Apr 20, 2017 - Repository Citation. Stinson, Philip M., "Police Shootings Data: What We Know and What We Don't Know" (20
Bowling Green State University
ScholarWorks@BGSU Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Human Services
4-20-2017
Police Shootings Data: What We Know and What We Don't Know Philip M. Stinson Bowling Green State University - Main Campus,
[email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/crim_just_pub Part of the Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Repository Citation Stinson, Philip M., "Police Shootings Data: What We Know and What We Don't Know" (2017). Criminal Justice Faculty Publications. 78. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/crim_just_pub/78
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Police Shootings Data: What we know and we don’t know Philip Stinson, Sr., J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Bowling Green State University 2017 Urban Elected Prosecutors Summit Atlanta – April 20, 2017 This project was supported by Award No. 2011-IJ-CX-0024, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this research presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. Support for this research was also provided by the Wallace Action Fund of Tides Foundation.
Background & Update on Police Crime Data
Method Multiyear study on police crime. Content analysis of news articles. Use Google News search engine and Google Alerts email update service. The primary unit of analysis is criminal arrest case. This presentation summarizes the criminal arrest cases of nonfederal sworn law enforcement officers across the United States during the years 2005‐ 2011/2012 (but some more recent data is presented on shootings). • Intercoder reliability overall simple agreement between two coders exceeded 97.7% across all variables. Krippendorf’s Alpha coefficients are strong (α=.9153).
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Strengths & Limitations • Google News is a preferred method to conduct news‐based content analysis research. • The research is limited by the content and quality of information provided on each case. • The data are limited to cases that involved an official arrest. • These data are the result of a filtering process that includes the exercise of discretion by media sources in terms of types of stories covered and the nature of the content devoted to particular stories.
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What We Don’t Know About Police Crime • Trends over time / approximating a longitudinal study • More victim information, including race of victims • What about the officers who are allowed to resign in lieu of being arrested? • This is exploratory research • There are unknown unknowns • Police Crime is largely a hidden crime (no official data available)
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Police Crime Arrests, 2005‐2017 • 12,776 arrest cases involving 10,787 individual nonfederal sworn law enforcement offices with general powers of arrest. • The arrested officers were employed by 4,043 state, local, special, and tribal law enforcement agencies, located in 1,633 counties and independent cities, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. • The list is current as of April 11, 2017. • Full data (coded on 270 variables) is only available on arrest cases from the years 2005‐2012.
N = 5,545
Table 1. Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Arrested Officers and Employing Agencies (N = 6,724) n (%) n (%) Sex Male Female
6,357 367
(94.5) (5.5)
Age 19-23 24-27 28-31 32-35 36-39 40-43 44-47 48-51 52-55 56 or older Missing
136 603 886 967 1,081 885 614 343 178 170 861
(2.0) (9.0) (13.2) (14.4) (16.1) (13.2) (9.1) (5.1) (2.6) (2.5) (12.8)
Years of Service 0-2 3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-26 27 or more years Missing
756 954 666 622 507 409 387 194 129 156 1,944
(11.2) (14.2) (9.9) (9.3) (7.5) (6.1) (5.8) (2.9) (1.9) (2.3) (28.9)
Arresting Agency Employing Agency Another Agency
2,277 4,447
(33.9) (66.1)
Officer Duty Status On-Duty Off-Duty
2,793 3,931
(41.5) (58.5)
Rank Officer Detective Corporal Sergeant Lieutenant Captain Major Colonel Deputy Chief Chief
5,095 369 123 581 177 63 12 4 49 251
(75.8) (5.5) (1.8) (8.7) (2.6) (0.9) (0.2) (0.1) (0.7) (3.7)
Function Patrol & Street Level Line/Field Supervisor Management
5,464 881 379
(81.3) (13.1) (5.6)
Region of United States Northeastern States Midwestern States Southern States Western States
1,430 1,380 2,906 1,008
(21.3) (20.5) (43.2) (15.0)
Level of Rurality Metropolitan County Non-Metro County
5,711 1,013
(84.9) (15.1)
n
(%)
Agency Type Primary State Police Sheriff's Office County Police Dept. Municipal Police Dept. Special Police Dept. Constable Tribal Police Dept. Regional Police Dept.
269 1,109 226 4,915 174 15 14 2
(4.0) (16.5) (3.4) (73.1) (2.6) (0.2) (0.2) (0.0)
Full-Time Sworn Officers 0 1 2-4 5-9 10-24 25-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 1,000 or more
31 59 274 376 684 679 704 859 653 548 1,857
(0.4) (0.9) (4.1) (5.6) (10.2) (10.1) (10.5) (12.8) (9.7) (8.1) (27.6)
Part-Time Sworn Officers 0 1 2-4 5-9 10-24 25-49 50-99 100-249 250-499
5,008 218 528 419 372 120 49 8 2
(74.5) (3.3) (7.9) (6.2) (5.5) (1.8) (0.7) (0.1) (0.0)
Table 2. Most Serious Offense Charged in Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 6,724) n (%) Simple Assault Driving Under the Influence Aggravated Assault Forcible Fondling Forcible Rape Drug / Narcotic Violation All Other Larceny All Other Offenses Intimidation False Pretenses / Swindle Weapons Law Violation Official Misconduct / Oppression / Violation of Oath False Report / False Statement Murder / Nonnegligent Manslaughter Burglary / Breaking & Entering Robbery Theft from Building Statutory Rape Other Sex Crime Extortion / Blackmail Forcible Sodomy Obstructing Justice Pornography / Obscene Material Civil Rights Violation Bribery Embezzlement Disorderly Conduct Negligent Manslaughter Arson Counterfeiting/ Forgery Destruction of Property / Vandalism
877 841 572 352 322 308 274 265 255 218 143 139 129 125 112 109 103 100 98 95 94 93 86 84 80 79 67 62 57 51 46
(13.0) (12.5) (8.5) (5.2) (4.8) (4.6) (4.1) (3.9) (3.8) (3.2) (2.1) (2.1) (1.9) (1.9) (1.7) (1.6) (1.5) (1.5) (1.5) (1.4) (1.4) (1.4) (1.3) (1.2) (1.2) (1.2) (1.0) (0.9) (0.8) (0.8) (0.7)
Online Solicitation of a Child Prostitution Stolen Property Offenses Indecent Exposure Kidnapping / Abduction Shoplifting Hit & Run Restraining Order Violation Impersonation Drunkenness Theft from Motor Vehicle Family Offenses, Nonviolent Liquor Law Violation Evidence: Destroying / Tampering Assisting or Promoting Prostitution Wire Fraud Sexual Assault with an Object Gambling: Operating / Promoting Credit Card Fraud / ATM Fraud Motor Vehicle Theft Trespass of Real Property Wiretapping, Illegal Incest Gambling: Betting / Wagering Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts or Accessories Peeping Tom Welfare Fraud Pocket-picking Theft from Coin-operated Machine Bad Checks
Note . Table equals 99.9%. The last four categories collectively account for the missing 0.1%.
n
(%)
44 42 39 38 37 31 27 25 22 22 21 20 19 17 12 10 10 9 7 7 7 6 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1
(0.7) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.5) (0.4) (0.4) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (0.2) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0)
Table 3. Victim Characteristics in Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 6,724) n (%) (Valid %) Victim's Sex Female Male Missing
2,246 1,422 3,056
(33.4) (21.2) (45.4)
(61.2) (38.8)
Victim's Age Birth-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-32 33-41 42 or older Missing
185 141 248 213 121 223 296 214 207 4,876
(2.7) (2.1) (3.7) (3.2) (1.8) (3.3) (4.4) (3.2) (3.1) (72.5)
(10.0) (7.6) (13.4) (11.5) (6.6) (12.1) (16.0) (11.6) (11.2)
n
(%)
(Valid %)
Victim's Relationship Current Spouse Former Spouse Current Girlfriend or Boyfriend Former Girlfriend or Boyfriend Child or Stepchild Some Other Relative Unrelated Child Stranger or Acquaintance Missing
346 68 202 136 177 95 673 2,237 2,790
(5.1) (1.0) (3.0) (2.0) (2.7) (1.4) (10.0) (33.3) (41.5)
(8.8) (1.7) (5.1) (3.5) (4.5) (2.4) (17.1) (56.9)
Victim's Law Enforcement Status Victim is Not a Police Officer Victim is a Police Officer Missing
3,738 229 2,757
(55.6) (3.4) (41.0)
(94.2) (5.8)
Victim Adult or Child Adult Child Missing
3,051 939 2,734
(45.3) (14.0) (40.7)
(76.5) (23.5)
Table 40: Police DUI Arrest Cases: Incident Events
DUI in Privately-Owned Vehicle DUI Traffic Accident DUI Traffic Accident with Injuries Refused BAC Test DUI Traffic Accident: Officer Fled Scene Officer in Possession of Firearm while DUI Refused Field Sobriety Tests DUI in Take-Home Police Vehicle Off-Duty: Identified Self as Police Officer DUI Traffic Accident: Officer Charged with Hit & Run Officer Resisted Arrest DUI Actually On-Duty in Police Vehicle DUI Traffic Accident: Fatality Resulting DUI Traffic Accident: Flipped their Car DUI in Police Vehicle while Out of Jurisdiction Off-Duty: Officer's Employing Agency Requires 24/7 Availability DUI Traffic Accident: Driving in Wrong Direction Off-Duty: Flashed Badge DUI Traffic Accident: Driving a Motorcycle Off-Duty: Displayed Police Weapon DUI Traffic Accident: Officer Denied Driving Off-Duty: Family Violence DUI Traffic Accident: While Evading DUI Traffic Accident: Flipped Victim's Car Off-Duty: In Police Uniform Off-Duty: Made an Arrest Off-Duty: Intervened in Existing Dispute Per Policy
n
(%)
836 492 231 195 103 83 81 78 77 76 44 42 39 33 28 23 17 16 15 14 12 10 9 4 2 2 1
(87.1) (51.2) (24.1) (20.3) (10.7) (8.6) (8.4) (8.1) (8.0) (7.9) (4.6) (4.4) (4.1) (3.4) (2.9) (2.4) (1.8) (1.7) (1.6) (1.5) (1.3) (1.0) (0.9) (0.4) (0.2) (0.2) (0.1)
Late‐Stage Police Crime
Officers Arrested and 42 U.S.C. §1983
Stinson’s Typology of Police Crime • Alcohol‐related Police Crime (n = 1,675, 20.9%) • Drug‐related Police Crime (n = 846, 10.6%) • Sex‐related Police Crime (n = 1,686, 21.1%) • Violence‐related Police Crime (n = 3,802, 47.5%) • Profit‐Motivated Police Crime (n = 1,817, 22.7%)
• NOTE: these are binary variables, not mutually‐exclusive categories. N = 8,006
Violence‐related Police Crime • Bizarre Violence – off‐duty gun‐involved criminal events • Criminal Misuse of Conductive Energy Devices (e.g., Tasers) • Officer‐involved Domestic Violence (OIDV) – Lautenberg Amendment • Stinson ‐w‐ The Washington Post study of on‐duty shootings
Table 68. Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 480) 95% CI for Exp(B) B
SE
Wald
p
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Destruction of Property / Vandalism
2.176
0.682
10.178
.001
8.807
2.314
33.516
Obstruction of Justice
2.950
1.106
7.118
.008
19.115
2.188
167.003
Victim's Relationship to the Arrested Officer
0.133
0.058
5.141
.023
1.142
1.018
1.280
Sex-related
1.526
0.326
21.909
< .001
4.602
2.428
8.720
OIDV: Weapon: Personally-owned Gun
0.809
0.401
4.074
.044
2.246
1.024
4.927
OIDV: Officer Violated an Order of Protection
1.547
0.599
6.663
.010
4.699
1.451
15.213
OIDV: Victim Injured, nonfatal OIDV: Victim Injured, fatal Job Loss Geographic Region
-0.587
0.228
6.620
.010
0.556
0.356
0.870
2.048
0.660
9.622
.002
7.752
2.125
28.278
1.385
0.226
37.730
< .001
3.996
2.568
6.216
-0.287
0.110
6.764
.009
0.751
0.605
0.932
- 2 Log Likelihood
497.342
Model Chi-Square
163.272
Cox & Snell R Nagelkerke R ROC R AUC
2
2
2
