with some lessons learned from misapplications. Among these is the reintroduction of CO2 into a brewery processing space as well as the recirculation of solvent vapors to a pharmaceutical process. Ways to enhance the safety as well as energy conservation are presented.

Monday, June 24, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM FORUM 1 (BASIC) How to Improve HVAC Software to Support Integrated Work Processes Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 01.05 Computer Applications, SGPC 20

Chair: Robert J. Hitchcock, Member, Hitchcock Consulting, Kelsey, CA ASHRAE Guideline 20-2012 defines a formal procedure for documenting Use Cases of work processes and data exchange requirements that are critical to improving HVAC software support of integrated project delivery work processes. The committee responsible for maintaining this guideline seeks your input. What’s wrong with your HVAC software? What painpoints do you experience in exchanging data between tools? What Use Cases are important to you? How can ASHRAE best

document these Use Cases and promote them within the industry? A brief overview of Guideline 20-2012 is followed by an open discussion seeking your input on these important questions.

Monday, June 24, 2:15 PM-3:45 PM SEMINAR 15 (INTERMEDIATE) Advancements in BIM Interoperability Solutions to Aid in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 01.05 Computer Applications, 07.01 Integrated Building Design

Chair: Stephen Roth, P.E., Member, Carmel Software Corp., San Rafael, CA Building Information Modeling (BIM) software tools are being adopted by architects, engineers, and contractors for purposes of integrated project delivery. There are a number of software tools from many different vendors that provide both BIM and building analysis software. Interoperable schemas such as Green Building XML (gbXML) are open and free, and they are the “glue” that allows these tools to communicate with one another. This seminar discusses the latest advancements of such software technologies. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe schemas such as Green Building XML (gbXML) and how they are used in the building energy modeling (BEM) process and IPD. 2. Describe the latest developments with schemas such as gbXML and talk about the latest updates to these schemas 3. Describe how BIM (building information modeling) software tools are adapting to changes in the entire BEM and IPD workflow 4. Describe how building analysis software tools are adapting to changes in the entire BEM/IPD work-flow 5. Explain how building energy modeling software tools use schemas such as gbXML to communicate with other tool 6. Talk about the future of building energy modeling and IPD software tools 1. How Interop Schemas are Used to Facilitate BEM and IPD Stephen Roth, P.E., Member, Carmel Software Corp., San Rafael, CA Stephen will give an overview of various interoperability schemas that allow building information modeling (BIM) authoring tools to transfer information to building energy analysis tools. As BIM becomes more accepted, it is vital that information be easily shared between the various software applications for purposes of building energy modeling and integrated project delivery. As software becomes more available in the "cloud", interoperability schemas become that much more important since information needs to be transferred in a structured format from mobile and desktop devices to cloud-based services.

2. How are BIM Vendors Expanding Their Interoperability Capabilities John F. Kennedy, Member, Autodesk, Santa Rosa, CA Various issues related to BIM interoperability with analysis tools have given hesitation by MEP engineers in adopting BIM in their practice for analysis-based workflows. Several owners, including the GSA, are building test models to be used by BIM vendors to certify that their software accurately represents the model in a variety of analysis related views. This presentation addresses some of the interoperability issues shared across various BIM tools and what progress BIM vendors are having in solving them as well as meeting various owner test models.

3. How are Building Analysis Vendors Improving Interoperability Workflows Nathan Kegel, Member, IES, Minnetonka, MN BIM has been marketed as the way the future will design and analyze buildings. Yet building analysis models (BAM) frequently require vastly different characteristics than do information models. Interoperability schemas exist to improve the workflow between BIM and BAM. MEP engineers are keen to streamline their design process by leveraging the data in BIM for schedules, fit, and other design tasks while also being tasked with more analysis work due to changes in energy codes. This presentation explores how analysis software can be used in the design process using interoperability to streamline the process.

Monday, June 24, 4:00 PM-5:30 PM SEMINAR 16 (INTERMEDIATE) Real Operating Cost Savings from Retro-Commissioning

Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 07.08 Owning and Operating Costs

Chair: Charles E. Dale-Derks, P.E., Member, McClure Engineering, St. Charles, MO While occupants and tenants demand comfort under all conditions, facility operators are challenged with efficiently operating systems with multiple variables and complex algorithms. In time, controls may get tweaked or overridden to correct a perceived problem, but these tweaks are soon forgotten and the system is operated under a different parameter than originally intended. Retro-commissioning or continuous commissioning is key to finding and correcting these operating inefficiencies. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the motivation and methods for accomplishing retro-commissioning. 2. Identify several areas of improved operations by retro-commissioning. 3. Identify operating savings from tuning damper and valve controls. 4. Identify operating savings from control sensor location and variable speed drive control. 5. How to review operating schedules to identify savings. 6. How to look at the right parameters to adjust operating algorithms to acheive energy savings. 1. Retro-Commissioning the University of Nebraska Medical School Ken L. Hansen, P.E., University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE This presentation looks at experiences and successes with retro-commissioning systems at the University of Nebraska Medical School.

2. Community Colleges in Nebraska Re-Think Energy and Operating Costs Ginger Willson, Nebraska Energy Office, Lincoln, NE This presentation addresses experiences and successes observed at several community colleges in Nebraska. Real energy savings and operating cost savings are presented as a result of the commissioning efforts.

3. Finding Good Fruit When the Low Hanging is Gone Charles E. Dale-Derks, P.E., Member, McClure Engineering, St. Charles, MO This presentation looks at the results of commissioning efforts at schools and healthcare facilities in Missouri and Illinois. Savings from a multitude of efforts accumulate to real noticeable impact on operations.

Tuesday, June 25 Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 6 (INTERMEDIATE) Reducing Environmental Impact: Ventilation with Heat Recovery and Improved Flammability Testing of Low GWP Refrigerants Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 14 Sponsor: 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants

Chair: Barbara Minor, Member, DuPont, Wilmington, DE The first part of the session reviews options for both energy and cost efficient ventilation systems with heat recovery. This includes opportunities for manufacturers and designers to enhance the thermal and electrical efficiency of their products as well as reduce investment and maintenance costs. The second topic focuses on flammability measurement of low GWP refrigerants with reduced environmental impact. Learning Objectives: 1. Use a simplified model to assess preliminary feasibility of energy efficiency measures in an ammonia refrigeration system.

2. Describe principle factors that affect refrigeration system energy use. 3. Understand what properties effect the moisture distribution ratio or “K” Values of refrigerants, then apply this information to make better engineering decisions regarding the selection of a lubricant for their intended application. 4. Explain why the addition of a lubricant does not significantly effect the moisture distribution equilibrium value of refrigerants. 5. Design an energy and cost efficient ventilation system 6. Explain the focal points and main design principles in terms of airthightness, frost protection, filters as well as external components such as prefabricated ductwork and coaxial ducts 7. Explain the principle of burning velocity measurement by the closed vessel method 8. Explain what affects precision of the test method 9. Explain the principle of burning velocity measurement by the vertical-tube method 10. Explain what decides the measurable burning velocity range of the test method 1. Principles of Energy Efficient Ammonia Refrigeration Systems (DE-13-019) Abdul Qayyum Mohammed, Student Member1, Thomas Wenning2, Franc Sever, Student Member3 and Kelly Kissock1, (1)University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, (2)Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, (3)Go Sustainable Energy, Columbus, OH Ammonia refrigeration systems typically offer many energy efficiency opportunities because of their size and complexity. This paper develops a model for simulating single-stage ammonia refrigeration systems, describes common energy saving opportunities, and uses the model to quantify those opportunities. The simulation model uses data that is typically available during site visits to ammonia refrigeration plants and can be calibrated to actual consumption and performance data if available. Annual electricity consumption for a base-case ammonia refrigeration system is simulated. The model is then used to quantify energy savings for six specific energy efficiency opportunities; reduce refrigeration load, increase suction pressure, employ dual suction, decrease minimum head pressure set-point, increase evaporative condenser capacity, and reclaim heat.

2. Effect of Lubricant on the Distribution of Water between Vapor and Liquid Phases of Refrigerants (RP-1495) (DE13-020) John Senediak, Member, Intertek, Columbus, OH Moisture is one of the most detrimental contaminants to a refrigeration system. Understanding its behavior is paramount to maintaining control. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the conclusions resulting from a study regarding of the effect of lubricant on the distribution ratio of moisture between the vapor and liquid phases of a refrigerant or “K value”. This investigation, included combinations of refrigerants and lubricants that are both significant to the current industry as well as challenged the extremes of the properties expected to influence this ratio.

3. Energy and Cost Efficient Ventilation Systems with Heat Recovery: State of the Art and Enhancement (DE-13-021) Rainer Pfluger, Ph.D.1, Wolfgang Feist, Ph.D.1, Gabriel Rojas-Kopeinig, P.E.1 and Wolfgang Hasper, Ph.D.2, (1)University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria, (2)Passivhaus Institut, Hesse, Germany How could residential ventilation look in 2020? What are the main design principles for both energy and cost efficient ventilation systems with heat recovery? This paper investigates the potential and seeks to advise manufacturers and designers on how to enhance their products in terms of thermal and electrical efficiency as well as investment and maintenance costs.

4. Assessment of Burning Velocity Test Methods for Mildly Flammable Refrigerants, Part 1: Closed-Vessel Method (RP-1583) (DE-13-022) Kenji Takizawa1, Shizue Takagi1, Kazuaki Tokuhashi1, Shigeo Kondo, Ph.D.1, Mikito Mamiya, Ph.D.1 and Hideaki Nagai, Ph.D.1, (1)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan The objective of this study is to critically evaluate test methods for determining burning velocity which is used as the index of the lowest flammable refrigerant class (Subclass 2L). The target refrigerants were mildly flammable R-32 and R-32/134a (60/40 wt%) mixture. In this paper we have evaluated the closed vessel method to determine its precision and capability. For this purpose, the authors first obtained the ideal (buoyancy-free and no conductive heat loss to the wall) Su of these refrigerants in microgravity (m-g) by analyzing pressure-time profiles of spherically-propagating flames in a closed vessel (spherical-vessel method). Secondly, the authors employed schlieren visualization technique for observing flame propagation and obtained Su from the time profile of the flame radius in the prepressure period of combustion (schlieren method) in normal gravity (1-g), without using special experimental conditions.

5. Assessment of Burning Velocity Test Methods for Mildly Flammable Refrigerants, Part 2: Vertical-Tube Method (RP-1583) (DE-13-023) Kenji Takizawa1, Naoharu Igarashi1, Kazuaki Tokuhashi1, Shigeo Kondo, Ph.D.1, Mikito Mamiya, Ph.D.1 and Hideaki Nagai, Ph.D.1, (1)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan

For further development of safety standard of refrigerants, burning velocity (Su) measurements of R-32/air and R-32/134a/air flames were carried out by the vertical-tube method with a 40-mm (1.6-inch) diameter tube and precision and measurable lower limit of the test method were investigated. To evaluate the precision of the test method, the authors have obtained the ideal (buoyancy-free and no conductive heat loss to the wall) burning velocities of these refrigerants by the spherical-vessel method in microgravity (m-g). By examining concentration dependence of Su, it was found that Su by the vertical-tube method decreased very sharply toward the lower propagation concentration limit and decreased gradually toward the upper propagation concentration limit. This tendency is due to preferential diffusion of oxygen toward the curved flame front in the tube.

Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 14 (INTERMEDIATE) Evaporative Cooling Technologies Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 15 Chair: Jennifer E. Leach, P.E., Member, Leach Engineering LLC, Baltimore, MDMichael S. Sherber, P.E., Member, 7AC Technologies, Inc., Beverly, MA This session covers various evaporative cooling technologies, including case studies of direct evaporative cooling systems across North American climates, methodologies for thermal modeling of indirect evaporative heat exchangers, and reviews of evaporative cooler operation, including the evaporative process, water usage, and the interaction of various water qualities. Learning Objectives: 1. Apply a modified effectiveness-NTU model to an indirect evaporative heat exchanger(IEHX) 2. Describe the critical design variables and their impacts on the regenerative IEHX performance 3. understand how the Rigid Media Direct Evaporative Cooler can improve Indoor Air Quality by bringing in 100% outside air while simultaneously reducing the operating energy consumption. They will also learn how a DEC combined with IEC can significantly reduce refrigeration tons and compressor operating hours. 4. Learn how the DEC rigid media further improves IAQ by acting as a good filtration device and also as a sound-attenuating device in noise-sensitive applications. 5. Understand how control schemes work and how they can cause unnecessary fouling of the evaporative cooler media. 6. Identify different constituents in the water and how they can be harmful to the evaporative cooler media. 7. Describe the mechanism of evaporative cooling 8. Explain the performance matrices of evaporative cooling systems 1. A General Method for Thermal Modeling of Indirect Evaporative Heat Exchangers (DE-13-C048) Zhijun Liu, Student Member1, William Allen, Ph.D.1 and Mark Modera, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Western Cooling Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA Indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) is a water-based cooling technology that is attractive for space cooling in dry and hot climates due to its lower energy consumption (compared to vapor compression air conditioners) and lack of humidification (compared to direct evaporative cooling). The key component of advanced IEC or hybrid IEC/DX (Direct eXpansion vapor compression) systems is the IEHX (indirect evaporative heat exchanger). A practical accurate model of an IEHX is needed to characterize the thermal behavior of these coolers and to support their implementation by HVAC designers. This paper presents a methodology for the thermal modeling of IEHXs that is analogous to the effectiveness-NTU method for sensible heat exchangers.

2. Humidification, Filtration and Sound Attenuation Benefits of Rigid Media Direct Evaporative Cooling Systems While Providing Energy Savings (DE-13-C049) Vijayanand Periannan, Member, Munters Corporation, Buena Vista, VA Mankind has known the evaporative cooling technology for a long time. However, the Direct Evaporative Cooling (DEC) systems have been greatly under utilized by the HVAC industry because of the concerns regarding the negative effects of these systems on the indoor air quality (IAQ). On the contrary, the IAQ in buildings can in fact greatly benefit from the design and installation of DEC systems through the introduction of 100% outdoor air. DEC rigid media further improves IAQ by acting as a good filtration device and also as a sound-attenuating device in noise-sensitive applications. In addition to IAQ benefits, the DEC can help achieve energy savings by providing both free sensible cooling and beneficial winter humidification. DEC can also be combined with Indirect Evaporative Coolers (IEC) to provide further energy savings by increasing the Refrigeration free cooling hours in hot and dry North American Climates. This paper will analyze the annual DEC system performance for different climate zones in various cities across North America.

3. Optimal Control, Operation and Maintenance Strategies for Rigid Media Evaporative Cooling Coolers to Improve IAQ and Reduce Building Water Usage (DE-13-C050) Patricia Graef, P.E., Munters Corp, Fort Myers, FL With the introduction of rigid evaporative media, modern evaporative coolers can now provide trouble free service in a wide range of challenging applications for both cooling and humidification. Rigid media has predicable performance, long service life and high operating velocities. The inherent low energy usage makes them even more attractive. When discussing the maintenance of these simple devices, it is necessary to look at the total picture: the evaporative process, water chemistry, control schemes and design features. This paper will review the operation of evaporative coolers including the evaporative process, water usage, and the interaction of various water qualities. Suggestions will be made for important design features and control schemes that minimize scaling, biological contamination and media failure.

4. Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Stage Evaporative Cooling System for Classrooms in a Hot and Dry Climate (DE13-C051) Huafen Hu, Ph.D., Associate Member1 and Mathew Krieske, Student Member1, (1)Portland State University, Portland, OR Climate analysis has shown tremendous potential of using evaporative cooling in a hot and dry climate. This research reports a case study where a multi-stage evaporative cooling system is installed as the sole summer cooling system in a high performance classroom, located in Boise, Idaho. Initial analyses through design stages suggest that the installed system alone is sufficient to provide cooling with considerable energy savings compared to a standard forced air system. But the field responses from instructors and students in the classroom indicate otherwise. The gap between the actual performance and the expected one at design stages is significant. This study aims to identify causes why the installed direct and indirect evaporative cooling systems underperform though post-occupancy data analysis.

Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 15 (INTERMEDIATE) Thermal Comfort and IAQ in Indoor Environmental Design Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 16 Chair: Mikhail Koupriyanov, Price, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Thermal comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) are important considerations when designing the indoor environment. This session covers both of these topics from both experimental and computational (CFD) angles. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an effective and flexible tool for analyzing the indoor environment that is rapidly gaining popularity in the building design community. One of the papers addresses the use of CFD with a multi-segmented human heat transfer & thermophysiology model to predict thermal comfort and indoor air quality in a naturally ventilated classroom. Another paper uses the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) code (a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) based CFD program) to assess thermal comfort and energy utilization in a full size room with a ceiling air conditioner. Experimental studies not only offer valuable insight into the physics of indoor airflow but also form the basis of most computational and empirical models used to analyze the indoor environment. The experimental studies in this session cover a wide range of topics including the person-to-person transport of pathogens and bio-effluents in an aircraft cabin as well as the ability of the aircraft’s personal air outlets to control exposure. The final paper presents a method for calculating surface mass transfer as it relates to the general transport/deposition of contaminants in the indoor environment and human exposure. Learning Objectives: 1. understand the magnitude of the effect of HVAC operation on the boundary layer component of mass transfer to indoor surfaces. 2. understand the use of the naphthalene sublimation technique in quantification if indoor mass transfer. 3. know how to correctly set up thermal boundary conditions for LES simulations using FDS in their consulting projects 4. know how to use FDS for modeling thermal comfort and energy utilization indices 5. Describe how PAO flows in an aircraft cabin may impact person-to-person contaminant transport. 6. Describe why it is difficult to predict the impact of POA use at a specific location in an aircraft cabin. 7. explain the benefits for thermal comfort modeling of using CFD to predict the local environment around a human body, which predicts a range of local temperatures and air speeds around the body, rather than Dynamic Thermal Simulation (DTS), which predicts just a single indoor temperature. 8. explain the difference between coupled and uncoupled modeling and thus the pros and cons of each.

1. Modeling the Effect of HVAC Operation on Transport of Gaseous Species to Indoor Surfaces (DE-13-C052) Jordan D. Clark, Student Member1 and Atila Novoselac, Ph.D., Member1, (1)University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX Proper calculation of indoor mass transfer coefficients is essential for determination of human exposure to indoor pollutants and design of some removal strategies. Transport of species to indoor surfaces is traditionally given in the form of a space-averaged deposition velocity. Shortcomings of this model include its lack of a clear reference concentration and inability to account for different airflow patterns within a space. This work presents a method for calculating and modeling mass transfer to individual indoor surfaces and validates the approach put forth with full-scale experiments in an environmental chamber for flow situations typically found in indoor spaces.

2. Large Eddy Simulation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Utilization Indices for Indoor Airflows (DE-13-C053) Dahai (Darren) Qi, Student Member1, Liangzhu (Leon) Wang, Ph.D., Member2 and Radu Zmeureanu, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, (2)Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada As the advancement of computation fluid dynamics (CFD) technology, CFD becomes an effective method to study indoor airflows to achieve the design of a comfortable and energy efficient indoor environment. In general, there are three types of CFD models: Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), large eddy simulation (LES) and direct numerical simulation (DNS). Compared to LES, DNS is seldom used for indoor airflows due to the impractically high computational cost. Many previous studies used RANS and demonstrated its strength for indoor airflows. However, since limited publications were found on the use of LES especially for the predictions of indoor thermal comfort and energy unitization, the benefits and the limitations of using LES are still not clear. This study applied LES simulation to indoor thermal comfort and energy utilization indices by using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS), which is a LES computer program.

3. Impact of Personal Air Outlets On Person-to-Person Bio-Effluent Exposure in Aircraft Cabins (DE-13-C054) M.D. Anderson, Student Member1, Byron Jones, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE 1 and M.H. Hosni, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE 1, (1)Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department at Kansas State University (KSU), Manhattan, KS Because of the close proximity of large numbers of passengers in commercial aircraft, it is difficult to limit the person-to-person transport of bio-effluents, including pathogens. Many aircraft are equipped with personal air outlets (PAOs), commonly referred to as gaspers. A series of experiments was conducted to determine if PAOs have the capability of reducing close range person-to-person exposure to airborne exhaled bio-effluents. The experiments were conducted in an eleven-row, wide body, aircraft cabin mockup which uses actual aircraft components for air distribution in the cabin. Tracer gas was used to simulate exhaled bio-effluents with release and measurements conducted in the breathing zone using thermal manikins to simulate passengers. The close range airborne transport mechanism is by contaminant plume that follows the cabin air motion. The location of the recipient within the plume, to a large extent, determines the amount of exposure and the impact of PAO operation. Use of PAOs is not expected to reduce average contaminant levels in the cabin unless they increase supply air to the cabin. For these experiments, total supply air to the cabin, including the PAO airflow, was held constant regardless of PAO use. The PAOs do impact local exposure by disrupting the contaminant plume. In some cases, up to 90% reduction in close-range person-to-person exposure was observed while in other cases there was negligible or even negative impact. Even though substantial impact was seen in some cases, no universal guidelines could be identified for use of PAOs due to the unpredictable behavior of the plumes and variations in their behavior from location to location. In most cases, it was found that use of a POA by the source person was more effective than use by the exposed person as the PAO jet tended to push the contaminant plume from the source person down and out of the breathing zone.

4. Coupled CFD and Thermal Comfort Modelling: Predicting Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Environments Subject to Asymmetric Long Wave Radiation (DE-13-C055) Malcolm J. Cook, Ph.D., Member, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom This paper reports on the development of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model which has been coupled with a multi-segmented model of human heat transfer and thermophysiology. The coupled model is used to predict indoor air quality in a naturally ventilated school classroom. The space uses buoyancydriven cross ventilation from open windows to tall stacks and is further influenced by asymmetric radiant effects caused by solar gain and nearby occupants. Simulations are carried out for full occupancy during peak summertime conditions and demonstrate the advantages of using a multi-segmented (59 body parts) model combined with a thermal comfort prediction model. The performance of the natural ventilation design in providing acceptable fresh air distribution and thermal comfort is predicted and demonstrates the unique benefits of using a spatially-based air flow prediction model when analyzing the combined effects of natural ventilation air flow and long wave radiation from surrounding surfaces and occupants.

Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 17 (INTERMEDIATE) Benchmarking and Improving Commercial Building Energy Performance Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap

Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, 07.06 Building Energy Performance

Chair: Neil P. Leslie, P.E., Member, Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL States and cities across the Unites States are enacting legislation that requires benchmarking, rating, and reporting the energy performance of existing commercial buildings. This seminar describes the Energy STAR Portfolio Manager rating method included in recent legislation, provides specific examples of rating and reporting requirements, and offers strategies for building owners and designers to improve measured energy performance over the lifetime of the building. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the underlying metric for measuring building energy performance for benchmarking and rating purposes. 2. Understand the linkage between the energy performance rating method and measured building performance. 3. Examine current energy and water benchmarking polices that have been enacted by states and cities during the past five years. 4. Characterize the impact of benchmarking, rating, and reporting policies based on recent benchmarking results. 5. Illustrate key owners’ decisions that are most influential in reducing the 100-year energy use of a new building. 6. Distinguish among owner’s decisions that most commonly either impede or catalyze the process of integrated design. 1. Application of Energy STAR Portfolio Manager in State and Local Building Benchmarking and Disclosure Policies Leslie Cook, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, DC Local and state governments across the country are incorporating the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager methodology into mandatory benchmarking and public disclosure policies. Portfolio Manager is an interactive energy management tool that allows building owners to track and assess energy and water consumption within a local market or across entire portfolios of buildings. This presentation discusses the standardized energy, water, environmental, and financial performance metrics available through Portfolio Manager that provide information needed to set investment priorities, identify under-performing buildings, verify efficiency improvements, and rate the building's performance.

2. National Policy Landscape: Benchmarking and Disclosure in U.S. Cities Jessica Lawrence, Institute for Market Transformation, Washington, DC, DC This presentation examines the current energy and water benchmarking and reporting polices that have been enacted across the country. The reasons why cities are beginning to focus policy efforts on existing buildings, as well as the different types of policies will be discussed. The expected impacts of benchmarking policies will be presented by way of analysis of recent benchmarking and rating results in New York City.

3. A Building Owner's Secret Guide to Beating Energy Targets Lew Harriman III, Fellow ASHRAE, Mason Grant, Portsmouth, NH Buildings and their mechanical/electrical/plumbing systems are designed by architects and engineers. But really, it’s the owner or developer that determines how much energy a new building will use over its 100-year lifetime through the decisions made before outside professionals have even been hired. This presentation provides useful tips and traps for owners as they decide—long before schematic design—what will and will not be included in the Owner’s Program Requirements (OPR) that guide the decisions and the creativity of architects and engineers.

Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 18 (INTERMEDIATE) Developments in Simulation Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 17 Sponsor: TG1 Optimization, Education and Publishing, TG1 Optimization

Chair: Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD This session offers a select group of recently published papers from the ASHRAE HVAC&R Research Journal regarding new developments in simulation technology to include predictive pre-cooling, dynamic modeling for vapor compression and particle swarm optimization. Learning Objectives: 1. Cover a review recent developments in dynamic modeling of vapor compression systems and be able to describe standard methods for modeling two-phase flow heat exchanger dynamics

2. Be able to describe common modeling challenges, and potential solutions. 3. Identify mathematical optimization problems in the design and operation of HVAC systems and understand the basic idea of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. 4. Describe the PSO method in the design of piping systems and explain the application of the PSO method to other HVAC problems. 5. Understand the concept of "low-lift cooling" and the role of model-predictive control in low-lift cooling. 6. Understand the potential of data-driven modeling in control optimization. 1. Dynamic Modeling for Vapor Compression Systems: Literature Review and Simulation Tutorial Bryan Rassmussen, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Bhaskar Shenoy1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX This is an introduction to dynamic modeling for vapor compression systems including literature review. Physics and data based approaches and examples of physics-based models for each component with a discussion on common assumptions and model variations are included. Two-phase heat exchangers for both moving boundary and finite control volume approaches are given, and their advantages and limitations. Modeling challenges such as initialization, validation, and numerical simulation are addressed and results are utilized to compare modeling paradigms and illustrate key issues. This presentation provides a general tutorial on constructing dynamic simulations of vapor compression systems, outlining potential challenges and possible solutions.

2. Designing HVAC Systems Using Particle Swarm Ramiro Bravo, Ph.D., Member1 and Forrest Wendell Flocker, Ph.D.1, (1)University of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX Many design and operating goals in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are optimization problems. For example, building operators want to determine the combination of equipment and set points that obtain the most energy efficient operating conditions. In this presentation we introduce particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique of design and operation of HVAC systems. The PSO algorithm is well suited to HVAC problems because it does not require continuous or well behaved mathematical functions and it is remarkably simple to implement. This presentation illustrates the PSO algorithm by applying it to the design of an HVAC piping system.

3. Predictive Cooling of Thermo-Active Building Systems with Low-Lift Chillers Dr. Nicholas T. Gayeski, Ph.D.1, Peter Armstrong, Ph.D., Member2 and Leslie Norford, Ph.D., Member3, (1)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Watertown, MA, (2)Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, (3)Massachusetts Institution of Technology, Cambridge, MA This presentation looks at the development and experimental validation of a data-driven model predictive control algorithm to optimize the operation of a lowlift variable speed chiller pre-cooling a thermo-active building system (TABS). The predictive control algorithm incorporates a model of temperature and loaddependent chiller performance extending to low-pressure ratios and a zone temperature response model that accounts for the transient thermal response of the TABS. Generalized pattern search is utilized to minimize predicted energy consumption over a 24 hour period by modulating chiller output and pre-cooling the TABS. Results from testing in an experimental test chamber are presented.

Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 19 (INTERMEDIATE) The New ASHRAE District Heating and District Cooling Design Guides, Part I (1267-RP) Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 06.02 District Energy, 06.09 Thermal Storage

Chair: Blake Ellis, P.E., Member, Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, MO This is part one of a two part seminar on the New ASHRAE District Heating and District Cooling Design Guides that were developed through ASHRAE Research Project 1267. Part I will provide an overview of the project and then discuss planning for district systems, consumer interconnections to these systems, and the design of the thermal distribution systems that connect the central plant to the consumers. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the origin and scope of the research project that resulted in the District Heating and District Cooling Design guides. 2. Understand the master planning pyramid and the importance of the data that forms its base. 3. Appreciate the roles of the various players in the master planning process.

4. Recognize the importance of achieving high delta T in both district cooling and district heating building interconnection and understand the steps necessary to do so. 5. Be able to differentiate between an indirect and direct connection and delineate the advantages of each. 6. Understand the various types of systems that can be used to distribute thermal energy and appreciate the attributes of each. 1. Overview of the New ASHRAE Design Guides for District Heating and Cooling Gary Phetteplace, Ph.D., P.E., Member, GWA Research LLC, Lyme, NH This presentation begins by providing a brief history of how this project came about. The overall scope of the project and the basic outlines of each of the design guides will then be presented.

2. Planning: Key to a Sustainable, Energy Efficient, DHC System Donald Bahnfleth, P.E., Presidential Member, Bahnfleth Group Advisors, LLC, Cincinnati, OH For buildings, the cost of utility services and utility infrastructure is significant and can exceed the initial cost over the building's lifetime. Planning has the potential to reduce both the initial and future costs. The objective of planning is to guide decision making so cost savings in providing utilities over the life expectancy of the building(s)/campus/system are realized. The need for planning is significant for capital intensive district heating and cooling systems, and the current rate of growth of these systems has made system planning a topic of much current interest. This presentation discusses the planning process and a resulting master plan.

3. Highlights of the New ASHRAE District Heating and District Cooling Design Guides for Building Interconnections Steve Tredinnick, P.E., Member, Syska Hennessy Group, Madison, WI The Building Interconnection chapters from the new ASHRAE District Cooling Design Guide and District Heating Design Guide is reviewed. The seminar includes an overview of direct and indirect configurations as applied to District Cooling (DC) and District Heating (DH) building connections as well as some guidance on selecting major components.

4. Distribution Systems for District Heating and Cooling Vernon Meyer, P.E., Member, Heat Distribution Solutions, Omaha, NE This presentation provides an overview of the material on distribution systems contained in the new ASHRAE District Heating and District Cooling Design Guides. The various types of systems are covered as will manholes and their attributes, requirements, and common problems. The basic design premises for buried systems are outlined as will the difficulty in fully meeting the design requirements while achieving both an economic system design and a long service life. Mistakes frequently made in distribution system design will be covered, as will their consequences.

Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 20 (INTERMEDIATE) UVC: Radiating into the Future Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom A Sponsor: 02.09 Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment, Yes, 09.06 Healthcare Facilities

Chair: Sam Guzman, Member, American Ultraviolet Company, Schooleys Mountain, NJ This seminar will cover the use and application of UVC energy for the next generation of new construction and retrofit applications. The presenters discuss UVC for surface and air disinfection, its use in healthcare facilities for controlling the spread of infection, and its use in commercial buildings for energy savings and improved IAQ. The three sections present infection prevention in healthcare settings, low energy IAQ solutions, and the degradation of materials exposed to the UVC energy. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the importance, typical application, and requirements of UVC in a healthcare setting. 2. Provide examples of UVC surface disinfection applications (i.e. coil, drainpan, etc.) in healthcare and commercial building settings. 3. Provide examples of UVC air disinfection applications in a healthcare and commercial building setting. 4. Explain how using UVC in an HVAC unit can save the building owner on energy costs. 5. Describe how using UVC in an HVAC unit can improve IAQ of spaces supplied by central air conditional systems. 6. Apply the knowledge gained to the design and application of UVC energy for both surface and air disinfection.

2. Degradation of Materials When Exposed to UVC Energy Robert E. Kauffman, Ph.D., University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH When applying UVC energy consideration must be given to the degradation of the materials that will be exposed. This session discusses the effects of UV energy on various materials commonly found in an HVAC unit and healthcare setting. This session discusses the findings of ASHRAE RP 1509.

3. The Use of UVC in Patient Rooms David Witham, Member, UVDI, Valencia, CA This session discusses the growing application of UVC in patient rooms and operating rooms due to the emergence of drug resistant microorganisms. Topics discussed include the types of equipment used, different reasons to use UVC, the effectiveness and safety concerns.

Tuesday, June 25, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 21 (INTERMEDIATE) Water Side Economizers, a.k.a. Free Cooling Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 08.02 Centrifugal Machines

Chair: Fred Betz, P.E., Member, PEDCO E&A Services, Cincinnati, OH This program presents design and operation considerations for Water Side Economizers that can provide chilled water when outdoor air temperature is low. This has frequently been referred to as "free cooling". Integrated and non-integrated economizers are defined and the differences and advantages presented. Cooling tower freeze protection and defrost control during sub-freezing weather and the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 for water side economizers relative to integrated economizers will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Recognize the difference schematically between an integrated and non-integrated waterside economizer and know the advantages and disadvantages of each type. 2. Identify what the chiller capability need is for different condenser water temperature and minimum lift requirements 3. Know how to configure and control chillers to prevent trips due to cold condenser water temperature in integrated economizer mode. 4. Understand the economizer requirements of ASHRAE Standard 90.1. 5. Model the energy impact of a waterside economizer within the context of overall plant annual energy consumption. 6. Know the best control sequences for transitioning between and operating within the three modes of operation: chiller only; economizer only; and chiller and economizer. 1. Integrated Water Side Economizer Jeff Stein, P.E., Member, Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CA This presentation compares integrated and non-integrated economizers. It covers design considerations for integrated economizers such as piping configurations and chilled water coil selections. It discusses how to ensure that chillers are not adversely affected by cold condenser water in integrated economizer mode. It provides control sequences for how to transition between, and operate within, the three modes of operation: economizer only, chiller + economizer, and chiller only.

2. Chiller Technology Application with Water Side Economizer Charlie Putz, Carrier Corporation, Greer, SC How does a chiller respond to a water side economizer? Methods vary from non-integrated to integrated economizer systems. This discussion and review is about the needs of the mechanical chiller unit for start-up, running, and transition into and out of economizer cycles. These chiller unit needs are affected by compression, lift needs, speed, refrigeration devices, and the changeover point ultimately affecting the system operational savings.

3. Water Side Economizer Design and Modeling Susanna Hanson, P.E., Member, Trane, LaCrosse, WI This speaker presents methods of modeling the impact of water side economizers on the overall chiller plant annual energy consumption. Design and control considerations for deciding when to initiate and when to terminate water economizing will be covered and the impact of cooling tower freeze protection

measures on the economizer operation are also discussed. The requirements in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 for using water side economizers are covered in this presentation.

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 16 (INTERMEDIATE) Understanding the IPD Process Track: Integrated Project Delivery Room: Plaza Ballroom F Chair: Ann Gregg, Student Member, PKMR Engineers, Overland Park, KS Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) can be an advantageous process to engage all team members to help achieve sustainability goals. This session explores the various methods and tools to ensure a successful IPD project. A case study in Qatar and Reno, Nevada note the implementation process and lessons learned to meet sustainability measures and Passivhaus certification. Learning Objectives: 1. Define Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Integrated Design (ID) and describe the similarities and differences. 2. List the primary resources available for Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Integrated Design (ID). 3. Provide a description of the Passivhaus concept as used in residential construction. 4. Describe the concept of disaggregation of electrical and water distribution systems in a residential application. 1. The Many Faces of IPD/ID: A Case Study (DE-13-C056) Don Saal, P.E., Associate Member1, Thomas A. Fisher2 and Dana Villeneuve1, (1)Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO, (2)Parsons, Washington, DC When asked about Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) or Integrated Design (ID), many in the building design industry respond "we’ve always done it"; but, when asked to explain the process, they reply in myriad ways. The range of answers is no surprise, given that leading industry associations have each produced a handbook, guide, or standard about the IPD or ID process. Some projects may not implement even basic IPD/ID methods, leaving it to project leaders to customize the best approach. And, it’s obvious that not all projects or design teams are the same, so which process is appropriate? The first IPD/ID best practice is to identify a specific IPD/ID process to follow, one that captures the critical benefits of any given IPD/ ID model and deals with the ancillary pieces accordingly. This paper identifies evolving methods, guidelines, and tools that define how project teams can reengineer the design process at a more holistic and effective level. It presents the similarities and differences between methods so that owners and design teams can identify the best approach for their project. It provides insight into the differences between the two terms themselves and how one of the most well-defined ID standards was used for the United States Department of Labor’s (DOL) Sierra Nevada Job Corps Center Cafeteria project near Reno, NV.

2. Integrated Project and Metering Design for the First Passivhaus in Qatar (DE-13-C057) John Bryant, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Alex Amato, Ph.D.2, Simon Law3 and Ahmad Al Abdulla4, (1)Texas A&M University at Qatar, Dohar, Qatar, (2)Qatar Green Building Council, Doha, Qatar, (3)AECOM, United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom, (4)Barwa Real Estate, Doha, Qatar Barwa Real Estate is constructing the first Passivhaus to be built in the state of Qatar. Barwa is one of the major property developers in Qatar and is involved in many types of projects both within and outside of Qatar. In an effort to redefine the “standard Qatar villa” into a more sustainable model, they worked with the Passivhaus Institute guidelines to design, build, and operate a 200 m2 (2,000 ft2) Passivhaus Villa. A similar villa is being constructed directly adjacent to the Passivhaus with a more “business as usual” method of construction and operation. The second villa acts as a reference for the energy/water performance of the Passivhaus. Energy and water demand/consumption, together with comfort conditions (temperature, relative humidity and air movement) within each house will continuously be metered/monitored for two years during which both houses will be inhabited by a three or four person family. The core Passivhaus principles of super insulated envelope and minimization of air infiltration were applied during the design and construction phases of the project.

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 22 (INTERMEDIATE) Energy Efficiency Financing Track: Renewable & Alternative Energy Sources

Room: Plaza Ballroom A Chair: James Fields, Member, Superior Mechanical Services, Inc, Greensboro, NC So you have a great energy efficiency project designed and ready to go, but if your client cannot finance the project, you're dead in the water. In the first part of this seminar you can learn how owners can finance their projects with no upfront cost at all. Then, learn what makes a project an attractive investment to the appraisers and bank executives likely to approve private financing. This seminar informs our members of PACE (Property Assessed Clean Energy Programs). It also looks at energy efficiency investment risk as viewed by loan approval executives as it relates to the seven primary real estate asset classes. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain what's holding up energy efficiency investments today. 2. Compare the various influences that impact energy efficiency investments. 3. Define the approach owners use in assessing investment risk in energy efficiency project. 4. Define aspects for the appraisal process for building energy efficiency projects. 5. Distinguish the seven different types of primary real estate asset classes and how they view energy efficiency projects. 6. Explain property assessed clean energy programs, how they work and how to use them to finance energy efficiency projects. 1. PACE Property Assessed Clean Energy Ben Taube, Ygrene Energy Fund, Atlanta, GA Ygrene Energy Fund is working hard to remove all obstacles to owner acceptance for renewable and energy efficiency projects. It is trying to eliminate owners' sticker shock for renewables by working with PACE Programs allowing solar projects to proceed with little or no up front capital investment. This is a game changing proposition and ASHRAE members should understand the power this program has and how they can use it.

2. Innovations in Energy Efficiency Financing Scott Muldavin, Senior Advisor - Rocky Mountain Institute; Executive Director - Green Building Finance Consortium, San Rafael, CA

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 23 (INTERMEDIATE) Laboratory Retrofits Case Studies: Optimizing Energy Usage Through Commissioning and Comparison of Modelled Energy Usage Using M&V Data. Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 09.10 Laboratory Systems

Chair: Peter B. Gardner, P.E., Member, Torcon, Inc., Red Bank, NJ This seminar presents lessons learned from the application of calibrated simulation models and post construction M&V for energy conserving retrofits of a half dozen laboratory buildings at Stanford University and McGill University. The calibrated models were used to predict energy performance from the retrofits and to calculate the return on investment for the university. The M&V was used to establish the rebates and confirm that the savings were realized. One of these projects earned an ASHRAE Technology Award. Learning Objectives: 1. Learn techniques to predict energy performance from variable air volume and control retrofits for laboratory buildings. 2. Learn how to calibrate simulation models for existing Laboratory buildings. 3. Learn some of the M&V techniques used to validate energy and demand savings. 4. Learn how to optimize laboratory energy usage using M&V data. 5. Learn how to integrate the commissioning process into laboratory retrofits. 6. Learn about appropriate modelling assumptions to make during the design phase of a laboratory renovation project. 1. Application of Calibrated Models and M&V Verification for VAV and Control Retrofits for Laboratory Buildings Mark Hydeman, P.E., Fellow , Taylor Engineering, LLC, Alameda, CA

This seminar presents lessons learned from the application of calibrated simulation models and post construction M&V for energy conserving retrofits of a half dozen laboratory buildings at Stanford University. The calibrated models were used to predict energy performance from the retrofits and to calculate the return on investment for the University. The M&V was used to establish the rebates and confirm that the savings were realized. One of these projects was Earned an ASHRAE Technology Award.

2. Energy Modeling of University Lab: Performance Before Retrofitting Permit its Optimisation Through Measurement and Verification Roland Charneux, Fellow ASHRAE, Pageau Morel et associés inc., Montreal, QC, Canada This presenation discusses the McGill University Otto Maass Pavilion retrofit, which is a 125,000 sq-ft, built in 1964, recently renovated. The interesting point is that the building was retrofitted while staying in operation.

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 24 (INTERMEDIATE) Mile-High Evaporative Cooling: Effective, Efficient, Economical Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Governors Square 14 Sponsor: 05.07 Evaporative Cooling

Chair: Leon Shapiro, J.D., Member, Green Building Group, Oak Park, CA There are a number of factors which can influence the design engineer and owner/operator to utilize evaporative cooling, including climate, water quality, and type of application. This program provides: (1) useful information from research to assist in minimizing water quality issues and usage; and (2) case studies on how the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has effectively utilized evaporative cooling in many of its facilities, and will review its strategies and criteria used to determine the best evaporative technologies for specific applications. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand how evaporative cooling can be applied to different building types. 2. Describe different types of evaporative cooling. 3. Identify applications where evaporative cooling can totally replace mechanical cooling. 4. Explain why calcium and magnesium behave differently in the production of scale in evaporative cooling equipment. 5. Describe how proper maintenance of scale production can actually reduce water consumption. 6. Provide estimates of water use savings for different supply water characteristics. 1. Evaporative Cooling Applications at the National Renewable Energy Laboratories: Strategies to Meet High Performance Energy Use Goals Otto D. Van Geet, P.E., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO NREL has used evaporative cooling in its buildings since being founded in the 1970s. NREL has a range of facilities that use evaporative cooling to reduce chilled water use, preserve central plant spare capacity, and support the high performance energy use goals for our facilities. This presentation reviews strategies and applications to maximize the benefits of evaporative cooling, from direct evaporative pads in outdoor air handlers, direct evaporative cooling for the datacenter, direct/indirect air handlers for the cafeteria and office building, cooling tower evaporative cooling for the air cooled and water cooled supercomputer and labs, and indirect evaporative package units.

2. Reducing Maintenance-Water Consumption in Evaporative Cooling Equipment Mark Modera, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Western Cooling Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA In addition to the water used for evaporation in evaporative cooling equipment, roughly 50% more water is used to manage the potential accumulation of scale within the equipment. Recent research at the Western Cooling Efficiency Center has suggested that the methodologies currently employed by manufacturers consume more water than is necessary for scale-maintenance purposes. In particular, this research suggests that dissolved calcium and magnesium do not behave in the same manner, and that higher maintenance-water use can actually increase the deposition of calcium. This presentation discusses these results, and an aqueous chemistry model that predicts performance under different supply-water conditions.

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM

SEMINAR 25 (INTERMEDIATE) New Developments in HVAC Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 17 Sponsor: Publications and Education

Chair: Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD This session offers a select group of recently published papers from ASHRAE's HVAC&R Research Journal regarding new developments in HVAC technology to include experimental and theoretical investigations and individual and ambient ventilation systems. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand user behavior in using personalized ventilation systems. 2. Understand the factors affecting user acceptance of personalized ventilation systems. 3. Learn how an Advanced Infiltration Model was used to predict residential infiltration rates with greater accuracy than existing models. 4. Learn why existing ‘W-factors’, used for infiltration calculations in ASHRAE standards, will be updated as a result of this work. 5. Understand why 0.4 is a better height exponent than 0.3 when accounting for house height in infiltration calculations 6. Learn how infiltration rates vary across North America, depending on climate and weather. 1. Individual Control of a Personalized Ventilation System Integrated with an Ambient Mixing Ventilation System Yixing Chen, Ph.D., Student Member1, Benny Raphael2 and Chandra Sekhar, Ph.D.2, (1)Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, (2)National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore A set of experiments were conducted in a hot and humid climate to evaluate subjects’ behavior in operating an individually controlled personalized ventilation (PV) system. The system was equipped with individual control of air flow rate. The effect of the control system on thermal comfort and the responses of subjects were studied. The results showed that more than 90% of subjects felt the thermal environment was acceptable, irrespective of the ambient temperature and PV air temperature. Subjects’ preferred airflow rates showed a large variation from 0 to 16 L/s/person which supports the case for individual control.

2. Infiltration As Ventilation: Weather-Induced Dilution Will Turner, Ph.D.1, Max Sherman, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE 1 and Iain Walker, Ph.D., Member1, (1)Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA In most existing homes, weather-driven infiltration provides the dominant fraction of ventilation. It is critically important to evaluate correctly the contribution infiltration makes to ventilation, so that buildings are not over- or under-ventilated. This paper calculates the impact of weather-driven infiltration for different climates. A new “N-factor” is introduced to provide a convenient method for calculating the ventilation contribution of infiltration for over 1,000 locations across North America. The results of this work could be used in IAQ standards (specifically ASHRAE 62.2) to account for the contribution of weather-driven infiltration towards the dilution of indoor pollutants.

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 26 (INTERMEDIATE) Analysis of Chemical and Physical Effects of Ultraviolet Bulbs on Cooking Emissions Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Governors Square 15 Sponsor: 02.09 Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment, Yes, 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation

Chair: Sam Guzman, Member, American Ultraviolet Company, Schooleys Mountain, NJ There is a growing recognition of the risks to health, fire hazard, and air quality from cooking emissions. Recent research has identified what is emitted when foods are cooked. Some of the emitted mass is captured in the exhaust system. The balance is expelled into the atmosphere. This session evaluates the purported benefit of adding better filtration and ultraviolet(UVC) bulbs in kitchen hoods.

Learning Objectives: 1. Provide an overview of UV technology and applications (i.e. the big picture) 2. Describe the basics of Commercial Kitchen Ventilation (CKV) systems. 3. Understand the challenges of CKV grease emissions. 4. Describe UV's remediation mechanisms. 5. Describe and distinguish applications for UV technology. 6. Provide an overview of the research discussed and it's implications in real-world commercial cooking applications. 1. Analysis of Chemical and Physical Effects of Ultraviolet Bulbs on Cooking Emissions Tim Farrell, Independent Researcher, St. Paul, MN There is a growing recognition of the risks to health, fire hazard, and air quality from cooking emissions. Recent research has identified what is emitted when foods are cooked. Some of the emitted mass is captured in the exhaust system. The balance is expelled into the atmosphere. This session evaluates the purported benefit of adding better filtration and ultraviolet (UVC) bulbs in kitchen hoods. Laboratory test results and real life results have not shown full correlation.

2. UVC for Kitchen Ventilation Systems: How and Why It Works Benoit Despatis, Sanuvox Corporation, St-Laurent, QC, Canada The use of UVC for kitchen exhaust hoods is currently an emerging market. The purpose of this session is to discuss the proper application of the technology and the mechanics of why UVC / ozone systems work to keep the duct clean and reduce the harmful emmisions. It explores why some installations are sucessful and why others are not. The presentaion includes anecdotal evidence of sucessful installations as well as information for the contractor on the proper selection of equipment.

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 27 (INTERMEDIATE) The New ASHRAE District Heating and District Cooling Design Guides, Part 2 (1267-RP) Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 06.02 District Energy, 06.09 Thermal Storage

Chair: Lucas B. Hyman, P.E., Member, Goss Engineering, Inc., Corona, CA This seminar focuses first on thermal design of buried heating and cooling distribution systems and then moves on to provide an overview of thermal storage systems, with separate presentations for district cooling and district heating thermal storage design. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the three thermal design conditions for district heating and cooling distribution systems. 2. Appreciate the impact that burial depth and soil conditions can have both on heat loss/gain and system component operating temperatures. 3. Be able to explain the difference between cooling storage system that use latent versus sensible storage and the most common applications of each. 4. Understand the drivers and benefits of thermal storage in district cooling system. 5. Recognize the benefits of thermal storage for cogeneration based district heating with both back-pressure and extraction steam cycles. 6. Understand the difference between thermal storage systems that are directly connected to the distribution network and those with separate pressurization and the reasons why each are used. 1. Thermal Design of Buried District Heating and Cooling Distribution Systems Gary Phetteplace, Ph.D., P.E., Member, GWA Research LLC, Lyme, NH This presentation will highlights the thermal design procedures for buried district heating and cooling distribution systems. Topics covered include the basis for thermal design, heat loss/gain calculations, thermal impacts within system materials, economic thickness of pipe insulation thickness, and thermal impacts on adjacent structures/utilities.

2. Highlights of the Chapter on Thermal Storage from ASHRAE's New District Cooling Design Guide

John S. Andrepont, Life Member, The Cool Solutions Company, Lisle, IL The Thermal Storage chapter from the new ASHRAE District Cooling Design Guide is reviewed. This includes: an overview of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) as applied to District Cooling (DC); TES technology types and comparisons; drivers for, and benefits from, employing TES in DC; TES system integration issues; sizing and operation of TES; and the economics of TES in DC, including an actual case study.

3. Highlights of the Chapter on Thermal Storage in the New ASHRAE District Heating Design Guide Pernille Overbye, Rambøll, København S, Denmark District Heating combined with thermal storage is a precondition for efficient and environmental friendly use of all renewable energy sources for heating, such as biomass, geothermal heating, solar heating, fluctuating wind energy, and surplus thermal energy from power plants and industries. The decision as to whether or not it is feasible to install hot water storage in a district heating system is mainly down to an economic assessment. The presentation provides an overview of the subject chapter focusing on the benefits and critical design issues.

Tuesday, June 25, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM FORUM 2 (INTERMEDIATE) Should the VRP Be Held Up to the Same Performance/Monitoring Criteria as the IAQP? Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 16 Sponsor: 02.03 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment, TRG4IAQP, 02.04 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment

Chair: Charlene Bayer, Ph.D., Member, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA and Hygieia Sciences LLC, Atlanta, GA Standard 62.1 VRP is a prescriptive standard and the IAQP a performance standard. The assumption in 62.1 is that if the VRP is correctly applied with the prescribed ventilation rates then acceptable IAQ will be achieved. Applying the IAQP requires specification of the CoCs and proof of their control. USGBC has released the IAQ-Performance Pilot Credit recognizing that both the VRP and the IAQP should demonstrate effectiveness. Should both the VRP and IAQP be performance-based and be verified? How should performance verification be done, and to what criteria? What remediation should be pursued if performance verification fails?

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 7 (INTERMEDIATE) A Decreasing Pattern of Ventilation Design Rates Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 17 Chair: Samir Traboulsi, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Thermotrade/Ranec, Beirut, Lebanon Cost of energy to provide adequate indoor air quality is inversely proportional to the upgrade of the ventilation rates. Standard ASHRAE 62.1 had targeted over the years towards the reduction pattern of the rates. Hence technology will support the developing of control and hardware systems to keep up the lower rates but with less energy consumption burden. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe how measurements of CO2 concentrations can be used to estimate ventilation rates in large retail stores. 2. Describe the magnitude of pollutant concentrations in large retail stores. 3. Investigate the utilization of low grade waste heat using a new cogeneration cycle for simultaneous production of heating and triple effect refrigeration. 4. Learn how the proposed cogeneration cycle combines the low grade heat driven vapor absorption and ejector system for refrigeration and high grade energy driven cascaded system. 1. Investigation of Appropriate Ventilation Rates for Retail Stores (DE-13-024)

David T. Grimsrud, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE 1, Barry B. Bridges, P.E., Member2, Tony Springman3, Neil Carlson1 and Scott Williams4, (1)University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, (2)Sebesta Blomberg, Roseville, MN, (3)Building Efficiency Services, Minneapolis, MN, (4)Target Corp., Minneapolis, MN This study is an investigation of air quality and ventilation rates in three retail stores owned and operated by the same corporation that are located in three different climate regions of the United States. The study was designed to use the IAQ Procedure (Section 6.3) of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 to determine ventilation rates required to maintain concentrations of indoor pollutants below recognized concentration limits for customers and staff in the stores. The stores chosen for the study represent three standard designs currently used by a major US retail owner. The results suggest that the stores can be ventilated at rates significantly less than the rates called for in the ASHRAE Ventilation Rate Procedure (Section 6.2) while maintaining acceptable indoor air quality. The IAQ Procedure is not often used in the design of new buildings. These results suggest an important future application for this design method, namely, the design of similar buildings owned and maintained by a common owner.

3. Optimized Control of Automatic Windows for Energy Savings and Occupant Comfort (RP-1597) (DE-13-025) Ryan A. Tanner, Student Member1, Gregor Henze, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Shanti D. Pless, Member2, (1)University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, (2)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO In the context of optimizing controls for high performance buildings to achieve energy savings while maintaining or improving occupant comfort, this study is aimed at finding incremental improvements in the existing control logic for an existing building. Through the use of parametric studies with a building energy simulation model that incorporates a stochastic model of occupant window use and automatic window control logic commensurate with the physical building, the performance of different natural ventilation control strategies is evaluated. Due to the inclusion of stochastic occupant behavior in the building model, results of simulations are presented as a distribution of potential outcomes, rather than a scalar value, however the average of these distributions is used for simpler comparison between control strategies. The results show that annual HVAC electricity consumption can be reduced by 3% to 15%, depending upon the controls changes implemented.

4. Energy and Exergy Analyses of a New Waste Heat Driven Cogeneration Cycle for Simultaneous Cooling and Heating Applications (DE-13-026) Rajesh Kumar1, Abdul Khaliq2 and P.B. Sharma1, (1)Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India, (2)IITT College of Engineering, Nawanshahar, India This study investigates the utilization of low grade waste heat using a new cogeneration cycle for simultaneous production of heating and triple effect refrigeration. The proposed cogeneration cycle combines the low grade heat driven vapor absorption and ejector system for refrigeration and high grade energy driven cascaded system for producing heating and refrigeration. The LiBr-H2O absorption system is employed to ejector which uses R141b for cooling and the cascaded system which uses CO2 and N2O as a working fluid for cooling and heating. Combined first and second law approach is applied and a thermodynamic analysis is performed to investigate the effects of industrial waste heat temperature, refrigerant turbine inlet pressure, ejector evaporator temperature and compressor pressure ratio of cascaded cycle on energy and exergy efficiency of waste heat driven cogeneration cycle. A maximum thermal efficiency of 32% and exergy efficiency of 10% are obtained at waste heat temperature of 1600C. A narrow range of 9.75% to 10.8% exergy efficiency and a wide range of 26.4% to 58% energy efficiency were achieved between the turbine inlet pressure of 0.9MPa to 1.7 MPa. A close range of variation of both energy and exergy efficiency of (28.17% to 24%) and (10% to 9.37%) respectively were obtained between the ejector temperature of (-10C to -90C). Comprehensive second law analysis indicates that 87% of waste heat exergy is destroyed due to various irreversible processes of the cycle, around 10% is available as heating and refrigeration output, and 3% is lost via exhaust.

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 17 (INTERMEDIATE) Modeling and Performance of Advanced Heat Exchanger Designs Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 16 Chair: Henry A. Becker, Member, H-O-H Water Technology, Inc, Palatine, IL This session presents information detailing new and improved modeling techniques for enhanced heat exchange surfaces and innovative heat exchanger design. A study is also presented detailing heat transfer optimization for a falling-film evaporator. This work addresses theoretical and practical considerations for better implementation of various types of heat exchange equipment. Learning Objectives: 1. List the issues with current energy simulation of fan speed control and economizers for unitary air conditioners with direct expansion cooling.

2. Describe the general procedure that can be applied in EnergyPlus to provide improved energy simulation of fan speed control and economizers for unitary air conditioners with direct expansion cooling. 3. Describe the design features of the chevron PHE with pertinent geometric parameters and interpret the cause for the creation of two distinct flow regimes that enhance convection in the same. 4. Understand the influence of geometry of the PHE in determining the flow and heat transfer behaviors and their scaling in terms of geometric parameters, Reynolds numbers, and Prandtl numbers, and introduce design correlations. 5. Learn about the principle of line source or ring source method, which are widely used in solving ground heat exchangers related problem. 6. Understand how to calculate fluid temperature in the tube while knowing the tube mean wall temperature of the ground heat exchanger. 7. Explain how solution subcooling and wall superheat values affect the portions of both sensible and evaporative heat transfer in the falling-film heat exchanger 8. Apply knowledge gained from this investigation to the design of a falling-film evaporator for a specific objective (i.e. maximum evaporation or maximum total heat transfer) 1. Improving Simulation of Outside Air Economizer and Fan Control for Unitary Air Conditioners (DE-13-C058) Reid Hart, P.E., Member1, Rahul Athalye, Associate Member1 and Weimin Wang, Ph.D.1, (1)PNNL, Richland, WA Outside air economizers and fan control comprise a significant energy saving strategy. These strategies can be applied to unitary air conditioners or rooftop units (RTU) that serve more than 40% of commercial floor area. The leading energy simulation programs do not accurately model economizer operation and fan control in RTUs. Typically, they treat economizer benefits for RTUs with direct expansion coils the same as for hydronic coils that have modulating output. Current modeling software simulates only one economizer mode during each time step, when in fact RTUs have two modes during integrated economizer cooling: (1) a mode with direct expansion cooling combined with economizer operation, and (2) a mode with only economizer operation. Singlestage direct expansion coils require that economizer integration be reduced in some conditions to avoid comfort problems or coil freezing. The needed reduction reduces the economizer benefit below what is simulated. The paper presents a method to adapt the building simulation program EnergyPlus™ to more accurately simulate outside air economizer operation with single- and two-stage direct expansion cooling.

2. Characterization and Prediction of Swirl-Induced Enhanced Heat Transfer in Sinusoidal-Corrugated Plate-Fins (DE13-C059) 1

Sucharitha Rajendran, Student Member , Deepak S. Kalaikadal, Student Member1 and Raj M. Manglik, Ph.D., Member1, (1)University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH Heat transfer enhancement facilitated by the use of in-phase sinusoidal wavy-plate channels in plate-fin heat exchangers is characterized. These types of corrugated fins, besides providing a high-density compact heat-exchange surface also augment the convective heat transfer coefficient. Their usage in diverse applications, including air-side of evaporator or condenser coils and waste-heat recovery exchangers, among others, facilitates the design of smaller systems that can operate with substantially lower temperature differentials. In this study, single-phase, periodically developed, constant property Newtonian laminar forced convection is considered, with the corrugated-plates subjected to a uniform wall temperature.

3. Development of a Horizontal Slinky Ground Heat Exchanger Model (DE-13-C060) Zeyu Xiong, Student Member1, Edwin S. Lee, Student Member1 and Dan Fisher1, (1)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Spiral ground heat exchangers are a recent addition to the growing list of ground heat exchanger configurations. Although studied for many years as a research topic, the increase in efficiency and reduction in building energy demands has increased the viability of these specialized heat exchangers, especially in cases where limited space is available for burying horizontal heat exchanger tubing. By formulating an accurate simulation model of such heat exchangers, the feasibility in different climates and building configurations can be studied. This paper describes the development of an analytic solution for modeling the thermal response of spiral-coil heat exchangers, based on the ring-source solution. The analytic results are presented in the form of temperature response function. The results are then coupled with an experimentally validated finite difference ground heat transfer model to include the effects of the ground surface boundary condition.

4. Effects of Solution Subcooling and Wall Superheat on Heat Transfer of a Horizontal-Tube, Falling-Film Heat Exchanger (DE-13-C061) Nick Bogan1 and Chanwoo Park, Ph.D.1, (1)University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of subcooling and wall super heat on both sensible and evaporative heat transfer in a fallingfilm evaporator using an inline tube arrangement. Micro-scale copper particles were directly bonded onto the surface of plain copper tubes by sintering to create a uniform porous coating on the tubes. Distilled water was used as both the heating and solution fluids. By varying the solution subcooling and tube wall superheat, it was seen that the portions of sensible and evaporative heat transfers could be controlled. Since the falling-film evaporator is limited by the coupled relationship between flooding of the earlier tubes and dryout of the bottommost tubes, the ability to control this sensible to evaporation heat transfer

ratio is important in system optimization. By varying the solution and heating fluid inlet conditions, it was shown that sensible heat transfer, which is a function of solution Reynolds number, can be promoted for the earlier tubes while evaporation heat transfer, which is a function of solution film thickness, can be promoted for the lower tubes. Since sensible heat transfer is enhanced by higher solution Reynolds number and therefore larger film thickness, flooding of the upper tube rows is no longer detrimental. It was also shown that there exists optimal subcooling and wall superheat values for which the largest systemwide heat duty can be obtained.

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 28 (INTERMEDIATE) The Largest Zero-Energy Building: What is Under the Hood? Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom A Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, 06.01 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems

Chair: Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO The NREL Research Support Facility claims to be the largest zero-energy office building in the world. The seminar dives into the “nuts and bolts” of the building hardware including the mechanical systems (hydronic heating and cooling with dedicated outside air using transpired collectors, a basement labyrinth, and evaporative cooling), lighting systems (daylighting and electrical), envelope (glazing and envelope systems), and design of the plug loads that integrate together to create a building that was constructed at no additional cost yielding a 50% energy savings. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the cost trade-offs to create a low energy building without increasing first cost. 2. Identify how design elements of a building can serve multiple purposes 3. Apply good engineering skills in a goal-based design to achieve maximum energy benefit 4. Describe how to use natural ventilation in a commercial building 5. Explain how a radiant heating and cooling system works 6. Provide owners with strategies for reducing plug loads to help minimize cooling loads 1. Building Program Requirements and Envelope Tom Hootman, RNL Design, Denver, CO This presentation focuses on the architectural aspects of the project that were related to energy performance. This includes the window size and configuration, integration of the daylighting with the façade of the building, the skin of the building that doubles as the ventilation pre-heat, the furniture layout and design, and the insulated pre-cast system exterior walls. The discussion also highlights the cost-trade-offs made to create a narrow 60 foot floor plate without “breaking” the budget.

2. Lighting Systems Jennifer Scheib, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO This presentation focuses on providing a lighting solution to meet a set energy goal using a set of performance criteria. The solution, developed with simulation tools, used energy efficient electric lighting and daylighting to meet the criteria. The lighting controls engage the occupants to help save energy and to respond to the available daylighting. During the day, over 80% of the building can be daylit, requiring minimal electrical lighting. The lighting system was the key to creating the energy efficient RSF.

3. Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Systems David Okada, P.E., Member, Arup, Seattle, WA This presentation focuses on the the heating, cooling, and ventilating systems found in the RSF including hydronic based radiant heating and cooling systems, dedicated outside air systems with pre-heat and pre-cool solutions. The presentation highlights the sizing methods and how the HVAC compliments the architectural design, the daylighting, and the reduced plug loads to create a comfortable building that meets its energy targets.

4. Miscellaneous and Plug Loads Cannot Be Ignored Shanti D. Pless, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO This presentation focuses on how NREL achieved a 50% reduction in plug loads and will describe these strategies. Information Technologies, office loads, and techniques to reduce energy loads in the datacenter are covered. The importance of reducing plug loads for a zero-energy building is also covered.

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 29 (INTERMEDIATE) Applications and Analysis of Passive Chilled Beams Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 05.03 Room Air Distribution

Chair: Christopher S. Lowell, Member, Halton, Scottsville, KY Passive chilled beams are one type of beam that provides sensible cooling by relying on the negative buoyancy of room air that is cooled by the hydronic coils suspended in ceiling fixtures, causing it to descend toward floor level. Passive beams must be coupled with a separate air distribution system that delivers fresh air and maintains humidity control. This seminar presents current understanding and applications of passive chilled beams through performance testing, modeling investigations, and case studies. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand what a passive chilled beam is. 2. Understand the main differences between active and passive beams. 3. Describe how passive beams should be positioned in the space in relation to air distribution devices and heat sources. 4. Understand how CFD can help in determining airflow patterns and resulting thermal comfort of occupants in an occupied space with passive chilled beams. 5. Understand the spatial advantages of a hybrid system featuring passive beams and UFAD. 6. Understand the energy savings of air-water systems in a real life comparison. 1. Application Cases and Design Considerations for Passive Beams Emmanuel Bizien1 and Risto Kosonen, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Halton, Ivry-sur-Seine, France, (2)Oy Halton Group, Helsinki, Finland Passive beams have been used for many years, but very little information of successful application cases or design practices is available. This presentation gives examples of passive beam applications in office spaces. It presents experimental data demonstrating how performance of passive beams can be affected by thermal plumes rising above heat sources in the space. The speaker also talks about basic principles of air distribution design for office spaces equipped with passive beams.

2. Analysis of Location of Passive Chilled Beams on Thermal Comfort of Occupants Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., Member, AnSight LLC, Ann Arbor, MI Passive chilled beams are an attractive option as part of an HVAC system due to their simple and energy efficient operation. The location of passive chilled beams with respect to the location of sensible heat load and supply air diffusers can play an important role in determining the airflow patterns, temperature distribution, and the resulting thermal comfort in the occupied spaces. This presentation, with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses demonstrates the effects of these factors under various scenarios.

3. Passive Beams with Underfloor Air Distribution: An American Tale Fred Betz, P.E., Member, PEDCO E&A Services, Cincinnati, OH This presentation is a case study of a call center building featuring passive chilled beams with underfloor air distribution, which was the winner of ASHRAE’s 2010 Technology Award. The building is one of three similar facilities located in a campus setting in northern Kentucky. The other two buildings are served by all-air VAV systems. The presenter discusses the owner’s reasoning for adopting the hybrid air-water system and documents the building HVAC energy savings and occupant satisfaction with the facility.

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 30 (INTERMEDIATE) Are We There Yet? A Review of the 2010-2018 Research Strategic Plan Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 14

Chair: Michael Vaughn, P.E., Member, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA This session is meant to educate individuals and groups about the 2010-2018 ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan, to update them on current research underway in support of some of the plan’s goals, and to encourage additional research that will help to address goals from the plan still that have not been addressed yet. 1. 2010-2018 ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan (RSP) Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 2. Current Research Underway in Support of 2010-2018 RSP and Goals from Plan Not Yet Addressed Pradeep Bansal, Fellow ASHRAE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 3. A Way Forward: Potential Research Topic Areas for Sustainability and High Performance Buildings T.M. Lawrence, Ph.D., Member, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 31 (INTERMEDIATE) Laboratory Exhaust Fans and Energy Conservation Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 15 Sponsor: 05.01 Fans, 2.06 & 9.10, 05.09 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities

Chair: Asesh Raychaudhuri, P.E., Member, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC Exhaust fans for laboratories have been in use for many years. Some of the criteria in the design and application of these systems and equipment include adequate exhaust, exit velocity, plume height and dilution of the exhaust air. VAV systems for energy efficiency further challenge the control of these fans. Selection and application of these fans with current trends of energy conservation is discussed in this seminar. Learning Objectives: 1. Define and describe an induced draft fan. 2. Describe procedure for proper selection of induced draft fan. 3. Explain cost differential of an induced draft fan compared to a centrifugal fan for the same application. 4. Explain various control techniques. 5. Describe various methods of energy savings in a laboratory exhaust fan. 6. Provide an overview of the selection of fan for laboratory exhaust system. 1. Overview of Laboratory Exhaust Systems Chuck Coward, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Waddell Engineering Co., Moorestown, NJ This is an introduction to the design and performance of induced flow fans. These fans are applied where a high exhaust plume is required but does need some unique considerations. The presentation discusses the performance of this fan, how it operates and some application suggestions.

2. Amca 260: Testing and Performance Rating of Fans for Laboratory Exhaust Systems Andy Bosscher, Member, Twin City Companies, Plymouth, MN In order to enable laboratory system designers and consultants to select the right fan for their application, a standardized method of testing and performance rating was developed for laboratory exhaust fans by AMCA. This is AMCA std 260, where a consistent approach is defined to establish lab exhaust flow, fan efficiency, dilution ratio and plume height. This presentation discusses these elements.

3. Selection and Application of Laboratory Exhaust Fans Ron Wendorski, P.E., Member, Greenheck Fan Corporation, Schofield, WI Proper selection of laboratory exhaust fans is critical to the success of the laboratory exhaust system. There are several types of laboratory exhaust fans available for different laboratory exhaust applications. This presentation discusses proper laboratory fan type selection including bypass air plenums and dampers as well as control options for energy savings.

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM

SEMINAR 32 (ADVANCED) Test Results from the AHRI Low GWP Refrigerants Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 10.06 Transport Refrigeration, MTG.LowGWP, 09.03 Transportation Air Conditioning

Chair: Ken Schultz, Ph.D., Member, Trane Co., LaCrosse, WI The possibility for regulations limiting the use of existing refrigerants because of concerns about climate change has led to a great deal of interest in lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. The HVAC&R industry is working together through AHRI’s Low-GWP Alternate Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) to evaluate lower GWP options and share results. This seminar describes the results of tests on transport systems (refrigeration and air-conditioning) and chillers (R410A and R134a). Learning Objectives: 1. Have knowledge of the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP). 2. List the new lower GWP refrigerants being considered as alternatives to today's refrigerants. 3. Describe the performance of R410A and R22 alternative refrigerants in a small water-cooled chiller. 4. Describe the performance of R134a alternative refrigerants in an R134a screw chiller. 5. Describe the performance of R404A alternative refrigerants in a transport refrigeration system. 6. Describe the performance of R407C and R134a alternative refrigerants in a bus air-conditioning system. 1. Performance of R410A/R22 Alternative Lower GWP Refrigerants in a Small (~5 RT) Water Chiller Ken Schultz, Ph.D., Member, Trane Co., LaCrosse, WI Under the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program, a number of lower GWP alternative refrigerants for R410A and R22 were tested in a small (~5 RT) air-cooled water chiller. The relative performance of the various refrigerants to the baselines is presented, including capacity, efficiency, compressor discharge temperatures, etc. The measured results agree reasonably well with predictions by a simple thermodynamic model. Large discrepancies between measurements and model were observed only for refrigerant blends with large glides.

2. System Drop-In Tests of R404A Alternative Refrigerants in a Trailer Refrigeration Unit Vladimir Sulc, Ph.D.1 and Markéta Kopecká2, (1)Ingersoll Rand / Thermo King, Bloomington, MN, (2)Ingersoll Rand / Thermo King, Prague, Czech Republic Under the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program, three lower GWP alternative refrigerants for R404A were tested in a trailer refrigeration unit. The relative performance of these refrigerants to the baseline are presented, including capacity, efficiency, etc. As expected, the elevated discharge temperatures occurring with alternative refrigerants will need consideration in system design and application.

3. System Drop-In Tests of R407C and R134a Alternative Refrigerants in a Bus Air-Conditioning Unit Vladimir Sulc, Ph.D.1 and Markéta Kopeká2, (1)Ingersoll Rand / Thermo King, Bloomington, MN, (2)Ingersoll Rand / Thermo King, Prague, Czech Republic Under the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program, several lower GWP alternative refrigerants for R407C and R134a were tested in a bus air-conditioning unit. The relative performance of these refrigerants to the baselines is presented, including capacity, efficiency, compressor discharge temperatures, etc.

4. Performance of R134a Alternative Lower GWP Refrigerants in a Water-Cooled Screw Chiller Ken Schultz, Ph.D., Member, Trane Co., LaCrosse, WI Under the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program, a number of lower GWP alternative refrigerants for R134a were tested in a ~115 RT water-cooled water chiller. The relative performance of the various refrigerants to the baseline is presented, including capacity, chiller efficiency, compressor efficiency, etc. The measured results agree reasonably well with predictions by a simple thermodynamic model. The evaporating and condensing heat transfer performance of the alternate refrigerants relative to the baseline is also presented.

Tuesday, June 25, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SPECIAL SESSION 9 (INTERMEDIATE) Panel Discussion: VFD Generated Motor Bearing Currents Got Your Equipment Screaming?

Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 01.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control, 08.01 Positive Displacement Compressors

Chair: Thomas Lowery, Member, Schneider Electric, Denver, CO Even a single motor failure due to VFD-induced bearing currents can cause costly downtime in critical HVAC/R systems. Often before the motors fail, bearing noise is evident causing users to question the technology advancements in variable speed driven HVAC fans and pumps. Depending on the air handler, cooling tower or pump motor’s location, failures and subsequent removal/replacement can be a very difficult and expensive maintenance problem. This session presents system designs that can mitigate the potential problem from the onset; field measurement techniques to detect if the motor bearings are doomed to fail; and mitigation devices that can be installed to eliminate potential bearing currents from developing in the motor. The session also includes an extensive panel discussion where our four expert speakers answer audience questions about VFD induced motor bearing currents. Learning Objectives: 1. Define proper installation guidelines for VFD driven motors in VAV systems to avoid potential for motor failures due to bearing currents. 2. Motor failures due to VFD induces bearing currents are costly to building owners and result in equipment downtime. If the application is critical to air or fluid handling systems, this can be a very serious situation requiring building maintenance to stock spare motors for quick replacement. 3. VFD's are now widely utilized to match system demand and HVAC/R equipment performance. As these air handler, cooling tower and pump systems use VFD technology to maximize energy efficiency, bearing current motor failures have increased in frequency. Design engineers, installation contractors and owners are all requesting information on how to avoid these potential motor failures. 4. New changes to ASHRAE 90.1 require pumping systems to be designed for variable flow above 5 HP loads. The most popular method of achieving this design requirement is to utilze VFD's in these systems. The population of VFD driven motors continues to increase due to large benefits in energy efficiency. 5. VFD driven motors offer the potential for efficiency gains by matching equipment performance to system part load demand. By properly installing and verifying installed equipment does not have the potential for motor failures, uptime is increased in HVAC/R applications. ASHRAE Handbook Chapter 45 details system design parameters and gives basic information on Motor Bearing Current mitigation techniques. 6. Potential exists for users to not utilize VFD's to achieve energy efficient designs at part load due to fear of motor failures caused by bearing currents. This seminar will explain how to deal with motor bearing issues from design, installation and operation perspectives. 1. Proper VFD Installation is the Best Way to Avoid Motor Bearing Issues Michael Olson, ABB, New Berlin, WI This presentation addresses the fact that there are a number of mechanisms that can cause bearing currents – even within the application subset of inverter-fed motors – and each of the mechanisms may require its own specific corrective action to mitigate the failure risk. The actual mechanisms for bearing damage due to current flow are often misunderstood. This presentation clarifies the physics of these damage mechanisms. Aside from currents in the bearings of motors, it should be understood that other machinery - typically machinery coupled to the motor – may be susceptible to similar bearing currents.

2. The Physics of Motor Bearing Currents Michael J. Melfi, Baldor Motors, Richmond Heights, OH While papers have been written on the subject of bearing currents from various perspectives, this discussion addresses the fact that there are a number of mechanisms that can cause bearing currents. Within the application subset of inverter-fed motors, each of the mechanisms can require its own specific corrective action. The actual mechanisms for bearing damage due to current flow have often been misunderstood. This presentation attempts to clarify the physics of these damage mechanisms. Coupled mechanical equipment will also be explored to determine if failure risk may be apparent.

3. Testing Procedures for Detection of Motor Bearing Currents Adam Willwerth, Associate Member, Electro Static Technology, Mechanic Falls, ME One might think that placement of a digital meter or other measurement device on the rotating motor shaft is acceptable to determine if an electrical charge is present. Yet, the detection of possible bearing currents is not that simple. This presentation covers suitable equipment and methods of testing for users or installers to determine if the potential for damaging electrical voltage and subsequent current flow through the rotating bearing are present in sufficient levels to cause concern.

4. Protection of Bearings Against Damaging Currents Sylvain Humbert, SKF Maintenance Products, MT Nieuwegein, Netherlands Electrically eroded motor bearing races are examined. Guidance to detection and mitigation methods are presented for bearing design considerations, detection of potentially damaging electrical potential and preventative measures against electrical discharge across the bearings.

Tuesday, June 25, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM SEMINAR 33 (BASIC) How Can I Participate in the ASHRAE Research Program? Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: RAC

Chair: Jaap Hogeling, Fellow ASHRAE, ISSO, Lienden, Netherlands This session is meant to educate, motivate, and enable individuals that wish to get involved in the ASHRAE Research Program. Students learn how the research program can help support their studies financially and through research experience (Graduate Student Grant-in-Aid Program, Homer Addams Award, etc.). Researchers learn about the various routes to obtaining ASHRAE research funding (Unsolicited research proposal, solicited projects, Innovative Research Grant program, and New Investigator Award for recent PhDs). Research topic originators learn how to get their research project idea considered by ASHRAE for the research program. Potential project co-funders learn how they can help develop, initiate, and monitor an ASHRAE research project. Learning Objectives: 1. Define the purpose of the ASHRAE research program. 2. Describe briefly the history, scope, and reach of the ASHRAE research program. 3. Explain how students are able to participate in the ASHRAE research program and obtain financial support. 4. Provide an overview on the various ways to become an ASHRAE researcher 5. Explain the various ways to get a research topic idea considered by ASHRAE 6. Describe how project co-funders can help develop, initiate, and monitor an ASHRAE research project. 1. A Brief Overview of the ASHRAE Research Program Michael Vaughn, P.E., Member, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA This session defines the pupose of the ASHRAE Research Program and describes briefly the history, scope and reach of the program.

2. Student Involvement in the ASHRAE Research Program T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The Design School/The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ This session explains the various ways that students are able to participate in the ASHRAE research program and obtain financial support and recognition.

3. How Can I Become an ASHRAE Researcher? Donald B. Bivens, Ph.D., Member, Research Administration Committee, Kennett Square, PA This session explains the various funding paths that are available to ASHRAE researchers.

4. How Can I Propose a Project Topic for ASHRAE to Research? Carl F. Huber, P.E., WaterFurnace International. Inc., Roanoke, IN This session explains the various ways to get a potential research project topic considered and developed by ASHRAE.

Tuesday, June 25, 3:15 PM-4:45 PM SEMINAR 34 (INTERMEDIATE) Reducing the GWP Impacts of Commercial Refrigeration Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom E

Sponsor: 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage, MTG Low GWP research, Refrigeration Committee

Chair: Shitong Zha, Ph.D., Member, Hill PHOENIX, Covington, GA Commercial refrigeration systems are searching for lower GWP refrigerant options. Systems with small charge size are moving towards natural refrigerants, such as CO2 in bottle coolers and R-290 in self-contained commercial ice machines. Larger systems are investigating low GWP synthetic refrigerants. What are the important design issues for natural refrigerants? What are the thermal and capacity performances of the low GWP synthetics? Are the energy efficiencies of all these lower GWP options beneficial to lowering the total GWP impacts compared to HFC systems? Learning Objectives: 1. Explain major design issues and differences between R134a and transcritical CO2 technology used in Beverage Display Coolers. 2. Demonstrate how well-designed transcritical CO2 bottle coolers can meet cost and performance requirements of comparable R134a systems 3. Explain a real world example of the safe application of an A3 refrigerant to achieve GWP reduction in a commercial refrigeration application. 4. Describe energy efficiency improvement potential using R-290 in commercial ice machine. 5. Understand the significance of system energy efficiency in achieving low global warming impact technologies. 6. Apply recent advancements in the design of systems with low global warming impact. 1. Successful Design and Implementation of Transcritical CO2 Technology for Beverage Display Coolers Stefan Elbel, Ph.D., Member, Creative Thermal Solutions and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL Glass door merchandisers are used in grocery and convenience stores to display chilled beverages or refrigerated foods. Among other possible choices for this application, CO2 is seen as a promising low-GWP refrigerant alternative that is non-flammable and non-toxic. While CO2 itself is less costly than synthetic alternatives, successful implementation of high-performance, low-cost transcritical CO2 technology is challenging. This presentation summarizes important CO2-specific design issues and differences in comparison to conventional R134a bottle coolers. Presented is an example of a successful CO2 bottle cooler design that is on par with a comparable R134a system in terms of performance and cost.

2. Reduced GWP Commercial Ice Machines Using R-290 Refrigerant Daryl G. Erbs, Ph.D., Member, Manitowoc Foodservice Group, Sheboygan, WI R-290 has been successfully applied to self-contained commercial automatic ice machines. Reduction in the GWP is achieved through replacement of R404A as the refrigerant and through improvement of energy efficiency in the range of 20 to 30%. Design changes to meet 150 g charge limit and control field safety concerns with use of A3 refrigerant are discussed.

3. Low GWP Replacements for R404A in Commercial Refrigeration Applications Samuel F. Yana Motta, Ph.D., Member, Honeywell, Buffalo, NY Due to the concerns around the use of refrigerants with relatively high global warming potential, new working fluids with the positive attributes of both high thermal performance and low environmental impact are currently in development. These newly developed refrigerants show high levels of energy efficiency and significantly low global warming potential, minimizing the overall environmental impact. This work discusses in detail the performance of these new refrigerants as replacements for R-404A in commercial refrigeration applications. Thermal properties as well as experimental results in representative systems and components are presented, showing the benefits of using these new working fluids.

4. Reducing the GWP Impact on Commercial Refrigeration Laurent Abbas, Arkema, King of Prussia, PA With a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 3,922, R-404A has a high environmental impact when leaked into the atmosphere. As part of our efforts to propose more environmentally sustainable refrigerants, Arkema is willing to offer the best balance between performance and GWP to substitute R404A. This paper presents a controlled comparison of several HFCs blends to replace R-404A in commercial refrigeration. Performances of these lower GWP candidates are discussed and compared to R-404A for different temperature scenarios. An overall assessment of these refrigerants, including the potential requirements for actual installations, is offered.

Wednesday, June 26

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 8 (INTERMEDIATE) Innovative Solutions for Improving Thermal Performance and Efficiency in HVAC&R Applications Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 17 Chair: Gary C. Debes, Member, Coward Environmental Systems, Coatesville, PA The papers in this session will examine ground source heat pump systems and present solutions for improving the overall thermal performances. This session will also examine the effect of horizontal piping on the system’s performance as well as new borehole configurations to improve thermal performance. This session also examines the impact pressure drop in a system has on thermal performance and energy efficiency. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the need for analyzing the behavior of horizontal piping in a vertical borehole system. 2. Estimate the potential impact of horizontal piping on the design of a vertical borehole system. 3. Understand the impact of using phase change materials in conjunction with vertical geothermal boreholes. 4. Describe how a combined numerical/analytical model can be used in annual simulations. 5. Understand the importance of change in pressure as well as change in temperature on the change in enthalpy of a liquid stream passing through a heat exchanger. 6. Compute the change in enthalpy of a liquid stream passing through a heat exchanger based on typically available properties such a specific heat and density at a reference pressure. 7. Define Smart Grid functions, objectives and architecture 8. Describe how the Smart Grid affects building operations 1. Preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Horizontal Piping on the Performance of a Vertical Ground Heat Exchanger System (DE-13-027) James R. Cullin, Student Member1, Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E.1 and Edwin Lee, Student Member1, (1)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK In a typical ground source heat pump system utilizing a vertical ground heat exchanger, the horizontal piping connecting boreholes can exceed 10% of the total length of vertical installation. In designing such systems, the effect of the horizontal piping on the thermal performance of the system is typically neglected; however, there has not been an effort to quantify the effect of this assumption. This work studies two buildings in two locations with a simulated vertical ground heat exchanger, both with and without the addition of a horizontal ground heat exchanger, to determine a first-order approximation of the effect that the horizontal piping has on the performance of the system as a whole. The results show that, using a ten-year simulation period, the inclusion of the horizontal piping in the simulation leads to a mitigation of heat pump entering fluid temperatures of up to 0.8°C (1.4°F). Additionally, the horizontal ground heat exchanger is found to be equivalent to up to 30% of the installed vertical length for the cases studied. Finally, the heat pump entering fluid temperature design constraints have been identified as another potential item of interest when studying possible causes of long-term heat buildup in the soil.

2. A Preliminary Assessment on the Use of Phase Change Materials Around Geothermal Boreholes (DE-13-028) Parham Eslami-nejad , Ph.D.1 and Michel Bernier, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Natural Ressources Canada/Canmet-Energy, Varennes, QC, Canada, (2)Ecole Polytechnique De Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada A new borehole configuration is proposed in this study in an attempt to reduce the required length of ground heat exchangers (GHE) in cooling dominated climates. It consists of a single U-tube borehole surrounded by a ring made of a thermally enhanced phase change material (PCM) mixed with sand. With a properly designed PCM ring around the borehole, a significant portion of the rejected heat during peak building loads is used to melt a phase change material. This slows down the increase in the return temperature to the heat pump. In non-peak periods, when the heat pump is not operating, the heat stored in the ring is released into the ground by heat conduction. In the process, the PCM ring solidifies and is then ready for the release of heat during the next heat pump operation cycle. By taking advantage of the relatively high energy content associated with the latent heat of fusion of PCM, the PCM ring may reduce the required borehole length. The paper presents the numerical model used to obtain the temperature distribution around the borehole and in the PCM ring. Several annual simulations are undertaken to evaluate the merits of the proposed borehole configuration in a cooling dominated climate. Preliminary results show that the proposed configuration can reduce the borehole length by up to 9%.

4. Method to Compute the Enthalpy Difference of a Liquid Stream When an EOS-Based Function is Not Available (DE13-029) Ken Schultz, Ph.D., Member, Trane Co., LaCrosse, WI This paper derives equations for the calculation of enthalpy and enthalpy difference as a function of both temperature and pressure that can be used when a full equation of state description is not available for a liquid. A result is the inclusion of the “volume expansivity”, usually a small effect, but missing in most other literature. In the end, the equations are quite easy to implement in the analysis of data or predictions of component performance. This paper also displays the relative importance of pressure drop to change in temperature when computing heat transfer rates.

5. CFD Analysis of Pressure Losses in Flat-Oval Duct Fittings (RP-1493) (DE-13-030) Emir Sirbubalo1, Haris Lulic1 and Milovan Gutovic1, (1)HVAC Design, Sarajevo, Bosnia The present paper is a summary of a study conducted by the team at HVAC design d.o.o. Sarajevo in the framework of the ASHRAE RP-1493 CFD Shootout Contest - Prediction of Duct Fitting Losses. The paper starts with short descriptions of the methodologies used in the study, including physical modeling, numerical methods and software components. It continues with a presentation of the main results regarding pressure losses in flat-oval ducts and duct fittings, followed by a summarizing section which draws some conclusions and recommends directions for future work with respect to several aspects of CFD analysis of HVAC duct air flows.

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 18 (INTERMEDIATE) Comfort Issues in Various Vehicles Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 16 Chair: J.R. Anderson, Anderson Engineering, Germantown, TN The following four papers address several comfort issues in various vehicles: indoor air quality and how to achieve it in a polluted environment; thermal comfort in the winter when traveling in an urban style cabin (train for example); air conditioning technology in an electric vehicle; and the performance measurement models of automotive air conditioning systems. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe how carbon dioxide concentration changes in a car 2. Provide methods to reduce carbon dioxide concentration in a car 3. Describe the temperature change during heating 4. Describe the temperature distribution in an urban transit cabin 5. Explain principle of magnetic refrigeration 6. Explain application of thermal switches for magnetic refrigeration 7. Experimental validation of automotive air conditioning system (AACS) transient model is very rare. It is incorporated in the present set of work. 8. For better performance of the AACS and to avoid frost formation a controller has been designed indigenously with some operation logics. System pressure must be within 2 to 32 Bar and evaporator surface temperatures also should be more than 4oC. 1. Feasibility Study on the Adsorptive Removal of Indoor CO 2 of Car Running in Downtown Area (DE-13-C062) Youngmin Cho, Ph.D.1, Soon-Bark Kwon1, Duck-Shin Park1 and Woo-Sung Jung1, (1)Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, South Korea The air quality in downtown area is seriously polluted by various kinds of air pollutants. For this reason, many drivers recirculate the indoor air instead of introducing new fresh outdoor air in downtown area. However, in this case, CO 2 concentration inside the car can be very high above 3,000 ppm (parts per million), and this high concentration of CO2 may cause headache, sleepiness, and drowsiness. In this study, a feasibility of applying CO 2 adsorbent to control indoor CO2 concentration in car was investigated. A small CO2 adsorption system was prepared, and installed inside a car. Physical CO 2 adsorbent and chemical adsorbent was loaded in this system, and CO2 concentration change with and without operation of CO2 adsorption system was monitored. The car was driven in urban area and rural area with 3 passengers. The ventilation mode was varied as fresh air intake mode and recirculation mode, and it was found that CO2 concentration was lower than 1,000 ppm with fresh air intake mode, while it was higher than 3,000 ppm with recirculation mode. With the operation of CO2 adsorption system in recirculation mode, CO2 concentration could be lowered to 2,000 ppm within 1 h when chemical CO2 adsorbent was used.

However, when physical CO2 adsorbent was used CO2 concentration could be lowered much less than the case with chemical CO 2 adsorbent. Physical adsorbent, made of zeolite, was regenerable, but the efficiency of CO2 adsorption was lower, and CO2 capture time was too long. Chemical CO2 adsorbent, made of metal hydroxide, was non-regenerable, but it could adsorb CO2 very quickly and efficiently.

2. Heat Distribution Analysis in Urban Transit Cabin Using Real-Scale Environmental Chamber (DE-13-C063) Youngmin Cho, Ph.D.1, Young-Kwan Yoon1, Duck-Shin Park1, Soon-Bark Kwon1, Tae-Wook Kim1 and Woo-Sung Jung1, (1)Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, South Korea Thermal comfort in urban transit cabin is very important since more than 90% of passengers’ complaints are about thermal comfort. However, there is no solution to reduce the number of complaints due to the lack of study about the thermal comfort in the urban transit cabin. In this study, the temperature distribution in an urban transit cabin was measured to find a solution to relieve the thermal comfort problems in winter seasons. An urban transit cabin was placed in a very large real-scale environmental chamber for railroad passenger cabin was used to control the ambient temperature from -20 ºC to +10 ºC. 15 sets of thermocouples were installed at 0.1 m, 1.1 m, and 1.7 m height from floor inside the cabin. Temperature at each point were monitored and saved by using a data logger. When only heaters, which are located at passenger seats, were operated without operation of any other equipment, the temperature was higher at 1.7 m or 1.1 m than at 0.1 m since warmer air, which has lower density, moves upward while cold air moves downward. Two fans were installed inside the cabin, and the effect of wind direction was also studied. When there is air flow, the averaged temperature was lowered. However, temperature difference between 1.7 m and 0.1 m was much smaller. It means the air mixing is very important to enhance the thermal comfort inside the cabin. The effect of passenger load was also extensively studied.

3. Cooling Characteristics of New Magnetic Refrigeration System for in-Vehicle Air Conditioner (DE-13-C064) Yoshiki Tanaka1, Maikino Hirito2, Okamura Tetsuji2, Yutaka Tasaki3, Takahashi Hidekazu3, Yasuda Yoshiteru3 and Kouji Ito4, (1)Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan, (2)Tokyo institute of tecnology, Yokohama, Japan, (3)Nissan Research Center, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd, Yokosuka, Japan, (4)Zaouseiki Co., Inc., Yokohama, Japan The power consumption of an air conditioner in an electric vehicle has a considerable impact on the cruising range. A high-performance magnetic refrigerator is therefore one of the important technologies for future electric vehicles. The requisite conditions for an in-vehicle magnetic refrigerator are high with respect to cooling power density, temperature difference between hot and cold sides, transient properties and coefficient of performance than those of household refrigerator or home air conditioners. To date a number of experimental and computational studies have been presented concerning magnetic refrigeration models in which heat derived from a cold side heat bath to a hot side heat bath by means of a heat transfer fluid, e.g. water. In order to improve transient response and to lighten, this paper devised a new magnetic refrigeration model without the heat transfer fluid.

4. A Moving Boundary Model for Transient Simulation of an Automotive Air Conditioning System and Experimental Validation with Some Case Study (DE-13-C065) S.P. Datta1, P.K. Das, Ph.D.1 and S. Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D.1, (1)Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India Dynamic models of automotive air conditioning system (AACS) are useful tools to visualize the system performance and are gaining increasing attention in recent years. The dominant dynamics are typically those of the evaporator and condenser, which are difficult to model. A dynamic model of an R134a based automotive air conditioning system is developed and validated with experimental results. Model validation against experimental data demonstrates the capabilities of the modeling approach in predicting the refrigerant pressure and temperature distribution during transient condition. An indigenously developed controller with certain operating logics was introduced in the test facility to avoid frost formation.

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 19 (INTERMEDIATE) Mixed-Mode (Hybrid) Natural Ventilation: Efficient, Effective, and Energy Smart Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 14 Chair: Leon Shapiro, J.D., Member, Green Building Group, Oak Park, CA Natural ventilation has long been a central strategy used to meet ventilation needs and provide sustainable cooling in many types of buildings. When combined with mixed-mode or hybrid mechanical systems, natural ventilation can also effectively meet comfort cooling needs. This session features papers providing case studies of the design, control, implementation, and commissioning of mixed-mode natural ventilation systems in a ten-story office building in Japan, and a 200,000 square foot yoga hall in India. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the effects of high efficiency filters on residential HVAC system performance

2. Design residential HVAC systems that have less energy penalty when using high efficiency filters 3. Understand the benefits of evaporative air cooling for large spaces where air conditioning is either not possible or is very expensive. 4. Evaporative air cooling can be adopted for following reasons : Environment friendly Low power consumption - almost 90% less than AC Ductless system possible if designed and implemented properly. 5. Explain the core structure of a hybrid ventilation control system for a tenant building. 6. Apply practical lessons learned from the implementation of a hybrid ventilation system to their own projects. 7. Describe a design approach for a hybrid ventilation tenant office building in a dense urban environment. 8. Evaluate predicted reduction in energy usage and carbon dioxide emissions of a hybrid ventilation building as compared to a standard building. 1. Energy Impacts of Residential Filtration in California Homes (DE-13-C066) Iain Walker, Ph.D., Member1, Darryl Dickerhoff1, David Faulkner1 and Will Turner, Ph.D.1, (1)Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA Occupant concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) issues has led to the increased use of more effective air filters in residential heating and cooling systems. A drawback of improved filtration is that the better filters tend to have more flow resistance. This can lead to lower system airflows that reduce heat exchanger efficiency, increase duct pressure that leads to increased air leakage for ducts and, in some cases, increased blower power consumption. There is currently little knowledge on the magnitude of these effects. This study performed detailed measurements in California houses to determine the effects of changing filters and filter fouling on the performance of their heating and cooling systems. Multiple filters were evaluated in ten homes covering a wide range of filter effectiveness from simple low filtration fiberglass filters up to high efficiency filters that might be used by occupants concerned about IAQ. The field test showed that: system static pressures were highly influenced by filter selection, and filter loading rates varied more from house to house than by MERV rating and overall were quite low in many of the homes.

2. Comfort Cooling for a 200,000 Square Feet Yoga Hall (DE-13-C067) ShyamsundarRao Appalla, Symphony Limited, Ahmedabad, India Baba Ramdev’s yoga hall in Haridwar, India is the spiritual destination of Indian and foreign devotees. The yoga hall, where thousands of persons practice yoga with celebrated yoga guru Baba Ramdev, is a mammoth 200,000 square foot hall, large enough to accommodate 30,000 persons. It is 115m wide, 165m long and 13m high. While air conditioning the hall would perhaps give yoga practitioners physical comfort commensurate with the spiritual bliss they experience, it would be rather an expensive proposition. But the salubrious climate of the holy city offered an affordable solution. Rather hot and dry in the summer, but moderate in the winter, the climate is ideally suited for evaporative cooling.

3. Natural Ventilation Control System and Full Scale Monitoring (DE-13-C068) Stephen Ray, Ph.D.1, Leon Glicksman1, Masa Fukuda2, Iwao Hasegawa3 and Natsuko Ochiai3, (1)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, (2)Hulic Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, (3)Nikken Sekkei, Tokyo, Japan Mix-mode or hybrid ventilation systems have been previously shown to reduce cooling and ventilation energy consumption. This paper presents a case study of a new ten story 83,700 ft2 office building in downtown Tokyo with a mix-mode ventilation system that uses only 1.7% of the building footprint for ventilation shafts. The control system design is presented as an example of balancing the comfort expectations of multiple tenants in a mix-mode system. Special attention is given to the integration of the mechanical and natural ventilation systems, operating zones in one of four operational modes, and the control of a low power fan that saves energy by leverages the low pressure drop through the building when natural driving forces are insufficient for pure natural ventilation. A dense network of onsite instruments provide actual performance data through temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, fan speed, damper angle, flowrate, and energy consumption measurements. Lessons learned from the design, implementation, and commisioning of the system are interspersed throughout the paper.

4. A Case Study of Natural Ventilation Developed for Tenant Office Building in Dense Urban Core (DE-13-C069) Natsuko Ochiai1, Iwao Hasegawa1, Masa Fukuda2, Leon Glicksman3 and Stephen Ray, Ph.D.3, (1)Nikken Sekkei, Tokyo, Japan, (2)Hulic Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, (3)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA This paper presents a case study of a new ten story 83,700 ft 2 (7800m2) office building in downtown Tokyo with a mix-mode ventilation system from the mechanical designer’s point of view. Natural ventilation is an effective method to reduce the energy consumption of buildings by turning off the operation of air conditioner. This technique has been practiced for decades in Japan but it has rarely realized at a tenant building in dense city where multiple tenants occupy the building. In this paper, the design approach of the natural ventilation system integrated to the building and its overall system is presented.

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 20 (INTERMEDIATE)

Energy Simulation and Verification for VRF and Heat Pump Systems Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 15 Chair: Bill Dietrich, Member, Baltimore Aircoil Company, Baltimore, MD Building owners and designers are interested in energy saving solutions that best meet the need of the application. Heat pumps and VRF systems are often used, and touted as energy saving systems. This session offers four papers that look at simulation models and verification of models through data acquisition. Learning Objectives: 1. Define a ratio of simultaneous heating and cooling needs in buildings 2. Describe a co-solving method of coupling small heat pumps for simultaneous cooling and heating with a building for a performance comparison of working fluids. 3. Describe differences in total building energy use compared to conventional HVAC system types 4. Describe differences in fan energy when specifying VRF systems 5. Explains how to create EnergyPlus models for field validation and apply graphical analysis techniques 6. Describe statistical analysis technique that can be used for model validation 7. Quantify energy saving potential using a multi-functional VRF heat pump system in a five-zone residential building, over five US climate zones. 8. Apply performance mapping methods for a multi-split VRF system in space cooling, space heating, combined space cooling and water heating, and dedicated water heating modes; the performance maps were used in TRNSYS annual energy simulations. 1. Study of A HEAT Pump for Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Working with R290 or R1234YF and Coupled to A Building(DE-13-C070) Redouane Ghoubali1, Paul Byrne, Ph.D.1, Frédéric Bazantay2 and Jacques Miriel1, (1)Université de Rennes, Rennes, France, (2)Pôle cristal : Technical Center of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Dinan, France Several situations can create simultaneous needs in heating and cooling in buildings. A heat pump for simultaneous heating and cooling can be incorporated advantageously in this kind of buildings. Unlike a reversible heat pump that works either in heating or cooling, a heat pump for simultaneous heating and cooling has the distinction of operating in three modes: heating mode, cooling mode and simultaneous mode. In this paper, different types of buildings are considered and simulated using the TRNSYS software to identify the needs for heating, cooling and domestic hot water production (DHW). The introduction of a rate of simultaneous heating and cooling needs (RSN) can qualify buildings in relation to the appropriateness of a technological solution of simultaneous production. Three kinds of buildings were investigated (Low-Energy Building, office building and retail space) in different climates.

2. Computer Modeling of Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat Pumps in Commercial Buildings Using Energyplus (DE-13C071) Richard Raustad, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) heat pumps are increasingly used in commercial buildings in the United States. Monitored energy use of field installations have shown savings exceeding 30% in some cases. A simulation study was conducted to identify the installation or operational characteristics that lead to energy savings for VRF systems. The study used the Department of Energy EnergyPlus™ building simulation software and reference building models for small office and standalone retail buildings. Computer simulations were performed in eight U.S. climate zones. The baseline reference heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system incorporated packaged single-zone direct-expansion cooling with gas heating (PSZ-AC). An alternate baseline HVAC system using a heat pump (PSZ-HP) was included to directly compare gas and electric heating results. These baseline systems were compared to a VRF heat pump model to identify differences in energy use.

3. Compare Energy Use in Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat Pumps Field Demonstration and Computer Model Using Energyplus (DE-13-C072) Chandan Sharma, Member, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) heat pumps are often regarded as energy efficient air-conditioning systems which offer electricity savings as well as reduction in peak electric demand while providing improved individual zone setpoint control. One of the key advantages of VRF systems is minimal duct losses which provide significant reduction in energy use and duct space. However, there is limited data available to show their actual performance in the field. Since VRF systems are increasingly gaining market share in the US, it is highly desirable to have more actual field performance data of these systems. An effort was made in this direction to monitor VRF system performance over an extended period of time in a US national lab test facility. Due to increasing

demand by the energy modeling community, an empirical model to simulate VRF systems was implemented earlier in whole building simulation program, EnergyPlus. This paper presents the comparison of energy consumption as measured in the national lab and as predicted by EnergyPlus.

4. Energy Simulation of Integrated Multiple-Zone Variable Refrigerant Flow System (DE-13-C073) Bo Shen1, C. Keith Rice, Ph.D.1, Timothy P. McDowell, Member2 and Van D. Baxter, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, (2)Thermal Energy Systems Specialists, Madison, WI We developed a detailed steady-state system model, to simulate the performance of an integrated five-zone Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) heat pump system. The system is multi-functional, capable of space cooling, space heating, combined space cooling and water heating, and dedicated water heating. Methods were developed to map the VRF performance in each mode, based on the data produced by the equipment system model. The performance maps were used in TRNSYS annual energy simulations. Using TRNSYS, we have successfully setup and run cases for a multiple-split, VRF heat pump and dehumidifier combination in 5-zone houses in 5 climates that control indoor dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 35 (BASIC) Basics of HVAC Noise Control Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom A Sponsor: 02.06 Sound and Vibration Control

Chair: Erik Miller-Klein, P.E., Associate Member, SSA Acoustics, LLP, Seattle, WA Designing HVAC systems with good acoustic performance can be a challenge. This session addresses three common issues to improve your acumen for sound and vibration: exploring the idiosyncrasies of sound power, sound pressure and sones; learning about the physics of sound propagation and sources for interior and exterior environments; and refreshing your knowledge on how vibration isolation works and what type of installations are necessary for your projects. Learning Objectives: 1. Define the difference between sound power, sound pressure and sones. 2. Provide audio examples and explain the decibel scale compared to the sone scale. 3. Describe the differences between noise sources (point, line, area). 4. Explain how characteristics of sounds behavior in exterior environments compared to interior spaces. 5. Describe how sound interacts in reflected and absorptive conditions. 6. Explain the goals, challenges and pitfalls of vibration isolation for mechanical systems. 1. Sound Power, Sound Pressure, Sones: Understanding Noise Metrics Erik Miller-Klein, P.E., Associate Member, SSA Acoustics, LLP, Seattle, WA This session explains through hands-on experiments, sound clips, and real world analogies the challenging world of sound ratings. Focusing on the specifics that differentiate sound power from sound pressure from sones, and helping you make the best use of the metrics for your next projects.

2. Basics of Sound Propagation Terry Tyson, P.E., Acentech, Trevose, PA This session explains types of noise sources (point, line, area) and how reflections, and intervening objects affect the attenuation with distance. This includes an introduction to the algorithms and methods for predicting sound propagation in interior and exterior environments.

3. Vibration Isolation: The Basics Reginald Keith, P.E., Member, Hoover & Keith Inc., Houston, TX The purpose of this talk is to present an explanation of why vibration isolation is required for most rotating equipment in commercial buildings, how vibration isolation works and the generic type of vibration isolation equipment that are commonly used in commercial buildings. The information is illustrated with visual demonstrations and samples of vibration isolation equipment. By the end of this talk the attendee will be able to determine in many cases if installed vibration isolation is working with a visual observation.

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 36 (ADVANCED)

Modeling Transient Conditions Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling

Chair: Amy Musser, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Vandemusser Design, PLLC, Asheville, NC Modeling transient events is an increasingly important part of indoor environmental modeling. This seminar explores situations in which transient effects are important and identifies numerical and modeling techniques to accurately characterize them. Learning Objectives: 1. Utilize a data processing method to couple wind tunnel and weather data with time series pressures, which then can be translated to CFD boundary conditions. 2. Discuss the challenges and benefits of this method for utilizing existing wind tunnel data for ventilation design. 3. Describe the basic operating principles of a demand-controlled ventilation system as they impact the setup and transient simulation of indoor environmental models. 4. Explain why the location of the CO2 sensor is important in a demand-controlled ventilation system. 5. Describe general modeling approaches to estimate transient cooling performance in data centers. 6. Understand the factors that could affect the transient cooling performance of data centers. 1. Constructing Transient CFD Boundary Conditions From Weather and Wind Tunnel Data for Estimating Cross Ventilation Rate in a Building James Lo, Ph.D., Student Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology/University of Texas at Austin, Gaithersburg, MD This talk presents a method for predicting wind-induced cross ventilation using wind tunnel testing coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). First, in a boundary layer wind tunnel, façade pressures near openings of a test house were recorded for multiple incident wind angles. By combining the wind tunnel results with weather station data for a period of time, a transient pressure based boundary condition was created for an indoor CFD airflow model. Comparison of the simulation result with experimental data indicates that the proposed method could utilize existing wind tunnel data for assessments of a building’s cross ventilation potential.

2. Real-Time Data Center Transient Analysis Xuanhang (Simon) Zhang, Member, APC by Schneider Electric, Billerica, MA A software tool was developed to predict the transient cooling performance of data centers and to explore various alternatives in real-time for data center design and management purposes. Cooling performance can be affected by factors such as room architecture, rack population/layout, connections between fans/pumps and UPSs, chilled water storage tank, etc. The available transient cooling runtime is mainly dictated by the system stored cooling capacity and the total load in the data center. This paper discusses the transient response of data centers to different design and failure scenarios and details a comprehensive and efficient approach for simulating this performance.

3. Optimal CO2 Sensor Location for Demand-Controlled Displacement Ventilation Mikhail Koupriyanov, Price, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Control strategies, such as the use of CO2 occupancy sensors can offer enhanced energy savings for displacement ventilation systems. Since the temperature and CO2 concentration in a displacement system are stratified, sensor location is important. In this study, transient CFD simulations are carried out for a typical classroom with a displacement ventilation system. Outdoor air is controlled using a proportional control scheme based on CO2 concentration. Two common sensor locations are investigated: the return duct and a wall mounted thermostat, and results show significantly different control response based on sensor location.

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 37 (INTERMEDIATE) Simple Energy Improvements in Refrigeration Systems Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom E

Sponsor: 10.01 Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems

Chair: Wayne Borrowman, P.Eng., Member, CIMCO Refrigeration, Delta, BC, Canada Simple improvements can frequently be made to a refrigeration system to improve its energy efficiency. All too often however these improvements are overlooked for more trendy efficiency upgrades that can be much more complex and costly with longer paybacks. Examples of simple system changes as well as operation and control improvements are presented showing how energy savings were made with little cost or effort. The importance of monitoring the operational performance of a system is also shown, and how it can be used to both identify potential improvements and verify savings. Learning Objectives: 1. Identify common energy efficiency improvements. 2. Distinguish what kinds of little and no cost efficiency improvements are possible. 3. Understand how the improvements are evaluated for cost savings. 4. Identify common operational problems that impact energy efficiency. 5. Distiguish efficiency improvements that can easily be implemented by owners and operators. 6. Understand how energy efficiency improvements are identified. 1. Simple Energy Improvements in Operating Refrigeration Systems Daniel J. Dettmers, Member, Industrial Refrigeration Consortium, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI Many improvements can be made to operating refrigeration system that have little or no cost to implement. Examples of both small physical improvements to refrigeration systems as well improvements from simple operational changes are discussed.

2. Proper Compressor Sequencing... It Matters Douglas Reindl, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Industrial Refrigeration Consortium, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI It is often assumed that as long as there is a load compressors should run, so why does it matter which ones and how? Optimizing the control and sequencing of compressors are discussed including real life examples of poorly operating systems that were improved.

3. Performance Monitoring: The Key to Maximizing the System Efficiency Doug Scott, Member, VaCom Technologies, La Verne, CA With custom-engineered and field-erected refrigeration systems, the owner is often left with the task of operating the system as well as improving efficiency. Due to interactions between system components, this is a challenging task if the right tools aren’t available. This presentation illustrates the value of performance monitoring, and how it can be used to improve efficiency and identify low-cost opportunities.

Wednesday, June 26, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM SEMINAR 38 (BASIC) The Fundamentals of Radiant Cooling System Design and Construction Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 06.05 Radiant Heating and Cooling

Chair: Devin A. Abellon, P.E., Member, Uponor, Phoenix, AZ As more and more jurisdictions and building owners are answering the call in establishing higher energy-use standards for their new construction projects, design teams are looking beyond traditional HVAC solutions to provide greater energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort and safety. A system approach that continues to gain momentum is in-slab radiant cooling. A radiant cooling design strategy embodies the integration of architectural design and HVAC systems design with overall energy efficiency in mind. This seminar explores the fundamental concepts of how radiant cooling systems work, how they are constructed and controlled, and how they can be used as part of an energy-efficient design solution. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain how the fundamental principles of heat transfer/fluid dynamics are effectively applied in a radiant heating/ cooling system. 2. Describe each of the key components that comprise a typical radiant heating/cooling system, and explain how each of these components are integrated, along with the balance of the HVAC system, as part of an energy-efficient strategy. 3. Describe how concrete standards ACI 318 and CSA A23.1 regulate embedded pipe systems used for radiant cooling and

heating. 4. Explain how pipe depth and spacing affect the radiant surface temperate efficacy and cooling and heating plant efficiency. 5. Explain typical control strategies for water temperature control and surface condensation control. 6. Cite specific examples of case studies where radiant cooling systems have been employed, with an understanding of the engineer's decision making process throughout the design phase. 1. Radiant Slabs: On-Site Fabricated Heat Exchangers Robert Bean, Member, Healthy Heating, Calgary, AB, Canada Embedded pipe systems are regulated by ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and CAN/CSA-A23.1 Concrete materials and methods of concrete construction. This seminar presents the stipulations for allowable tube size, depth, and spacing and looks at control joints and allowable operating conditions of embedded pipe systems during critical concrete curing periods. The seminar also explores how slab assemblies affect the radiant surface temperature efficacy and system temperatures for cooling and heating plant efficiency.

2. Designing Radiant Floors From Basics Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Fellow Member, IBE Consulting Engineers, Sherman Oaks, CA This presentation goes back to basics and goes through the simple steps in designing and operating a successful radiant floor system for both heating and cooling. The presentation contains guidance on the required load calculations and provides strategies on operating radiant floors for heating and cooling.

3. Radiant Cooling System Design From Concept to Completion Andrew Reilman, P.E., Member, Syska Hennessy Group, Culver City, CA When considering a radiant cooling system on a new project, a number of considerations come up that impact the decision making process. This presentation covers typical design considerations that come up throughout the design and construction process, such as first cost, slab construction, controls, construction and commissioning. Case studies arepresented, with insights on why certain decisions were made.

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 9 (INTERMEDIATE) Additional Concerns for the Mission Critical Data Center Track: Research Summit Room: Governors Square 15 Sponsor: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment

Chair: Herb Villa, Member, DC Professional Development, Newark, NJ “And there is always ONE more thing to think about”. This is especially true in the life cycle of the mission critical data center space. Starting with engineering and design, progressing through product selection and installation and leading up to the long term facility operations, IT professionals involved in any of these aspects, know they must plan for that one more thing. This Technical Paper Session will discuss two of these topics, sometimes overlooked but still critical. The first presentation will review humidity and static electricity concerns. Under ASHRAE Research Project 1499-RP, this paper will summarize a very comprehensive series of tests designed to understand the cause, effects and risks to IT equipment from ESD in a variety of operational scenarios. Presented by a team from Missouri University of Science, the results gathered from the tests will insure ESD concerns are no longer left unanswered. The second presentation will propose a new CFD model to better simulate thermal transient scenarios and provide situational outcomes to be expected during loss of cooling events. The new model proposed takes into account the effects of server thermal mass and includes these results in a more comprehensive CFD model of the IT space. The goal is to provide the IT community with additional and accurate information to fully understand all parameters to consider when modeling emergency events. Learning Objectives: 1. Determine the correlation between the risk of equipment failure from ESD at various temperature and humidity levels. 2. Learn if reducing the humidity in data centers will significantly increase the risk of ESD related damage or upset errors. 3. Explain the value of a compact server transient model 4. Explain the physical significance of Server Thermal Effectiveness 1. The Effect of Humidity on Static Electricity Induced Reliability Issues of ICT Equipment in Data Centers: Motivation and Setup of the Study (DE-13-031)

Fayu Wan1, Michael Hillstrom1, Carlton Stayer1, David Swenson2 and David Pommerenke1, (1)Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, (2)Affinity Static Control Consulting, LLC, Round Rock, TX Historical evidence suggests that electrostatic discharge (ESD) may cause reliability issues in a data center. Low humidity allows and enhances the accumulation of electrostatic charge on isolated conductors and insulative materials which may increase the risk of ESD induced equipment failures. Besides enhanced charge accumulation and increased ability to retain charges low humidity will also increase the currents during a discharge due to influences on the development of sparks. High humidity may help minimize ESD events and reduce their severity but at a significant increase in the cost of energy consumption as well as other considerations related to changes in the operating environment. This research project under ASHRAE 1499-RP determines the correlation between the risk of equipment failure from ESD at various temperature and humidity levels. The study provides answers to the questions: Will reducing the humidity in data centers significantly increase the risk of ESD related damage or upset errors? Which additional measures need to be implemented to counteract any significant risk increase? Two types of experiments are conducted: In the electrostatic charge accumulation experiments, the voltage levels reached by people operating in lower humidity environments is measured as a function of flooring, footwear, grounding and environmental conditions. This provides a measurement of maximum voltage levels, their distribution functions and dependencies. The second set of experiments investigates the discharge process for given voltages, as humidity will also influence the spark development. Here potentially damaging discharge currents and electromagnetic fields are measured for discharges of humans, but also for sparks that can occur if a charged cable is inserted into a connector. The resulting set of electrical current and electromagnetic field data can then be compared to qualification levels at which typical telecommunication equipment is tested at prior to usage in data centers to estimate the likelihood of upset of damage to the equipment as a function of humidity. The paper describes the motivation and the experimental setup of the study and illustrates the relationships based on preliminary results.

2. A Compact Server Model for Transient Data Center Simulations (DE-13-032) James VanGilder, P.E., Member1, Christopher M. Healey, Ph.D.1, Xuanhang (Simon) Zhang, Member1 and Zachary Pardey2, (1)APC by Schneider Electric, Billerica, MA, (2)Northeastern University, Boston, MA CFD is widely used to determine the steady-state cooling performance of existing or planned data centers. However, in the absence of a compact transient server model, comprehensive transient modeling which includes the effect of server thermal mass requires prohibitively large, detailed models. Consequently, transient scenarios such as that following a loss of cooling are typically modeled in CFD ignoring thermal mass effects of servers (and are thus overly conservative) or are modeled based on a well-mixed idealization, which provides no local information. Further, the techniques used to date for capturing server thermal mass effects in well-mixed models are limited and have not been validated against experimental data. We propose a compact transient server model that handles all practical data center use cases and is simple to incorporate into CFD, well-mixed, and other numerical models. This black-box server model predicts exhaust temperature in response to time-varying ambient temperature and/or internal heating and can also be used to model entire racks. The model introduces the concept of “server thermal effectiveness” and an additional parameter which takes into account the relative position of server internal heat sources and thermal mass. A method is presented for experimentally measuring the transient server characteristics and the values for several servers are reported. An example highlights the benefits of the compact model incorporated within CFD relative to more-approximate techniques.

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 39 (INTERMEDIATE) Demand Response (DR) Opportunities with Commercial Ice Machines Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Governors Square 14 Sponsor: 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage

Chair: Van D. Baxter, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Managing building peak electric loads represents a major opportunity for ensuring grid reliability while providing financial benefits for building owners. In commercial operations, ice machines are early adopters of DR technologies. This seminar presents the general motivation for and types of DR programs offered by utilities. Then the application of DR on ice machines is explained, and results from a field study highlight the water, energy, and cost saving potential. This information could help Colorado utilities expand their DR programs to the smaller interruptible demands of restaurant, hospitality, and institutional customers which, when aggregated, represent a large load management opportunity. Learning Objectives: 1. Define demand response (DR). 2. Explain how demand response differs from energy efficiency. 3. Explain when it makes sense to engage demand side management (DSM) or DR strategies in commercial refrigeration facilities.

4. Provide an overview of the potential for commercial ice machines to help manage electrical grid demand. 5. Define typical use patterns and capacity management for commercial ice machines. 6. Describe the water, energy, and operating cost saving potential from load shifting with energy efficient ice machines from the field study. 1. Demand Response Program Experiences J. Carlos Haiad, P.E., Member, Southern California Edison, Irwindale, CA The presentation will expose the audience to the motivation for and types of Demand Response (DR) programs offered by the utilities and third party aggregators in California. This information may help utilities in Colorado and other states to further their DR program offerings.

2. Demand Side Management (DSM) Opportunities with Commercial Refrigeration Daryl G. Erbs, Ph.D., Member, Manitowoc Foodservice Group, Sheboygan, WI Commercial automatic ice machines present a unique opportunity within commercial refrigeration equipment for demand response participation due to the fact that they are generally paired with a storage bin having capacity equivalent to several hours of ice production capacity for the ice maker. Typical load profile data for foodservice usage of ice and bin level history are compared with demand response scenarios.

3. Energy and Water Saving with Ice Machine Upgrade and Load Shifting David Cowen, Member, Food Service Technology Center, San Ramon, CA This presentation will discuss the benefit of shifting ice production from daytime when electric utility rates are the highest to the nighttime when utility rates are lower, based on the results from a recent field study of shifting ice production to an off utility peak period.

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 40 (INTERMEDIATE) Balancing: Practical Hydronic Balance for Designs Applying Diversity Factors Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom E Sponsor: 07.07 Testing and Balancing

Chair: Mark Hegberg, Member, Apollo Valve, Elmhurst, IL On occasion designers apply so called “diversity” factors to reduce the size of a hydronic system. Occasionally, these factors lead to improper system operation and, in the extreme, lawsuits. To balancers, they always lead to confusing processes and result in having to test and adjust a system for proper operation. This seminar addresses the application of diversity in hydronic systems and methods for testing and adjusting these systems for proper operation. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand what diversity is in a hydronic system. 2. Have options for the proper design and sizing of the system. 3. Understand how balancing methods can be properly applied. 4. Have a better understanding of how these procedures are implemented in the field. 5. Describe the pros and cons of different devices. 6. Gain knowledge of standard test protocols. 1. Hydronic System Diversity: The Problem and Solutions Mark Hegberg, Member, Apollo Valve, Elmhurst, IL 2. Hydronic System Diversity: How This is Handled in the Field Gaylon Richardson, Fellow ASHRAE, Engineered Air Balance, Houston, TX

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 41 (INTERMEDIATE) Building Energy Performance: Bridging Expectations to Reality

Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Plaza Ballroom A Chair: Anthony Hardman, P.E., Member, The Green Engineer, Concord, MA Whether a project is new construction or a partial renovation, energy conscious facility stakeholders often expect simulated performance to match operational reality. Unfortunately, a number of broken links exist across the building lifecycle that can lead to significant deviations between predicted and actual energy performance. Critical nodes in an energy project lifecycle are identified and actionable processes to fix the broken links using real world examples are presented. Learning Objectives: 1. Distinguish between the two general factors causing the discrepancy between predicted energy performance and actual energy consumption. 2. Recognize that even projects following the LEED process do not always perform as well as predicted. 3. Describe the two greatest factors contributing to ESCO based savings projects consistently performing above estimates. 4. Explain the five most common pitfalls contributing to the modeling vs. performance gap. 5. Explain the five most important corrective measures to implement for a successful energy project. 6. Describe possible sources for ongoing or continuous energy-focused maintenance. 1. Case Study: Root Cause Analysis of Simulation and Performance Dissimilarity Pinpointing Common Disconnects Anthony Hardman, P.E., Member1 and Leslie Beu, Member2, (1)The Green Engineer, Concord, MA, (2)Tolin Mechanical Systems, Denver, CO It is a problem when energy projects don’t end up saving as much as planned. This investigation, which draws upon energy professionals from both existing building and new construction projects, has led to the discovery of key variables to building performance that are often overlooked from design to occupancy. Luckily, many of the significant contributors to poor building performance are correctable without significant capital outlay. This paper illustrates common pitfalls that may yield large discrepancies between predicted and actual performance. For each pitfall, a strategy has been devised to either avoid or correct for the predicted or measured disparity.

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 42 (INTERMEDIATE) The Commissioning Process Standard Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 07.09 Building Commissioning

Chair: Mike Eardley, P.E., Member, Cannon Design, Boston, MA The new ASHRAE Standard 202, The Commissioning Process for Systems and Assemblies, is completing its public review and is about to be published. This standard will set the minimum requirements for the Commissioning Process which will be adopted by codes and other standards. It is derived from the commissioning process in ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005. This seminar explains the commissioning process requirements as well as the background, organization and contents of the standard as well as the informative annexes. It also explains its relationship to other standards and guidelines and application to construction codes and projects. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the history and development of the commissioning process. 2. Understand the basics of the Commissioning Process. 3. Recognize that Commissioning is a process and not just a single event. 4. Be able to apply the Commissioning Process for design and construction of building elements and systems. 5. Be able to utilize the commissioning process deliverable documents. 6. Recognize the use of the Commissioning Standard to codes and standards in the industry. 1. ASHRAE Standard 202-2013 Gerald J. Kettler, P.E., Life Member, AIR Engineering and Testing, Carrollton, TX

The proposed ASHRAE Standard 202 will benefit the industry by ensuring that the built environment industry follows the owner’s quality-oriented process for achieving, verifying and documenting that the performance of buildings, systems and assemblies meets defined criteria. This presentation demonstrates how the standard will support the requirements in other ASHRAE standards and programs. By taking the best practices from the existing Guideline 0 and writing a standard, the requirements can be adopted by code bodies and used by standards developers.

2. Delivering Performance with the Commissioning Process H. Jay Enck, Member, Commissioning & Green Build Solutions Inc., Buford, GA Commissioning of HVAC and other building systems is a term familiar to those in the facilities industry, but many wish to learn more about the process and its benefits. This presentation describes the commissioning process, why it is necessary for high performance buildings, and discuss the commissioning requirements that are emerging in construction standards. The difference between new and existing building commissioning is also discussed.

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM SEMINAR 43 (INTERMEDIATE) VRF Applications in Cold Climates: Success Stories Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 08.07 Variable Refrigerant Flow

Chair: Pam Androff, Associate Member, Mitsubishi Electric, Atlanta, GA Variable Refrigerant Flow systems are well known for efficient performance and flexible design. But how to apply them in very cold climates? Low ambient conditions often present designers with a unique challenge. This session presents three case studies with different solutions for cold climate VRF applications. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the unique challenges presented by designing VRF in cold climates. 2. Identify the various solutions for VRF in cold climates. 3. Explain the steps required for designing an air-source VRF system in cold climates. 4. Identify the differences in correction factors for cold climates. 5. Define the requirements for a water-source VRF design in cold climates. 6. Describe the difference in system performance between solutions presented. 1. Best Practices for Air-Source VRF in Cold Climates Shawn Brill, P.E., Member, Bighorn Consulting Engineers, Co., Grand Junction, CO The use of variable refrigerant flow systems (VRF) for commercial and educational facilities has increased in the last few years. Their application to colder climates and higher altitudes requires a few special considerations to ensure adequate heating capacity and system operation at lower ambient temperatures. This presentation includes an overview of these techniques including load calculations, system selection, low ambient features, controls and heat recovery options. Ventilation requirements and the integration into VRF will also be discussed.

2. Hybrid VRF and Hydronic in a Hotel Application Maciej Sobczyk, P.E., Geoclima Mechanical Engineering Ltd., West Vancouver, BC, Canada This presentation reviews the design, control, and performance of a hybrid VRF system installed in a hotel in Regina. Scope for the project was to upgrade rooms with cooling and were interested in testing VRF for their future upgrades of other buildings. The VRF design is intended to provide both heating and cooling. However given the reduced heating capacity at low temperatures and with the pre-existing hydronic heating system in place, a hybrid system was designed. VRF is the primary source of heat and hydronic kicks in when VRF cannot meet the set point in 30 minutes.

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM FORUM 3 (INTERMEDIATE) Review of Issues in Contamination Control for Clean Room Facilities Track: HVAC&R Fundamentals & Applications Room: Governors Square 17

Sponsor: 09.11 Clean Spaces

Chair: Vinod P. (V. P.) Gupta, P.E., Member, 3M Company, Saint Paul, MN As the cost of building and operating a clean room facilities continue to rise, we need to address the different innovative ideas and out of the box thinking that will help reduce the cost of energy and other maintenance costs for operating a clean room facility. The forum discusses and seeks input in: fundamentals of HVAC application in clean room/space design; reduction of the cost of energy used; the current and updated procedures for maintaining a dynamic clean room; and reduction in the overall cost of operating the clean room for maintenance.

Wednesday, June 26, 9:45 AM-10:45 AM FORUM 4 (ADVANCED) What Are the Challenges for Using Air-to-Air Energy Recovery for Commercial Kitchen Ventilation (CKV) and 90.1 Compliance? Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 16 Sponsor: 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation, 05.05 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Chair: Don Fisher, Food Service Technology Center, San Ramon, CA; Paul Pieper, P.E., Member, Venmar CES, St-Leonardd'Aston, QC, Canada Standard 90.1 currently states (in summary) that if a kitchen/dining facility has a total kitchen hood exhaust airflow rate greater than 5,000 cfm, it shall have one of the following: at least 50% of all replacement air is transfer air; demand ventilation system(s) on at least 75% of the exhaust air; or listed energy recovery devices on at least 50% of the total exhaust airflow. Does the option for a “listed” energy recovery device challenge the design engineer? Does NFPA 96 pose a challenge? Should 90.1 revise this requirement to exclude the work “listed” to allow an engineered system?

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 10 (INTERMEDIATE) New Technologies in HVAC&R Systems and Equipment Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 16 Chair: Gary C. Debes, Member, Coward Environmental Systems, Coatesville, PA This session presents papers that examine recent advances in HVAC&R systems and equipment. From applications of combined heat and power to reduce utility consumption in supermarkets, to the analysis of the energy implications of the pressure drop across a residential air filter, the papers in this session provide solutions for improving energy efficiency. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe supermarket thermal loads that can be offset using CHP waste heat. 2. Detail how supermarket thermal loads vary across the year in different climates. 3. Better diagnose and solve combustion oscillation problems in boilers, furnaces and water heaters using the feedback loop stability model suggested by Baade. 4. Understand the primary causes of combustion oscillations. 5. Categorize and compare certain A/C systems according to certain technology and performance system criteria. 6. Describe a case study of an industrial A/C installation that would provide a guide for somebody that wants to design an A/C system for a similar facility. 7. Understand the impacts of blower motor type (PSC or BPM) on energy usage as a filter loads 8. Gain knowledge of rates of filter fouling for different MERV rated filters 1. Characterizing Supermarket’s Thermal Demands for Integrating Combined Heat and Power Systems (DE-13-033)

Ian Doebber, Associate Member1, Dustin Lilya, P.E.2 and Hugh Henderson3, (1)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, (2)Consulting Engineering Services, Boise, ID, (3)CDH Energy Corp., Cazenovia, NY Supermarkets installing combined heat and power (CHP) systems are looking to reduce utility electric consumption while applying the thermal output to offset service hot water, space heating, refrigeration sub-cooling, desiccant dehumidification and space cooling. Unfortunately, monitoring of supermarket CHP systems has shown that while the electric power was succesfully applied, the waste heat was not properly utilized. Comparitively, CHP projects are highly successful in industry and manufacturing settings since the thermal load profiles are well understood and remain relatively constant throughout the year. For supermarket CHP systems to make economic sense and reduce source carbon emissions, the thermal output needs to be near fully utilized throughout the year. The following paper summarizes each supermarket thermal demand and how they are changing with new or retrofit stores implementing significant changes such as more on-site prepared foods, secondary refrigeration systems, doors on medium temperature refrigerated display cases, and reduced lighting power densities. Within each section dedicated to a separate thermal demand, the authors use a combination of field monitored data and modeling to detail how to effectively apply CHP thermal output focusing on maintaining sufficient temeprature differences (quality), attacking persistent and large loads (quantity), and fundamental design considerations.

2. Assessing the Causes of Combustion Driven Oscillations in Boilers using a Feedback Loop Stability Model (RP-1517) (DE-13-034) D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Limin Zhou, Student Member1 and Tianxiang Li, Ph.D.1, (1)University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY Combustion driven oscillations are a common problem with boilers, water heaters, and furnaces. Sound is produced by the flame and is reflected downstream from the combustion chamber. The reflected sound waves perturb the mixture flow or equivalence ratio increasing the heat release pulsations and the accompanying sound produced by the flame. This phenomenon has been described using a positive feedback loop in prior work. The current paper applies the feedback loop stability model to two boilers, which exhibited combustion oscillations. Additionally, a feedback loop model was developed for equivalency ratio fluctuations and validated. For the first boiler, the combustion oscillation problem was primarily related to the geometry of the burner and the intake system. For the second boiler, the model indicated that the combustion oscillations were due to equivalency ratio fluctuations. Accordingly, the combustion oscillations could be alleviated by changing the geometry of the intake system.

3. Categorization and Comparison of Air Conditioning Systems from a Technology and Performance Persepective: Case Study of an Industrial Installation (DE-13-035) Vrellas Charisis1 and Karakatsanis Theoklitos2, (1)Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece, (2)National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece This paper compares four of the most basic air conditioning systems. More specifically, the systems compared are: floor FCUs vs. VRV and ceiling FCUs combined with an independent air duct network vs. air duct network with central air conditioning units. The comparison is made according to economical, functional, technical and convenience criteria. After a brief reference to the three ways in which air conditioning systems can be categorized, there are some conclusions drawn from an air conditioning study conducted for an industrial facility. Finally, the best systems are chosen for the air conditioning of this facility.

4. Energy Implications of In-line Filtration in California Homes (DE-13-036) Iain Walker, Ph.D., Member1, David Faulkner1, Darryl Dickerhoff1 and Will Turner, Ph.D.1, (1)Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA Furnace energy usage and filter pressure drop was measured for forced-air heating systems in ten California homes. Each home was monitored for at least one year. Measurements were made of the blower energy, filter pressure drop, supply and return plenum pressures and temperatures as well as indoor temperature. At least two filter types were installed, including a MERV 16 filter, in most houses.As the filter became dirty, in some homes the blower energy usage increased and in others the blower energy usage decreased. Increasing blower energy usage was associated with BPM blower motors and decreasing blower energy was associated with PSC blower motors. There was a large pressure drop across the MERV 16 filter as compared to the lower MERV filters. Many homeowners complained of noise because of the large pressure drop and air bypassing the filter. In addition to field measurements, simulations were made for a typical new home in six California climate zones, with combinations of PSC and BPM blowers, and low and high duct leakage. The results indicate that for MERV 10-13 filters the effects on blower energy use are moderate (5%). In systems that are already close to blower performance limits with low MERV filters, the addition of a MERV 16 filter pushed the blowers to their performance limits. The effect of filter loading on energy performance was moderate (20% increases in energy use) indicating that a filter loading indicator should be required for MERV 16 filters.

5. Measurement and Simulation of Acoustic Load Impedance for Boilers (RP-1517) (DE-13-037) Limin Zhou, Student Member1, D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Tianxiang Li, Ph.D.1, (1)University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Combustion oscillations are the result of thermo-acoustic instabilities. Sound produced from the flame is reflected from the combustion chamber into the mixture chamber. This perturbs both the mixture flow and composition intensifying the sound produced by the volumetric expansion and contraction of the flame. The ratio of the sound pressure to the volume velocity or source strength at the flame is known as the acoustic impedance. Acoustic impedance is a very useful quantity for both assessing whether combustion oscillations are likely to occur and making system modifications to avoid them. Principles for both measuring and simulating the acoustic impedance are summarized in this paper. The impedance is determined both experimentally and via simulation for three different combustion chambers. The methods presented permit the inclusion of structural coupling from the combustion chamber. Additionally, a method for determining the impedance above the plane wave cutoff frequency of the boiler is documented.

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 11 (INTERMEDIATE) Highlights in Building Envelope and Related Technology Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Governors Square 17 Chair: Vance W. Payne, Ph.D., Member, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD This technical session highlights recent research in a new fenestration technology, corrosion of wood fasteners, swimming pool evaporation, and foundation heat transfer. The works presented offer background on a wide variety of technologies that may interest a varied audience of both residential and commercial building designers and owners. The authors present correlations and models that may be used to simulate their studied technology. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the concept of Hybrid vacuum glazing and the heat transfer mechanism within this system 2. Define the thermal performance of Hybrid vacuum glazing and the factors which influence this performance 3. Distinguish corrosion of metals embedded in wood from atmospheric corrosion 4. Design buildings to prevent corrosion of embedded fasteners 5. Learn about a new method for calculating evaporation from occupied swimming pools. 6. Find how reliable this method and other methods are when compared to test data. 1. A Novel Building Component Hybrid Vacuum Glazing - A Modelling and Experimental Validation (DE-13-038) Yueping Fang1, Trevor Hyde1, Farid Arya1 and Neil Hewitt1, (1)University of Ulster, Newtonabbey, Northern Ireland The thermal performance of a hybrid vacuum glazing (HVG) was simulated using a finite volume model (FVM) and theoretically analysed using an analytic model. HVG is the combination of a conventional double vacuum glazing (DVG) and a third glass sheet separated by a gas filled cavity. The DVG integrated within the HVG comprises two 4 mm thick glass sheets both coated with a low-emittance (low-e) coating with emittance of 0.16, sealed around their periphery by a 6 mm wide indium based sealant and separated by an array of stainless steel support pillars with a diameter of 0.4 mm, a height of 0.2 mm and spaced at 25 mm within the vacuum gap. The DVG was fabricated using the pump-out method and subsequently integrated within the HVG. No low-e coating was employed on the third glass sheet. To validate the simulation results, the thermal performance of both the DVG and HVG were analysed using a guarded hot box calorimeter (GHBC) constructed in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8990. The simulation results showed that for the 0.4 m by 0.4 m HVG with the configuration parameters listed above, the thermal transmission U-value at the centre-of-glazing area was 0.64 W.m-2.K-1. Before integration with the third glass sheet, the U-value of the centre-of-glazing area of the DVG with dimensions of 0.4 m by 0.4 m was 0.85 W.m-2.K-1. The U-value of the HVG calculated using the analytic model was 0.63 W.m-2.K-1, which was in good agreement with that predicted using the FVM with a deviation of less than 1.5%. Using the GHBC, the experimentally determined U-value at the centre-of-glazing area of the HVG was 0.66 W.m-2.K-1 which was in very good agreement with the prediction by the FVM with a deviation of 3.1%. The thermal performance of the HVG compares favorably with conventional three pane insulating glazing systems and offers significant potential as an energy saving building component.

2. Corrosion of Embedded Metals in Wood: An Overview of Recent Research with Implications for Building Moisture Design (DE-13-039) Samuel L. Zelinka, Ph.D., U.S. Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI ASHRAE Standard 160, Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analysis in Buildings , specifies moisture design criteria in buildings to prevent moisture damage such as fungal activity and corrosion. While there has been much research on mold and decay fungi in wood buildings, it is often overlooked that wet wood is corrosive to the metal screws or nails used to fasten it. Currently, corrosion design in Standard 160 is based upon relative humidity criteria that were developed for atmospheric corrosion. However, the corrosion of metals embedded with wood is controlled by wood chemistry and moisture content rather than atmospheric relative humidity. This paper highlights recent research on the corrosion of metals in wood that may be of interest to those in the building

moisture design community who develop codes, standards, and hygrothermal models to minimize the results of structure problems caused by fastener corrosion. The major design implications are that (1) corrosion of metals in wood is not the same as atmospheric corrosion, and (2) that the wood moisture content should be kept below 18%.

3. New Correlation for Prediction of Evaporation from Occupied Swimming Pools (DE-13-040) M. Mohammed Shah, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Consultant, Redding, CT Well-verified methods for calculating rate of evaporation from swimming pools are not available. A new correlation is presented here which shows good agreement with all available data for partially and fully occupied swimming pools. Data from four studies (all that could be found) are correlated with a mean absolute deviation of 18%. Several other published correlations were also tested against the same data and gave much larger deviations. The new correlation will help in correct sizing of HVAC equipment and performing accurate energy consumption calculations.

4. Simplified Model for Ground Heat Transfer from Slab-On-Grade Buildings (DE-13-041) Kelly Kissock1, Narendan Raghavan1 and Abinesh Selvacanabady2, (1)University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, (2)Resource Solutions Group, Half Moon Bay, CA This paper presents a simplified method to calculate heat loss from slab-on-grade buildings. To develop a simplified method, a transient finite-difference model for heat loss from slab-on-grade buildings was developed. Based on results from the finite difference model, a simplified model of heat loss as a function of parallel thermal resistances and the difference between indoor air temperature and an effective ground temperature is proposed. The simplified method predicts heat loss using the weighted average of the annual average temperature and the average temperature of the past three months. Use of this effective ground temperature in the simplified model results in good agreement between heat loss predicted by the finite difference and simplified model in multiple locations. In addition, good agreement was found between the effective ground temperature and Kasuda’s equation for ground temperature at a depth of 15 feet. A correction factor is added to the simplified model to account for the heat loss from the ends of the building. Heat loss from the simplified model and ASHRAE (2009) method is compared with reasonable agreement. The simplified method proposed here has the advantage of directly using actual temperature data as the driver for heat loss rather than assuming that heat loss follows an annual sinusoidal function; and may thus more accurately account for variations in heat loss caused by temperature irregularities.

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 21 (INTERMEDIATE) Modeling & Measuring: Finding the Common Ground Track: Building Energy Modeling vs. Measurement & Verification- Closing the Gap Room: Plaza Ballroom A Chair: Justin Seter, Member, DLB Associates, Atlanta, GA This session explores the challenges associated with calibrating energy simulation models using field measurements and data analysis in order to verify design decisions. Many factors can cause simulation results to differ from real world utility consumption, including occupant behavior and assumptions that don't translate to the field. Case studies of net zero residential construction, an office building retrofit, a grocery store and apartment buildings are presented. Learning Objectives: 1. Able to understand the sources of errors and how much difference it can make when comparing simulation data with measured data. 2. Define the ASHRAE building design in EnergyPlus and discussion of the results. 3. Describe how modeling can be use to aid the design of net-zero energy homes. 4. Describe the challenge of comparing modeling results to the performance of individual occupied homes in light of the large variation in energy use in identical homes with different occupants. 5. Know the importance of variations in household electricity use. 6. Realize the importance of statistical analysis in building design regarding energy use and indoor climate. 7. Define the measurement and verification(M&V)methods in retrofit project. 8. Provide a kow-how for constructing the baseline simulation model in retrofit project. 9. Be familiarized with construction and operation of a conventional grocery store. 10. Be familiarized with the procedure to be adopted to calibrate the grocery store. 1. Comparison of Calculated and Measured Loads for ASHRAE Headquarters Building (DE-13-C074)

Ramandeep Singh, Student Member1, Zeyu Xiong, Student Member1, Harry Schroeder, Student Member1 and Dan Fisher1, (1)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK This paper demonstrates a relative comparison of load and energy calculations and their respective accuracy as compared to the measured building loads. Both load and energy calculations were performed by using the energy simulation software, EnergyPlus. The ASHRAE Headquarters Building located in Atlanta, Georgia acts as a live lab. The data recorded by its Building Automation System (BAS) was used to validate the simulation results. The energy model involves the coupling of Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) and ideal air loads system with a dedicated building model. Different cases were made by using ASHRAE base case standard 90.1, and by changing key parameters like building material specification, control schedules, weather data etc. These results were discussed to show the difference between load calculations, energy calculations and measured data. The comparisons helped us to analyze the accuracy in results as obtained by energy calculation method and the load calculation method.

2. Evaluation of Model Results and Measured Performance of Net-Zero Energy Homes in Hawaii (DE-13-C075) Paul Norton1, Kosol Kiatreungwattana, P.E., Member2 and Kenneth Kelly2, (1)Norton Energy R&D, Boulder, CO, (2)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO The Kaupuni community consists of 19 affordable net-zero energy homes that were built along the Waianae coast of Oahu, Hawaii in 2010. The project was developed for the native Hawaiian community led by the Department of Hawaiian Homelands. With high electricity prices in Hawaii, integrating energy efficiency and renewable energy to the design are critical to minimize energy cost. The energy features included in these all-electric homes were chosen using hourly energy modeling with building energy optimization (BEopt) software by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). An optimization algorithm was applied to find the combinations of energy efficiency and renewable energy measures to achieve net-zero energy performance at least cost. This paper presents a comparison of the modeled and measured energy performance of the homes over the first year of occupancy, the community as a whole performed very near the net-zero energy goals. The data show a range of performance from house to house with the majority of the homes consistently near or exceeding net-zero, while a few fall short of the predicted net-zero energy performance.

3. User Related Energy Use in Buildings: Results From Two Years of Measurement of Household Electricity in 1300 Apartments in Sweden (DE-13-C076) Hans Bagge, Ph.D.1, Dennis Johansson, Ph.D.2 and Lotti Lindstrii, M.D.3, (1)Building Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, (2)Lund University, Lund, Sweden, (3)Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden In order to design the HVAC systems and to do energy simulations of buildings, resolved data of the characteristics of parameters influenced by the occupant behavior have to be known. The gap between predicted and measured energy use is too often extensive. One reason for this is insufficient input data on household electricity that are not time resolved in a proper way. Household electricity is the electricity used inside an apartment of an apartment block. Almost all this electricity converts to heat indoors. The need of knowledge of the use of household electricity, a parameters strongly influenced by the user behaviour, increases as the space heating portion of the total energy use is relatively smaller in energy efficient buildings. The indoor air temperature and the use of household electricity, domestic cold water and domestic hot water have been measured in 1300 apartments in several apartment buildings located in the same city in the south of Sweden. The measurements were carried out on an hourly basis during two years. The study provided descriptive statistics as well as use patterns on daily, weekly, monthly and yearly time scales. This paper presents the results for household electricity as the parameter most influencing the design of the HVAC systems.

4. Measurement and Verification Study in Korea (DE-13-C077) Doosam Song, Ph.D., Member1, Kinam Kang, Dr.Ing., Student Member1 and Kyumin Kang, M.D.1, (1)Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea Recently, building energy retrofits were performed for existing buildings to minimize CO2 emission of building sector in Korea. When energy retrofit is applied, energy saving performance should be evaluated with standardized method. However, energy saving effect cannot be measured directly in retrofit step, the savings can be determined by comparing the measures before and after implementation of a project. In this study, the measurement and verification (M&V) methods to reliably determine actual savings created within an individual measure by a building energy retrofit project were reviewed. In this paper, especially, the calibrated simulation method as a performance verification method was accomplished for the small-sized office building in Korea. The considerations to set up the baseline simulation model for target building were described and the validity of the baseline model was analyzed with field measurement results based on ASHRAE Guideline. A baseline simulation model was created to describe the actual building conditions through a review of the drawings and field measurements of the target building.

5. Reducing Energy Consumption in Grocery Stores: Calibration of A Grocery Store Simulation Model (DE-13-C078) Jaya Mukhopadhyay, Student Member1, Jeff Haberl, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE 1 and Juan-Carlos Baltazar, Ph.D., Member1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Approximately 3% of the commercial building energy consumption in the United States is attributable to food sales. Although a small percentage, it is still a significant amount of consumption especially when accounted for at the source level. Currently, a typical grocery store consumes approximately 52.5 kWhr/ sq. ft. /year of electricity which is almost twice that consumed by a typical office building at 22.5 kWhr/ sq. ft. /year making it clear that energy consumption in grocery stores needs to be further researched. This paper describes the first part of a study which investigates the reduction of energy consumption in

grocery stores in hot and humid climates. The first part of this study investigates the maximum possible savings that can be obtained on implementing energy efficiency measures in a grocery store. The second part of this study then takes the investigation a step further and examines the option of CHP to power the grocery store and a portion of the community. The overall goal of this study is to investigate further reduction of energy consumption in the grocery store when it is considered as part of a residential community.

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 22 (INTERMEDIATE) Predictive Energy and Comfort Simulation Methods Track: Research Summit Room: Plaza Ballroom E Chair: Frank Shadpour, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, SC Engineers, Inc., San Diego, CAJennifer E. Leach, P.E., Member, Leach Engineering LLC, Baltimore, MD In today's high performance buildings, design direction is increasingly based on the results of comprehensive energy modeling. This session features several papers which assess the techniques used by common predictive energy and comfort simulation methods. Learning Objectives: 1. Identify why better assumptions to energy building models are necessary to improve energy simulations. 2. Have additional reference material on occupancy diversity factors for commercial office buildings. 3. Design laboratory test for parametric study of thermal comfort factors 4. Design survey tools for thermal comfort studies 5. Define Gaussian Mixture Models and will know how to learn its parameters from data using EM-algorithm 6. Perform Gaussian mixture regression to model building energy consumption in a data-driven manner as function explanatory variables such as outside-air temperature, humidity etc. 7. Learn more details about modeling approaches and requirements for model predictive control design and implementation. 8. Learn that low-order state-space model is suitable for model predictive control design and implementation with prescribed temperature setpoints. 1. Revealing Occupancy Patterns in Office Buildings Through the Use of Annual Occupancy Sensor Data (DE-13-C079) Carlos Duarte, Student Member1 and Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Ph.D.1, (1)University of Idaho Integrated Design Lab, Boise, ID Energy simulation programs like EnergyPlus and DOE-2 are tools that have been proven to aid with energy calculations to predict energy use in buildings. Some inputs to energy simulation models are relatively easy to find, including building size, orientation, construction materials, and HVAC system size and type. Others vary with time (e.g. weather and occupancy) and some can be a challenge to estimate in order to create an accurate simulation. In this paper, the analysis of occupancy sensor data for a large commercial, multi-tenant office building is presented. It details occupancy diversity factors for private offices and summarizes the same for open offices, hallways, conference rooms, break rooms, and restrooms in order to better inform energy simulation parameters.

2. The Development of a Test Methodology for Transient Thermal Comfort Analysis (DE-13-C080) Ahmet Ugursal, Ph.D.1 and Charles Culp, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE 1, (1)Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Thermal environment is a complex web of relationships between various transient environmental and personal parameters as well as the physical environment. A test room design and a test methodology was developed to simulate a real-world workplace thermal environment to determine thermal responses to various interacting and dynamic thermal comfort factors. Subjective responses were collected and various improvements to current thermal comfort standards were identified. This study used the advantages of both methodologies to increase the external validity as in a field study without compromising the rigor which is the strong point of a laboratory study. To achieve this, an actual office environment was converted into an environmentally controlled room to alleviate the feeling of a laboratory environment and to avoid subjects’ expectations for a shift in thermal stimulus. A factorial test design was also developed to test subjective thermal responses to various interacting thermal factors including ambient temperature, varying airflow, and metabolic rate as well as gender.

3. Gaussian Mixture Regression for Building Energy Modeling and Verification (DE-13-C081) Abhishek Srivastav, Ph.D.1, Ashutosh Tewari, Ph.D.1 and Bing Dong, Ph.D., Associate Member1, (1)United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT Prediction of building energy usage and its uncertainty analysis are critical to characterize the baseline performance of any building for impact analysis of energy saving schemes such as fault detection and diagnosis (FDD), control policies and retrofits. This paper presents a novel approach based on Gaussian

Mixture Regression (GMR) for modeling building energy use with locally adaptive uncertainty quantification. The choice of GMR is motivated by two key advantages (1) the number of unique building operation patterns can be identified using information-theoretic criteria in a data-driven manner, and (2) confidence estimates of baseline prediction are localized and the task of parameterized confidence estimation is integrated with the modeling process itself. Results are presented based on synthetic data sets generated by DOE reference model for supermarket of Chicago climate and compared with some prevalent baseline models for building energy use.

4. Development of Control-Oriented Models for Model Predictive Control in Buildings (DE-13-C082) Pengfei Li, Ph.D.1, Zheng O'Neill, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and James Braun, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE 2, (1)United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT, (2)Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Model Predictive Control (MPC) has gained attention in recent years for application to building automation and controls because of significant potential for energy cost. MPC utilizes dynamic building and HVAC equipment models and input forecasts to estimate future energy usage and employs optimization to determine control inputs that minimize an integrated cost function or a specified prediction horizon. A dynamic model with reasonable prediction performance (e.g., accuracy and simulation speed) is crucial for a practical implementation of MPC. One modeling approach is to use whole-building energy simulation programs such as EnergyPlus, TRNSYS and ESP-r etc. However, the computational and set up costs for these models are significant and they do not appear to be suitable for on-line implementation. This paper presents the development of control-oriented models for the thermal zones in buildings. A simple linear ARX (Auto-Regressive with exogenous input) model and a low-order state-space model are identified from the designed input-output responses of thermal zones with disturbances from ambient conditions and internal heat gains.

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 44 (INTERMEDIATE) Advanced Energy Design for Hospitals: Theory and Application Track: Mile-High Efficiency & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom B Sponsor: 09.06 Healthcare Facilities

Chair: Bob Gulick, P.E., Member, Mazzetti Nash Lipsey Burch, Portland, OR Significant strides have been made in how to design hospitals for significant energy reduction; however, the hospital design profession has been slow to embrace these new strategies. By communicating the theory and a successful case study, this seminar can be a catalyst to accelerate energy reduction in hospitals. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the profile of energy consumption in hospitals 2. Define strategies to dramatically reduce energy consumption cost effectively 3. Explain the scope of the Advance Energy Design Guide for Large Hospitals and how to apply measures 4. Describe the relative importance of energy reduction measures in hospitals 5. Apply a simple step by step method to implement energy reduction measures in hospitals 6. Apply a step by step approach to evaluate alternative energy sources 1. Advanced Energy Design for Hospitals - Theory and Application Bob Gulick, P.E., Member, Mazzetti Nash Lipsey Burch, Portland, OR Significant strides have been made in how to design hospitals for significant energy reduction; however, the hospital design profession has been slow to embrace these new strategies. By communicating the theory and a successful case study, this seminar can be a catalyst to accelerate energy reduction in hospitals.

2. Targeting 100! Heather Burpee, University of Washington Integrated Design Lab, Seattle, WA The University of Washington’s Integrated Design Lab, in collaboration with a team of experts in design, engineering, operations and hospital ownership have developed research directed at much higher performing buildings – targeting both energy performance and interior environmental quality, for little capital investment. This research provides a structure at a schematic design level for hospital owners, architects and engineers. It offers access to design strategies and the cost implications of those strategies for new hospitals to utilize 60% less energy. The research report is a tool and for moving energy efficiency goals forward in project teams.

3. The Advanced Energy Design Guide for Large Hospitals

Shanti D. Pless, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO The 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide for Large Hospitals is intended to provide user-friendly, “how-to” design guidance and efficiency recommendations for large healthcare buildings. Application of the recommendations in the guide should results in facilities that consume 50% less energy than conventional hospitals defined by the minimum requirements ofANSI/ASRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. This ASHRAE publication is a virtual encyclopedia of design measures that can be applied effectively. The better designers understand the tools in the guideline, the better prepared they will be to address current design approaches.

4. Small Hospital, Big Idea: Case Study Arash Guity, P.E., Member, M+NLB, San Francisco, CA The co-winning submission for the Kaiser Small Hospital Big Idea design competition created a rational process to implement energy reduction measures into an otherwise complex energy consumption environment. With systems simplified and energy dramatically reduced from a 263 kbtu/sf/yr baseline to 68 kbtu/sf/yr, applying alternative energy source to achieve net zero or better was simpler and more cost effective. Optimizing the mix of alternative energy sources is a separate step by step methodology. The same building on a different site will have a different alternative energy mix. However, the method to determine the mix is the same.

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 45 (INTERMEDIATE) Integrating Innovative, Large-scale Solar Thermal Systems into the Built Environment. Track: Renewable & Alternative Energy Sources Room: Governors Square 14 Sponsor: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization

Chair: James A. Leidel, Member, Oakland University, Rochester, MI Three innovative and interesting projects will be presented showcasing solar thermal energy on at the building level, small community level, and large district energy system level in North America. The Oakland University Human Health Building in Michigan makes use of variable refrigerant flow geothermal heat pumps assisted by a solar-thermal activated desiccant outdoor air supply. The 52-home Drake Landing Solar Community in Alberta is the first major implementation in North America of a technology known as seasonal solar thermal energy storage. Lastly, District Energy St. Paul in Minnesota has installed the Midwest’s largest solar thermal installation. Learning Objectives: 1. Define what solar thermal energy systems can provide for buildings and district energy systems. 2. Describe the general makeup or components of active solar thermal systems. 3. Provide examples of energy loads that can be served by solar thermal systems, such as heating, domestic water, and cooling needs of buildings. 4. Discuss the need for thermal energy storage, or lack of a need, due to the load vs solar energy supply mismatch, and discuss how each of the case studies addressed this need. 5. Describe three case studies where large solar thermal systems have been installed in North America. 6. Discuss the design challenges and major system design choices that will be faced while implementing large solar thermal projects. 1. Hybrid Geothemal / Solar Thermal Energy System for a LEED Platinum Academic Facility James A. Leidel, Member, Oakland University, Rochester, MI The Human Health Building (HHB) is be one of the most efficient geothermal heat pump systems available, making use of variable refrigerant flow heat pumps, solar-thermally activated desiccant outdoor air supply, and multiple methods of waste heat recovery. The design will be a showcase green building project with the first Platinum LEED rating for an educational facility in Michigan.

2. District Energy St. Paul: Solar Thermal & Biomass for Downtown St. Paul, MN Nina Axelson, District Cooling St. Paul Inc., St. Paul, MN District Energy St. Paul (DESP) installed the Midwest’s largest solar thermal installation atop the Saint Paul RiverCentre. The system hosts 144 flat-plate, high performance collectors, with a system peak of 1.2 MW, thermal. It is the first of its kind in the country, serving both the Saint Paul RiverCentre heating

load, and exporting excess heat into the district energy hot water system that serves 80% of downtown Saint Paul. DESP receives the majority of its heat from a high efficiency, renewable fuel combined heat and power plant, utilizing a steam-driven turbine, and both biomass and fossil fuel boilers.

3. Drake Landing Solar Community with Seasonal Energy Storage Doug McClenahan1 and Reda Djebbar, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, (1)Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) is located in Okotoks, Alberta, 15 minutes south of Calgary. The unique feature of DLSC is that 90 percent of space heating needs for the community’s 52 single-detached homes will be met by solar thermal energy, a feat unprecedented anywhere else in the world.

The DLSC is also the first major implementation in North America of seasonal solar thermal energy storage. Solar thermal energy is collected in the summer, stored underground, and then returned to the homes as heat during the winter.

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 46 (ADVANCED) Practical Experiences with Low-GWP and Natural Refrigerants in Supermarkets Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Governors Square 15 Sponsor: Refrigeration Committee, TC3.1, TC8.1, MTG Alternative Lower GWP Refrigeran, 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage

Chair: Georgi S. Kazachki, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Dayton Phoenix Group, Inc., Dayton, OH A decade of intensive research and development in the implementation of natural refrigerants in refrigeration and airconditioning resulted in a large number of supermarket refrigeration systems worldwide that were designed, commissioned, and have been in operation sufficient time to assess their performance, efficiency, and environmental impact. This seminar presents a review of refrigeration systems using natural and low-GWP substances as refrigerants. The real-life performance and efficiency of these systems will be provided and compared to the simulation predictions during the design phase. Learning Objectives: 1. List the natural refrigerants that have been successfully implemented in the real-life systems. 2. List the low-GWP refrigerants (except the natural refrigerants) that have been tested in real-life systems. 3. Explain the design options of refrigeration systems with natural refrigerants. 4. Compare the design features and application preferences of refrigeration and AC systems with CO2 used as a secondary coolant or as a refrigerant in a cascade system. 5. Know the performance and efficiency of the refrigeration systems with natural refrigerant based on the reported practical experiences from systems that have been in operation. 6. Compare the performance, efficiency and environmental characteristics of refrigeration systems with natural and/or lowGWP refrigerants with current HFC systems. 1. Practical Issues With Low GWP Replacements for R404A in Commercial Refrigeration Applications Gustavo Pottker, Member, Honeywell - Buffalo Research Laboratory, Buffalo, NY Due to the growing concerns around the use of refrigerants with high global warming potential, new working fluids that provide low environmental impact are currently in development. These refrigerants show high levels of energy efficiency and significantly low global warming potential, minimizing the overall environmental impact. This work discusses in detail performance of these Low GWP refrigerants as replacements for R-404A in commercial refrigeration applications. Experimental results as well as field experiences in representative systems and components are presented, showing the benefits of using these new working fluids.

2. Implementation of Natural Refrigerant R744 (CO2) in Supermarket Shitong Zha, Ph.D., Member, Hill PHOENIX, Covington, GA Implementation of natural refrigerant R744 (CO2) in supermarket refrigeration systems is one of the practical and effective ways to reduce carbon emission. This presentation provides an overview of the different system designs commonly used with refrigerant R744 (CO2) in supermarkets. Significant practical information has been gained through design, start-up and operation of these systems relating to performance, maintenance, safety, energy consumption, and refrigerant charge. Both practical system simulation and field test indicate energy parity, or in some climate locations energy advantages for CO2 system compared with conventional HFC systems.

3. Modeling the Expected Energy Performance and Efficiency By Design of a High Efficiency Grocery Store With Natural Refrigerants

Kyle Larson, Associate Member1 and Dustin Lilya, P.E.2, (1)VaCom Technologies, San Luis Obispo, CA, (2)Consulting Engineering Services, Boise, ID This presentation reviews the preliminary energy modeling work and the expected performance of a high efficiency Albertsons grocery store in Carpinteria, California. A DOE2R energy model was developed to evaluate the expected whole building energy performance. The proposed high efficiency refrigeration system included a NH3 / CO2 cascade system, variable speed compressors, floating head pressure with variable setpoint and variable speed control, floating suction pressure, and efficient display cases.

4. Refrigeration Design and Energy Performance Review of a High Efficiency Grocery Store With NH3/CO2 Refrigeration: One Year Later James Armer, P.E., CTA, Boise, ID This presentation reviews the actual operating performance of the NH3 / CO2 cascade refrigeration system installed in a grocery store in Carpinteria, CA in 2012. The system energy model is compared to the actual performance of the store to analyze overall system performance as compared to the design intent. Additionally, the store installed an R-407A system to provide the high side condensing on the Co2 Cascade system so a direct energy comparison between the NH3/CO2 and R407A/CO2 performance will be presented.

Wednesday, June 26, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM SEMINAR 47 (INTERMEDIATE) Pressure Drop Considerations in Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Track: HVAC&R Systems & Equipment Room: Plaza Ballroom F Sponsor: 05.05 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Chair: Helen Davis, P.E., Member, AHRI, Arlington, VA The session educates the audience on the best ways to determine fan size for a system that incorporates air-to-air energy recovery ventilation equipment (AAERVE). ASHRAE 90.1 recently added limits to the fan power used in ventilation systems that incorporate energy recovery devices. Learning Objectives: 1. Understanding how using a return fan or exhaust fan will vary the amount of fan energy with an energy recovery ventilations system. 2. Understanding the energy associated with the supply fan for an energy recovery component. 3. Understanding fan efficiency and the assigned pressure losses effect on a building model with energy recovery applied. 4. Gain an understanding of the fan power vs. ERV effectiveness trade-off in 90.1. 5. Learn how to define the “system” within which the fan power limits apply. 6. Practical application of optimizing economizer features when utilizing air-to-air recovery devices. 1. Adding Air-to-Air Energy Recovery: What Is the Associated Fan Energy? Ronnie Moffitt, P.E., Member, Trane, Inc., Lexington, KY When evaluating the options to add air to air energy recovery, one has to properly account for the fan energy added. In many cases it is not simply adding the component pressure drop. This seminar reviews how assumption on the supply and return/exhaust fans associated with the energy recovery affects the calculated benefit of applying exhaust air energy recovery.

2. ERV Fan Power Limits in 90.1: Rationale and Application Matthew L. Friedlander, Member, RenewAire LLC, Madison, WI ASHRAE 90.1 now includes limits to fan power used to move air through energy recovery devices used in ventilation systems. These limits incorporate an explicit balance between the outside air ventilation load savings by the energy recovery device and the required fan power input to the device. This balance was developed by analysis of building performance simulation in various climate zones. This presentation outlines that work. In addition, questions about application of the fan power limits to various types of systems are raised – and some of them are answered.

3. Discussion of Recovery Efficiency Ratio Tom Rice, Member, SEMCO LLC, Columbia, MO Packaged ERV manufacturers and system designers need to understand the overall energy savings potential of the technology chosen. Recovery devices are available that have widely different efficiency and pressure loss characteristics. An optimization of recovery efficiency and pressure loss across the recovery

device will be presented, with supporting data provided from modeling typical ERV systems for different climate conditions, localized utility electrical energy cost and hours of operation. Combining the results of this modeling including economizer features and the Recovery Efficiency Ratio provides important guidance for determining whether high efficiency or low pressure loss is the most important design parameter.