ROADMAP FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ...

ROADMAP FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE RESPONSE FRAMEWORK IN TANZANIA FY 2017/18 -2019/20

November 2017

CRRF Proposed Road Map 2017-2019

CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS...................................................................................................... I 1.

BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1 CRRF AREAS OF ENGAGEMENT ................................................................................. 2 1.2 ALIGNMENT WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS ......................... 4 2. STAKEHOLDERS AND PARTNERSHIPS ................................................................. 4 2.1 GOVERNMENT........................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Ministry of Home Affairs ................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG) .................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 THE UNITED NATIONS................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1 UNHCR ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Other UN agencies ........................................................................................... 6 2.3 BILATERAL PARTNERS AND MULTI-LATERAL AGENCIES .................................................. 6 2.4 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL NGOS........................................................................ 7 2.5 REFUGEES ............................................................................................................... 7 2.6 HOST COMMUNITIES.................................................................................................. 7 2.6 PRIVATE SECTOR ...................................................................................................... 7 3.

GOVERNANCE AND COORDINATION ................................................................ 8

3.1 CRRF NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE .................................................................... 8 3.2 CRRF SECRETARIAT ................................................................................................ 9 3.3 COORDINATION STRUCTURES AT THE REGIONAL AND DISTRICT LEVEL ........................... 9 4.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE CRRF ...................................................... 11

4.1 CRRF W ORK PLAN................................................................................................. 11 4.2 PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................. 11 4.3 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................ 12 4.4 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ....................................................................................... 12 5. PRIORITY SECTORS .............................................................................................. 12 5.1 EDUCATION ............................................................................................................ 12 5.2 HEALTH .................................................................................................................. 13


5.3 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 15 5.4 LIVELIHOODS .......................................................................................................... 16 5.5 W ATER .................................................................................................................. 17 5.6 LAND ..................................................................................................................... 18 5.7 SECURITY .............................................................................................................. 19


LIST OF ACRONYMS AAS

-

Assistant Administrative Secretary

CRRF

-

Comprehensive Refugees Response Framework

DfID

-

Department for International Development

DPG

-

Development Partners Group

DRC

-

Democratic Republic of Congo

DRS

-

Department of Refugees Services

DRA

-

Department of Regional Administration

FYDP II

-

Second Five Year Development Plan

LGAs

-

Local Government Authorities

LPG

-

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

MDAs

-

Ministries, Departments and Agencies

MHA

-

Ministry of Home Affairs

MMSEs

-

Micro, Medium and Small Enterprises

MoFP

-

Ministry of Finance and Planning

NSC

-

National Steering Committee

PO- RALG

-

President’s Office Regional Administration & Local Government

RASs

-

Regional Administrative Secretaries

RC

-

Regional Commissioners

SDG

-

Sustainable Development Goals

TCRS

-

Tanganyika Christian Refugee Service

TANSPLI

-

Tanzania Strategic Plan for Local Integration Programme for New Citizens

UDSM

-

University of Dar es Salaam

UN

-

United Nations

UNDAP

-

United Nations Development Assistance Plan


UNHCR

-

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

WASH

-

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene


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1. BACKGROUND Large movements of refugees and migrants have political, economic, social, developmental, humanitarian and human rights ramifications. These are global phenomena that call for global approaches and global solutions. On 19th September 2016, at the High-level Summit for Refugees and Migrants, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, a set of commitments that expresses the political will of States to protect the rights of refugees and migrants and to support countries affected by large movements of refugees and migrants. By adopting the New York Declaration, Member States made bold commitments including: to achieve a more equitable sharing of the burden and responsibility for hosting and supporting the world’s refugees by adopting a Global Compact on Refugees in 2018; to develop a comprehensive refugee response initiated by host countries in cooperation with UNHCR that involves a multi-stakeholder approach spanning national and local authorities, international organizations, international financial institutions, civil society partners, the private sector, media and refugees themselves. Annex I of the New York Declaration lays out the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF). The Declaration recognizes that while each refugee situation differs in nature, the elements outlined in the CRRF provide for a more comprehensive, predictable and sustainable response that benefits both refugees and their hosts, rather than responding to refugee displacement through a purely, and often underfunded, humanitarian lens. The global objectives of the CRRF are four-fold: I. Ease pressure on host countries II. Increase refugee self-reliance III. Expand access to 3rd country solutions IV. Support conditions in countries of origin On 20 September 2016, at the Leaders’ Summit on Refugees, 48 heads of State and government made specific, actionable commitments toward enhanced responsibility– sharing. These commitments include: I. Increased financing to respond to refugee situations II. Expanded access to third-country options III. Strengthened asylum laws and refugee policies in host countries, such as enhanced access to education and work opportunities.

CRRF Proposed Action Plan 2017-2019

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The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania specifically pledged to: 1. Continue to receive persons running from wars, conflicts, political instability and persecution as defined under the international instruments to which the country is party to; 2. Undertake the review of the 2003 National Refugee Policy and the Refugees Act, 1998, in order to ensure that the legal regime in the country is in line with international instruments and current humanitarian challenges related to mixed flows of asylum seekers and migrants; 3. Continue to provide durable solution to the remaining 1972 Burundian refugees who were not naturalized, but allowed to apply for Tanzania citizenship; 4. Improve the quality of protection for refugees in Tanzania by specifically enhancing their access to education and the domestic labour market; and 5. Support the adoption of the global compact on responsibility sharing for refugees and displaced people. The United Republic of Tanzania has a long history of welcoming large movements of refugees and asylum seekers from neighboring countries and beyond. As a result, in November 2016, Tanzania declared its willingness to be a CRRF roll-out country. The CRRF Roadmap sets out the vision of the CRRF in Tanzania and provides strategic guidance on its implementation. The Roadmap states the CRRF areas of engagement, identifies stakeholders and principles of partnership, CRRF coordination structures at the national, regional, and district levels, outlines the practical application of the CRRF, and identifies priority sectors. 1.1 CRRF areas of engagement The objective of the application of CRRF in Tanzania is to support the Government in meeting its commitments towards refugees and deliver on its recent pledges for enhanced protection, in line with the global CRRF objectives. Thematically, the CRRF in Tanzania will focus on six areas as outlines in Table 1. Table 1: Six Areas of Engagement and Key Milestones Areas of Key milestones Engagement Admissions & Rights

   



Legal and Policy Framework Refugee Policy and Act revised to align with the current global and local paradigms in the management of refugee situations. Registration and documentation. Phased approach to a registration and documentation system owned and managed by Government of Tanzania in collaboration with UNHCR registration database and system. Identity cards extended to refugees as well as host communities.


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Areas of Key milestones Engagement  Procedures and system in place for birth and death registration of refugees.  Access to territory and safeguards for non-refoulement.  Refugee Status Determination (RSD) strengthened through a review of Standard Operating Procedures for screening for a simplified, fair and efficient process.  Enhanced capacity of staff engaged in reception, registration and RSD.  Prevention of statelessness.  Mapping of groups at risk of statelessness completed.

1

Emergency Response



Inclusion & Self-reliance



Local Integration of New Citizens

In support of the Government of Tanzania’s Strategy for Local Integration of New Citizens (TANSPLI):

Support for Burundi Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) and Regional DRC Contingency Plan boosted, including through a shift towards multi-year, multi-stakeholder funding and planning.  Mitigation, adaption and remediation measures and environmental programmes developed to address pressures on host communities and improve the environmental performance of the Emergency Response.1  Coordination structures at regional and district level (CRRF, Refugee Coordination Model, UN Area Coordinator) contribute to better coordination between local government, the emergency response and development actors. Changes in legal and policy frameworks operationalized practical steps towards inclusion of refugees into national education system).  Joint assessment of needs and gaps for refugees and host communities completed.  Portfolios of operational responses in key sectors are developed, prioritized and funded.  Area-based development programmes and projects in host communities strengthened, including through support for existing government plans and the UN Joint Program for Kigoma.



Verification, registration and intention survey of Burundian refugees in Katavi/Tabora regions completed to facilitate durable solutions (naturalization) for remaining 1972 Burundian refugees in Tanzania.

See also UNHCR Tanzania Environment and Wellbeing Strategy (http://crrf.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/47


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Areas of Key milestones Engagement  Settlements de-gazetted and re-organized under local government structures.  Priority investments made in support of the socio-economic integration of new Naturalized Tanzanians funded and launched.  Private sector engaged and market linkages improved 3rd country options



Voluntary repatriation and reintegration



Regional settlement strategy (2012) & group processing for Congolese refugees revitalised.

Modalities developed for assisting voluntary repatriation for Burundian refugees who make a free and informed choice to return, including support for sustainable reintegration.  Intention and return area surveys initiated.  Provide country of origin information and sensitization for voluntary repatriation

To ensure environmental sustainability, the CRRF will explicitly focus on sustainable environmental conservation and maintenance, particularly supporting access to environment-friendly, reliable and affordable sources of energy, improving agriculture practices and use of environmental friendly technologies in various development interventions including value chain of agriculture produce (see section 5.3). 1.2 Alignment with national and international development plans The application of the CRRF is aligned with national and international development plans, including the Second National Five Year Development Plan (FYDP II), the Second United Nations Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP II), and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG 2030), based on prioritized regional development areas of interest covering the four affected regions of Kagera, Kigoma, Tabora and Katavi. The CRRF will also support the implementation of the Tanzania Strategic Plan for Local Integration Program for New Citizens (TANSPLI) once finalized. The CRRF acknowledges the Burundi Regional Refugees Response Plan and Regional DRC Contingency Plan as key mechanisms of support for the emergency response. 2. STAKEHOLDERS AND PARTNERSHIPS In line with the ‘whole of society’ approach, outlined in the New York Declaration, the roll out of the CRRF is Government-led—jointly by MHA and PO-RALG, facilitated by UNHCR, and guided by the participation of a wide range of stakeholders. The Government will create strong partnerships with relevant stakeholders including the United Nations, development partners, international financial institutions, international


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and national Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), academia, the private sector, and other members of civil society. 2.1 Government The Government will work through relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), as appropriate. The key governmental institutions are outlined below. 2.1.1 Ministry of Home Affairs The CRRF falls squarely within the purview of refugee matters. In Tanzania, the main Government ministry with the responsibility for all refugee matters is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Accordingly, the MHA co-leads the implementation of the CRRF with PO-RALG. MHA executes this role mainly through the Refugee Services and Immigration Departments. Department of Refugee Services: The Department of Refugee Services, within MHA, plays a lead role in supporting the roll-out of the CRRF by liaising with UNHCR, MDAs and other partners, hosting the Secretariat and coordination meetings, and generally supporting interventions and actions related to refugee affairs. The Department of Refugees Services works closely with CRRF secretariat in strategic oversight and accountability. Department of Immigration Services: The Department of Immigration Services is the principal government institution that is responsible for citizenship matters. As such, it plays the lead role in the implementation of actions related to addressing outstanding legal status issues including the issuance of naturalization certificates. . 2.1.2 President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PORALG) Although the CRRF originates from a refugee situation, issues linked to supporting host communities and enhancing the inclusion and self-reliance of refugees calls for actions, that are primarily developmental. In line with the Government Policy on Decentralization by Devolution (D by D) of 1998, the responsibility of implementation of these actions falls under PO-RALG. Within this office, the lead institutions will be the Department of Regional Administration (DRA) and the Regional and District Administration. Department of Regional Administration (DRA): DRA will be the lead unit in PORALG for the implementation of the CRRF. Its roles will include representing PORALG in all CRRF activities, coordination with relevant MDAs on CRRF matters, and providing technical support to Katavi, Kigoma, Kagera and Tabora regional and district authorities in terms of incorporating the CRRF into respective district and regional development plans.


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Regional and District Authorities: These will work under the guidance of the Regional Commissioner’s Office. Regional Commissioners’ office in refugee hosting regions will be overall coordinators of the implementation of the CRRF strategy at the regional level. The District Commissioners’ offices will an form integral part of the coordination to ensure the successful implementation of the CRRF, including planned and funded projects, under the guidance of the RCs. 2.2 The United Nations 2.2.1 UNHCR The New York Declaration calls upon UNHCR to develop and initiate the application of the CRRF in roll-out countries, in close coordination with relevant States, other UN agencies and stakeholders. UNHCR has supported the Government in developing the Framework in Tanzania and will continue to work closely with the Government in the practical application of the CRRF in Tanzania, alongside other partners. UNHCR will also work to ensure lessons from the CRRF roll out in Tanzania inform the development of the Global Compact on Refugees. 2.2.2 UN agencies UN Agencies coordinate their actions through the second United Nations Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP II), which runs from July 2016 to June 2021. Under the humanitarian and development context, UNDAP II recognizes that additional support is required to enhance existing livelihood opportunities, reduce dependence on humanitarian assistance and create an enabling environment for peaceful cohabitation between refugee and host communities. Other UN agencies are expected to introduce or expand their existing programmes and initiatives in refugee-hosting regions and districts in order to meet the socioeconomic needs of the refugee and host populations. The UN Joint Programme for Kigoma brings together 16 UN agencies in an areabased programme that cuts across multiple sectors. The Programme was developed in cooperation with regional and district authorities in Kigoma, linking humanitarian and development agencies in a joint response to refugee and host communities. 2.3 Bilateral partners and multi-lateral agencies Other stakeholders including donor countries, development agencies, and financial institutions will play a key role in the CRRF as members of the National Steering Committee (NSC). Bilateral and multilateral agencies will further support the CRRF roll-out by providing technical assistance and financial resources for the implementation of the Roadmap and Work Plan. The CRRF is designed to support the Government of Tanzania in implementing its five pledges made at the Leaders’ Summit in September 2016 in New York. Likewise, the international community will be


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asked to fulfil its commitments contained in the New York Declaration, including increased funding to refugee situations and host communities. 2.4 National and International NGOs National and international NGOs have been invited to support the CRRF as per the mandate of their organizations and have collectively nominated a members to the NSC. Deliberate efforts will be made to encourage and support the involvement of national NGOs in order to give the CRRF a national outlook. For the same reasons, international NGOs are strongly encouraged to hire locally to the extent possible, and to ensure local capacity is strengthened. 2.5 Refugees Refugees will play a part in the planning and implementation processes, through participatory assessments based on their socio-economic requirements such as labor mobility opportunities (including through private-sector partnerships) and for education. 2.6 Host Communities Community involvement will be emphasized to ensure that interventions are in line with community priorities, and give ownership of the projects to the communities. Active engagement of host communities and refugees will also help ensure peaceful co-existence. 2.6 Private Sector The successful CRRF roll-out requires the engagement of new partners and a lot of terrain remains to be discovered with the private sector. Private sector investment in support of host communities will be of critical importance. Enterprises and entrepreneurs will be encouraged to establish businesses as well as micro, medium and small enterprises (MMSEs) and industries in host communities to enhance local employment opportunities, including for refugees. Particular action will be taken to link qualified refugee youth with such employment opportunities, to enhance their social interaction with the wider Tanzanian society.

2.7 Academia To ensure an evidence-based application of activities within the CRRF, close collaboration with academia will be important throughout operationalization. Academic expertise will also be required in the monitoring and evaluation of CRRF activities. Emphasis should be placed on national expertise and institutions in order to further strengthen the capacity of Tanzanian academia to monitor, document, assess and evaluate progress towards delivering a more sustainable and comprehensive refugee response.


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3. GOVERNANCE AND COORDINATION To ensure coordinated action by all actors involved in the application of the CRRF in Tanzania, the following institutional arrangements are established. 3.1 CRRF National Steering Committee2 The CRRF National Steering Committee (NSC) will provide strategic guidance to the roll out of the CRRF. It has a policy, oversight, coordination, and resource mobilization mandate to ensure a comprehensive refugee response is delivered. The NSC is cochaired by the Deputy Permanent Secretaries of MHA and PO-RALG and includes the following members: - Ministry of Home Affairs - President’s Office - Regional Administration and Local Government - President’s Office - Prime Minister’s Office – Disaster Management Department - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation - Ministry of Finance and Planning - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology; - Ministry of Energy and Minerals; - Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children; - Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; - Ministry of Water and Irrigation; - Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment; - Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlement; - Vice President’s Office – Environment Division; - The Attorney General’s Chamber; - Tanzania Police Force; - Tanzania Migration Department; - President’s Office, Planning Commission; - Regional Commissioner’s Offices of Kigoma, Kagera, Katavi, Tabora; - United Nations: UN Resident Coordinator, Chair of UNDAP II Thematic Results Group on Resilience (currently WFP), and UNHCR - Financial institutions: World Bank - Development Partners: Denmark and DFID - Academia: Centre for the Study of Forced Migration, University of Dar es Salaam - Civil Society/NGOs: Plan International and Tanganyika Christian Refugee Services - Private Sector: Tanzania Private Sector Foundation

2

Please refer to Terms of References for further details on objectives, scope, responsibilities and decision-making processes


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3.2 CRRF Secretariat3 Under the guidance of the NSC, the Secretariat provides operational and technical support to the roll-out of the CRRF. As part of its day-to-day work, the Secretariat will develop strategies and work plans, draft reports, develop and support joint assessments and act as a knowledge hub on matters relating to the application of the CRRF in Tanzania. MHA, PO-RALG, and UNHCR will make up the core team of the Secretariat. However the Secretariat will need to leverage the mandates and expertise of different partners. This requires active engagement in different tasks and processes driven by the Secretariat from other stakeholders. 3.3 Coordination Structures at the Regional and District level4 The Regional Commissioner’s office in refugee hosting regions will be overall coordinators of the implementation of the CRRF strategy at the regional level. It is proposed that the day to day coordination will sit with the Assistant Administrative Secretary (AAS) for Local Government. The District Commissioner’s office also forms an integral part of coordination structures to ensure successful implementation of the Framework, including planned and funded projects, under the guidance of the Regional Commissioner’s office. District counterparts will be responsible for supporting the needs assessment exercise in their areas of responsibility, prioritizing projects to be implemented and providing local level oversight of implementation. CRRF coordination structures will also build on and link to established coordination structures for the refugee response (Refugee Coordination Model) as well as existing coordination of development cooperation (through Main and sector-level Development Partners Groups, UN Area Coordinator etc).

3

ibid

4

Please refer to note on CRRF coordination structures at regional and district level


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4. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE CRRF 4.1 CRRF Work Plan Following the adoption of the Roadmap by the NSC, the Secretariat will be tasked with developing a detailed CRRF Work Plan for the short, medium, and long-term, complete with prioritized operational entry points. The Work Plan will be developed based on government guidelines for the development of action plans, as stipulated annually by MoFP and will include the following: 

Key activities: These are tasks to be undertaken in order to realize the identified policy priority area and eventually, the policy objective. The Roadmap outlines short-term milestones to be advanced in the short-term and long-term directions.



Time frames: Implementation of the identified activities will be effected in a yearly basis commensurate with the financial year and resource flows that that CRRF receives from various sources. Key milestones to advance this fiscal year (2017/18). Following the adoption of the Roadmap, the Secretariat guided by the NSC will develop a CRRF Work Plan complete with identified and prioritized operational entry points.



Responsible agencies and partners: Clear lead for the implementation of the activities identified alongside key partners.

Section 5 discusses priority sectors of support for operational responses and discusses key challenges. These sectors are: Health, Education, Water, Environment and Energy, Livelihoods, Land and Security. 4.2 Principles of implementation The practical application of the CRRF takes account of national realities, capacities and levels of development, and respects national policies and priorities. Guiding principles include:  Alignment with national, regional and district level development planning.  Consistency with the rights and obligations of States under international law.  Increased use of national responders. To the extent possible, deliver assistance through appropriate national and local service providers, such as national systems for health, education, social services and child protection.  Prioritization and sequencing of assistance to be informed by joint assessments of needs and risks, as well as consultations with refugee and host communities.  Strong reliance on community-participatory approaches to ensure ownership of activities by refugee and the host communities.  Mainstreaming of environmental sustainability in all sectors.


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

Gender mainstreaming through appropriate gender indicators, targets, and specific strategies to include women and girls.

4.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Implementation of the CRRF Roadmap will be monitored and evaluated at various levels of implementation. While the overarching responsibility for monitoring and evaluation falls on the NSC, the Secretariat will be tasked with developing a resultsbased framework and indicators to track progress and identify priority areas for reinforced efforts by the international community. The results-based framework will include indicators that are universal to all CRRF countries, as well as country-specific indicators anchored in the Tanzanian context and national plans5. The Secretariat will draft mid-year and annual reports, in close coordination with relevant partners at regional and district levels6. The reports will be submitted to the NSC for final approval. 4.4 Resource Mobilization Financial resources are required for the implementation of the CRRF Roadmap and the NSC will oversee the development of a Resource Mobilization Strategy. The Strategy will align with Tanzania’s Cooperation Development Framework and the Grand Bargain, and highlight the principles of government ownership and alignment with national development plans for development funding and more humanitarian support and funding tools for national responders, including governmental partners. 5. PRIORITY SECTORS 5.1 Education National plans and priorities Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are in charge of delivering education services, with PO-RALG supervising, coordinating and monitoring activities in line with the policies and guidelines of the Ministry of Education. A new Education and Training Policy was launched for mainland Tanzania in 2015, introducing eleven years of free basic education, including one year of pre-primary school. The Policy aims to increase access to primary and secondary education, and to improve the quality of education. Tanzania’s 3rd Education Sector Development Plan (ESDP) 2016/17 - 2020/21 is being finalized. The second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) comprises a set of targets aimed at increasing both the enrolment and the quality of education. The Plan aims for a 95

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The initial set of indicators will focus on results and process; a shift toward impact assessment will be possible the longer a comprehensive approach is applied. 6 See Note on coordination mechanisms at regional and district level


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per cent net enrolment ratio in early learning and a 100 per cent net enrolment ratio in primary education by 2025. CRRF objectives in education  Implement phased approach to inclusion of refugee education into national systems. 

Improve access to and quality of primary education for communities.



Increase access to secondary, higher education and vocational training for refugees and host communities. Provide access to education with flexible and alternative pathways for over age and out of school children and youth for refugees and host communities. Enhance access and quality of education provided to children with special needs.

 

host

and refugee

Challenges  Current education provision in refugee camps (country of origin curriculum, parallel system) is below standards and unsustainable from a financial and policy perspective. 

Across all three refugee camps, there is a lack of classrooms and teachers, particularly for Burundian students. The gap is currently being filled by double shifts of classes and many classes held outside under the shade of trees. The construction of semi-permanent classrooms is not allowed. The student to classroom ratios was 200:1 at the beginning of 2016.



Education services for host communities (infrastructure, human resources, capacity building) are significantly under-resourced in refugee-hosting districts.



District authorities highlight the lack of financial resources, leading to dilapidated or lacking infrastructure (schools, classrooms, staff accommodation), insufficient learning material, and inability of district education officers to carry out quality control functions. Lack of secondary schools affect motivation of students as well as parents’ investments in education.

5.2 Health National plans and priorities Local government is also in charge of delivering health services, with PO-RALG supervising, coordinating and monitoring activities in line with the policies and guidelines of the line Ministry.


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Health is a key development priority in refugee-hosting areas, according to regional and district plans as well as consultations with regional and district authorities. Targeted support is needed to tackle poor outcomes on maternal, reproductive health and new-born health nutrition, and mental health and to respond to infectious and waterborne diseases (malaria, HIV/Aids, tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera). Inadequate financial and human resources remain primary challenges in the provision of health services. Other challenges include dilapidated and/or insufficient infrastructure and shortage of medical supplies. The national health sector is guided by the fourth Health Sector Strategic Plan (20152020). The Plan aims to improve equitable access to services in the country by focusing on geographic areas with higher disease burdens and by focusing on vulnerable groups in the population with higher risks. Underserved populations will be targeted. It includes strategic objectives to ensure adequate staffing of all health facilities, extend maternal and newborn services to underserved areas, and to maintain a high level of quality of HIV/AIDs programmes, prevention and control of malaria. The second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) states that while it is an end in itself, providing health care ensures that people are fit to participate in productive economic activities. In the implementation of the Plan, emphasis is on strengthening the health service delivery system with service delivery geared toward the health of mothers and children, addressing commonly preventable diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases, as well as addressing the “human resources crisis” which constrains the provision of adequate health care. CRRF objectives in health  Ensure equitable access to improved government health services for refugees and host communities. 

Improve health outcomes for refugees and host communities alike.

Challenges  Based on the current the encampment policy, primary and secondary care for refugees is provided in parallel to the national system at high operational cost and with limited benefit to the host communities. Referrals to national hospitals at full cost coverage are made in a limited number of secondary and all tertiary cases, if services are not available within the camp. 

Fertility rates are high among refugees as is the prevalence of teenage pregnancy – both carry ramifications far beyond the health sector. At the same time, contraceptive prevalence rate among refugees is very low at only 8 per cent7.

7Compared

to 18 per cent for Kigoma region and a national average of 38 per cent.


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

The capacity of the national health care system is low in refugee-hosting areas. Services included in the national health strategy are rolled-out in a strained manner in Kigoma Region due to funding deficits, and hence the capacity remains limited.



Integration into national health care in one step is technically difficult and risky due to the heavy workload in refugee camps, the current encampment policy and capacity constraints of government services. The inclusion of refugees into national service delivery needs to proceed in a carefully assessed and phased manner. In the short to medium term, potential areas for integration include national programmes such are malaria, TB, and HIV programmes.



The integration of primary health care and preventive health interventions for refugees needs to be supported with the necessary policy reform including a greater freedom of movement.

5.3 Energy and Environment National plans and priorities The second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) outlines national priorities in the area of natural resource management, environment and climate change, and sets a target of 50 per cent of energy derived from renewable green energy by 2020 as well as for the number of trees planted country wide (100 million). Interventions to prevent environmental degradation range from promotion of renewable energy sources such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biogas and solar energy to enforcement of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and other environmental laws. The influx of refugees in target regions and districts has resulted in the depletion of water resources, deforestation and environmental degradation in areas close to the camps and settlements, due to increased demand for firewood and water. This additional burden to host communities gives rise to serious protection risks and increased tension between refugees and surrounding communities. Priorities and activities for the humanitarian response are outlined in UNHCR Tanzania Environment and Wellbeing Strategy. CRRF objectives in Energy and Environment  Develop mitigation, adaption and remediation measures and environmental programmes to address deforestation and environmental degradation in camps and host communities. 

Mainstream environmental sustainability across all sectors in both refugee and host communities to improve environmental performance.



Increase access to and use of alternative sources of energy in refugee camps and host communities.

Challenges


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

The influx of refugees has contributed to a number of environmental impacts such as deforestation from the use of firewood for cooking and pressure on existing water sources.



Environmental degradation and competition for resources such as firewood and water gives rise to serious protection risks and increased tension between refugee and surrounding communities.



Environmental impacts are exacerbated by the effects of climate change.



Demand for firewood is unsustainable. Estimated use of firewood across the three refugee camps is close to 650 tonnes per day. Yet, alternative sources such as LPG are too costly for the humanitarian response.

5.4 Livelihoods National plans and priorities Kigoma depends on agriculture, natural resources (forestry, fishing, wildlife and beekeeping), tourism, trade and industries. In the refugee-hosting districts, such as Kibondo, more than 97 per cent of residents are engaged in agriculture according to the 2012 census. Priorities for the Kigoma region (2016-2020) include raising agricultural productivity and supporting women and youth economic empowerment through the provision of entrepreneurial skills and access to finance. The overarching objective of the second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) is to build a base for transforming Tanzania into a semi-industrialized nation by 2025. The Plan seeks to promote value addition through processing and manufacturing, including through the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and industrial parks (Kigoma being one of 8 identified SEZs). UNHCR Livelihoods framework 2014-18 aims to effectively support and protect the livelihoods of refugees, and enable their self-reliance. The operationalization of the framework emphasizes data-driven and market-based approaches, and requires UNHCR Operations to conduct a socio-economic assessment and context analysis as well as a livelihoods market analysis in order to develop a context-specific multi-year livelihoods strategy and effective livelihoods interventions. CRRF objectives in livelihoods  Strengthen the scope and versatility of sources of income in host communities through the promotion of agricultural productivity and agribusiness, small and medium industries, trade and self-employment. 

Create sources for more regular and predictable income for refugees, e.g. through access to farming activities in host communities and work permits.



Link livelihoods interventions to other sectors of response where possible (e.g. energy, environment, water and education).


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Challenges  Low agricultural productivity (production per unit area) for various crops and the inadequate application of modern agricultural methods. Productivity increasingly affected by adverse effects of climate change causing erratic and short rainfall patterns and long dry spells. 

Restrictions on refugee movement hinder productive economic exchanges between refugees and host community as well as refugee self-reliance and ability to contribute to the local economy. At the same time, there is a demand for agricultural day labourers in host communities.



Land available for cultivation within the camps is very limited. Refugees who cultivate land in host communities rely on informal arrangements. In case of conflict they have no rights and incentives to invest are thus low.



Livelihoods activities in the camps (vocational skills training, small-scale agricultural production, savings groups) are often not informed by or integrated into the broader economy of host communities and districts.

5.5 Water National plans and priorities The second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) has ambitious targets for access to water and aims to raise coverage of population accessing clean and safe water to 85% in rural areas and to 95% in urban areas by year 2020/21. Different initiatives are ongoing to support this, including the Water Sector Development Programme Phase 2. Current coverage in refugee-hosting districts falls significantly below target. Coverage in urban areas is similarly low. The country’s National Water Sector Development Strategy (2005-2025) is implemented through the National Water Sector Development Programme, now in its second phase (2014/15-2018/19). Further water resource priorities for the region are outlined in the “Integrated Water Resource Management Plan for the Malagarasi Sub-Basin” (Lake Tanganyika Water Basin Board). Priorities and activities for the humanitarian response are outlined in UNHCR Tanzania’s WASH Strategy and UNHCR Tanzania Environment and Wellbeing Strategy. CRRF objectives in water  Improve access to water and sanitary standards in host and refugee communities. 

Ensure shared resources are used equitably and in compliance with law (e.g. applying the restriction on riverbed farming).


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Promote environmentally friendly livelihoods.

Challenges  Scarcity of water, a key challenge in both refugee and host communities. Competition over limited resources such as water contributes to conflict between refugee and host communities, and between the humanitarian sector at large and host communities 

The lack of sustainable water supply arrangements (use of river catchment areas, drilling, etc.) combined with the effects of climate change further affects shortages.

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The risk of disease outbreaks in camps and host communities due to low sanitation standards.

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Local government face challenges in extending access to clean and safe water, including ranging from insufficient funding for capital investments in new water infrastructures and rehabilitation/extension of aged infrastructures and for supervision and monitoring to the shortage of water experts and technicians and capacity constraints of Regional Water Supply and Sanitation Teams (RWST) and Council Water and Sanitation teams (CWST).

5.6 Land National plans and priorities According to the Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II), land use planning and management are key variables for unlocking the potential for growth by making land accessible for productive use in rural and urban areas. It is in this regard that the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has a renewed focus on the formalization of land ownership and commercialization. The process includes formalizing unplanned urban settlements and increasing the number of surveyed villages. CRRF objectives in Land 

Enable surveyed land and land entitlements to be a good source of sustainable income for host communities as well as refugees.

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De-gazetting of settlement land (Tabora, Katavi).

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Effect prompt compensation for land being identified and valued in order to allow investment.

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Enable land to be an incentive of attracting investment (such as industrial parks and special economic zones) with priority on local investment.

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Together with a strong national one-stop center for land issues, have land referral centers for investors requiring land size that is in the jurisdiction of RASs and LGAs in refugee-hosting regions.


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To have a land bank specifically designated for industrial development, with necessary services (title deeds, irrigation schemes, feeder roads and power supply).

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Ensure proper land use planning and management for both planned settlements and investment.

Challenges  The 1995 National Land Policy, as governed by the two Acts, namely, the Land Act 1999 and Village Land Act 1999. The policy is not capable of facilitating industrialization and investments in refugee hosting districts. However, the Government of Tanzania is currently reviewing the policy and one of the issues to be addressed is that of setting aside land for those affected by disasters including refugees. 

Continued land disputes including those between investors and existing landholders and users (including refugees).

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Bureaucracy and procedures involved in acquiring land for investment are cumbersome, raise transaction costs to potential investors and are thus deterrent.

5.7 Security National plans and priorities The second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) acknowledges that for growth and transformation to take place, social stability must prevail. With this in mind, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania is prepared to undertake a number of strategic reforms for ensuring peace, individual security and safety of property and general social stability. CRRF Objectives in Security 

Enhancing and integrating border control and immigration systems, and checking inflow and outflow of fire arms;

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Strengthening capacity (physical, human, and financial) of law enforcement agencies and mechanisms for arbitration and conflict resolution among and within communities;

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Finalizing the national identification process and strengthening vital registrations from grassroots level, both in urban and rural areas; and


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Expanding civic education and public awareness on the importance of national unity and curbing tribal and religious polarization and sectarian sentiments.
