characterised by larger share of female migrants, ... participation in the formal Brazilian labour market. .... Boa Vist
South American Migration Report No. 2 - 2017
RECENT EXTRA-REGIONAL, INTRA-REGIONAL AND EXTRA-CONTINENTAL MIGRATION TRENDS IN SOUTH AMERICA
EXTRA-REGIONAL MIGRATION In recent years, there has been an increase in migration flows from the Caribbean, Asian and African countries towards South America. Main characteristics These migrants are more vulnerable compared to regional migrants due to challenges with accessing regular migration status (and subsequently protected work), along with language and cultural barriers, among others.
Increase in numbers of extra-regional migrants, with notable flows from the Caribbean, Asia and Africa.
South America is a transit region (United States of America being as final destination) and also a final destination region.
CARIBBEAN MIGRATION In the recent years there has been an increase in the presence of Caribbean nationals in the region, mainly originating from the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba.
Cuba
Dominican Republic Haiti
Turbo
Panama Colombia Ecuador
Brazil
Chile Argentina
South America is a region of both, transit and destination for migrants from the Caribbean: There is a significant presence of citizens from Haiti and Cuba transiting Colombia in route to the United States of America. The municipality of Turbo (Antioquia, Colombia) on the border with Panama is one of the areas with major numbers of migrants in transit. There is a notable increase in residence permits, humanitarian visas and special amnesties issued through regular channels.
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC In the recent years, the Dominican emigration has expanded beyond its historical destination in the region – Venezuela - towards the southernmost countries in the continent.
Argentina, Chile and Uruguay
A consular visa was imposed in Chile and Argentina in 2012 and in Uruguay in 2014.
Residence permits issued to Dominican Republic nationals
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENCE PERMITS ISSUED TO DOMINICAN REPUBLIC NATIONALS IN ARGENTINA AND CHILE
The number of Dominican Republic nationals 1 2 in Argentina and Chile has increased, a trend that dates back to the 1990s in Argentina and mid-2000 in Chile. In the period of 2010 - 2016, approximately 35,000 residence permits were issued. However, a sustained decrease has been noted since 2012 in ChiIe and 2013 in Argentina.
4,655
5,000
4,117 3,604
4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000
2
2005
2,359
3,123
1,956 1,114 1,150
1,092
1,362
2010
2011
2012
2013 CHILE
Flows of Dominican Republic citizens have been the most dynamic ones in Uruguay, in recent years. Since 2013, a total of 831 residence permits 3 have been issued. The last inter-annual variation was almost 600 per cent. In the 2012 2015 period 2,544 Identity Cards were issued. The cards are an identification document issued prior to residence requests. More than half of such ID cards were issued to women, highlighting the female profile of the Dominican population (MIDES, 2017).4
3,500
2,297
2,010
2014
2015
1,737
2016
ARGENTINA
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENCE PERMITS ISSUED TO DOMINICAN REPUBLIC NATIONALS IN URUGUAY 800
680 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
118 6
27
2013
2014
0 2015
2016
2015 IOM OIM
Gender of Dominican migrants
70
In Chile, per cent of all permanent residence permits issued between 2005 and 2015 were granted to women.
30%
In Argentina, while the pattern continues to be characterised by larger share of female migrants, there is an increase in presence of male migrants, families and children. This indicates the beginning 5 of a more gender balanced pattern.
70%
Labor integration of Dominican migrants
In Chile,6 a clear gender segmentation is noted in the job market. Dominican women mainly engage in domestic and care services work. There are cases also of work in bars, nightclubs and related establishments and an emerging of small businesses in areas such as beauty salons, clothing and hairdressing. While for men, labour integration is more related in the field of construction – mainly as electricians and manual labourers.
In Argentina,7 the most significant change in recent years has been noted in the increased participation of Dominican women in areas such as hairdressing, domestic work, child and elderly care, retail and the food industry. Such integration is attributed to longer periods of permanence in country, better knowledge of employment opportunities and stronger kinship and friendship networks.
HAITI The economic crises in Haiti, along with natural disasters, have driven migration to various destinations in South America. In response to this situation, some countries have provided amnesties and specific measures for regularization: amnesty in Ecuador (2010) and humanitarian visas issued in Brazil (2012) and Argentina (2017).
Brazil
HAITIANS ENGAGED IN FORMAL LABOUR IN BRAZIL 35,000
30,484
30,000
This country is the main destination for Haitians in 8 South America. Haitian nationals have exponentially increased their participation in the formal Brazilian labour market. Haitians engaged in regular employment passed from 815 in 2011 to over 30,000 in 2015. They currently occupy the first position among migrants, predominantly among men.
33,154
25,000 20,000
14,695
15,000 10,000 5,000
4,128 815 2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Source: Elaborated by the authors based on the Social Information Annual Report (RAIS) / Ministry of Labour, Brazil.
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EVOLUTION OF HUMANITARIAN VISAS
Approximately 70,000 residence permits were issued in the period 2010 – 2016. As of 2012, and with the establishment of a humanitarian visa system, 48,361 visas were granted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. More than 40,000 permits were issued in Port-au-Prince through the Brazil Visa Application Centre (BVAC) administered by IOM. The Brazilian Consulates in Quito and Santo Domingo issued 7,815 and 152 visas, respectively.
20,000
17,507
15,000
10,188
12,983
10,000
6,296 5,000
1,387 2012
2014
2013
2015
2016 mayo
Source: Elaborated by the authors based on data from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil.
Chile More than 40,000 residence permits were issued in Chile, during 2010 - 2016. The last inter-annual variation is noteworthy, considering the number of residences granted, tripled. Likewise, visa applications rose from 8,419 in 2015 to 35,277 in 2016.
EVOLUTION OF TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT RESIDENCE PERMITS OF HAITIAN MIGRANTS IN CHILE 25,000
23,721
20,000 15,000
8,187
10,000
3,646
5,000 0
356
240 286
2010
2011
50
156 426 2012
Permanent
291 983
1,393
2013
1,182
763
2015
2014
2016
Temporary
Colombia In 2016, Colombia9 identified 20,366 Haitian nationals in irregular condition, making them the largest migrant group in such situation. Between 2013 and 2016, there was an increase in the number of visas granted, which reached its highest peak in 2014.
EVOLUTION OF VISAS FOR HAITIAN MIGRANTS IN COLOMBIA 400
388 375
300 200
312 177
100 0
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: Elaborated by the authors based on data from Migration Colombia.
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CUBA In the recent years, there has been a growing presence of Cuban nationals in some countries in South America, which is both a region of transit and a destination, with more than 50,000 residence permits issued. EVOLUTION OF VISAS FOR CUBAN MIGRANTS IN COLOMBIA
Colombia 10,000
Over the past three years, Colombia has issued 5,172 residence and temporary visas (2014-2016), with a sustained increase noted for such visas. At the same time, 14,110 airport transit and tourist visas were issued.
8,884
8,000 6,000 4,000
0
2,116
3,110
2,000
1,485
1,643
2014
2015
Residence and Temporary Visas
2016
Airport Transit and Tourist Visas
EVOLUTION OF VISAS FOR CUBAN MIGRANTS IN ECUADOR
Ecuador Ecuador10 issued 30,117 residence and temporary visas during the 2011 – 2016 period. In parallel, 25,967 visas were issued to transit passengers and temporary visitors. As of 1 December 2015, Ecuador requests a tourist visa for Cuban nationals. Subsequently, a decrease in entries is noted.
14,000
12,441
12,000 10,000
6,000 4,000 2,000 0
Permanent Visas
Temporary Visas
62%
38%
10,092
6,900
8,000
1,728
1,682
614 2011
5,463
6,572
3,017 2,760
3,578
1,237 2012
Permanent and Temporary Visas
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2,044
49.9%
2013
2014
2015
2016
Transit and Temporary Visitors
50.1%
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INTRA-REGIONAL MIGRATION RECENT VENEZUELAN MIGRATION IN SOUTH AMERICA Migration dynamics in South America have traditionally been marked by intra- and extra-regional patterns. In recent years, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has seen changes in its migration dynamics, with a decrease in immigration and increased emigration to other countries within the region and the world. Since the 1980s, there has been an increase in the emigration of Venezuelans to developed countries. In recent years, flows to traditional destinations have intensified as well as towards new destinations in the region and the world.
Concentration of Venezuelan emigration
Increase in flows towards historical destinations
Diversification towards other destinations
United States of America, Colombia and Spain
United States of America, Spain, Italy, Colombia
Panama, Caribbean Islands, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, among others
More than half a million people
OVERVIEW OF SOUTH AMERICA 2015/2017* ESTIMATES COLOMBIA 2015
2017
46,615 470,000 ECUADOR 2015
8,901
2016
BRAZIL
2017
2015
23,719 39,519
3,425
2016
2017
5,523
20,000
PERU 2015
2016
2,351
4,665
2017
PARAGUAY
17,526
2015
According to updated information based on available official sources (such as population statistics, migration registers and estimates), the map shows the approximate Venezuelan migrant stock in selected countries. 2015: 84,777 2017: 629,261 (This figure includes data for 2017 for all South American countries except for Bolivia and Chile, where 2016 data is used)
< 100 BOLIVIA 2015
2016
773
1,622
** Estimates based on authors’ elaboration for URUGUAY
2016 and 2017 do not include refugees or
2015
2016
2017
1,855
2,762
4,379
CHILE 2015
2016
8,001
34,623
asylum
seekers.
Due
to
limitations
in
information sources, it is difficult to quantify irregular migration as well as transit population. **Elaborated by the authors based on National Censuses and permanent residence permits
ARGENTINA 2015
2016
2017
12,856 25,960 41,492
issued. ***Elaborated by the authors based on the 2015 figure and including residence permits that have since been issued. ****Official record up to June 2016 See page 8.
Colombia: 2015: 46,615 (UN DESA 2015) 2017: 470,000 (Data released on 26 October 2017 by Migration Colombia. Comprises 202,000 regular Venezuelan nationals) Brazil: 2015: 3,425 (UN DESA 2015) June 2016****: 5,523 (SINCRE Brazil) October 2017: 20,000 (Estimate based on data from the Federal police)
6
Ecuador: 2015: 8,901(UN DESA 2015) 2016***: 23,719 2017***: 39,519 Peru: 2015: 2,351 (National Superintendence of Migration) 2016***: 4,665 (National Superintendence of Migration) August 2017***: 17,526 (National Superintendence of Migration)
Chile: 2015: 8,001 (Estimate of the Foreigners and Migration Department) 2016***: 34,623 Argentina: 2015**: 12,856 2016***: 25,960 June 2017***: 41,492
Uruguay: 2015**: 1,855 2016***: 2,762 July 2017***: 4,379 Bolivia: 2015: 773 (UN DESA 2015) 2016***: 1,622 Paraguay: 2015: Less than 100 (UN DESA 2015)
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ENTRIES AND EXITS OF VENEZUELAN NATIONALS There has been an increase of Venezuelans arriving in South American countries in recent years. This dynamic is confirmed by a demonstrated increase in the number of entries as well as difference between entries and exits of these nationals. For instance, this difference in Peru was 32,813 between January and July 2017.
DIFFERENCES AND INCREASE IN PERCENTAGE IN 2015/2016 80,000
67,713
357%
60,000
144%
903%
40,000
18,936
20,000
14,812
9,661
1,887
0
Argentina
22%
23,629 2,258 2,758
Ecuador
Colombia 2015
Uruguay
2016
MIGRATION MECHANISMS IMPLEMENTED Venezuelans have benefited by the approval of normative instruments which grant them legal residence in the following countries in the region: ARGENTINA
Law 25.871/2004
Apart from the residence permits issued through usual criteria (employment, family reunification, etc.), Argentina also applies the Agreement on Residence for Nationals of the States Parties and Associated States of MERCOSUR to Venezuelan citizens.* URUGUAY
NUMBER OF RESIDENCE PERMITS ISSUED TO VENEZUELAN NATIONALS 15,000
5,000 0
1,119
1,498
2010
2011
1,907
2,278
2,626
2012
2013
2014
5,784
2015
2016
Law 19.254/2014
Uruguay granted legal residence (temporary and permanent) to Venezuelans through the application of the Agreement on Residence for Nationals of the States Parties and Associated States of MERCOSUR. Since 2014, Uruguay grants directly Permanent Residence to nationals of the members States of MERCOSUR including Venezuelans. PERU
12,859
10,000
NUMBER OF RESIDENCE PERMITS ISSUED TO VENEZUELAN NATIONALS 864
1,000 500
710 38
62
2012
2013
193
0 2014
2015
2016
Supreme Decree 23/2017
In January 2017, Peru introduced a specific “Temporary Residence Permit” in benefit of Venezuelans. 14,291 Venezuelans received the TPP during the period of February - August 2017. 9,000 scheduled appointments remain pending up to January 2018. BRAZIL
CNIg Resolution 126/2017
In March 2017, the National Council of Immigration (CNIg) introduced a MERCOSUR temporary residence visa (valid for 2 years). As of November 2017, 3,015 of these temporary permits have been issued. * This Agreement is pending Venezuela’s accession.
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COLOMBIA
Resolution 5.797/2017
In July 2017, Colombia implemented a Special Permit of Permanence (SPP) for Venezuelan citizens. Since that moment and up to October, approximately 67,000 SPPs have been issued to Venezuelan citizens. Border Mobility Card (BMC) This document was created to facilitate mobility in border areas. As of 30 October 2017, the Border Mobility Card has been approved for 1,002,576 Venezuelans. It happens in a context of circular migration of citizens who reside in the border areas and who move habitually between the two countries, some even registering several entries and exits per day.
CASE STUDY: BRAZIL There is an increase of Venezuelan citizens entering to Brazil in the past two years, through Roraima State – a land border with Venezuela. In fact, a large part of residence and asylum applications were requested in the State of Roraima. 11 According to a recent OBMigra report, most non-indigenous Venezuelans enter the Pacaraima territory by bus. This BRASIL is a predominantly young population (72% are in 20 - 39 age group), and characterised by male profile (63%). They also have a good level of education (78% have completed their secondary education and 32% have completed university and graduate studies). Caracas VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
The presence of the indigenous Warao people has also been observed, with an increase recorded in 2017, particularly in the States of Roraima, Amazonas and Pará. The Immigrant Reference Centre in the city of Boa Vista, established in November 2016, shelters RORAIMA approximately 500 people, all of which belong to the Boa Vista Warao ethnic group (data from November 2017). In the border city of Pacaraima, around 200 indigenous people have been housed in a recently opened shelter.
Brasilia
In March 2017, the Civil House of the Presidency of the Republic established a Crisis Working Group aiming to coordinate actions and design a plan for migration related challenges in Roraima. IOM together with UNHCR, UNFPA and other United Nations agencies have provided technical assistance. Between March and October 2017, 3,015 temporary residence permits were issued through CNIg Resolu-
tion 126. In July, by month’s end, a judicial ruling exempted persons of insufficient resources from the paying a migration tax. Of the total number of temporary residence applicants, 2,275 were initiated in the State of Roraima. Brazil is the South American country with the largest number of asylum seekers. According to the Federal Police, 13,271 applications were initiated in 2017, a much higher number than in 2016 (3,373) and 2015 (829). Most of these were initiated in the State of Roraima.
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EXTRA-CONTINENTAL MIGRATION AFRICAN AND ASIAN MIGRATION In the first decade of the twenty-first century, there was a significant increase in migration from Africa and Asia. Such phenomenon is noted in a context of increasingly restrictive policies in traditional destination countries, along with visa liberalization in some South American nations.12 Some of these migrants have settled permanently in the region, as it is demonstrated by the number of residence permits issued. However, part of them, travelling either by air or sea, use various countries in South and Central Ameri13 ca as transit points, in their journey towards a final destination in United States of America and Canada.
AFRICAN MIGRATION Although not significant in quantitative terms, in some countries of the region, African migration is characterized by greater visibility and high levels of vulnerability (challenges in accessing regular migration status and subsequently access to protected work as well as language barriers, cultural differences, etc.). These flows include economic migrants, asylum seekers, refugees, etc.
New nationalities within African migration towards the region been noted, such as: from countries in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea), Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Egypt, among others.
EGYPT
ERITREA
SENEGAL
SOMALIA
NIGERIA
Dynamic community with a growing presence the region (Argentina, Brazil)
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Nationalities concentrated in Brazil
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ETHIOPIA
KENYA
New nationalities with a presence in the region
ANGOLA
9
Constant increase in 2011-2014: Almost 15,000 residence permits issued African countries’ nationals.
Brazil
Angola
This community is highly concentrated in Brazil, representing the first African community with permanent residence status.
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENCE PERMITS ISSUED TO AFRICAN MIGRANTS IN BRAZIL 5,000
4,454
4,000
Angolan nationals were registered as permanent residents in 2014. This group is characterised by its mostly male profile.
36%
3,002
3,000
3,791 64%
3,554
3,879
2,000 1,000 0
2012
2011
2013
2014
Source: Elaborated by the authors based on OAS/ IOM (2017)
The majority asylum seekers in Brazil originate from Africa, highlighting nationals from Senegal, Nigeria, Angola, Ghana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Colombia
In February 2017, 972 humanitarian visas were issued to citizens of Ghana and Senegal who had sought asylum and were residing in the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo.
Between 2014 and 2016, 7,786 visas were issued to African countries’ nationals (temporary and permanent residences, transit visas, tourism, etc.).
Main nationalities
EVOLUTION OF VISAS ISSUED TO MIGRANTS ORIGINATING FROM AFRICA IN COLOMBIA
2,627
1,003 Kenya
763 Nigeria
2,593
1,225 Egypt
2,566 2014
2015
2016
29 269
28 245
2014
30 139
38 173
2015
2016
2014
Permanent and Temporary Visas
10
26 302
48 229
2015
2016
101
128
233
240
2014
2015
140
264
2016
Transit and Temporary Visitors
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Argentina
In 2016, approximately one thousand five hundred residence permits (1,451) were issued to African countries’ nationals.
Argentina issued 4,747 residence permits to Senegalese citizens during the period of 2010-2015, most of them issued through a "Special Regularization Scheme for Senegalese Foreigners" (DNM Regulation 2/13 and successive extensions).
A predominantly male profile (4,637 males, 110 females)
97.7%
Ecuador
Ecuador re-imposed tourist visas (Ecuador had implemented visa liberalization in 2008) for nationals from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Somalia in 2010, and Senegal in 2015.
2.3%
The number African countries’ nationals in Ecuador increased between 2014 and 2016, with almost 2 thousand (1,945) visas issued, of which, 52 per cent correspond to Temporary and Permanent permits. As in the case of Colombia, the main countries of origin were Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt.
EVOLUTION OF VISAS ISSUED TO AFRICAN MIGRANTS IN ECUADOR BY CATEGORY
287 324
2014
309
407
308
310
2015
2016
Transit and Temporary Visitors
Permanent and Temporary Visas
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ASIAN MIGRATION There has been a longstanding migration of populations from Asia (particularly from China, Japan and the Republic of Korea) in the region. Today, Chinese and Korean migration continues to be dynamic and with varying degrees of increment in some countries as validated by the increase in number of residence permits issued.
The largest Asian community in the region is from China. During 2016, more than 15,000 residence permits (temporary and permanent) were issued in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, representing the largest group of Asian nationals to receive residence permits in those countries.
There is a small presence of new and non-traditional Asian countries’ nationals in the region, such as from: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Nepal, among others.
The emigration of nationals from the Republic of Korea has witnessed an upsurge in recent years in some of the region’s countries.
Japan accounts for one of the oldest and most significant migration flows to Brazil (86,541 registered nationals) representing the third largest foreign community (following Portugal and Bolivia).
Recent arrivals of nationals from the Syrian Arab Republic because of the armed conflict.
CHINA
Ecuador and Colombia
The visa exemption in Colombia (2007) and Ecuador (2008) caused a marked increase in Chinese nationals’ flows. The exemption measure was reversed after a few months in both countries. DIFFERENCE IN ENTRIES AND EXITS – ECUADOR 2,413 2,427
For example, in Ecuador there was a rise from 4,776 entries in 2007 to 14,459 in 2008. A decrease to 6,886 entries in 2010, and increases thereafter - 14,747 in 2013 and 22,554 in 2016. The differences between entries and exits of Chinese nationals have been variable in recent years.
12
1,793 1,352 611 299 -22 2010
2011
2012
2013 2014 2015 2016
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EVOLUTION OF PERMANENT RESIDENCE PERMITS – ECUADOR
The number of permanent residence permits granted to Chinese nationals increased steadily between 2011 and 2016, with more than 5 thousand (5,067) residence permits issued. During that period, the change is reflected at 1,200 per cent.
929
2012
2013
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENCE PERMITS
2,531 2,610
2,041
2,313
281 2010
164
65 2011
2012
Argentina
3,582
3,013
3,568 3,046
2,866 2,970
1,737
1,675 138 2013
700
Chile
2011
3,867
2012
4,083
2013
2014
52%
In Chile, between 2010 and 2016 a total of 19,803 residence permits were issued, of which almost one third (5,382) were permanent.
1,063
2014
3,005
In these countries, the Chinese migrant population represents the largest Asian group.
Argentina, Chile y Peru
2,031
2016
6,134
2010
48%
2014
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENCE PERMITS
2,215
2,676
2015
96
In 2016, 48,847 Chinese citizens were registered. Between 2010 and 2014, a total of 19,304 residence permits were issued, of which almost 55 per cent (10,612) were permanent. Pe r m a n e n t residence permits
1,161
566
2011
Brazil
1,158 1,157
549 2015
2016
Peru
Pe r m a n e n t residence 58% permits
In Argentina, between 2010 and 2016 a total of 16,856 residence permits were issued, of which 65 per cent (11,027) were permanent.
42%
REPUBLIC OF KOREA Brazil
Between 2010 and 2014, a total of 7,623 residence permits were issued, of which one third (2,750) were permanent. EVOLUTION OF RESIDENCE PERMITS
Permanent residence permits
2,500
2,142
2,000
54%
46%
1,619
2012
2013
1,340
1,500 1,000
1,777
745
500 0
2010
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2011
2014
13
Chile
Between 2010 and 2016, more than 3,617 residence permits were issued, of which 20 per cent were permanent. Permanent residence permits
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENCE PERMITS 1000 500
58%
Argentina
42%
545 560
442 446
460
660 504
0 2010 2011 2012
2013
2014
2015 2016
In April 2014, through the “Special Scheme for regularization of foreigners of Korean nationality" (DNM Regulation 979/14) almost 1,000 citizens from the Republic of Korea received temporary residence in the country.
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Migration flows to South America of Syrian nationals can be traced back to mid twentieth century. As a result of the conflict in Syria, in the recent years, the number of Syrians in the region has increased. In this context, some South American countries have granted humanitarian visas and implemented resettlement programs.
Argentina Brasil
The "Special Humanitarian Visa Program for Foreigners affected by the conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic", known as the "Syria Programme" has been implemented since October 2014. As of October 2017, 828 entry permits were requested. Upon entering Argentina, a 2 year residence is granted which is extended further by one year, and thereafter such extension, 14 these nationals can apply for permanent residence.
Brazil
Brazil has adopted legal instruments that facilitate issuing of humanitarian visas to persons affected by the conflict in Syria.
Chile and Uruguay
Both Uruguay and Chile established Solidarity Resettlement Programmes and are receiving Syrians affected by the conflict.
References: 1- Source of data for Argentina: National Directorate for Migration. 2- Source of data for Chile: Department of Foreign Affairs and Migration. 3- Source of data for Uruguay: National Directorate of Migration. 4- MIDES (2017) Characterization of new migration flows in Uruguay. Montevideo: MIDES. 5- International Organization for Migration (IOM) / Argentine Commission for Refugees and Migrants (CAREF) (2015) Dominican migration in Argentina. Pathways in the new century. 6- IOM/University of Chile (2017) Characterization of the routes taken by the Dominican Republic immigrant population and its settlement in Chile. 7- International Organization for Migration (IOM) / Argentine Commission for Refugees and Migrants (CAREF) (2015) Dominican migration in Argentina. Pathways in the new century. 8- Source of data for Brazil: National System for Registration of Foreigners (SINCRE), Ministry of Justice, Federal Police Department. 9- Source of data for Colombia: Migration Colombia. 10- Source of data for Ecuador: Esigex System, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility of Ecuador. 11- OBMigra (2017) Executive summary. Socio-demographic and labour profile of Venezuelan immigration in Brazil. National Immigration Council. 12- IOM (2013) Migration Notebook No. 5: Extra-continental Migrants in South America: Case Studies. 13-OAS / IOM (2017) Regional Report [on] Irregular Migration Flows within the Americas from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. 14- Information available on the DNM website. http://www.migraciones.gov.ar/programasiria/?acercaprograma.
14 IOM OIM
This publication is part of a series of reports on migration produced by the Migration Analysis Unit of the IOM Regional Office for South America.
IOM Regional Office for South America www.robuenosaires.iom.int
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