Science and Engineering Indicators 2012, Chapter 8

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Chapter 8 State Indicators

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................8-7 Chapter Overview ....................................................................................................................8-7 Types of Indicators ..................................................................................................................8-7 Data Sources and Considerations.............................................................................................8-8 Key Elements for Indicators ....................................................................................................8-8 High-Technology Industries ....................................................................................................8-9 Appendix Tables ....................................................................................................................8-10 Reference ...................................................................................................................................8-10

Elementary/Secondary Education Fourth Grade Mathematics Performance ..................................................................................8-12 Fourth Grade Mathematics Proficiency ....................................................................................8-14 Fourth Grade Science Performance ..........................................................................................8-16 Fourth Grade Science Proficiency ............................................................................................8-18 Eighth Grade Mathematics Performance ..................................................................................8-20 Eighth Grade Mathematics Proficiency ....................................................................................8-22 Eighth Grade Science Performance ..........................................................................................8-24 Eighth Grade Science Proficiency ............................................................................................8-26 Public School Teacher Salaries .................................................................................................8-28 Elementary and Secondary Public School Current Expenditures as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product ...................................................................................................8-30 Current Expenditures per Pupil for Elementary and Secondary Public Schools ......................8-32 Percentage of Public High School Students Taking Advanced Placement Exams ..................8-34 Percentage of Public High School Students Scoring 3 or Higher on at Least One Advanced Placement Exam ..................................................................................................8-36 Percentage of Public High School Students Scoring 3 or Higher on Advanced Placement Calculus AB Exam ................................................................................................................8-38 High School Graduates Among Individuals 25–44 Years Old .................................................8-40

Higher Education Bachelor’s Degrees Conferred per 1,000 Individuals 18–24 Years Old ..................................8-42 Bachelor’s Degrees in Science and Engineering Conferred per 1,000 Individuals 18–24 Years Old ................................................................................................8-44 Bachelor’s Degrees in Natural Sciences and Engineering Conferred per 1,000 Individuals 18–24 Years Old ................................................................................8-46 Science and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of Higher Education Degrees Conferred ...8-48 Natural Sciences and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of Higher Education Degrees Conferred ................................................................................................................8-50 Science and Engineering Graduate Students per 1,000 Individuals 25–34 Years Old .............8-52 Advanced Science and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of S&E Degrees Conferred .....8-54 Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of NS&E Degrees Conferred ..............................................................................................................................8-56 Science and Engineering Doctoral Degrees as a Percentage of S&E Degrees Conferred ........8-58 8-1

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Chapter 8. State Indicators

Average Undergraduate Charge at Public 4-Year Institutions .................................................8-60 Average Undergraduate Charge at Public 4-Year Institutions as a Percentage of Disposable Personal Income .................................................................................................8-62 Appropriations of State Tax Funds for Operating Expenses of Higher Education as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product .................................................................................8-64 State Expenditures on Student Aid per Full-Time Undergraduate Student ..............................8-66 State Funding for Major Public Research Universities per Enrolled Student ..........................8-68 Postsecondary Degree Holders Among Individuals 25–44 Years Old .....................................8-70 Bachelor’s Degree Holders Among Individuals 25–44 Years Old ............................................8-72

Workforce Bachelor’s Degree Holders Potentially in the Workforce ........................................................8-74 Individuals in Science and Engineering Occupations as a Percentage of the Workforce ........8-76 Employed Science and Engineering Doctorate Holders as a Percentage of the Workforce .....8-78 Engineers as a Percentage of the Workforce ............................................................................8-80 Life and Physical Scientists as a Percentage of the Workforce ...............................................8-82 Computer Specialists as a Percentage of the Workforce ..........................................................8-84 Technical Workers as a Percentage of the Workforce ..............................................................8-86

Financial Research and Development Inputs R&D as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product .....................................................................8-88 Federal R&D Obligations per Employed Worker .....................................................................8-90 Federal R&D Obligations per Individual in Science and Engineering Occupation ..................8-92 State Agency R&D Expenditures per $1 Million of Gross Domestic Product .........................8-94 State Agency R&D Expenditures per Employed Worker .........................................................8-96 State Agency R&D Expenditures per Individual in Science and Engineering Occupation ......8-98 Business-Performed R&D as a Percentage of Private-Industry Output ..................................8-100 Academic Science and Engineering R&D per $1,000 of Gross Domestic Product ..............8-102

Research and Development Outputs Science and Engineering Doctorates Conferred per 1,000 S&E Doctorate Holders ..............8-104 Academic Science and Engineering Article Output per 1,000 S&E Doctorate Holders in Academia ........................................................................................................................8-106 Academic Science and Engineering Article Output per $1 Million of Academic S&E R&D ............................................................................................................................8-108 Academic Patents Awarded per 1,000 Science and Engineering Doctorate Holders in Academia .........................................................................................................................8-110 Patents Awarded per 1,000 Individuals in Science and Engineering Occupations ................8-112

Science and Technology in the Economy High-Technology Establishments as a Percentage of All Business Establishments ...............8-114 Net High-Technology Business Formations as a Percentage of All Business Establishments .....................................................................................................................8-116 Employment in High-Technology Establishments as a Percentage of Total Employment .....8-118 Average Annual Federal Small Business Innovation Research Funding per $1 Million of Gross Domestic Product .................................................................................................8-120 Venture Capital Disbursed per $1,000 of Gross Domestic Product ........................................8-122 Venture Capital Deals as a Percentage of High-Technology Business Establishments ..........8-124 Venture Capital Disbursed per Venture Capital Deal ..............................................................8-126

Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

List of Tables Table 8-1. Average fourth grade mathematics performance, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ...... 8-13 Table 8-2. Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade mathematics, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ..................................................................................................................................... 8-15 Table 8-3. Average fourth grade science performance, by state: 2009 ......................................... 8-17 Table 8-4. Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade science, by state: 2009 ....................... 8-19 Table 8-5. Average eighth grade mathematics performance, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ..... 8-21 Table 8-6. Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade mathematics, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ..................................................................................................................................... 8-23 Table 8-7. Average eighth grade science performance, by state: 2009 ........................................ 8-25 Table 8-8. Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade science, by state: 2009 ....................... 8-27 Table 8-9. Public school teacher salaries, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ................................... 8-29 Table 8-10. Elementary and secondary public school current expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ....................................................... 8-31 Table 8-11. Current expenditures per pupil for elementary and secondary public schools, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 .................................................................................................. 8-33 Table 8-12. Public high school students taking Advanced Placement Exams, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ................................................................................................................. 8-35 Table 8-13. Public high school students scoring 3 or higher on at least one Advanced Placement Exam, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ..................................................................... 8-37 Table 8-14. Public high school students scoring 3 or higher on Advanced Placement Calculus AB Exam, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ................................................................. 8-39 Table 8-15. High school graduates among individuals 25–44 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................................................................. 8-41 Table 8-16. Bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................................................................. 8-43 Table 8-17. Bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ...................................................................... 8-45 Table 8-18. Bachelor’s degrees in natural sciences and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................... 8-47 Table 8-19. Science and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................... 8-49 Table 8-20. Natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................... 8-51 Table 8-21. Science and engineering graduate students per 1,000 individuals 25–34 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009................................................................................... 8-53 Table 8-22. Advanced science and engineering degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................................. 8-55 Table 8-23. Advanced natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of NS&E degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................... 8-57 Table 8-24. Science and engineering doctoral degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................................. 8-59 Table 8-25. Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ................................................................................................................. 8-61 Table 8-26. Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions as a percentage of disposable personal income, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ............................................... 8-63 Table 8-27. Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education as a percentage of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ............................ 8-65 Table 8-28. State expenditures on student aid per full-time undergraduate student, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 .................................................................................................................. 8-67

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Table 8-29. State funding for major public research universities per enrolled student, by state: 2002, 2006, and 2010 ................................................................................................................. 8-69 Table 8-30. Postsecondary degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................................................................. 8-71 Table 8-31. Bachelor’s degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ................................................................................................................. 8-73 Table 8-32. Bachelor’s degree holders potentially in the workforce, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 ..................................................................................................................................... 8-75 Table 8-33. Individuals in science and engineering occupations as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2003 2006, and 2010 ................................................................................. 8-77 Table 8-34. Employed science and engineering doctorate holders as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008................................................................................. 8-79 Table 8-35. Engineers as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 ........... 8-81 Table 8-36. Life and physical scientists as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 ................................................................................................................. 8-83 Table 8-37. Computer specialists as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 ................................................................................................................. 8-85 Table 8-38. Technical workers as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 .................................................................................................................. 8-87 Table 8-39. R&D as a percentage of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 .................................................................................................................. 8-89 Table 8-40. Federal R&D obligations per employed worker, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 ..... 8-91 Table 8-41. Federal R&D obligations per individual in science and engineering occupation, by state: 2003, 2005, and 2008 .................................................................................................. 8-93 Table 8-42. State agency R&D expenditures per $1 million of gross domestic product, by state: 2006 and 2007 .............................................................................................................. 8-95 Table 8-43. State agency R&D expenditures per employed worker, by state: 2006 and 2007 .... 8-97 Table 8-44. State agency R&D expenditures per individual in science and engineering occupation, by state: 2006 and 2007 .......................................................................................... 8-99 Table 8-45. Business-performed R&D as a percentage of private-industry output, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 ............................................................................................................... 8-101 Table 8-46. Academic science and engineering R&D per $1,000 of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 .................................................................................. 8-103 Table 8-47. Science and engineering doctorates conferred per 1,000 employed S&E doctorate holders, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008 .................................................................................. 8-105 Table 8-48. Academic science and engineering article output per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008 .............................................................. 8-107 Table 8-49. Academic science and engineering article output per $1 million of academic S&E R&D, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2009 ............................................................................ 8-109 Table 8-50. Academic patents awarded per 1,000 science and engineering doctorate holders in academia, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008 .............................................................. 8-111 Table 8-51. Patents awarded per 1,000 individuals in science and engineering occupations, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2010 ........................................................................... 8-113 Table 8-52. High-technology establishments as a percentage of all business establishments, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2008 ................................................................................................ 8-115 Table 8-53. Net high-technology business formations as a percentage of all business establishments, by state: 2004, 2006, and 2008 ...................................................................... 8-117 Table 8-54. Employment in high-technology establishments as a percentage of total employment, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2008 .......................................................................... 8-119 Table 8-55. Average annual federal Small Business Innovation Research funding per $1 million of gross domestic product, by state: 2000–02, 2004–06, and 2008-10 ........... 8-121


Table 8-56. Venture capital disbursed per $1,000 of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ................................................................................................................ 8-123 Table 8-57. Venture capital deals as a percentage of high-technology business establishments, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2008 ....................................................................... 8-125 Table 8-58. Venture capital disbursed per venture capital deal, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 ................................................................................................................ 8-127 Table 8-A. 2002 NAICS codes that constitute high-technology industries ................................... 8-11

List of Figures Figure 8-1. Average fourth grade mathematics performance: 2009 ..........................................8-12 Figure 8-2. Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade mathematics: 2009 .........................8-14 Figure 8-3. Average fourth grade science performance: 2009 ..................................................8-16 Figure 8-4. Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade science: 2009 .................................8-18 Figure 8-5. Average eighth grade mathematics performance: 2009 ..........................................8-20 Figure 8-6. Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade mathematics: 2009 .........................8-22 Figure 8-7. Average eighth grade science performance: 2009 ..................................................8-24 Figure 8-8. Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade science: 2009 .................................8-26 Figure 8-9. Public school teacher salaries: 2010 .......................................................................8-28 Figure 8-10. Elementary and secondary public school current expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2009 ............................................................................................8-30 Figure 8-11. Current expenditures per pupil for elementary and secondary public schools: 2009 .........................................................................................................................8-32 Figure 8-12. Percentage of public high school students taking Advanced Placement Exams: 2010...........................................................................................................................8-34 Figure 8-13. Percentage of public high school students scoring 3 or higher on at least one Advanced Placement Exam: 2010 .........................................................................................8-36 Figure 8-14. Percentage of public high school students scoring 3 or higher on Advanced Placement Calculus AB Exam: 2010 .....................................................................................8-38 Figure 8-15. High school graduates among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009 ........................8-40 Figure 8-16. Bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009 ........8-42 Figure 8-17. Bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009 ............................................................................................................8-44 Figure 8-18. Bachelor’s degrees in natural sciences and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009 .........................................................................................8-46 Figure 8-19. Science and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred: 2009 .........................................................................................................8-48 Figure 8-20. Natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred: 2009 ........................................................................................8-50 Figure 8-21. Science and engineering graduate students per 1,000 individuals 25–34 years old: 2009 ................................................................................................................................8-52 Figure 8-22. Advanced science and engineering degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred: 2009 ......................................................................................................................8-54 Figure 8-23. Advanced natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of NS&E degrees conferred: 2009 .............................................................................................8-56 Figure 8-24. Science and engineering doctoral degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred: 2009 ......................................................................................................................8-58 Figure 8-25. Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions: 2010 .......................8-60 Figure 8-26. Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions as a percentage of disposable personal income: 2009 .....................................................................................8-62

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Figure 8-27. Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2010..................................................................8-64 Figure 8-28. State expenditures on student aid per full-time undergraduate student: 2008 ......8-66 Figure 8-29. State funding for major public research universities per enrolled student: 2010........................................................................................................................................8-68 Figure 8-30. Postsecondary degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009...............8-70 Figure 8-31. Bachelor’s degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009 ...................8-72 Figure 8-32. Bachelor’s degree holders potentially in the workforce: 2009 ...............................8-74 Figure 8-33. Individuals in science and engineering occupations as a percentage of the workforce: 2010 .....................................................................................................................8-76 Figure 8-34. Employed science and engineering doctorate holders as a percentage of the workforce: 2008......................................................................................................................8-78 Figure 8-35. Engineers as a percentage of the workforce: 2010 .................................................8-80 Figure 8-36. Life and physical scientists as a percentage of the workforce: 2010 .......................8-82 Figure 8-37. Computer specialists as a percentage of the workforce: 2010 ................................8-84 Figure 8-38. Technical workers as a percentage of the workforce: 2010 ....................................8-86 Figure 8-39. R&D as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2008 ..........................................8-88 Figure 8-40. Federal R&D obligations per employed worker: 2008 ...........................................8-90 Figure 8-41. Federal R&D obligations per individual in science and engineering occupation: 2008.....................................................................................................................8-92 Figure 8-42. State agency R&D expenditures per $1 million of gross domestic product: 2007... 8-94 Figure 8-43. State agency R&D expenditures per employed worker: 2007 ...............................8-96 Figure 8-44. State agency R&D expenditures per individual in science and engineering occupation: 2007.....................................................................................................................8-98 Figure 8-45. Business-performed R&D as a percentage of private-industry output: 2008 .......8-100 Figure 8-46. Academic science and engineering R&D per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2009 ........................................................................................................................8-102 Figure 8-47. Science and engineering doctorates conferred per 1,000 employed S&E doctorate holders: 2008 .......................................................................................................................8-104 Figure 8-48. Academic science and engineering article output per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia: 2008 ....................................................................................................8-106 Figure 8-49. Academic science and engineering article output per $1 million of academic S&E R&D: 2009 ..................................................................................................................8-108 Figure 8-50. Academic patents awarded per 1,000 science and engineering doctorate holders in academia: 2008 ...................................................................................................8-110 Figure 8-51. Patents awarded per 1,000 individuals in science and engineering occupations: 2010 .................................................................................................................8-112 Figure 8-52. High-technology establishments as a percentage of all business establishments: 2008.............................................................................................................8-114 Figure 8-53. Net high-technology business formations as a percentage of all business establishments: 2008 ............................................................................................................8-116 Figure 8-54. Employment in high-technology establishments as a percentage of total employment: 2008 ...............................................................................................................8-118 Figure 8-55. Average annual federal Small Business Innovation Research funding per $1 million of gross domestic product: 2008-10 ...............................................................8-120 Figure 8-56. Venture capital disbursed per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2010 ................8-122 Figure 8-57. Venture capital deals as a percentage of high-technology business establishments: 2008.............................................................................................................8-124 Figure 8-58. Venture capital disbursed per venture capital deal: 2010......................................8-126 Figure 8-A. U.S. map and list of abbreviations ...........................................................................8-8 Figure 8-B. Example state distribution chart ...............................................................................8-9


Introduction Chapter Overview To address the interest of the policy and research communities in the role of science and technology (S&T) in state and regional economic development, this chapter presents findings on state trends in S&T education, the employed workforce, finance, and research and development. This chapter includes 58 indicators for individual states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Although data for Puerto Rico are reported whenever available, they frequently were collected by a different source, making it unclear whether the methodology used for data collection and analysis is comparable with that used for the states. For this reason, Puerto Rico was not ranked with the states, not assigned a quartile value, and not displayed on the maps. Data for United States territories and protectorates, such as American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands, were available only on a sporadic basis and thus are not included. The indicators are designed to present information about various aspects of state S&T infrastructure. The data used to calculate the indicators were gathered from public and private sources. When possible, data covering a 10-year span are presented to assist in identifying trends. However, consistent data were not always available for the 10-year period, in which case, data are given only for the years in which comparisons are appropriate. Most indicators contain data for 2008–09; some contain data for 2010. Ready access to accurate and timely information is an important tool for formulating effective S&T policies at the state level. By studying the programs and performance of their peers, state policymakers may be able to better assess and enhance their own programs and performance. Corporations and other organizations considering investments at the state level may also benefit from this information. The tables are intended to provide quantitative data that may be relevant to technology-based economic development. More generally, the chapter aims to foster further consideration of the appropriate uses of state-level indicators.

Types of Indicators Fifty-eight indicators are included in this chapter and grouped into the following areas: Elementary and secondary education Higher education Workforce Financial R&D inputs Research and development outputs S&T in the economy The first two areas address state educational attainment. Student achievement is expressed in terms of performance, which refers to the average state score on a standardized

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test, and proficiency, which is expressed as the percentage of students who have achieved at least the expected level of competence on the standardized test. Comparable state-level performance data are not available for high school students. Although performance and proficiency data in science are available for students in grade 12 at the national level but not at the state level, data on performance and proficiency in mathematics is not available at either the federal or state level for students in grade 12. Instead, mastery of college-level material through performance on Advanced Placement Exams has been included as a measure of the skills being developed by the top-performing high school students. Other indicators in education focus on state spending, teacher salaries, student costs, and undergraduate and graduate degrees in S&E. Three indicators measure the level of education in the populations of individual states. Workforce indicators focus on the level of S&E training in the employed labor force. These indicators reflect the higher education level of the labor force and the degree of specialization in S&E disciplines and occupations. Financial indicators address the sources and level of funding for R&D. They show how much R&D is being performed relative to the size of a state’s business base. This section enables readers to compare the extent to which R&D is conducted by industrial, academic, or state agency performers. The final two sections provide measures of outputs. The first focuses on the work products of the academic community. It includes the number of new doctorates conferred, the publication of academic articles, and patent activity from the academic community and from all sources in the state. The last section of output indicators examines the robustness of a region’s S&T-related economic activity. These indicators include venture capital activity, Small Business Innovation Research awards, and high-technology business activity. Although data that adequately address both the quantity and quality of R&D results are difficult to find, these indicators offer a reasonable information base. This edition includes six new indicators. Consistent with other indicators in the chapter, they are normalized. The first covers AP Calculus AB exams and is presented as a percentage of high school students scoring 3 or higher on the exam. The second covers the number of bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering that were conferred relative to the size of the population in the appropriate age range. The third provides an indication of the degree to which a state’s educational infrastructure provides the highest level of training in science and engineering and is presented as the number of doctorate degrees conferred in science and engineering as a percentage of all science and engineering degrees conferred. The fourth indicator covers state funds for higher education and is presented as the percentage of state gross domestic product. The fifth addresses the amount of state funding for public research universities per enrolled student. Finally, the last new indicator focuses on the percentage of technical workers in a state’s workforce.

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Data Sources and Considerations Raw data for each indicator are presented in the tables. Each table provides an average value for all states, labeled “United States.” For most indicators, the state average was calculated by summing the values for the 50 states and the District of Columbia for both the numerator and the denominator and then dividing the two. Any alternate approach is indicated in the notes at the bottom of the table. The values for most indicators are expressed as ratios or percentages to facilitate comparison between states that differ substantially in size. For example, an indicator of higher education achievement is not defined as the absolute number of degrees conferred in a state because sparsely populated states are unlikely to have or need as extensive a higher education system as states with larger populations. Instead, the indicator is defined as the number of degrees per number of residents in the college-age cohort, which measures the intensity of educational services relative to the size of the resident population. Readers must exercise caution when evaluating the indicator values for the District of Columbia. Frequently, the indicator value for the District of Columbia is appreciably different from the indicator values for any of the states. The District of Columbia is unique because it is an urban region with a large federal presence and many universities. In addition, it has a large student population and provides

employment for many individuals who live in neighboring states. Indicator values can be quite different depending on whether data attributed to the District of Columbia are based on where people live or where they work.

Key Elements for Indicators Six key elements are provided for each indicator. The first element is a map color-coded to show in which quartile each state placed on that indicator for the latest year that data were available. This helps the reader quickly grasp geographic patterns. On the indicator maps, the darkest color indicates states that rank in the first or highest quartile, and white indicates states that rank in the fourth or lowest quartile. Cross-hatching indicates states for which no data are available. The sample map below shows the outline of each state. The state is identified by its postal code. In 1978, Congress initiated the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) at the National Science Foundation to build R&D capacity in states that have historically been less competitive in receiving federal R&D funding. Subsequently, several federal agencies established similar programs, the largest of which is the Institutional Development Award (IdeA) program at the National Institutes of Health. States shown with a gray background in figure 8-A are states in the EPSCoR group. The EPSCoR group of states are those eligible

Figure 8-A U.S. map and list of abbreviations WA NH MT

VT

ND

ME

MN

OR ID WY

MI

UT

IL

CO

CA

RI PA

IA

NE

NV

MA CT

NY

WI

SD

OH

IN

WV KS

AZ

OK

NM

MO

NC

MD DC

SC

AR MS

TX

VA

KY TN

AK

NJ DE

AL

GA

LA

FL

HI NOTE: Gray states indicate EPSCoR states

AK ........ Alaska AL ........ Alabama AR ........ Arkansas AZ ........ Arizona CA........ California CO ....... Colorado CT ........ Connecticut DC ....... District of Columbia DE ........ Delaware FL ........ Florida GA ....... Georgia

HI .........Hawaii IA .........Iowa ID .........Idaho IL ..........Illinois IN .........Indiana KS ........Kansas KY ........Kentucky LA ........Louisiana MA .......Massachusetts MD .......Maryland

ME ........Maine MI .........Michigan MN........Minnesota MO .......Missouri MS ........Mississippi MT ........Montana NC ........North Carolina ND ........North Dakota NE.........Nebraska NH ........New Hampshire

NJ......... New Jersey NM ....... New Mexico NV ........ Nevada NY ........ New York OH........ Ohio OK ........ Oklahoma OR ........ Oregon PA......... Pennsylvania RI.......... Rhode Island SC ........ South Carolina

SD ........South Dakota TN ........Tennessee TX .........Texas UT ........Utah VA .........Virginia VT .........Vermont WA........Washington WI .........Wisconsin WV........West Virginia WY .......Wyoming

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for EPSCoR-like programs in at least five federal agencies or departments. The 24 EPSCoR states are Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming. The EPSCoR Program is discussed further in chapter 5, “Academic Research and Development,” in the sidebar “EPSCoR: The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research.” The remaining 26 states are considered states in the non-EPSCoR group. The second element is a state distribution chart illustrating state values for the latest data year for that indicator (figure 8-B). States are listed alphabetically by postal code and are centered over the mid-point of the range for their indicator values. Indicator values are presented along the x-axis of the chart. States stacked together have indicator values in the same range but not necessarily identical values. The reader is referred to the table for values of the indicators. All of the indicators are broad measures, and several rely on sample estimates that have a margin of error. Small differences in state values generally carry little useful information. The third element, at the bottom of the map box, is a short citation for the data source. The full citation appears under the table on the facing page. The fourth element, in a shaded box on the lower left side of the page, is a summary of findings that includes the national average and comments on national and state trends and patterns for the particular indicator. Although most of the findings are directly related to the data, some represent interpretations that are meant to stimulate further investigation and discussion. The fifth element, on the lower right side of the page, is a description of the indicator and includes information pertaining to the underlying data. The final element is the data table, which appears on the facing page. Up to 3 years of data and the calculated values

of the indicator are presented for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. For selected indicators, the data table has been expanded to include the average data and indicator value for the 50 states and the District of Columbia, and the averages for the EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR states. These averages have been calculated in two ways. The first two lines, “EPSCoR states” and “Non-EPSCoR states,” treat each group as a single geographical unit, ignoring the division of that unit into separate states. The ratio for the group is calculated by totaling the numerator value of each of the states in the group and the denominator value of each of the states in the group and dividing to compute an average. For example, the EPSCoR states average of R&D by gross domestic product by state, shown in table 8-39, is calculated by summing the R&D of all the EPSCoR states, summing the gross domestic product of these states, and dividing to compute an average. States with more R&D and a larger gross domestic product affect this average more than smaller ones do, just as data on California affect U.S. totals more than data on Wyoming do. The first and second lines, “Average EPSCoR state value” and “Average non-EPSCoR state value,” represent the average of the individual state ratios for an indicator. The average EPSCoR state value for R&D by gross domestic product by state is calculated by summing the ratios for the 24 EPSCoR states and dividing by 24. All state ratios count equally in this computation. Examples of this calculation are shown in tables 8-5 and 8-18.

High-Technology Industries To define high-technology industries, this chapter uses a modification of the approach employed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (Hecker 2005). BLS’s approach is based on the intensity of high-technology employment within an industry. High-technology occupations include scientific, engineering, and technician occupations. These occupations employ

Figure 8-B Example state distribution chart

AK AL 1.0

DC DE FL GA HI IA ID

AR AZ CA CO CT 2.0

3.0

MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK

IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MN MO MS 4.0

5.0

OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT 6.0

VA VT WA 7.0

WI WV 8.0

WY 9.0

10.0

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workers who possess an in-depth knowledge of the theories and principles of science, engineering, and mathematics, which is generally acquired through postsecondary education in some field of technology. An industry is considered a hightechnology industry if employment in technology-oriented occupations accounts for a proportion of that industry’s total employment that is at least twice the 4.9% average for all industries (i.e., 9.8% or higher). In this chapter, the category “high-technology industries” refers only to private sector businesses. In contrast, BLS includes the “Federal Government, excluding Postal Service” in its listing of high-technology industries. Each industry is defined by a four-digit code that is based on the listings in the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The 2002 NAICS codes contain a number of additions and changes from the previous 1997 NAICS codes that were used to classify business establishments in data sets covering the period 1998–2002, and therefore cannot be applied to data sets from earlier years. The list of high-technology industries used in this chapter includes the 46 four-digit codes from the 2002 NAICS listing shown in table 8-A.


Appendix Tables Additional data tables pertaining to the indicators in this chapter have been included in the appendix. These tables provide supplemental information to assist the reader in evaluating the data used in an indicator. The appendix tables contain state-level data on the performance of students in different racial/ethnic and gender groups on the National Assessment of Educational Progress evaluations. Additional data on the coefficient of variation for data sources in the chapter also are presented in the appendix tables when they are available.

Reference Hecker D. 2005. High-technology employment: A NAICSbased update. Monthly Labor Review 128(7):57–72.

8-11


Table 8-A 2002 NAICS codes that constitute high-technology industries NAICS code

Industry

1131, 1132.............................. Forestry 2111........................................ Oil and gas extraction 2211........................................ Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution 3241........................................ Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 3251........................................ Basic chemical manufacturing 3252........................................ Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial synthetic fibers and filaments manufacturing 3253........................................ Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing 3254........................................ Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 3255........................................ Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing 3259........................................ Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing 3332........................................ Industrial machinery manufacturing 3333........................................ Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 3336........................................ Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 3339........................................ Other general purpose machinery manufacturing 3341........................................ Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 3342........................................ Communications equipment manufacturing 3343........................................ Audio and video equipment manufacturing 3344........................................ Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing 3345........................................ Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 3346........................................ Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media 3353........................................ Electrical equipment manufacturing 3364........................................ Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 3369........................................ Other transportation equipment manufacturing 4234........................................ Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers 4861........................................ Pipeline transportation of crude oil 4862........................................ Pipeline transportation of natural gas 4869........................................ Other pipeline transportation 5112........................................ Software publishers 5161........................................ Internet publishing and broadcasting 5171........................................ Wired telecommunications carriers 5172........................................ Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite) 5173........................................ Telecommunications resellers 5174........................................ Satellite telecommunications 5179........................................ Other telecommunications 5181........................................ Internet service providers and Web search portals 5182........................................ Data processing, hosting, and related services 5211........................................ Monetary authorities, central bank 5232........................................ Securities and commodity exchanges 5413........................................ Architectural, engineering, and related services 5415........................................ Computer systems design and related services 5416........................................ Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 5417........................................ Scientific research and development services 5511........................................ Management of companies and enterprises 5612........................................ Facilities support services 8112........................................ Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance NAICS = North American Industry Classification System Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-12

List of Appendix Tables

Fourth Grade Mathematics Performance Figure 8-1 Average fourth grade mathematics performance: 2009

DC 216

MS 220

224

CA NV TN WV

AL AZ LA NM 228

232

CO FL IA ID IN MO NY SD TX UT VA WA WY

AK AR DE GA HI IL KY MI NE OK OR RI SC 236

240

1st quartile (244–252) 2nd quartile (241–243) 3rd quartile (236–240) 4th quartile (219–235)

CT KS MD ME MT NC ND NJ OH PA WI 244

Achievement levels (Scores range from 0–500)

Advanced ......................... 282–500 Proficient .......................... 249–281 Basic................................. 214–248

MN NH VT 248

MA 252

256

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress.

Average score

Findings U

In 2009, the nationwide average mathematics score of fourth grade public school students was 239, a significant increase from 224 in 2000. This improvement occurred almost entirely during the initial portion of the decade, with no change in the nationwide average math score between 2007 and 2009.

U

The states with the highest average fourth grade performance scores are concentrated in the northern United States.

U

The gap in mathematics scores between white and black fourth graders decreased from 30 points to 26 points between 2000 and 2009. The gap in mathematics scores between white and Hispanic fourth graders decreased from 26 points to 21 points between 2000 and 2009. There were no significant changes in either of these gaps between 2007 and 2009.

U

The average mathematics scores for both male and female fourth grade students increased over the decade, but the size of the gender gap in fourth grade mathematics scores remained unchanged at 2 points.

This indicator represents each state’s average score on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in mathematics for its fourth grade students in public schools. The NAEP mathematics assessment is a federally authorized measure of student performance in which all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in 2009. Student performance is presented in terms of average scores on a scale from 0 to 500. An average score designated as NA (not available) indicates that the state either did not participate in the assessment or did not meet the minimum guidelines for reporting. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited English-language proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-13


Table 8-1 Average fourth grade mathematics performance, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 (Score out of 500)

State

2000

2005

2009

United States ................................................................... Alabama ....................................................................... Alaska .......................................................................... Arizona ......................................................................... Arkansas ...................................................................... California ...................................................................... Colorado ...................................................................... Connecticut ................................................................. Delaware ...................................................................... District of Columbia ..................................................... Florida .......................................................................... Georgia ........................................................................ Hawaii .......................................................................... Idaho ............................................................................ Illinois ........................................................................... Indiana ......................................................................... Iowa ............................................................................. Kansas ......................................................................... Kentucky ...................................................................... Louisiana...................................................................... Maine ........................................................................... Maryland ...................................................................... Massachusetts............................................................. Michigan ...................................................................... Minnesota .................................................................... Mississippi ................................................................... Missouri ....................................................................... Montana ....................................................................... Nebraska...................................................................... Nevada......................................................................... New Hampshire ........................................................... New Jersey .................................................................. New Mexico ................................................................. New York...................................................................... North Carolina .............................................................. North Dakota ............................................................... Ohio ............................................................................. Oklahoma..................................................................... Oregon ......................................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................................ Rhode Island ................................................................ South Carolina ............................................................. South Dakota ............................................................... Tennessee .................................................................... Texas ............................................................................ Utah ............................................................................. Vermont........................................................................ Virginia ......................................................................... Washington .................................................................. West Virginia ................................................................ Wisconsin .................................................................... Wyoming ......................................................................

224* 217* NA 219* 216* 213* NA 234* NA 192* NA 219* 216* 224* 223* 233* 231* 232* 219* 218* 230* 222* 233* 229* 234* 211* 228* 228* 225* 220* NA NA 213* 225* 230* 230* 230* 224* 224* NA 224* 220* NA 220* 231* 227* 232* 230* NA 223* NA 229*

237* 225* 236 230 236 230 239 242 240* 211* 239* 234 230* 242 233* 240* 240* 246 231* 230 241 238 247* 238 246 227 235* 241* 238 230 246* 244* 224* 238* 241 243* 242 234* 238 241* 233 238 242 232 242 239 244* 240* 242 231* 241* 243

239 228 237 230 238 232 243 245 239 219 242 236 236 241 238 243 243 245 239 229 244 244 252 236 249 227 241 244 239 235 251 247 230 241 244 245 244 237 238 244 239 236 242 232 240 240 248 243 242 233 244 242

NA

NA

NA

Puerto Rico ..................................................................

*significantly different (p < .05) from the 2009 score for the jurisdiction; NA = not available NOTES: National average for United States is reported value in National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reports. NAEP grade 4 mathematics scores for public schools only. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-14


Fourth Grade Mathematics Proficiency Figure 8-2 Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade mathematics: 2009 (Percentage of students scoring 249 or above)

16

AL NM

LA MS

DC 20

AZ CA TN WV

24

28

32

FL IA ID IN MO NC NY SD UT VA WA WY

AK AR DE HI IL KY NE OR RI TX

GA MI NV OK SC 36

1st quartile (45%–57%) 2nd quartile (40%–44%) 3rd quartile (34%–39%) 4th quartile (17%–33%)

40

CO CT KS MD ME MT ND OH PA WI 44


Advanced ......................... 282–500 Proficient .......................... 249–281 Basic................................. 214–248 NJ VT 48

MA NH

MN 52

56

60


Percent

Findings U

In 2009, 38% of fourth grade public school students nationwide performed at or above the proficient level in mathematics, which represents a statistically significant increase from 22% in 2000 and 35% in 2005.

U

All 41 jurisdictions that participated in both the 2000 and 2009 assessments showed significant increases in mathematics proficiency levels for public school fourth graders in 2009.

U

Substantial differences in mathematics proficiency exist among racial/ethnic groups of fourth graders. The gap between white and black students increased from 26% to 35% between 2000 and 2009. The gap between white and Hispanic students increased from 23% to 29% during this period. All racial/ethnic groups showed gains between 2000 and 2009, but at varying rates.

U

The gender gap in mathematics proficiency among fourth graders decreased from 5% to 3% between 2000 and 2009. The range by state in 2009 was 17%–59% for males and 17%–55% for females.

This indicator represents the proportion of a state’s fourth grade students in public schools that has met or exceeded the proficiency standard in mathematics. The National Assessment Governing Board sets performance standards that provide a context for interpreting National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) results. The standards define “proficiency,” as well as “advanced” and “basic” accomplishment. For the fourth grade, the proficient level (scores 249–281) represents solid academic performance and demonstrates competency over challenging subject-matter knowledge. The advanced level (282–500) signifies superior performance. The basic level (214–248) denotes partial mastery of knowledge and skills that are prerequisite for proficient work. Approximately 168,800 fourth grade students in 9,510 schools participated in the 2009 NAEP mathematics assessment. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited Englishlanguage proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-15


Table 8-2 Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade mathematics, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 (Percent)

State

2000

2005

2009

22* 13* NA 16* 14* 13* NA 31* NA 5* NA 17* 14* 20* 20* 30* 26* 29* 17* 14* 23* 21* 31* 28* 33* 9* 23* 24* 24* 16* NA NA 12* 21* 25* 25* 25* 16* 23* NA 22* 18* NA 18* 25* 23* 29* 24* NA 17* NA 25*

35* 21* 34 28 34 28 39 43 36* 10* 37* 30 27* 41 32* 38* 37* 47 26* 24 39 38 49* 37 47 19 31* 38* 36 26* 47* 46* 19* 36* 40 40* 43 29 37 41* 31* 36 40 28 40 37 44* 40 42 25* 40* 42

38 24 38 28 36 30 45 46 36 17 40 34 37 41 38 42 41 46 37 23 45 44 57 35 54 22 41 45 38 32 56 49 26 40 43 45 45 33 37 46 39 34 42 28 38 41 51 43 43 28 45 40

NA

NA

NA

United States .................................................................. Alabama ...................................................................... Alaska ......................................................................... Arizona ........................................................................ Arkansas ..................................................................... California ..................................................................... Colorado ..................................................................... Connecticut ................................................................ Delaware ..................................................................... District of Columbia .................................................... Florida ......................................................................... Georgia ....................................................................... Hawaii ......................................................................... Idaho ........................................................................... Illinois .......................................................................... Indiana ........................................................................ Iowa ............................................................................ Kansas ........................................................................ Kentucky ..................................................................... Louisiana..................................................................... Maine .......................................................................... Maryland ..................................................................... Massachusetts............................................................ Michigan ..................................................................... Minnesota ................................................................... Mississippi .................................................................. Missouri ...................................................................... Montana ...................................................................... Nebraska..................................................................... Nevada........................................................................ New Hampshire .......................................................... New Jersey ................................................................. New Mexico ................................................................ New York..................................................................... North Carolina ............................................................. North Dakota .............................................................. Ohio ............................................................................ Oklahoma.................................................................... Oregon ........................................................................ Pennsylvania ............................................................... Rhode Island ............................................................... South Carolina ............................................................ South Dakota .............................................................. Tennessee ................................................................... Texas ........................................................................... Utah ............................................................................ Vermont....................................................................... Virginia ........................................................................ Washington ................................................................. West Virginia ............................................................... Wisconsin ................................................................... Wyoming ..................................................................... Puerto Rico .................................................................


8-16


Fourth Grade Science Performance Figure 8-3 Average fourth grade science performance: 2009

1st quartile (157–163) 2nd quartile (151–156) 3rd quartile (148–150) 4th quartile (133–146) No data

MS 132

AZ HI

CA 135

AL LA NM NV

138

141

IL NC NY OK SC TN TX WV

AR GA 144

147

FL MD MI OR RI WA 150

153

Achievement levels

CT IA MN MO OH SD WI WY

CO DE ID IN NJ PA UT 156

(Scores range from 0–300)

KY MA ME MT 159


ND NH VA 162

165


Average score

Findings U

In 2009, the nationwide average science score of fourth grade public school students was 149. Average scores for individual states ranged between 133 and 163.

U

Of the 47 states and jurisdictions that participated in the fourth grade science assessment, 24 states had scores that were higher than the national average, 13 were not significantly different, and 10 were lower.

U

Nationally, the gap in science scores between white and black public school fourth grade students was 35 points, and the gap between white and Hispanic public fourth grade students was 32 points.

U

Male fourth grade public school students scored 1 point higher in science than female fourth grade public school students although females scored higher in life science than did males.

This indicator represents each state’s average score on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in science for its fourth grade students in public schools. The national science assessment was updated in 2009 to keep pace with key developments in science. It contains questions covering the content areas of physical, life, and earth and space science. The 2009 assessment is based on a new framework, and these results, therefore, cannot be compared to those from previous science assessments. They provide a current snapshot of what fourth graders can do in science and will provide a basis for comparisons for the future. Student performance is presented in terms of average scores on a scale from 0 to 300 with a mean of 150 and a standard deviation of 35. An average score designated as NA (not available) indicates that the state either did not participate in the assessment or did not meet the minimum guidelines for reporting. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited English-language proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-17


Table 8-3 Average fourth grade science performance, by state: 2009 (Score out of 300)

State

2009

United States ........................................................................................ Alabama ............................................................................................ Alaska ............................................................................................... Arizona .............................................................................................. Arkansas ........................................................................................... California ........................................................................................... Colorado ........................................................................................... Connecticut ...................................................................................... Delaware ........................................................................................... District of Columbia .......................................................................... Florida ............................................................................................... Georgia ............................................................................................. Hawaii ............................................................................................... Idaho ................................................................................................. Illinois ................................................................................................ Indiana .............................................................................................. Iowa .................................................................................................. Kansas .............................................................................................. Kentucky ........................................................................................... Louisiana........................................................................................... Maine ................................................................................................ Maryland ........................................................................................... Massachusetts.................................................................................. Michigan ........................................................................................... Minnesota ......................................................................................... Mississippi ........................................................................................ Missouri ............................................................................................ Montana ............................................................................................ Nebraska........................................................................................... Nevada.............................................................................................. New Hampshire ................................................................................ New Jersey ....................................................................................... New Mexico ...................................................................................... New York........................................................................................... North Carolina ................................................................................... North Dakota .................................................................................... Ohio .................................................................................................. Oklahoma.......................................................................................... Oregon .............................................................................................. Pennsylvania ..................................................................................... Rhode Island ..................................................................................... South Carolina .................................................................................. South Dakota .................................................................................... Tennessee ......................................................................................... Texas ................................................................................................. Utah .................................................................................................. Vermont............................................................................................. Virginia .............................................................................................. Washington ....................................................................................... West Virginia ..................................................................................... Wisconsin ......................................................................................... Wyoming ...........................................................................................

149 143 NA 138 146 136 155 156 153 NA 151 144 140 154 148 153 157 NA 161 141 160 150 160 150 158 133 156 160 NA 141 163 155 142 148 148 162 157 148 151 154 150 149 157 148 148 154 NA 162 151 148 157 156

Puerto Rico .......................................................................................

NA

NA = not available NOTES: National average for United States is reported value in National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reports. NAEP grade 4 science scores for public schools only. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-18


Fourth Grade Science Proficiency Figure 8-4 Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade science: 2009 (Percentage of students scoring 167 or above)

16

HI LA NM

AZ CA NV

MS 18

21

AL AR GA OK TX WV

24

27

DE ID IN MD MI OR RI SC TN WA

FL IL NC NY 30

1st quartile (40%–47%) 2nd quartile (34%–39%) 3rd quartile (29%–33%) 4th quartile (17%–28%) No data

33

PA UT WY 36

Achievement levels

CO CT IA MO NJ OH SD WI 39

(Scores range from 0–300)

ME MN MT 42


KY MA ND NH VA 45

48


Percent

Findings U

In 2009, 32% of fourth grade public school students nationwide performed at or above the proficient level in science. Among the states, there were significant differences in the percentage of fourth grade public school students who demonstrated proficiency in science. State values for this indicator ranged from 17% to 47%.

U

Nationally, the percentage of fourth grade white students demonstrating proficient performance in science was 46% compared to 13% for Hispanic students and 10% for black students.

U A gender difference was reported with 34% of male fourth grade public school students scoring at or above the proficient level in science compared to 31% of their female counterparts. The range by state was 18%– 49% for males and 16%–49% for females.

This indicator represents the proportion of a state’s fourth grade students in public schools that has met or exceeded the proficiency standard in science. The National Assessment Governing Board sets performance standards that provide a context for interpreting National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) results. The standards define “proficiency,” as well as “advanced” and “basic” accomplishment. For the fourth grade, the proficient level (scores 167–223) represents solid academic performance and demonstrates competency over challenging subject-matter knowledge. The advanced level (224–300) signifies superior performance. The basic level (131–166) denotes partial mastery of knowledge and skills that are prerequisite for proficient work. The National Center for Education Statistics has advised that science achievement levels are to be used on a trial basis and should be interpreted with caution. Approximately 156,500 fourth grade students in 9,330 schools participated in the 2009 NAEP science assessment. A designation of NA (not available) indicates that the state either did not participate in the assessment or did not meet minimum guidelines for reporting. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited English-language proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-19


Table 8-4 Students reaching proficiency in fourth grade science, by state: 2009 (Percent)

State

2009

United States ........................................................................................ Alabama ............................................................................................ Alaska ............................................................................................... Arizona .............................................................................................. Arkansas ........................................................................................... California ........................................................................................... Colorado ........................................................................................... Connecticut ...................................................................................... Delaware ........................................................................................... District of Columbia .......................................................................... Florida ............................................................................................... Georgia ............................................................................................. Hawaii ............................................................................................... Idaho ................................................................................................. Illinois ................................................................................................ Indiana .............................................................................................. Iowa .................................................................................................. Kansas .............................................................................................. Kentucky ........................................................................................... Louisiana........................................................................................... Maine ................................................................................................ Maryland ........................................................................................... Massachusetts.................................................................................. Michigan ........................................................................................... Minnesota ......................................................................................... Mississippi ........................................................................................ Missouri ............................................................................................ Montana ............................................................................................ Nebraska........................................................................................... Nevada.............................................................................................. New Hampshire ................................................................................ New Jersey ....................................................................................... New Mexico ...................................................................................... New York........................................................................................... North Carolina ................................................................................... North Dakota .................................................................................... Ohio .................................................................................................. Oklahoma.......................................................................................... Oregon .............................................................................................. Pennsylvania ..................................................................................... Rhode Island ..................................................................................... South Carolina .................................................................................. South Dakota .................................................................................... Tennessee ......................................................................................... Texas ................................................................................................. Utah .................................................................................................. Vermont............................................................................................. Virginia .............................................................................................. Washington ....................................................................................... West Virginia ..................................................................................... Wisconsin ......................................................................................... Wyoming ...........................................................................................

32 27 NA 22 29 22 39 40 34 NA 32 27 25 35 32 35 41 NA 45 25 42 33 45 34 43 17 40 43 NA 23 47 39 24 30 30 45 41 28 34 38 34 33 40 33 29 38 NA 46 35 28 41 37

Puerto Rico .......................................................................................

NA


8-20


Eighth Grade Mathematics Performance Figure 8-5 Average eighth grade mathematics performance: 2009

AL MS

DC 250

255

260

265

270

AK DE IA IL NC NE NY SC UT

AR AZ FL GA KY MI OK RI TN

CA HI LA NM NV WV 275

CO CT ID IN KS MD ME MO OH OR PA TX VA WA WI WY

280

285



MN MT ND NH NJ SD VT 290

Advanced ......................... 333–500 Proficient .......................... 299–332 Basic................................. 262–298 MA 295

300


Average score

Findings U

In 2009, the nationwide average mathematics score of eighth grade public school students was 282, a statistically significant increase from 272 in 2000. Eighth graders scored higher in mathematics in 2009 than in any previous assessment year.

U

Of the 40 jurisdictions that participated in both the 2000 and 2009 mathematics assessments, 35 showed statistically significant increases over the decade.

U

Since 2007, eighth grade mathematics scores increased for public school students in 15 states; nearly half of those states showing an increase were located in the West. No states showed a decline.

U

The gaps in mathematics scores between white eighth graders and black or Hispanic eighth graders narrowed between 2000 and 2009 although significant gaps still exist.

U

The average mathematics scores for both male and female eighth grade students increased over the decade, but the size of the gender gap remained unchanged at 2 points.

This indicator represents each state’s average score on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in mathematics for its eighth grade students in public schools. The NAEP mathematics assessment is a federally authorized measure of student performance in which all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in 2009. Student performance is presented in terms of average scores on a scale from 0 to 500. An average score designated as NA (not applicable) indicates that the state either did not participate in the assessment or did not meet the minimum guidelines for reporting. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited English-language proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-21


Table 8-5 Average eighth grade mathematics performance, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 (Score out of 500)

State

2000

2005

2009

Average EPSCoR state value ......................................... Average non-EPSCoR state value..................................

270 274

275 280

280 284

United States .................................................................. Alabama ...................................................................... Alaska ......................................................................... Arizona ........................................................................ Arkansas ..................................................................... California ..................................................................... Colorado ..................................................................... Connecticut ................................................................ Delaware ..................................................................... District of Columbia .................................................... Florida ......................................................................... Georgia ....................................................................... Hawaii ......................................................................... Idaho ........................................................................... Illinois .......................................................................... Indiana ........................................................................ Iowa ............................................................................ Kansas ........................................................................ Kentucky ..................................................................... Louisiana..................................................................... Maine .......................................................................... Maryland ..................................................................... Massachusetts............................................................ Michigan ..................................................................... Minnesota ................................................................... Mississippi .................................................................. Missouri ...................................................................... Montana ...................................................................... Nebraska..................................................................... Nevada........................................................................ New Hampshire .......................................................... New Jersey ................................................................. New Mexico ................................................................ New York..................................................................... North Carolina ............................................................. North Dakota .............................................................. Ohio ............................................................................ Oklahoma.................................................................... Oregon ........................................................................ Pennsylvania ............................................................... Rhode Island ............................................................... South Carolina ............................................................ South Dakota .............................................................. Tennessee ................................................................... Texas ........................................................................... Utah ............................................................................ Vermont....................................................................... Virginia ........................................................................ Washington ................................................................. West Virginia ............................................................... Wisconsin ................................................................... Wyoming .....................................................................

272 * 264 NA 269 * 257 * 260 * NA 281 NA 235 * NA 265 * 262 * 277 * 275 * 281 * NA 283 * 270 * 259 * 281 * 272 * 279 * 277 287 * 254 * 271 * 285 280 * 265 * NA NA 259 * 271 * 276 * 282 * 281 * 270 * 280 NA 269 * 265 * NA 262 * 273 * 274 * 281 * 275 * NA 266 * NA 276 *

278* 262 279* 274 272 269 281* 281 281* 245* 274 272 266* 281* 278 282* 284 284* 274* 268* 281* 278* 292* 277 290 262 276* 286 284 270 285* 284* 263* 280 282 287* 283 271* 282 281* 272* 281 287 271* 281* 279 287* 284* 285 269 285 282*

282 269 283 277 276 270 287 289 284 254 279 278 274 287 282 287 284 289 279 272 286 288 299 278 294 265 286 292 284 274 292 293 270 283 284 293 286 276 285 288 278 280 291 275 287 284 293 286 289 270 288 286

NA

NA

NA

Puerto Rico .................................................................

*significantly different (p < .05) from the 2009 score for the jurisdiction; NA = not available EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research NOTES: National average for United States is reported value in National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reports. NAEP grade 8 mathematics scores for public schools only. For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-22


Eighth Grade Mathematics Proficiency Figure 8-6 Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade mathematics: 2009 (Percentage of students scoring 299 or above)

10

AL CA LA NM OK

MS WV

DC 15

AR AZ FL GA HI KY NV RI TN

20

25

ID IN KS ME MO NC NE OH OR TX UT VA WA WI WY

AK DE IA IL MI NY SC 30

35

1st quartile (39%–52%) 2nd quartile (35%–38%) 3rd quartile (27%–34%) 4th quartile (11%–25%) CO CT MD MT ND NH NJ PA SD VT 40


Advanced ......................... 333–500 Proficient .......................... 299–332 Basic................................. 262–298 MN 45

MA 50

55


Percent

Findings U

In 2009, 33% of eighth grade public school students nationwide performed at or above the proficient level in mathematics, which represents a significant increase from 25% in 2000 and 28% in 2005. Of the 39 states that participated in both the 2000 and 2009 assessments, 30 showed statistically significant increases in mathematics proficiency among public school eighth graders over the decade. Only eight showed a significant increase from 2007 to 2009.

U

Substantial differences in mathematics proficiency exist among racial/ethnic groups of eighth graders even though the gap in performance scores narrowed. The gap between white and black students who are proficient in mathematics increased from 28% to 31% between 2000 and 2009. The gap between white and Hispanic students remained around 25% during this period. All racial/ethnic groups showed gains between 2000 and 2009, but at varying rates.

U

The gender gap in mathematics proficiency among eighth graders remained at 3% between 2000 and 2009 although the percentage of proficient students increased for both sexes during this period. The range by state for 2009 was 12%–53% for males and 11%–50% for females.

This indicator represents the proportion of a state’s eighth grade students in public schools that has met or exceeded the proficiency standard in mathematics. The National Assessment Governing Board sets performance standards that provide a context for interpreting National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) results. The standards define “proficiency,” as well as “advanced” and “basic” accomplishment. For the eighth grade, the proficient level (scores 299–332) represents solid academic performance and demonstrates competency over challenging subject-matter knowledge. The advanced level (333–500) signifies superior performance. The basic level (262–298) denotes partial mastery of knowledge and skills that are prerequisite for proficient work. Approximately 161,700 eighth grade students in 7,030 schools participated in the 2009 NAEP mathematics assessment. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited English-language proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-23


Table 8-6 Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade mathematics, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 (Percent)

State

2000

2005

2009

25* 16 NA 20* 13* 17* NA 33 NA 6 NA 19* 16* 26* 26* 29* NA 34* 20* 11* 30 27* 30* 28 39 9* 21* 36 30* 18* NA NA 12* 24* 27* 30* 30* 18 31 NA 22* 17* NA 16* 24* 25* 31* 25* NA 17 NA 23*

28* 15 29 26 22 22* 32* 35 30 7 26 23 18* 30* 29 30* 34 34* 23* 16 30* 30* 43* 29 43 14 26* 36 35 21 35 36* 14* 31 32 35* 34 20 33 31* 24* 30 36 21 31* 30 38* 33 36 17 36 29*

33 20 33 29 27 23 40 40 32 11 29 27 25 38 33 36 34 39 27 20 35 40 52 31 47 15 35 44 35 25 43 44 20 34 36 43 36 24 37 40 28 30 42 25 36 35 43 36 39 19 39 35

NA

NA

NA

United States .................................................................. Alabama ...................................................................... Alaska ......................................................................... Arizona ........................................................................ Arkansas ..................................................................... California ..................................................................... Colorado ..................................................................... Connecticut ................................................................ Delaware ..................................................................... District of Columbia .................................................... Florida ......................................................................... Georgia ....................................................................... Hawaii ......................................................................... Idaho ........................................................................... Illinois .......................................................................... Indiana ........................................................................ Iowa ............................................................................ Kansas ........................................................................ Kentucky ..................................................................... Louisiana..................................................................... Maine .......................................................................... Maryland ..................................................................... Massachusetts............................................................ Michigan ..................................................................... Minnesota ................................................................... Mississippi .................................................................. Missouri ...................................................................... Montana ...................................................................... Nebraska..................................................................... Nevada........................................................................ New Hampshire .......................................................... New Jersey ................................................................. New Mexico ................................................................ New York..................................................................... North Carolina ............................................................. North Dakota .............................................................. Ohio ............................................................................ Oklahoma.................................................................... Oregon ........................................................................ Pennsylvania ............................................................... Rhode Island ............................................................... South Carolina ............................................................ South Dakota .............................................................. Tennessee ................................................................... Texas ........................................................................... Utah ............................................................................ Vermont....................................................................... Virginia ........................................................................ Washington ................................................................. West Virginia ............................................................... Wisconsin ................................................................... Wyoming ..................................................................... Puerto Rico .................................................................


8-24


Eighth Grade Science Performance Figure 8-7 Average eighth grade science performance: 2009

MS 132

CA 135

AZ NM NV SC

AL HI LA 138

141

DE GA IL MD NY TN

AR FL NC OK RI WV 144

147

150

CO IA ID KY ME MO OH UT VA WI WY

CT MI NJ OR PA WA

IN TX 153

1st quartile (157–162) 2nd quartile (153–156) 3rd quartile (145–152) 4th quartile (132–144) No data

156



MA MN NH SD 159

MT ND 162

165


Average score

Findings U

In 2009, the nationwide average science score of eighth grade public school students was 149. Average scores for individual states ranged from a high of 162 to low of 132.

U

Of the 47 states and jurisdictions that participated, 25 had scores that were higher than the national average and 15 had scores that were lower.

U

Nationally, the science score gap between white and black public school eighth grade students was 36 points, and the gap between white and Hispanic public eighth grade students was 30 points.

U

Male eighth grade public school students nationally scored 4 points higher in science than female eighth grade public school students.

This indicator represents each state’s average score on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in science for its eighth grade students in public schools. The national science assessment was updated in 2009 to keep pace with key developments in science. It contains questions covering the content areas of physical, life, and earth and space science. The 2009 assessment is based on a new framework, therefore, these results cannot be compared to those from previous science assessments. They provide a current snapshot of what eighth graders can do in science and will provide a basis for comparisons for the future. Student performance is presented in terms of average scores on a scale from 0 to 300 with a mean of 150 and a standard deviation of 35. An average score designated as NA (not applicable) indicates that the state either did not participate in the assessment or did not meet the minimum guidelines for reporting. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited English-language proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-25


Table 8-7 Average eighth grade science performance, by state: 2009 (Score out of 300)

State

2009

United States ............................................................................................ Alabama ................................................................................................ Alaska ................................................................................................... Arizona .................................................................................................. Arkansas ............................................................................................... California ............................................................................................... Colorado ............................................................................................... Connecticut .......................................................................................... Delaware ............................................................................................... District of Columbia .............................................................................. Florida ................................................................................................... Georgia ................................................................................................. Hawaii ................................................................................................... Idaho ..................................................................................................... Illinois .................................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................................. Iowa ...................................................................................................... Kansas .................................................................................................. Kentucky ............................................................................................... Louisiana............................................................................................... Maine .................................................................................................... Maryland ............................................................................................... Massachusetts...................................................................................... Michigan ............................................................................................... Minnesota ............................................................................................. Mississippi ............................................................................................ Missouri ................................................................................................ Montana ................................................................................................ Nebraska............................................................................................... Nevada.................................................................................................. New Hampshire .................................................................................... New Jersey ........................................................................................... New Mexico .......................................................................................... New York............................................................................................... North Carolina ....................................................................................... North Dakota ........................................................................................ Ohio ...................................................................................................... Oklahoma.............................................................................................. Oregon .................................................................................................. Pennsylvania ......................................................................................... Rhode Island ......................................................................................... South Carolina ...................................................................................... South Dakota ........................................................................................ Tennessee ............................................................................................. Texas ..................................................................................................... Utah ...................................................................................................... Vermont................................................................................................. Virginia .................................................................................................. Washington ........................................................................................... West Virginia ......................................................................................... Wisconsin ............................................................................................. Wyoming ...............................................................................................

149 139 NA 141 144 137 156 155 148 NA 146 147 139 158 148 152 156 NA 156 139 158 148 160 153 159 132 156 162 NA 141 160 155 143 149 144 162 158 146 154 154 146 143 161 148 150 158 NA 156 155 145 157 158

Puerto Rico ...........................................................................................

NA


8-26


Eighth Grade Science Proficiency Figure 8-8 Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade science: 2009 (Percentage of students scoring 170 or above)

AL HI

MS 14.0

16.8

AR DE FL NC OK SC

AZ CA LA NM NV WV 19.6

22.4

IL MD TN TX

GA RI 25.2

28.0

CO CT IA KY ME MI MO NJ OR PA VA WA WY

IN NY 30.8

1st quartile (36%–43%) 2nd quartile (34%–35%) 3rd quartile (24%–32%) 4th quartile (15%–23%) No data

33.6

Achievement levels (Scores range from 0–300) ID NH OH UT WI 36.4


MA MN SD 39.2

MT ND 42.0

44.8


Percent

Findings U

In 2009, 29% of eighth grade public school students nationwide performed at or above the proficient level in science. Among the states, there were significant differences in the percentage of eighth grade public school students who demonstrated proficiency in science. State values for this indicator ranged from 15% to 43%.

U

Nationally, the percentage of eighth grade white students demonstrating proficient performance in science was 41% compared to 12% for Hispanic students and 8% for black students.

U

A gender difference was reported with 32% of male eighth grade public school students scoring at or above the proficient level in science compared to 26% of female eighth grade public school students. The range by state was 17%– 47% for males and 13%–38% for females.

This indicator represents the proportion of a state’s eighth grade students in public schools that has met or exceeded the proficiency standard in science. The National Assessment Governing Board sets performance standards that provide a context for interpreting National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) results. The standards define “proficiency,” as well as “advanced” and “basic” accomplishment. For the eighth grade, the proficient level (scores 170–214) represents solid academic performance and demonstrates competency over challenging subject-matter knowledge. The advanced level (215–300) signifies superior performance. The basic level (141–169) denotes partial mastery of knowledge and skills that are prerequisite for proficient work. The National Center for Education Statistics has determined that achievement levels are to be used on a trial basis and should be interpreted with caution. Approximately 151,100 eighth grade students in 6,920 schools participated in the 2009 NAEP science assessment. A designation of NA (not available) indicates that the state either did not participate in the assessment or did not meet minimum guidelines for reporting. NAEP allows students with disabilities or limited English-language proficiency to use certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, individual testing, or small group testing). All data presented here represent scores from tests taken with accommodations offered.

8-27


Table 8-8 Students reaching proficiency in eighth grade science, by state: 2009 (Percent)

State

2009

United States ............................................................................................ Alabama ................................................................................................ Alaska ................................................................................................... Arizona .................................................................................................. Arkansas ............................................................................................... California ............................................................................................... Colorado ............................................................................................... Connecticut .......................................................................................... Delaware ............................................................................................... District of Columbia .............................................................................. Florida ................................................................................................... Georgia ................................................................................................. Hawaii ................................................................................................... Idaho ..................................................................................................... Illinois .................................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................................. Iowa ...................................................................................................... Kansas .................................................................................................. Kentucky ............................................................................................... Louisiana............................................................................................... Maine .................................................................................................... Maryland ............................................................................................... Massachusetts...................................................................................... Michigan ............................................................................................... Minnesota ............................................................................................. Mississippi ............................................................................................ Missouri ................................................................................................ Montana ................................................................................................ Nebraska............................................................................................... Nevada.................................................................................................. New Hampshire .................................................................................... New Jersey ........................................................................................... New Mexico .......................................................................................... New York............................................................................................... North Carolina ....................................................................................... North Dakota ........................................................................................ Ohio ...................................................................................................... Oklahoma.............................................................................................. Oregon .................................................................................................. Pennsylvania ......................................................................................... Rhode Island ......................................................................................... South Carolina ...................................................................................... South Dakota ........................................................................................ Tennessee ............................................................................................. Texas ..................................................................................................... Utah ...................................................................................................... Vermont................................................................................................. Virginia .................................................................................................. Washington ........................................................................................... West Virginia ......................................................................................... Wisconsin ............................................................................................. Wyoming ...............................................................................................

29 19 NA 22 24 20 36 35 25 NA 25 27 17 37 28 32 35 NA 34 20 35 28 41 35 40 15 36 43 NA 20 39 34 21 31 24 42 37 25 35 35 26 23 40 28 29 39 NA 36 34 22 38 36

Puerto Rico ...........................................................................................

NA


8-28


Public School Teacher Salaries Figure 8-9 Public school teacher salaries: 2010

ND UT

SD 32,000

36,000

40,000

AL AZ FL ID KS ME MO MS MT NE NM OK TN TX WV

44,000

1st quartile ($57,958–$71,470) 2nd quartile ($49,999–$57,080) 3rd quartile ($46,401–$49,986) 4th quartile ($35,136–$46,290)

AR CO IA IN KY LA NC NH NV SC VA VT 48,000

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics. GA MN OH OR WA WI WY 52,000

AK DE HI MI PA RI 56,000

CT DC MD NJ

IL 60,000

64,000

68,000

CA MA NY 72,000

Dollars

Findings U

In 2010, salaries for public school teachers nationwide averaged $52,418, ranging from a state low of $35,136 to a high of $71,470.

U

Twenty states and the District of Columbia had average public school teacher salaries higher than the national average in 2010 compared to 22 states plus DC in 2000.

U

Between 2000 and 2010, average teacher salaries across the nation rose by 33% in terms of current dollars. Average teacher salaries increased by 5% when expressed in constant dollars.

U

States with high salaries for public school teachers do not necessarily have high student achievement scores on the NAEP mathematics and science tests.

This indicator represents the average salary of all full-time public school teachers. The year is the end date of the academic year. For example, 2010 data represent salaries for the 2009–2010 academic year. The figures (given in current dollars) include salaries for teachers with varying amounts of teaching experience and various types and levels of formal education. Salary estimates for public elementary and secondary teachers are provided by National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, 1969–70 through 2009–10. Public school teacher salaries may reflect a range of factors, including the value that the state places on primary and secondary education, the state’s cost of living, the teachers’ experience and education level, and the local supply and demand in the job market. Relatively low teacher salaries may hinder recruitment into the teaching profession.

8-29


Table 8-9 Public school teacher salaries, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Dollars)

State

2000

2005

2010

United States .......................................................................................... Alabama .............................................................................................. Alaska ................................................................................................. Arizona ................................................................................................ Arkansas ............................................................................................. California ............................................................................................. Colorado ............................................................................................. Connecticut ........................................................................................ Delaware ............................................................................................. District of Columbia ............................................................................ Florida ................................................................................................. Georgia ............................................................................................... Hawaii ................................................................................................. Idaho ................................................................................................... Illinois .................................................................................................. Indiana ................................................................................................ Iowa .................................................................................................... Kansas ................................................................................................ Kentucky ............................................................................................. Louisiana............................................................................................. Maine .................................................................................................. Maryland ............................................................................................. Massachusetts.................................................................................... Michigan ............................................................................................. Minnesota ........................................................................................... Mississippi .......................................................................................... Missouri .............................................................................................. Montana .............................................................................................. Nebraska............................................................................................. Nevada................................................................................................ New Hampshire .................................................................................. New Jersey ......................................................................................... New Mexico ........................................................................................ New York............................................................................................. North Carolina ..................................................................................... North Dakota ...................................................................................... Ohio .................................................................................................... Oklahoma............................................................................................ Oregon ................................................................................................ Pennsylvania ....................................................................................... Rhode Island ....................................................................................... South Carolina .................................................................................... South Dakota ...................................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................................... Texas ................................................................................................... Utah .................................................................................................... Vermont............................................................................................... Virginia ................................................................................................ Washington ......................................................................................... West Virginia ....................................................................................... Wisconsin ........................................................................................... Wyoming .............................................................................................

39,354 36,689 46,462 36,902 33,386 47,680 38,163 51,780 44,435 47,076 36,722 41,023 40,578 35,547 46,486 41,850 35,678 34,981 36,380 33,109 35,561 44,048 46,580 49,044 39,802 31,857 35,656 32,121 33,237 39,390 37,734 52,015 32,554 51,020 39,404 29,863 41,436 31,298 42,336 48,321 47,041 36,081 29,071 36,328 37,567 34,946 37,758 38,744 41,043 35,009 41,153 34,127

45,089 38,186 52,424 42,905 40,495 57,876 43,949 57,737 50,595 58,456 41,590 46,526 46,149 42,122 55,421 46,583 39,284 39,345 40,522 39,022 39,610 52,331 54,679 56,973 46,906 36,590 39,067 38,485 39,456 43,394 43,941 56,682 39,391 56,200 43,348 36,695 48,692 37,879 48,330 53,258 53,473 42,189 34,040 42,076 41,011 39,456 44,535 42,768 45,718 38,360 44,299 40,497

52,418 47,156 59,729 46,952 49,051 70,458 49,505 64,350 57,080 64,548 46,912 54,274 58,168 46,283 62,077 49,986 50,547 46,957 48,354 50,349 46,106 65,333 68,000 57,958 53,069 45,644 45,317 45,759 46,080 51,524 51,365 64,809 46,401 71,470 48,648 42,964 55,931 44,143 55,224 58,124 59,636 48,417 35,136 46,290 47,157 43,068 49,053 49,999 53,653 45,959 52,644 55,694

Puerto Rico .........................................................................................

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available NOTES: National average for United States is reported value from Digest of Education Statistics. Average salaries reported in current dollars. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-30


Elementary and Secondary Public School Current Expenditures as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product Figure 8-10 Elementary and secondary public school current expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2009

DC 1.2

CO FL NC ND NV SD TN WA

DE 1.6

2.0

2.4

AZ CA HI IA LA MN NE OK OR TX UT VA WY

2.8

3.2

AK AL AR GA MD MS MT NH NM OH SC WI

CT ID IL IN KS KY MA MO PA 3.6

1st quartile (4.17%–5.74%) 2nd quartile (3.72%–4.14%) 3rd quartile (3.30%–3.71%) 4th quartile (1.37%–3.27%)

4.0

SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), NCES Common Core of Data, National Public Education Financial Survey; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data. ME MI NY RI 4.4

NJ WV 4.8

VT 5.2

5.6

6.0

Percent

Findings U

The 2009 national average for spending on elementary and secondary education was 3.70% of the gross domestic product (GDP), an increase from 3.32% in 2000. Among individual states, the value for this indicator ranged from 2.50% to 5.74% of the state’s GDP in 2009, indicating that some states were directing a much higher percentage of their resources toward elementary and secondary education.

U

Spending for elementary and secondary public education as a percentage of the state’s GDP decreased in 9 states during the 2000-2009 period.

U

Several states spending the highest percentage of their GDP on elementary and secondary education tended to have relatively small student populations (100,000-300,000 students), indicating that some level of state spending may be required regardless of the size of the student population or the GDP.

This indicator represents the relative amount of resources that state governments expend to support public education in prekindergarten through grade 12. It is calculated by dividing a state’s current expenditures for elementary and secondary public schools by the state’s gross domestic product (GDP). Current expenditures include instruction and instruction-related costs, student support services, administration, and operations and exclude funds for school construction and other capital outlays, debt service, and programs outside of public elementary and secondary education. State and local support represent the largest sources of funding for elementary and secondary education. Expenditure data on public elementary and secondary education are reported by the National Center for Education Statistics, Department of Education. They are part of the National Public Education Financial Survey and are included in the 2009 Common Core of Data, a comprehensive annual national statistical database that covers approximately 104,000 public elementary and secondary schools and 13,800 regular school districts in the United States. Current expenditures are expressed in actual dollars and their data year is the end date of the academic year. For example, current expenditure data for 2009 represent expenditures for the 2008–09 academic year. GDP data refer to the 2009 calendar year in current dollars.

8-31


Table 8-10 Elementary and secondary public school current expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Public school expenditures ($thousands) State

2000

2005

2009

United States ................... 323,808,910 425,047,568 518,997,426 Alabama ....................... 4,176,082 5,164,406 6,683,843 Alaska .......................... 1,183,499 1,442,269 2,006,114 Arizona ......................... 4,262,182 6,579,957 8,625,276 Arkansas ...................... 2,380,331 3,546,999 4,240,839 California ...................... 38,129,479 50,918,654 60,080,929 Colorado ...................... 4,400,888 5,994,440 7,187,267 Connecticut ................. 5,402,868 7,080,396 8,708,294 Delaware ...................... 937,630 1,299,349 1,518,786 District of Columbia ..... 780,192 1,067,500 1,352,905 Florida .......................... 13,885,988 19,042,877 23,328,028 Georgia ........................ 9,158,624 12,528,856 15,976,945 Hawaii .......................... 1,213,695 1,648,086 2,225,437 Idaho ............................ 1,302,817 1,618,215 1,957,740 Illinois ........................... 14,462,773 18,658,428 23,495,271 Indiana ......................... 7,110,930 9,108,931 9,680,895 Iowa ............................. 3,264,336 3,808,200 4,731,463 Kansas ......................... 2,971,814 3,718,153 4,805,310 Kentucky ...................... 3,837,794 4,812,591 5,886,890 Louisiana...................... 4,391,214 5,554,766 7,276,651 Maine ........................... 1,604,438 2,056,266 2,350,447 Maryland ...................... 6,545,135 8,682,586 11,591,965 Massachusetts............. 8,511,065 11,357,857 13,942,586 Michigan ...................... 13,994,294 16,353,921 17,217,584 Minnesota .................... 6,140,442 7,310,284 9,270,281 Mississippi ................... 2,510,376 3,243,888 3,967,232 Missouri ....................... 5,655,531 7,115,207 8,827,224 Montana ....................... 994,770 1,193,182 1,436,062 Nebraska...................... 1,926,500 2,512,914 3,053,575 Nevada......................... 1,875,467 2,722,264 3,606,035 New Hampshire ........... 1,418,503 2,021,144 2,490,623 New Jersey .................. 13,327,645 19,669,576 23,589,224 New Mexico ................. 1,890,274 2,554,638 3,186,252 New York...................... 28,433,240 38,866,853 48,635,363 North Carolina .............. 7,713,293 9,835,550 12,470,470 North Dakota ............... 638,946 832,157 928,528 Ohio ............................. 12,974,575 17,167,866 19,397,511 Oklahoma..................... 3,382,581 4,161,024 5,082,062 Oregon ......................... 3,896,287 4,458,028 5,529,831 Pennsylvania ................ 14,120,112 18,711,100 21,831,816 Rhode Island ................ 1,393,143 1,825,900 2,139,317 South Carolina ............. 4,087,355 5,312,739 6,626,763 South Dakota ............... 737,998 916,563 1,080,054 Tennessee .................... 4,931,734 6,446,691 7,768,052 Texas ............................ 25,098,703 31,919,107 40,688,181 Utah ............................. 2,102,655 2,627,022 3,638,775 Vermont........................ 870,198 1,177,478 1,413,329 Virginia ......................... 7,757,598 10,705,162 13,505,290 Washington .................. 6,399,883 7,870,979 9,940,056 West Virginia ................ 2,086,937 2,527,767 3,059,420 Wisconsin .................... 6,852,178 8,435,359 9,696,228 Wyoming ...................... 683,918 863,423 1,268,407 Puerto Rico ..................

2,086,414

2,865,945

3,502,757

School expenditures/ GDP (%)

State GDP ($millions) 2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

9,884,171 116,014 25,913 161,901 68,146 1,317,343 171,930 163,943 40,957 58,269 481,115 294,479 41,372 36,091 474,444 198,020 93,287 85,742 113,108 131,430 36,395 182,953 272,680 336,786 188,449 65,615 180,982 21,629 57,233 75,907 44,067 349,334 50,262 770,621 281,418 18,250 381,175 91,292 112,974 395,811 33,522 115,392 24,009 177,582 732,987 69,483 18,033 261,894 227,828 41,419 177,638 17,047

12,554,535 151,096 37,824 222,968 88,227 1,691,991 217,412 197,055 54,749 82,837 680,277 363,154 56,869 48,675 569,544 239,575 120,258 105,164 139,336 197,163 45,587 248,139 323,301 375,260 238,367 81,500 216,633 30,088 72,504 114,771 53,653 429,985 67,776 961,941 354,973 24,672 444,715 120,662 143,349 482,324 44,169 141,929 31,641 224,522 970,997 90,748 22,773 356,852 279,405 51,964 218,923 26,238

14,014,842 166,819 45,861 249,711 98,795 1,847,048 250,664 227,550 60,660 98,892 732,782 394,117 65,428 53,661 631,970 259,894 136,062 122,544 155,789 205,117 50,039 285,116 360,538 369,671 258,499 94,406 237,955 34,999 86,411 125,037 59,086 471,946 76,871 1,094,104 407,032 31,626 462,015 142,388 167,481 546,538 47,470 158,786 38,255 243,849 1,146,647 111,301 24,625 409,732 331,639 61,043 239,613 36,760

3.28 3.60 4.57 2.63 3.49 2.89 2.56 3.30 2.29 1.34 2.89 3.11 2.93 3.61 3.05 3.59 3.50 3.47 3.39 3.34 4.41 3.58 3.12 4.16 3.26 3.83 3.12 4.60 3.37 2.47 3.22 3.82 3.76 3.69 2.74 3.50 3.40 3.71 3.45 3.57 4.16 3.54 3.07 2.78 3.42 3.03 4.83 2.96 2.81 5.04 3.86 4.01

3.39 3.42 3.81 2.95 4.02 3.01 2.76 3.59 2.37 1.29 2.80 3.45 2.90 3.32 3.28 3.80 3.17 3.54 3.45 2.82 4.51 3.50 3.51 4.36 3.07 3.98 3.28 3.97 3.47 2.37 3.77 4.57 3.77 4.04 2.77 3.37 3.86 3.45 3.11 3.88 4.13 3.74 2.90 2.87 3.29 2.89 5.17 3.00 2.82 4.86 3.85 3.29

3.70 4.01 4.37 3.45 4.29 3.25 2.87 3.83 2.50 1.37 3.18 4.05 3.40 3.65 3.72 3.72 3.48 3.92 3.78 3.55 4.70 4.07 3.87 4.66 3.59 4.20 3.71 4.10 3.53 2.88 4.22 5.00 4.14 4.45 3.06 2.94 4.20 3.57 3.30 3.99 4.51 4.17 2.82 3.19 3.55 3.27 5.74 3.30 3.00 5.01 4.05 3.45

69,208

86,157

NA

3.01

3.33

NA

GDP = gross domestic product; NA = not available NOTE: GDP reported in current dollars. SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), NCES Common Core of Data, National Public Education Financial Survey (various years); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data (various years); Government of Puerto Rico, Office of the Governor (various years); United Nations Statistics Division. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-32


Current Expenditures per Pupil for Elementary and Secondary Public Schools Figure 8-11 Current expenditures per pupil for elementary and secondary public schools: 2009

AZ ID MS NV OK TN

UT 5,600

AL AR CA CO FL GA IN KY NC NM OR SC SD TX WA

7,000

8,400

IA KS LA MI MN MO MT ND NE OH VA WI WV 9,800

11,200


DE HI IL ME NH PA

MD

12,600

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), NCES Common Core of Data, State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/ Secondary Education, National Public Education Financial Survey.

AK CT MA RI VT WY

14,000

15,400

NJ NY 16,800

18,200

DC 19,600

21,000

Dollars

Findings U

Per-pupil spending on day-to-day operations grew nationwide in current dollars from $6,911 in 2000 to $10,591 in 2009, an increase of 53% in unadjusted dollars. This was equivalent to an increase of approximately 23% after adjusting for inflation.

U

In 2009, all states showed substantial increases in per-pupil spending relative to 2000, and only 1 state did not exceed the 2000 national average, compared with 30 states in 2000.

U

Per-pupil spending in individual states varied widely, ranging from a low of $6,612 to a high of $17,746 in 2009.

U

Several states that ranked in the lower two quartiles of this indicator ranked in the upper quartiles of the National Assessment of Educational Progress indicators

This indicator represents the amount that local, state, and federal governments spend on elementary and secondary education, adjusted for the size of the student body. It is calculated by dividing the current expenditures over the entire academic year for prekindergarten through grade 12 by the number of students in those grades in public schools. Current expenditures include expenditures for instruction and instruction-related costs, student support services, administration, and operations and exclude funds for school construction and other capital outlays, debt service, and programs outside of public elementary and secondary education. The number of pupils enrolled in prekindergarten through grade 12 is determined during the fall of the academic year. Expenditures represent actual spending in current dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation or for the cost of living in a state, which could affect the amount of goods and services that can be purchased. During the 2008–09 school year, 65.8% of current expenses were used for instructional costs, 18.0% for operational costs, 10.8% for administrative costs, and 5.4% for student support services. The year is the end date of the academic year. For example, data for 2009 represent costs for the 2008–09 academic year.

8-33


Table 8-11 Current expenditures per pupil for elementary and secondary public schools, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Public school expenditures ($thousands) State United States ................. Alabama ..................... Alaska ........................ Arizona ....................... Arkansas .................... California .................... Colorado .................... Connecticut ............... Delaware .................... District of Columbia ... Florida ........................ Georgia ...................... Hawaii ........................ Idaho .......................... Illinois ......................... Indiana ....................... Iowa ........................... Kansas ....................... Kentucky .................... Louisiana.................... Maine ......................... Maryland .................... Massachusetts........... Michigan .................... Minnesota .................. Mississippi ................. Missouri ..................... Montana ..................... Nebraska.................... Nevada....................... New Hampshire ......... New Jersey ................ New Mexico ............... New York.................... North Carolina ............ North Dakota ............. Ohio ........................... Oklahoma................... Oregon ....................... Pennsylvania .............. Rhode Island .............. South Carolina ........... South Dakota ............. Tennessee .................. Texas .......................... Utah ........................... Vermont...................... Virginia ....................... Washington ................ West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................. Wyoming .................... Puerto Rico ................

2000

2005

2009

Per-pupil expenditures ($)

Student enrollment 2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

323,808,910 425,047,568 518,997,426 46,857,149 48,794,911 49,003,001 6,911 8,711 10,591 4,176,082 5,164,406 6,683,843 740,732 730,140 739,198 5,638 7,073 9,042 1,183,499 1,442,269 2,006,114 134,391 132,970 130,662 8,806 10,847 15,353 4,262,182 6,579,957 8,625,276 852,612 1,043,298 1,087,817 4,999 6,307 7,929 2,380,331 3,546,999 4,240,839 451,034 463,115 478,965 5,277 7,659 8,854 38,129,479 50,918,654 60,080,929 6,038,590 6,441,557 6,322,528 6,314 7,905 9,503 4,400,888 5,994,440 7,187,267 708,109 765,976 818,443 6,215 7,826 8,782 5,402,868 7,080,396 8,708,294 553,993 577,390 567,198 9,753 12,263 15,353 937,630 1,299,349 1,518,786 112,836 119,091 125,430 8,310 10,911 12,109 780,192 1,067,500 1,352,905 77,194 76,714 68,681 10,107 13,915 19,698 13,885,988 19,042,877 23,328,028 2,381,396 2,639,336 2,631,020 5,831 7,215 8,867 9,158,624 12,528,856 15,976,945 1,422,762 1,553,437 1,655,792 6,437 8,065 9,649 1,213,695 1,648,086 2,225,437 185,860 183,185 179,478 6,530 8,997 12,399 1,302,817 1,618,215 1,957,740 245,136 256,084 275,051 5,315 6,319 7,118 14,462,773 18,658,428 23,495,271 2,027,600 2,097,503 2,026,925 7,133 8,896 11,592 7,110,930 9,108,931 9,680,895 988,702 1,021,348 1,046,147 7,192 8,919 9,254 3,264,336 3,808,200 4,731,463 497,301 478,319 470,537 6,564 7,962 10,055 2,971,814 3,718,153 4,805,310 472,188 469,136 471,060 6,294 7,926 10,201 3,837,794 4,812,591 5,886,890 648,180 674,796 651,370 5,921 7,132 9,038 4,391,214 5,554,766 7,276,651 756,579 724,281 684,873 5,804 7,669 10,625 1,604,438 2,056,266 2,350,447 209,253 198,820 192,935 7,667 10,342 12,183 6,545,135 8,682,586 11,591,965 846,582 865,561 843,861 7,731 10,031 13,737 8,511,065 11,357,857 13,942,586 971,425 975,574 958,910 8,761 11,642 14,540 13,994,294 16,353,921 17,217,584 1,725,639 1,750,919 1,659,921 8,110 9,340 10,373 6,140,442 7,310,284 9,270,281 854,034 838,503 836,048 7,190 8,718 11,088 2,510,376 3,243,888 3,967,232 500,716 495,376 491,962 5,014 6,548 8,064 5,655,531 7,115,207 8,827,224 914,110 905,449 892,436 6,187 7,858 9,891 994,770 1,193,182 1,436,062 157,556 146,705 140,936 6,314 8,133 10,189 1,926,500 2,512,914 3,053,575 288,261 285,761 281,544 6,683 8,794 10,846 1,875,467 2,722,264 3,606,035 325,610 400,083 433,371 5,760 6,804 8,321 1,418,503 2,021,144 2,490,623 206,783 206,852 197,934 6,860 9,771 12,583 13,327,645 19,669,576 23,589,224 1,289,256 1,393,347 1,381,420 10,337 14,117 17,076 1,890,274 2,554,638 3,186,252 324,495 326,102 330,245 5,825 7,834 9,648 28,433,240 38,866,853 48,635,363 2,887,776 2,836,337 2,740,592 9,846 13,703 17,746 7,713,293 9,835,550 12,470,470 1,275,925 1,385,754 1,463,967 6,045 7,098 8,518 638,946 832,157 928,528 112,751 100,513 94,728 5,667 8,279 9,802 12,974,575 17,167,866 19,397,511 1,836,554 1,840,032 1,779,290 7,065 9,330 10,902 3,382,581 4,161,024 5,082,062 627,032 629,476 645,108 5,395 6,610 7,878 3,896,287 4,458,028 5,529,831 545,033 552,322 575,393 7,149 8,071 9,611 14,120,112 18,711,100 21,831,816 1,816,716 1,828,089 1,775,029 7,772 10,235 12,299 1,393,143 1,825,900 2,139,317 156,454 156,498 145,342 8,904 11,667 14,719 4,087,355 5,312,739 6,626,763 666,780 703,736 718,113 6,130 7,549 9,228 737,998 916,563 1,080,054 131,037 122,798 126,429 5,632 7,464 8,543 4,931,734 6,446,691 7,768,052 916,202 941,091 971,950 5,383 6,850 7,992 25,098,703 31,919,107 40,688,181 3,991,783 4,405,215 4,752,148 6,288 7,246 8,562 2,102,655 2,627,022 3,638,775 480,255 503,607 550,298 4,378 5,216 6,612 870,198 1,177,478 1,413,329 104,559 98,352 93,625 8,323 11,972 15,096 7,757,598 10,705,162 13,505,290 1,133,994 1,204,739 1,235,795 6,841 8,886 10,928 6,399,883 7,870,979 9,940,056 1,003,714 1,020,005 1,026,023 6,376 7,717 9,688 2,086,937 2,527,767 3,059,420 291,811 280,129 282,729 7,152 9,024 10,821 6,852,178 8,435,359 9,696,228 877,753 864,757 867,035 7,806 9,755 11,183 683,918 863,423 1,268,407 92,105 84,733 86,709 7,425 10,190 14,628 2,086,414

2,865,945

3,502,757

613,019

575,648

503,635

3,404

4,979

6,955

SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), NCES Common Core of Data, State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education (various years); National Public Education Financial Survey (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-34


Percentage of Public High School Students Taking Advanced Placement Exams Figure 8-12 Percentage of public high school students taking Advanced Placement Exams: 2010

8

AL HI ID KS MT OH PA RI SD TN WV

AZ IA MO MS NE WY

LA ND 12


16

DC IL KY MN NJ SC WI

AK MI NH NM OK OR 20

24

SOURCE: College Board, Advanced Placement Report to the Nation.

DE IN ME NC NV TX UT VT WA 28

AR GA NY VA

CA CO CT MA 32

36

FL MD 40

44

Percent

Findings U

Nationwide, the percentage of public school students who took an AP Exam rose from 15.9% of the class of 2000 to 28.3% of the class of 2010.

U

The percentage of public school students taking an AP Exam varied greatly among states and ranged from 10.4% to 43.5% of the class of 2010. Forty-two states and the District of Columbia exceeded the 2000 national average in 2010, compared with 15 states and the District of Columbia that exceeded the national average in 2000.

U

AP participation levels were higher for all jurisdictions in 2010 than in 2000. Arkansas showed the largest increase, with the class of 2010 exceeding the participation of the class of 2000 by more than 28 percentage points.

Participation in the Advanced Placement (AP) program provides a measure of the extent to which a rigorous curriculum is available to and used by high school students. This indicator represents the percentage of students in the graduating class who have taken one or more AP Exams. Throughout the United States, nearly 853,000 public school students from the class of 2010 took nearly 2.5 million AP Exams during their high school careers. Generally, students who take AP Exams have completed a rigorous course of study in a specific subject area in high school with the expectation of obtaining college credit or advanced placement. AP Exams were taken most frequently in U.S. history, English literature and composition, English language and composition, calculus AB, and U.S. government and politics. Students from the class of 2010 attended 12,705 U.S. public schools that participated in the AP program. These schools make an average of 10 different AP courses available to their students.

8-35


Table 8-12 Public high school students taking Advanced Placement Exams, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Percent)

State

2000

2005

2010

United States ............................................. Alabama ................................................. Alaska .................................................... Arizona ................................................... Arkansas ................................................ California ................................................ Colorado ................................................ Connecticut ........................................... Delaware ................................................ District of Columbia ............................... Florida .................................................... Georgia .................................................. Hawaii .................................................... Idaho ...................................................... Illinois ..................................................... Indiana ................................................... Iowa ....................................................... Kansas ................................................... Kentucky ................................................ Louisiana................................................ Maine ..................................................... Maryland ................................................ Massachusetts....................................... Michigan ................................................ Minnesota .............................................. Mississippi ............................................. Missouri ................................................. Montana ................................................. Nebraska................................................ Nevada................................................... New Hampshire ..................................... New Jersey ............................................ New Mexico ........................................... New York................................................ North Carolina ........................................ North Dakota ......................................... Ohio ....................................................... Oklahoma............................................... Oregon ................................................... Pennsylvania .......................................... Rhode Island .......................................... South Carolina ....................................... South Dakota ......................................... Tennessee .............................................. Texas ...................................................... Utah ....................................................... Vermont.................................................. Virginia ................................................... Washington ............................................ West Virginia .......................................... Wisconsin .............................................. Wyoming ................................................

15.9 7.2 15.4 11.3 8.1 22.2 18.6 19.1 13.3 17.3 22.7 17.2 10.6 9.6 13.4 11.9 6.9 7.0 10.6 3.2 14.8 20.2 19.6 13.9 13.4 5.6 5.5 10.1 5.0 15.1 13.3 17.9 11.1 27.3 19.7 5.9 11.3 9.5 10.5 12.4 10.7 17.7 9.6 10.4 16.6 24.5 16.6 25.0 11.5 8.4 15.2 6.1

22.7 9.7 18.8 14.6 24.0 30.2 26.7 26.0 24.8 27.0 32.9 24.4 16.5 14.3 19.8 18.4 10.2 9.8 17.1 4.9 22.3 31.5 26.2 18.0 17.6 8.7 9.2 15.2 7.3 20.3 17.6 23.0 18.0 34.8 29.7 8.8 16.4 17.7 16.4 15.7 12.4 21.6 14.1 15.1 25.1 29.1 22.7 30.1 21.1 12.0 21.1 11.4

28.3 19.5 22.3 15.6 36.6 34.0 34.6 32.2 28.1 25.1 43.5 37.3 19.6 16.3 26.3 29.3 14.4 16.0 24.4 11.4 31.6 43.4 33.2 23.2 26.4 14.1 13.4 18.0 12.4 28.3 22.7 25.6 22.3 38.0 28.8 10.4 18.9 20.8 23.4 19.7 17.9 26.8 18.4 18.6 30.2 28.4 31.8 38.1 28.0 18.4 26.3 15.7

Puerto Rico ............................................

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available NOTE: National average for United States is reported value in Advanced Placement Report to the Nation. SOURCE: College Board, Advanced Placement Report to the Nation (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-36


Percentage of Public High School Students Scoring 3 or Higher on at Least One Advanced Placement Exam Figure 8-13 Percentage of public high school students scoring 3 or higher on at least one Advanced Placement Exam: 2010


DC MO ND NE WV WY

LA MS 4.4

AL AZ HI IA KS NM OK RI TN

6.6

8.8


AR ID IN KY MT OH PA SD 11.0

DE IL MN NC NH TX WA

AK MI NV OR SC 13.2

15.4

GA ME NJ UT WI 17.6

CA CT FL MA VA

CO VT 19.8

22.0

MD

NY 24.2

26.4

28.6

Percent

Findings U

Nationally, 16.9% of public school students in the class of 2010 demonstrated the ability to do collegelevel work by obtaining a score of 3 or higher on at least one AP Exam, a substantial increase from the 10.2% of the class of 2000 who obtained that score.

U

Students from all states and the District of Columbia demonstrated greater success on AP Exams in 2010 than in 2000, but this success was not evenly distributed. In 2010, 13 states and the District of Columbia had percentages below the 2000 national average of 10.2% compared with 38 jurisdictions in 2000.

U

The percentage of students who scored 3 or higher on an AP Exam varied widely among states. For the class of 2010, this percentage ranged from a low of 4.4% to a high of 26.4% across states.

This indicator represents the extent to which high school students are successfully demonstrating mastery of college-level material in specific disciplines. State scores on this indicator reflect students’ access to rigorous coursework as well as their success in comprehending and using it. The indicator value is defined as the percentage of U.S. public high school graduates who have scored 3 or higher on at least one Advanced Placement (AP) Exam. Many colleges and universities grant college credit or advanced placement for AP Exam scores of 3 or higher. Students who score a 3 or higher typically experience greater academic success in college and higher graduation rates. A total of 33 different AP Exams are offered each spring by the College Board. The exams include a multiple choice section and a free response section. To prepare for the AP Exam in a subject area, most students enroll in an AP class that employs a curriculum of high academic intensity. Performance on AP Exams has been shown in research to be one of the best predictors of success in college.

8-37


Table 8-13 Public high school students scoring 3 or higher on at least one Advanced Placement Exam, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Percent)

State

2000

2005

2010

United States ................................................... Alabama ....................................................... Alaska .......................................................... Arizona ......................................................... Arkansas ...................................................... California ...................................................... Colorado ...................................................... Connecticut ................................................. Delaware ...................................................... District of Columbia ..................................... Florida .......................................................... Georgia ........................................................ Hawaii .......................................................... Idaho ............................................................ Illinois ........................................................... Indiana ......................................................... Iowa ............................................................. Kansas ......................................................... Kentucky ...................................................... Louisiana...................................................... Maine ........................................................... Maryland ...................................................... Massachusetts............................................. Michigan ...................................................... Minnesota .................................................... Mississippi ................................................... Missouri ....................................................... Montana ....................................................... Nebraska...................................................... Nevada......................................................... New Hampshire ........................................... New Jersey .................................................. New Mexico ................................................. New York...................................................... North Carolina .............................................. North Dakota ............................................... Ohio ............................................................. Oklahoma..................................................... Oregon ......................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................ Rhode Island ................................................ South Carolina ............................................. South Dakota ............................................... Tennessee .................................................... Texas ............................................................ Utah ............................................................. Vermont........................................................ Virginia ......................................................... Washington .................................................. West Virginia ................................................ Wisconsin .................................................... Wyoming ......................................................

10.2 3.9 10.1 7.2 4.3 15.0 12.2 13.6 7.6 6.6 13.5 9.7 5.8 6.5 9.9 6.0 4.9 4.4 5.5 1.9 10.1 14.1 14.5 8.8 8.1 2.3 3.7 6.8 3.2 9.1 9.2 12.9 6.1 17.9 11.3 4.4 7.1 5.4 7.1 8.3 6.9 10.0 5.9 6.2 9.9 17.4 11.5 15.9 7.6 4.6 10.5 3.8

14.1 5.3 12.4 9.2 7.7 19.7 16.9 19.1 12.9 8.7 18.5 13.5 8.2 9.6 14.1 8.9 6.7 6.5 8.3 2.5 14.4 21.0 18.7 11.6 11.5 3.3 6.0 10.0 4.4 12.0 11.5 16.5 8.5 22.8 17.1 6.0 10.1 8.2 10.7 10.5 8.1 12.6 8.8 8.9 13.7 20.5 15.4 19.3 13.2 5.8 14.5 5.8

16.9 9.0 14.3 8.8 12.5 22.3 21.4 23.2 15.4 6.9 22.3 19.1 9.4 11.0 17.2 12.4 8.8 9.5 12.2 4.6 19.0 26.4 23.1 15.0 16.8 4.4 7.5 11.7 7.4 15.0 16.6 18.6 10.2 24.6 17.5 6.8 11.8 10.3 14.1 12.7 10.9 15.1 11.0 9.7 15.5 19.2 21.8 23.7 17.1 7.6 18.3 8.5

Puerto Rico ..................................................

NA

NA

NA


8-38


Percentage of Public High School Students Scoring 3 or Higher on Advanced Placement Calculus AB Exam Figure 8-14 Percentage of public high school students scoring 3 or higher on Advanced Placement Calculus AB Exam: 2010

DC LA NE

MS 0.0

AZ IA MO NM OK TN WV

0.6

1.2

1.8

FL GA ID IN NC OH PA RI SC SD

KS KY NV OR TX WY

AL AR HI MT ND 2.4


3.0

DE IL MI MN WI 3.6


AK CO ME NH NJ UT VA WA 4.2

CA CT NY 4.8

MA MD 5.4

VT 6.0

6.6

Percent

Findings U

In 2010, a total of 237,000 Calculus AB exams were taken in the United States, and 137,000 were scored 3 or higher. Public school students took 200,000 Calculus AB exams and 108,000 of those were scored at 3 or above. The remaining 37,000 Calculus AB exams were taken by students who did not attend public schools, i.e., those who attended independent or religious schools, home schools, or did not identify their school.

U

Nationally, the share of the graduating class that demonstrated a mastery of Calculus AB by scoring a 3 or higher on the AP Exam increased from 2.7% in 2000 to 3.5% in 2010. Values for individual states ranged from a low of 0.5% to a high of 6.0% in 2010.

U

Between 2000 and 2010, nearly all states increased the percentage of high school graduates that had demonstrated their ability in Calculus AB. However, four states showed lower percentages in 2010.

U

Because the percentages are small, year-to-year comparisons should be made with caution. Variability in students’ course selection and level of performance can affect the numbers.

The Advanced Placement (AP) Calculus AB exam seeks to assess how well a student has mastered the concepts and techniques of differential and integral calculus. Many colleges and universities grant college credit or advanced placement for AP exam scores of 3 or higher. AP courses in calculus consist of a full high school academic year of work and are comparable to calculus courses taught at colleges and universities. Prior to taking an AP Calculus course, students are expected to have completed four years of secondary mathematics intended for college-bound students consisting of courses in algebra, geometry, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and elementary functions. Even though a Calculus AB course may cover elementary functions, most of its topics will address differential and integral calculus. The use of a graphing calculator in AP Calculus is considered an integral part of the course, and graphing calculators are required on portions of the AP Examination. Successful performance on the Calculus AB exam indicates that the student has a solid mathematical background and is prepared to undertake advanced training in mathematics, science, or engineering at the college or university level.

8-39


Table 8-14 Public high school students scoring 3 or higher on Advanced Placement Calculus AB Exam, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Percent)

State

2000

2005

2010

United States ................................................... Alabama ....................................................... Alaska .......................................................... Arizona ......................................................... Arkansas ...................................................... California ...................................................... Colorado ...................................................... Connecticut ................................................. Delaware ...................................................... District of Columbia ..................................... Florida .......................................................... Georgia ........................................................ Hawaii .......................................................... Idaho ............................................................ Illinois ........................................................... Indiana ......................................................... Iowa ............................................................. Kansas ......................................................... Kentucky ...................................................... Louisiana...................................................... Maine ........................................................... Maryland ...................................................... Massachusetts............................................. Michigan ...................................................... Minnesota .................................................... Mississippi ................................................... Missouri ....................................................... Montana ....................................................... Nebraska...................................................... Nevada......................................................... New Hampshire ........................................... New Jersey .................................................. New Mexico ................................................. New York...................................................... North Carolina .............................................. North Dakota ............................................... Ohio ............................................................. Oklahoma..................................................... Oregon ......................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................ Rhode Island ................................................ South Carolina ............................................. South Dakota ............................................... Tennessee .................................................... Texas ............................................................ Utah ............................................................. Vermont........................................................ Virginia ......................................................... Washington .................................................. West Virginia ................................................ Wisconsin .................................................... Wyoming ......................................................

2.7 0.8 3.2 1.8 2.2 3.4 2.4 3.4 2.2 0.7 3.2 2.5 1.5 1.6 3.2 2.3 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.4 2.7 3.4 4.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.6 2.1 3.0 3.8 1.4 5.1 3.4 1.2 2.3 1.3 1.8 2.4 1.6 3.4 2.4 1.5 1.9 5.0 3.5 3.7 2.7 1.3 3.1 1.6

3.2 1.0 4.0 2.1 1.7 4.3 3.0 4.0 3.5 1.7 3.2 3.0 1.9 2.8 3.6 2.5 1.6 1.8 0.4 0.3 3.4 4.3 4.6 3.0 3.3 0.7 1.3 1.7 0.9 2.6 2.8 3.8 1.7 5.0 3.9 1.6 3.0 1.1 2.2 2.8 1.9 3.7 3.2 1.7 2.4 4.9 3.9 3.6 4.0 1.4 3.7 1.6

3.5 1.8 4.6 1.6 2.1 4.8 4.4 5.0 3.8 0.8 3.3 3.3 2.0 3.0 3.9 3.3 1.7 2.4 2.7 0.8 4.3 5.4 5.6 3.6 4.1 0.5 1.5 2.2 1.1 2.6 4.2 4.2 1.6 5.2 3.2 1.8 3.0 1.3 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.4 1.5 2.6 4.7 6.0 4.2 4.6 1.3 4.0 2.5

Puerto Rico ..................................................

NA

NA

NA


8-40


High School Graduates Among Individuals 25–44 Years Old Figure 8-15 High school graduates among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009

CA NM NV

TX 79.2

81.0

AL AR GA LA MS

AZ 82.8

84.6

CO DE ID IL IN MD MO OR VA WA WV

FL KY NC NY OK SC TN 86.4

88.2


AK CT DC KS MA MI NE NJ OH PA RI UT WI 90.0

SOURCE: Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, Population Estimates Program, and American Community Survey.

IA ME MN MT NH SD VT WY 91.8

HI 93.6

95.4

ND 97.2

99.0

Percent

Findings U

Nationwide, 87.1% of the early- to mid-career population had at least a high school credential in 2009, a slight increase from the 85.0% who held such a credential in 2000.

U

Forty-six states and the District of Columbia showed an increase in the percentage of their early- to mid-career population with at least a high school credential between 2000 and 2009. Six states had 2009 values below the 2000 national average of 85.0%, compared with 17 states and the District of Columbia in 2000.

U

In 2009, the early- to mid-career population with at least a high school credential varied greatly among states, ranging from 80.8% to 98.3%. States in close proximity to the southern border of the United States tended to rank lowest on this indicator.

This indicator represents the percentage of the early- to mid-career population that has earned at least a high school credential. The indicator displays results based on where high school graduates live rather than where they were educated. High values indicate a resident population and potential workforce with widespread basic education credentials. Estimates of educational attainment have been developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Data from 2005 and later are derived from the American Community Survey (ACS), the largest household survey in the United States, with a sample size of about 3 million addresses. The ACS collects information on an annual basis. Data prior to 2005 were derived from the Decennial Census. Estimates of population ages 25–44 are provided by the Census Bureau based on the 2000 Decennial Census. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-41


Table 8-15 High school graduates among individuals 25–44 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Graduates 25–44 years old State

Population 25–44 years old

Graduates/population 25–44 years old (%)

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

United States ................... Alabama ....................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ......................... Arkansas ...................... California ...................... Colorado ...................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ...................... District of Columbia ..... Florida .......................... Georgia ........................ Hawaii .......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois ........................... Indiana ......................... Iowa ............................. Kansas ......................... Kentucky ...................... Louisiana...................... Maine ........................... Maryland ...................... Massachusetts............. Michigan ...................... Minnesota .................... Mississippi ................... Missouri ....................... Montana ....................... Nebraska...................... Nevada......................... New Hampshire ........... New Jersey .................. New Mexico ................. New York...................... North Carolina .............. North Dakota ............... Ohio ............................. Oklahoma..................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ................ Rhode Island ................ South Carolina ............. South Dakota ............... Tennessee .................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont........................ Virginia ......................... Washington .................. West Virginia ................ Wisconsin .................... Wyoming ......................

72,241,876 1,064,945 186,160 1,232,818 622,698 8,286,071 1,242,919 926,614 207,799 157,077 3,840,710 2,238,995 333,762 316,815 3,265,416 1,567,100 740,397 687,268 1,009,246 1,044,255 339,227 1,487,216 1,795,438 2,630,713 1,395,170 650,242 1,426,806 225,105 441,527 508,173 350,744 2,313,820 425,745 4,926,064 2,117,289 164,893 2,965,744 836,030 861,602 3,136,195 265,033 990,207 188,052 1,439,729 5,115,457 555,513 162,109 1,962,040 1,617,766 420,900 1,429,331 126,931

71,215,646 1,035,193 162,669 1,367,583 633,557 8,316,850 1,240,697 852,932 206,583 163,027 4,000,762 2,368,999 308,637 327,870 3,200,557 1,500,650 713,525 656,920 993,094 1,026,229 317,653 1,399,879 1,690,234 2,455,339 1,345,742 648,458 1,378,001 216,509 421,008 585,942 330,926 2,165,296 411,608 4,786,794 2,148,501 155,297 2,759,770 807,209 872,276 2,908,593 264,154 999,627 180,013 1,459,559 5,248,281 646,632 150,073 1,896,614 1,592,550 411,155 1,367,667 117,952

72,337,536 1,055,386 179,001 1,528,930 651,055 8,590,128 1,279,279 820,616 209,049 180,722 4,170,014 2,418,543 344,834 355,984 3,146,716 1,502,416 685,787 649,026 1,014,340 1,022,069 301,407 1,398,327 1,635,794 2,293,446 1,299,949 644,971 1,388,876 214,586 412,126 631,069 310,704 2,135,875 430,512 4,697,650 2,217,822 150,983 2,716,279 828,944 907,376 2,922,659 247,679 1,036,562 180,578 1,502,094 5,709,404 700,665 138,869 1,959,386 1,654,322 408,715 1,326,456 129,556

85,040,251 1,288,527 203,522 1,511,469 750,972 10,714,403 1,400,850 1,032,689 236,441 189,439 4,569,347 2,652,764 362,336 362,401 3,795,544 1,791,828 808,259 769,204 1,210,773 1,293,128 370,597 1,664,677 1,989,783 2,960,544 1,497,320 807,170 1,626,302 245,220 487,107 628,572 381,240 2,624,146 516,100 5,831,622 2,500,535 174,891 3,325,210 975,169 997,269 3,508,562 310,636 1,185,955 206,399 1,718,428 6,484,321 626,600 176,456 2,237,655 1,816,217 501,343 1,581,690 138,619

83,257,116 1,231,043 191,837 1,695,189 747,630 10,668,824 1,388,046 951,020 234,823 190,118 4,787,948 2,746,294 354,560 375,247 3,611,958 1,716,726 746,659 713,752 1,172,770 1,217,593 344,295 1,611,882 1,857,726 2,743,365 1,420,387 771,676 1,566,374 226,076 453,659 719,501 357,080 2,485,721 510,063 5,548,409 2,485,963 151,681 3,122,259 929,451 988,164 3,280,173 296,463 1,172,501 194,122 1,698,113 6,665,252 686,668 158,184 2,194,670 1,783,093 468,846 1,495,775 127,487

83,096,278 1,235,509 197,248 1,826,751 755,915 10,604,180 1,445,400 899,649 232,837 197,983 4,789,059 2,830,740 360,037 400,329 3,544,995 1,689,050 734,622 717,645 1,162,402 1,186,325 322,409 1,557,085 1,787,350 2,536,880 1,394,305 761,785 1,554,391 231,769 451,666 769,608 333,694 2,363,679 523,059 5,351,598 2,553,673 153,582 2,998,151 957,235 1,028,645 3,187,617 274,622 1,200,366 196,143 1,710,134 7,064,651 775,481 148,584 2,194,699 1,855,094 459,606 1,449,006 139,035

85.0 82.6 91.5 81.6 82.9 77.3 88.7 89.7 87.9 82.9 84.1 84.4 92.1 87.4 86.0 87.5 91.6 89.3 83.4 80.8 91.5 89.3 90.2 88.9 93.2 80.6 87.7 91.8 90.6 80.8 92.0 88.2 82.5 84.5 84.7 94.3 89.2 85.7 86.4 89.4 85.3 83.5 91.1 83.8 78.9 88.7 91.9 87.7 89.1 84.0 90.4 91.6

85.5 84.1 84.8 80.7 84.7 78.0 89.4 89.7 88.0 85.8 83.6 86.3 87.0 87.4 88.6 87.4 95.6 92.0 84.7 84.3 92.3 86.8 91.0 89.5 94.7 84.0 88.0 95.8 92.8 81.4 92.7 87.1 80.7 86.3 86.4 102.4 88.4 86.8 88.3 88.7 89.1 85.3 92.7 86.0 78.7 94.2 94.9 86.4 89.3 87.7 91.4 92.5

87.1 85.4 90.7 83.7 86.1 81.0 88.5 91.2 89.8 91.3 87.1 85.4 95.8 88.9 88.8 89.0 93.4 90.4 87.3 86.2 93.5 89.8 91.5 90.4 93.2 84.7 89.4 92.6 91.2 82.0 93.1 90.4 82.3 87.8 86.8 98.3 90.6 86.6 88.2 91.7 90.2 86.4 92.1 87.8 80.8 90.4 93.5 89.3 89.2 88.9 91.5 93.2

Puerto Rico ..................

794,579

868,650

879,051

1,049,995

1,076,844

1,084,239

75.7

80.7

81.1

SOURCES: Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, Population Estimates Program (various years), and American Community Survey (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-42


Bachelor’s Degrees Conferred per 1,000 Individuals 18–24 Years Old Figure 8-16 Bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009

GA MS NM NV TX WY

AK 14

AL AR CA FL HI IL KY LA MD MI MT NC NJ OH OK OR SC TN VA WA

28

42

AZ CO CT DE ID IN KS ME MN MO ND NE NH NY PA SD UT WI WV 56

1st quartile (63.5–151.5) 2nd quartile (54.9–63.1) 3rd quartile (46.5–53.4) 4th quartile (20.4–46.4) SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program.

IA MA 70

RI VT 84

DC 98

112

126

140

154

Degrees

Findings U

In 2009, over 1.6 million bachelor’s degrees were conferred nationally in all fields, which is up from 1.2 million in 2000 and represents an increase of 29%. Between 2000 and 2009, the number of bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old in the population has increased by nearly 16% nationwide.

U

In 2009, state values on this indicator varied greatly. They ranged from 20.4 to 91.8 bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old.

U

The number of bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old increased in all but 4 states between 2000 and 2009.

Educational attainment gives people greater opportunities to work in higherpaying jobs than are generally available to those with less education. Earning a bachelor’s degree also prepares them for advanced education. Educational attainment varies by several demographic characteristics including age. The cohort 18–24 years old was chosen to approximate the age range of most students who are pursuing an undergraduate degree. This indicator represents the extent the 18–24 year old population has earned a bachelor’s degree. The number of bachelor’s degrees awarded is based on an actual count provided by the National Center of Education Statistics. Estimates of the population ages 18–24 years are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Small differences in the indicator value between states or across time generally are not meaningful. A high value for this indicator may suggest the successful provision of educational opportunity at this level. Student mobility after graduation is not accounted for which may make this indicator less meaningful in predicting the qualifications of a state’s future workforce. A state’s value for this indicator may also be high when its higher education system draws a large percentage of outof-state students, a situation that sometimes occurs in states with small resident populations and the District of Columbia.

8-43


Table 8-16 Bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009

Bachelor’s degrees State


Degrees/1,000 individuals 18–24 years old

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009


1,237,875 21,293 1,364 20,865 9,405 121,546 22,485 15,072 4,665 6,806 51,333 29,219 5,091 4,711 55,036 31,970 18,750 14,291 15,643 19,844 5,672 22,089 42,308 45,754 23,175 10,988 29,978 5,171 10,747 4,245 7,776 26,939 6,727 95,558 35,257 4,877 49,849 15,578 14,428 66,273 8,402 16,033 4,494 22,958 75,834 17,058 4,832 33,599 24,002 8,545 27,543 1,797

1,439,264 21,616 1,427 29,133 11,191 146,959 26,142 16,833 5,247 9,199 65,839 35,515 5,300 7,295 63,913 36,655 20,786 16,267 17,862 21,494 6,500 25,990 45,769 51,207 28,275 11,681 34,306 5,177 11,999 5,608 8,107 31,987 7,342 111,201 39,303 5,161 56,969 18,266 16,867 77,765 9,417 18,795 4,771 26,032 88,757 20,799 4,892 36,970 28,265 9,574 31,144 1,695

1,601,368 24,245 1,626 39,898 12,027 160,930 29,879 19,178 5,472 10,957 80,275 40,461 5,797 9,066 69,339 39,583 26,239 17,521 19,996 21,425 6,909 27,909 50,106 54,641 31,275 12,430 38,370 5,252 12,575 7,119 8,879 34,625 7,875 122,186 44,834 5,604 60,048 19,634 17,918 84,692 10,291 21,058 5,031 29,388 102,157 21,504 5,788 42,483 30,091 11,366 33,651 1,765

27,316,537 442,009 57,724 519,381 263,326 3,389,475 434,165 273,000 75,857 72,867 1,340,658 844,924 115,683 140,017 1,217,816 618,463 299,438 277,164 404,146 475,946 104,527 454,129 582,619 937,626 473,816 312,663 538,883 86,241 175,359 181,984 104,064 679,702 177,978 1,772,439 814,485 73,371 1,062,062 358,410 330,074 1,099,275 107,100 410,784 78,087 552,177 2,213,346 320,147 56,918 686,011 563,091 173,092 523,861 50,157

29,404,797 453,363 78,831 570,206 269,720 3,601,422 479,582 315,265 79,909 67,720 1,583,393 912,133 128,311 157,526 1,273,336 637,074 320,586 306,834 417,504 496,032 117,289 515,830 621,142 997,376 523,797 317,707 586,404 103,362 197,081 210,962 123,750 716,880 202,397 1,839,901 855,830 89,501 1,084,194 387,237 351,657 1,169,151 109,690 427,535 87,891 570,664 2,429,659 342,610 66,960 776,170 617,519 172,766 585,387 57,751

30,412,035 465,249 79,696 610,920 273,263 3,746,026 500,695 340,550 83,522 72,339 1,667,090 979,688 124,841 161,387 1,298,744 643,920 321,355 307,284 416,470 477,506 118,353 547,538 668,112 995,230 526,091 313,729 592,454 104,243 196,793 228,809 130,242 756,033 202,276 1,923,887 942,328 88,808 1,084,493 386,532 364,365 1,219,844 112,088 452,903 87,586 585,173 2,523,258 341,926 68,869 814,917 644,616 169,767 590,593 59,634

45.3 48.2 23.6 40.2 35.7 35.9 51.8 55.2 61.5 93.4 38.3 34.6 44.0 33.6 45.2 51.7 62.6 51.6 38.7 41.7 54.3 48.6 72.6 48.8 48.9 35.1 55.6 60.0 61.3 23.3 74.7 39.6 37.8 53.9 43.3 66.5 46.9 43.5 43.7 60.3 78.5 39.0 57.6 41.6 34.3 53.3 84.9 49.0 42.6 49.4 52.6 35.8

48.9 47.7 18.1 51.1 41.5 40.8 54.5 53.4 65.7 135.8 41.6 38.9 41.3 46.3 50.2 57.5 64.8 53.0 42.8 43.3 55.4 50.4 73.7 51.3 54.0 36.8 58.5 50.1 60.9 26.6 65.5 44.6 36.3 60.4 45.9 57.7 52.5 47.2 48.0 66.5 85.9 44.0 54.3 45.6 36.5 60.7 73.1 47.6 45.8 55.4 53.2 29.4

52.7 52.1 20.4 65.3 44.0 43.0 59.7 56.3 65.5 151.5 48.2 41.3 46.4 56.2 53.4 61.5 81.7 57.0 48.0 44.9 58.4 51.0 75.0 54.9 59.4 39.6 64.8 50.4 63.9 31.1 68.2 45.8 38.9 63.5 47.6 63.1 55.4 50.8 49.2 69.4 91.8 46.5 57.4 50.2 40.5 62.9 84.0 52.1 46.7 67.0 57.0 29.6

Puerto Rico ..................

16,164

16,646

17,116

429,220

406,548

394,800

37.7

40.9

43.4

SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years); Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-44


Bachelor’s Degrees in Science and Engineering Conferred per 1,000 Individuals 18–24 Years Old Figure 8-17 Bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009

AL AZ CA FL GA HI ID IL IN KS LA MI MO NC ND NE NJ OH OK SC SD TN WA WV

AK AR KY MS NM NV TX WY 6

12

CO CT DE IA MD ME MN MT NH NY OR PA UT VA WI 18

1st quartile (20.2–62.2) 2nd quartile (16.6–20.0) 3rd quartile (13.6–15.9) 4th quartile (7.0–13.2) SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program. MA RI 24

VT 30

DC 36

42

48

54

60

66

Degrees

Findings U

In 2009, more than 501,000 bachelor’s degrees in S&E fields were conferred nationally, which is up from 394,000 in 2000 and represents an increase of 27%. Between 2000 and 2009, the number of bachelor’s degrees in S&E fields conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old in the population increased by nearly 15% nationwide.

U

In 2009, state values on this indicator varied greatly. They ranged from 7.0 to 31.4 bachelor’s degrees in S&E fields conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old.

U

The number of bachelor’s degrees in S&E fields conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old decreased in 7 states between 2000 and 2009.

U

The states producing the largest numbers of S&E bachelor’s degrees were the same as those producing the largest numbers of bachelor’s degrees in natural science and engineering (NS&E). However, in terms of educational output adjusted for population, the concentration of S&E bachelor’s degrees was highest in the northeastern states unlike NS&E bachelor’s degrees that were concentrated in the north central states.

Educational attainment in an S&E field gives people greater opportunities to work in higher-paying technical jobs than are generally available to those in other fields of study. Earning a bachelor’s degree in an S&E field also prepares an individual for advanced technical education. Educational attainment varies by several demographic characteristics including age. The cohort 18–24 years old was chosen to approximate the age range of most students who are pursuing an undergraduate degree. This indicator represents the extent to which a state provides bachelor’s level training in S&E fields, controlling for the size of its college-age population. The number of bachelor’s degrees awarded in S&E fields is based on an actual count provided by the National Center of Education Statistics. Estimates of the population ages 18–24 years are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Small differences in the indicator value between states or across time generally are not meaningful. A high value for this indicator may suggest the successful provision of undergraduate training in S&E fields. Student mobility after graduation is not accounted for, which may make this indicator less meaningful in predicting the qualifications of a state’s future technical workforce. A state’s value for this indicator may also be high when its higher education system draws a large percentage of out-of-state students, a situation that sometimes occurs in states with small resident populations and the District of Columbia.

8-45


Table 8-17 Bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 S&E bachelor’s degrees State



2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

EPSCoR states ................ Non-EPSCoR states ........ Average EPSCoR state value .................... Average non-EPSCoR state value ....................

61,035 330,351

67,202 394,690

71,999 424,576

4,702,607 22,541,063

5,059,909 24,277,168

5,109,850 25,229,846

13.0 14.7

13.3 16.3

14.1 16.8

na

na

na

na

na

na

15.1

14.7

15.7

na

na

na

na

na

na

15.6

17.1

17.8


394,301 5,575 393 5,154 2,392 46,406 8,822 5,139 1,546 2,915 14,094 8,990 1,660 1,492 15,960 8,921 5,556 4,157 4,153 5,568 2,117 8,598 16,062 13,642 7,434 2,769 8,169 1,734 2,657 1,050 2,788 10,822 1,939 32,141 12,021 1,329 13,874 4,001 5,381 21,115 2,503 4,996 1,506 6,532 20,831 5,245 1,821 12,933 7,905 2,204 8,604 685

466,065 5,767 440 7,741 2,748 58,536 10,375 5,945 1,656 4,173 19,400 11,354 1,854 1,960 18,943 10,477 6,117 4,713 4,537 6,076 2,354 11,057 17,589 15,591 9,271 2,784 9,532 1,807 3,039 1,481 2,826 11,856 2,188 37,642 13,488 1,305 15,485 4,718 6,261 24,723 2,837 5,784 1,494 7,156 25,294 6,870 1,992 13,748 10,121 2,285 10,118 557

501,076 6,490 559 10,173 2,751 63,381 10,865 6,803 1,688 4,501 22,608 11,782 2,074 2,340 19,471 10,211 7,656 4,599 4,944 5,782 2,518 11,393 18,463 16,873 10,060 3,036 9,908 1,874 3,133 2,039 2,929 12,028 2,308 39,595 14,833 1,326 16,257 4,878 6,545 26,514 3,082 6,151 1,571 7,727 27,723 6,986 2,349 15,158 10,692 2,929 10,871 649

27,316,537 442,009 57,724 519,381 263,326 3,389,475 434,165 273,000 75,857 72,867 1,340,658 844,924 115,683 140,017 1,217,816 618,463 299,438 277,164 404,146 475,946 104,527 454,129 582,619 937,626 473,816 312,663 538,883 86,241 175,359 181,984 104,064 679,702 177,978 1,772,439 814,485 73,371 1,062,062 358,410 330,074 1,099,275 107,100 410,784 78,087 552,177 2,213,346 320,147 56,918 686,011 563,091 173,092 523,861 50,157

29,404,797 453,363 78,831 570,206 269,720 3,601,422 479,582 315,265 79,909 67,720 1,583,393 912,133 128,311 157,526 1,273,336 637,074 320,586 306,834 417,504 496,032 117,289 515,830 621,142 997,376 523,797 317,707 586,404 103,362 197,081 210,962 123,750 716,880 202,397 1,839,901 855,830 89,501 1,084,194 387,237 351,657 1,169,151 109,690 427,535 87,891 570,664 2,429,659 342,610 66,960 776,170 617,519 172,766 585,387 57,751

30,412,035 465,249 79,696 610,920 273,263 3,746,026 500,695 340,550 83,522 72,339 1,667,090 979,688 124,841 161,387 1,298,744 643,920 321,355 307,284 416,470 477,506 118,353 547,538 668,112 995,230 526,091 313,729 592,454 104,243 196,793 228,809 130,242 756,033 202,276 1,923,887 942,328 88,808 1,084,493 386,532 364,365 1,219,844 112,088 452,903 87,586 585,173 2,523,258 341,926 68,869 814,917 644,616 169,767 590,593 59,634

14.4 12.6 6.8 9.9 9.1 13.7 20.3 18.8 20.4 40.0 10.5 10.6 14.3 10.7 13.1 14.4 18.6 15.0 10.3 11.7 20.3 18.9 27.6 14.5 15.7 8.9 15.2 20.1 15.2 5.8 26.8 15.9 10.9 18.1 14.8 18.1 13.1 11.2 16.3 19.2 23.4 12.2 19.3 11.8 9.4 16.4 32.0 18.9 14.0 12.7 16.4 13.7

15.8 12.7 5.6 13.6 10.2 16.3 21.6 18.9 20.7 61.6 12.3 12.4 14.4 12.4 14.9 16.4 19.1 15.4 10.9 12.2 20.1 21.4 28.3 15.6 17.7 8.8 16.3 17.5 15.4 7.0 22.8 16.5 10.8 20.5 15.8 14.6 14.3 12.2 17.8 21.1 25.9 13.5 17.0 12.5 10.4 20.1 29.7 17.7 16.4 13.2 17.3 9.6

16.5 13.9 7.0 16.7 10.1 16.9 21.7 20.0 20.2 62.2 13.6 12.0 16.6 14.5 15.0 15.9 23.8 15.0 11.9 12.1 21.3 20.8 27.6 17.0 19.1 9.7 16.7 18.0 15.9 8.9 22.5 15.9 11.4 20.6 15.7 14.9 15.0 12.6 18.0 21.7 27.5 13.6 17.9 13.2 11.0 20.4 34.1 18.6 16.6 17.3 18.4 10.9

Puerto Rico ..................

4,187

4,042

4,237

429,220

406,548

394,800

9.8

9.9

10.7

na = not applicable EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research NOTE: For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years); Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-46


Bachelor’s Degrees in Natural Sciences and Engineering Conferred per 1,000 Individuals 18–24 Years Old Figure 8-18 Bachelor’s degrees in natural sciences and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old: 2009

AR GA KY MS

AK NV 3.2

CA CT FL HI IL LA NC NJ NM OH OK SC TN WA WY

4.8

6.4

1st quartile (10.2–19.1) 2nd quartile (8.6–9.9) 3rd quartile (7.1–8.4) 4th quartile (3.9–6.7)

AL AZ DE ID IN KS MO NE NH NY OR VA 8.0

SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program.

IA MD ME MI MN ND UT WI WV 9.6

CO MA MT PA SD 11.2

RI 12.8

VT 14.4

16.0

DC 17.6

19.2

Degrees

Findings U

Between 2000 and 2009, the value of this indicator did not change appreciably.

U

In 2009, the value of this indicator ranged from 3.9 to16.0 natural sciences and engineering (NS&E) bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old for individual states.

U

The states conferring the largest number of bachelor’s degrees in NS&E fields were California, New York, Texas, and Pennsylvania.

U

States that ranked in the top 2 quartiles on this indicator were generally the same as those in the top 2 quartiles for the number of bachelor’s degrees conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old.

Natural sciences and engineering (NS&E) fields include the physical, earth, ocean, atmospheric, biological, agricultural, and computer sciences; mathematics; and engineering. NS&E fields do not include social sciences and psychology. This indicator is the ratio of new NS&E bachelor’s degrees to the population ages18–24 years and represents the extent to which a state prepares young people to enter technologyintensive occupations that are fundamental to a knowledge-based, technology-driven economy. In addition, the presence of higher education institutions that produce such degrees may generate resources for the state. The cohort 18–24 years old was chosen to approximate the age range of most students who are pursing an undergraduate degree. The number of NS&E bachelor’s degrees awarded is based on an actual count provided by the National Center for Education Statistics. Estimates of the population ages 18–24 years are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Small differences in the value of the indicator between states or across time generally are not meaningful. Because students often relocate after graduation, this measure does not necessarily indicate the qualifications of a state’s future workforce. A state’s value for this indicator may also be high when its higher education system draws a large number of out-of-state students who study NS&E fields, a situation that occurs in the District of Columbia and some states with small resident populations.

8-47


Table 8-18 Bachelor’s degrees in natural sciences and engineering conferred per 1,000 individuals 18–24 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 NS&E bachelor’s degrees State



2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009


35,201 171,285

37,177 198,206

38,960 209,080

4,702,607 22,541,063

5,059,909 24,277,168

5,109,850 25,229,846

7.5 7.6

7.3 8.2

7.6 8.3

na

na

na

na

na

na

8.5

8.0

8.4

na

na

na

na

na

na

8.1

8.6

8.8


207,375 3,556 240 2,928 1,440 22,036 4,742 1,852 696 889 7,353 5,190 719 1,013 8,971 5,113 3,135 2,436 2,266 3,395 1,091 4,422 7,328 8,315 4,067 1,733 4,767 1,173 1,581 548 1,281 5,249 1,243 14,451 6,172 893 7,828 2,491 2,440 11,671 1,236 2,684 981 3,455 11,868 2,817 840 6,414 3,850 1,208 4,851 457

236,700 3,511 248 5,069 1,630 26,786 5,475 2,116 694 1,317 9,097 6,063 754 1,234 11,002 5,797 3,249 2,637 2,293 3,600 1,136 5,911 7,623 9,174 4,861 1,630 5,350 1,127 1,642 739 1,130 5,354 1,392 16,705 6,774 913 8,106 2,636 2,831 13,719 1,531 3,130 1,039 3,541 13,692 3,412 865 6,310 4,615 1,288 5,574 378

249,420 3,891 313 5,284 1,563 28,386 5,714 2,540 740 1,380 10,769 6,190 842 1,437 10,080 5,573 3,563 2,463 2,503 3,216 1,172 5,669 8,215 9,620 5,346 1,757 5,329 1,223 1,782 989 1,186 5,376 1,306 17,096 7,308 929 8,504 2,727 3,068 14,453 1,566 3,199 996 3,921 15,185 3,766 1,102 7,096 4,985 1,637 6,044 421

27,316,537 442,009 57,724 519,381 263,326 3,389,475 434,165 273,000 75,857 72,867 1,340,658 844,924 115,683 140,017 1,217,816 618,463 299,438 277,164 404,146 475,946 104,527 454,129 582,619 937,626 473,816 312,663 538,883 86,241 175,359 181,984 104,064 679,702 177,978 1,772,439 814,485 73,371 1,062,062 358,410 330,074 1,099,275 107,100 410,784 78,087 552,177 2,213,346 320,147 56,918 686,011 563,091 173,092 523,861 50,157

29,404,797 453,363 78,831 570,206 269,720 3,601,422 479,582 315,265 79,909 67,720 1,583,393 912,133 128,311 157,526 1,273,336 637,074 320,586 306,834 417,504 496,032 117,289 515,830 621,142 997,376 523,797 317,707 586,404 103,362 197,081 210,962 123,750 716,880 202,397 1,839,901 855,830 89,501 1,084,194 387,237 351,657 1,169,151 109,690 427,535 87,891 570,664 2,429,659 342,610 66,960 776,170 617,519 172,766 585,387 57,751

30,412,035 465,249 79,696 610,920 273,263 3,746,026 500,695 340,550 83,522 72,339 1,667,090 979,688 124,841 161,387 1,298,744 643,920 321,355 307,284 416,470 477,506 118,353 547,538 668,112 995,230 526,091 313,729 592,454 104,243 196,793 228,809 130,242 756,033 202,276 1,923,887 942,328 88,808 1,084,493 386,532 364,365 1,219,844 112,088 452,903 87,586 585,173 2,523,258 341,926 68,869 814,917 644,616 169,767 590,593 59,634

7.6 8.0 4.2 5.6 5.5 6.5 10.9 6.8 9.2 12.2 5.5 6.1 6.2 7.2 7.4 8.3 10.5 8.8 5.6 7.1 10.4 9.7 12.6 8.9 8.6 5.5 8.8 13.6 9.0 3.0 12.3 7.7 7.0 8.2 7.6 12.2 7.4 7.0 7.4 10.6 11.5 6.5 12.6 6.3 5.4 8.8 14.8 9.3 6.8 7.0 9.3 9.1

8.0 7.7 3.1 8.9 6.0 7.4 11.4 6.7 8.7 19.4 5.7 6.6 5.9 7.8 8.6 9.1 10.1 8.6 5.5 7.3 9.7 11.5 12.3 9.2 9.3 5.1 9.1 10.9 8.3 3.5 9.1 7.5 6.9 9.1 7.9 10.2 7.5 6.8 8.1 11.7 14.0 7.3 11.8 6.2 5.6 10.0 12.9 8.1 7.5 7.5 9.5 6.5

8.2 8.4 3.9 8.6 5.7 7.6 11.4 7.5 8.9 19.1 6.5 6.3 6.7 8.9 7.8 8.7 11.1 8.0 6.0 6.7 9.9 10.4 12.3 9.7 10.2 5.6 9.0 11.7 9.1 4.3 9.1 7.1 6.5 8.9 7.8 10.5 7.8 7.1 8.4 11.8 14.0 7.1 11.4 6.7 6.0 11.0 16.0 8.7 7.7 9.6 10.2 7.1

Puerto Rico ..................

3,013

2,848

3,039

429,220

406,548

394,800

7.0

7.0

7.7

na = not applicable EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; NS&E = natural sciences and engineering NOTE: For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years); Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-48


Science and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of Higher Education Degrees Conferred Figure 8-19 Science and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred: 2009


AR MO ND

AZ 16.8

AL IN KS KY MS NE OK TN WV

18.9

21.0

23.1

DE GA IA MI NM NY PA RI SC

FL ID IL LA MN NV OH TX 25.2

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.

27.3

CO CT HI MA ME NJ OR WA

NC NH SD UT WI 29.4

31.5

CA DC MD WY

AK MT VA 33.6

35.7

VT 37.8

39.9

Percent

Findings U

In 2009, nearly 668,000 S&E bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees were conferred nationwide, an increase of 30% since 2000.

U

Nationally, the proportion of S&E degrees as a share of total degrees conferred decreased by 3% between 2005 and 2009.

U

There are noteworthy differences in the proportions of S&E higher education degrees conferred in different states. In some states, only about 20% of higher education degrees were awarded in S&E fields. In others, nearly 40% of higher education degrees were awarded in S&E fields.

U

The District of Columbia has a high value because of the large number of programs in political science and public administration at several of its academic institutions.

This indicator represents the extent to which a state’s higher education programs are concentrated in S&E fields. S&E fields include the physical, life, earth, ocean, atmospheric, computer, and social sciences; mathematics; engineering; and psychology. Counts of both S&E degrees and higher education degrees conferred include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees; associate’s degrees are not included. Degree data reflect the location of the degree-granting institution, not the state where degree-earning students permanently reside. The year indicates the end date of the academic year. For example, data for 2009 represent degrees conferred during the 2008–09 academic year. All degree data are actual counts.

8-49


Table 8-19 Science and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009

All S&E degrees State

All higher education degrees

2000

2005

2009


515,298 7,512 578 6,890 2,828 61,903 11,733 6,887 1,940 5,740 18,293 11,754 2,235 1,823 22,464 11,404 6,611 5,317 5,091 6,998 2,302 12,235 22,662 18,430 9,043 3,397 10,965 2,102 3,304 1,365 3,342 13,940 2,636 42,901 14,651 1,519 18,123 5,982 6,608 26,563 3,012 5,953 1,813 8,029 27,962 6,289 2,230 16,299 9,720 2,750 10,260 910

614,694 8,038 676 9,613 3,306 77,557 13,745 8,154 2,163 7,490 24,845 14,807 2,412 2,384 27,237 13,317 7,378 6,068 6,088 7,849 2,550 15,675 25,251 21,335 11,915 3,577 12,984 2,254 3,847 1,963 3,460 15,667 3,065 51,470 16,665 1,539 20,287 6,342 7,805 31,478 3,447 6,855 1,966 8,749 34,612 8,153 2,508 17,810 12,449 2,945 12,187 757

667,790 8,899 802 13,432 3,390 84,579 14,280 9,615 2,241 8,469 29,004 15,775 2,656 2,797 28,725 13,251 9,079 5,920 6,481 7,199 2,749 16,514 26,712 22,804 13,887 3,937 13,464 2,298 4,193 2,585 3,684 16,535 3,255 54,412 18,671 1,610 21,129 6,384 7,975 34,537 3,783 7,279 1,990 9,601 38,196 8,339 3,144 20,822 13,215 3,772 12,881 839

Puerto Rico ..................

4,807

4,817

5,293

2000

2005

2009

1,739,739 2,066,513 2,322,054 29,848 32,180 35,725 1,901 2,107 2,267 31,863 49,921 72,140 11,916 14,291 16,089 171,337 207,416 230,605 31,689 38,125 43,834 23,703 26,359 29,078 6,296 7,512 8,118 14,433 18,348 22,525 71,408 92,917 112,165 40,661 49,851 57,165 6,986 7,497 8,001 5,943 9,057 10,816 84,112 102,657 111,875 41,655 49,048 54,032 23,165 25,774 33,315 19,617 22,348 24,284 20,865 24,937 28,070 26,338 28,930 28,256 6,916 8,188 8,717 33,753 40,381 44,369 69,410 76,108 83,467 67,567 75,675 78,332 31,839 42,566 52,323 14,598 15,931 17,023 43,783 52,849 59,466 6,187 6,416 6,559 14,008 16,427 17,411 5,813 7,776 9,884 10,330 11,025 12,375 37,278 45,515 49,544 9,664 10,874 11,366 146,896 176,054 193,777 46,045 52,192 60,854 5,798 6,454 7,128 68,854 79,349 83,813 21,374 24,398 25,995 19,647 23,492 24,858 90,495 107,174 119,761 10,524 11,883 13,002 20,995 24,268 26,666 5,456 6,077 6,377 31,502 35,453 40,553 103,283 124,122 142,321 20,866 25,382 27,003 6,350 6,638 8,031 45,870 51,210 60,840 32,085 37,831 40,136 11,144 12,522 15,787 35,426 40,806 43,694 2,247 2,202 2,262 19,261

21,111

23,501

All S&E degrees/all higher education degrees (%) 2000

2005

2009

29.6 25.2 30.4 21.6 23.7 36.1 37.0 29.1 30.8 39.8 25.6 28.9 32.0 30.7 26.7 27.4 28.5 27.1 24.4 26.6 33.3 36.2 32.6 27.3 28.4 23.3 25.0 34.0 23.6 23.5 32.4 37.4 27.3 29.2 31.8 26.2 26.3 28.0 33.6 29.4 28.6 28.4 33.2 25.5 27.1 30.1 35.1 35.5 30.3 24.7 29.0 40.5

29.7 25.0 32.1 19.3 23.1 37.4 36.1 30.9 28.8 40.8 26.7 29.7 32.2 26.3 26.5 27.2 28.6 27.2 24.4 27.1 31.1 38.8 33.2 28.2 28.0 22.5 24.6 35.1 23.4 25.2 31.4 34.4 28.2 29.2 31.9 23.8 25.6 26.0 33.2 29.4 29.0 28.2 32.4 24.7 27.9 32.1 37.8 34.8 32.9 23.5 29.9 34.4

28.8 24.9 35.4 18.6 21.1 36.7 32.6 33.1 27.6 37.6 25.9 27.6 33.2 25.9 25.7 24.5 27.3 24.4 23.1 25.5 31.5 37.2 32.0 29.1 26.5 23.1 22.6 35.0 24.1 26.2 29.8 33.4 28.6 28.1 30.7 22.6 25.2 24.6 32.1 28.8 29.1 27.3 31.2 23.7 26.8 30.9 39.1 34.2 32.9 23.9 29.5 37.1

25.0

22.8

22.5

NOTES: All S&E degrees include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate. All S&E degrees include physical, computer, agricultural, biological, earth, atmospheric, ocean, and social sciences; psychology; mathematics; and engineering. All higher education degrees include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-50


Natural Sciences and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of Higher Education Degrees Conferred Figure 8-20 Natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred: 2009

AZ 9.0

AL HI IA IL IN KS MS NE NH OH OK SC

AR DC DE FL KY MN MO NV NY TN WV 10.5

12.0

13.5

CA CO ID MI NC NJ NM PA UT VA VT WI

CT GA LA MA ME ND OR RI TX WA 15.0


16.5


MD SD 18.0

19.5

AK 21.0

MT 22.5

WY 24.0

25.5

Percent

Findings U

In 2009, nearly 354,000 NS&E bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees were conferred nationwide, an increase of 25% since 2000.

U

The proportion of NS&E degrees as a share of total degrees conferred showed a decline of 5% between 2005 and 2009.

U

There are noteworthy differences in the proportions of natural sciences and engineering higher education degrees conferred in different states. In 2009, the proportions ranged between 9.7% and 24.4%.

U

Nationally, over half, 53%, of all S&E degrees were in NS&E fields in 2009, down from 55% of all S&E degrees in 2000.

U

States with the highest percentage of higher education degrees in natural science or engineering fields tended to be located in the western United States, and four of the top five are EPSCoR states.

This indicator represents the extent to which a state’s higher education programs are concentrated in natural sciences and engineering (NS&E) fields. The indicator is expressed as the percentage of higher education degrees that were conferred in NS&E fields. NS&E fields include the physical, life, earth, ocean, atmospheric, and computer sciences; mathematics; and engineering. Social sciences such as anthropology, economics, political science and public administration; psychology; and sociology are not included. Counts of both NS&E degrees and higher education degrees conferred include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees; associate’s degrees are not included. Degree data reflect the location of the degree-granting institution, not the state in which degree-earning students permanently reside. The year reflects the end date of the academic year. For example, data for 2009 represent degrees conferred during the 2008–09 academic year. All degree data are actual counts.

8-51


Table 8-20 Natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of higher education degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 NS&E degrees State

NS&E/higher education degrees (%)

All higher education degrees

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009


283,371 4,464 360 4,063 1,734 30,833 6,823 3,007 917 2,091 9,942 7,099 1,004 1,272 13,053 6,723 3,939 3,196 2,819 4,357 1,228 6,854 11,309 11,873 5,056 2,195 5,974 1,458 1,958 756 1,656 7,469 1,704 20,638 8,070 1,026 10,671 3,366 3,224 15,119 1,589 3,417 1,142 4,430 17,004 3,541 1,008 8,627 5,009 1,571 6,105 628

331,247 4,732 419 6,343 2,022 38,181 7,663 3,634 980 2,561 12,636 8,354 1,011 1,568 16,027 7,637 4,205 3,557 3,215 4,895 1,272 9,110 12,222 13,474 6,333 2,225 6,935 1,455 2,212 1,035 1,563 7,859 2,015 24,534 9,084 1,087 11,425 3,821 3,852 18,344 1,914 3,971 1,324 4,560 20,489 4,327 1,097 8,689 5,981 1,764 7,124 510

353,509 5,261 475 6,989 1,970 40,990 7,827 4,624 1,069 2,949 15,036 9,025 1,109 1,797 15,937 7,493 4,633 3,290 3,392 4,260 1,305 9,142 13,219 13,861 6,873 2,427 7,182 1,529 2,393 1,326 1,730 8,283 1,982 25,832 10,110 1,147 11,767 3,740 3,947 19,701 1,988 3,967 1,253 5,083 22,601 4,699 1,365 10,456 6,415 2,042 7,466 552

1,739,739 29,848 1,901 31,863 11,916 171,337 31,689 23,703 6,296 14,433 71,408 40,661 6,986 5,943 84,112 41,655 23,165 19,617 20,865 26,338 6,916 33,753 69,410 67,567 31,839 14,598 43,783 6,187 14,008 5,813 10,330 37,278 9,664 146,896 46,045 5,798 68,854 21,374 19,647 90,495 10,524 20,995 5,456 31,502 103,283 20,866 6,350 45,870 32,085 11,144 35,426 2,247

2,066,513 32,180 2,107 49,921 14,291 207,416 38,125 26,359 7,512 18,348 92,917 49,851 7,497 9,057 102,657 49,048 25,774 22,348 24,937 28,930 8,188 40,381 76,108 75,675 42,566 15,931 52,849 6,416 16,427 7,776 11,025 45,515 10,874 176,054 52,192 6,454 79,349 24,398 23,492 107,174 11,883 24,268 6,077 35,453 124,122 25,382 6,638 51,210 37,831 12,522 40,806 2,202

2,322,054 35,725 2,267 72,140 16,089 230,605 43,834 29,078 8,118 22,525 112,165 57,165 8,001 10,816 111,875 54,032 33,315 24,284 28,070 28,256 8,717 44,369 83,467 78,332 52,323 17,023 59,466 6,559 17,411 9,884 12,375 49,544 11,366 193,777 60,854 7,128 83,813 25,995 24,858 119,761 13,002 26,666 6,377 40,553 142,321 27,003 8,031 60,840 40,136 15,787 43,694 2,262

16.3 15.0 18.9 12.8 14.6 18.0 21.5 12.7 14.6 14.5 13.9 17.5 14.4 21.4 15.5 16.1 17.0 16.3 13.5 16.5 17.8 20.3 16.3 17.6 15.9 15.0 13.6 23.6 14.0 13.0 16.0 20.0 17.6 14.0 17.5 17.7 15.5 15.7 16.4 16.7 15.1 16.3 20.9 14.1 16.5 17.0 15.9 18.8 15.6 14.1 17.2 27.9

16.0 14.7 19.9 12.7 14.1 18.4 20.1 13.8 13.0 14.0 13.6 16.8 13.5 17.3 15.6 15.6 16.3 15.9 12.9 16.9 15.5 22.6 16.1 17.8 14.9 14.0 13.1 22.7 13.5 13.3 14.2 17.3 18.5 13.9 17.4 16.8 14.4 15.7 16.4 17.1 16.1 16.4 21.8 12.9 16.5 17.0 16.5 17.0 15.8 14.1 17.5 23.2

15.2 14.7 21.0 9.7 12.2 17.8 17.9 15.9 13.2 13.1 13.4 15.8 13.9 16.6 14.2 13.9 13.9 13.5 12.1 15.1 15.0 20.6 15.8 17.7 13.1 14.3 12.1 23.3 13.7 13.4 14.0 16.7 17.4 13.3 16.6 16.1 14.0 14.4 15.9 16.5 15.3 14.9 19.6 12.5 15.9 17.4 17.0 17.2 16.0 12.9 17.1 24.4

Puerto Rico ..................

3,314

3,244

3,586

19,261

21,111

23,501

17.2

15.4

15.3

NS&E = natural sciences and engineering NOTES: NS&E degrees include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate. NS&E degrees include physical, computer, agricultural, biological, earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences; mathematics; and engineering. All higher education degrees include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-52


Science and Engineering Graduate Students per 1,000 Individuals 25–34 Years Old Figure 8-21 Science and engineering graduate students per 1,000 individuals 25–34 years old: 2009

5.0

AK AL CA HI MO MT NC NH NJ OK TX UT WV WY

AZ FL GA ID LA MS OR TN VT WA

AR KY ME NV SC 7.5


10.0

IA IL IN MI NE NM OH PA SD VA WI 12.5

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering; Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program.

CO DE KS MD RI 15.0

CT MN ND

NY 17.5

20.0

MA 22.5

25.0

27.5

DC 30.0

85.0

87.5

Graduate students

Findings U

The number of S&E graduate students in the United States grew from approximately 411,000 in 2000 to 523,000 in 2009, a 27% increase.

U

Among the 50 states, the value of this indicator ranged from 5.1 to 29.4.

U

Growth in the number of S&E graduate students was most significant in California during this period. Other states with sizeable increases included Texas, New York, Minnesota, and Florida.

Graduate students in S&E fields may become the technical leaders of the future. This indicator is a relative measure of a state’s population with graduate training in S&E and is defined as the ratio of S&E graduate students to a state’s population ages 25–34. Graduate students are counted on the basis of their university enrollment and include state residents, residents of other states, and noncitizens. The cohort includes all state residents ages 25–34 and was chosen to approximate the age of most graduate students. Data on S&E graduate students are counts obtained from all academic institutions in the United States that offer doctoral or master’s degree programs in any S&E field, including the physical, life, earth, ocean, atmospheric, computer, and social sciences; mathematics; engineering; and psychology. Graduate students enrolled in schools of nursing, public health, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and other health-related disciplines are not included. Estimates of the population ages 25–34 years old are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Small differences in the value of the indicator between states or across years generally are not meaningful.

8-53


Table 8-21 Science and engineering graduate students per 1,000 individuals 25–34 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009

S&E graduate students State

S&E graduate students/1,000 individuals 25–34 years old


2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009


410,505 5,161 597 6,477 1,958 53,437 8,688 6,266 1,414 7,126 15,463 8,809 1,412 1,309 22,964 7,931 4,646 5,740 3,390 5,496 588 8,995 19,536 15,080 6,749 2,628 5,947 1,199 2,452 1,423 1,340 11,135 3,109 37,782 10,034 1,053 16,092 3,478 3,815 18,300 1,709 3,185 866 5,366 27,855 3,821 627 11,552 5,905 2,024 7,822 754

474,550 6,232 806 6,976 2,447 63,837 8,997 6,973 1,760 8,662 19,126 10,675 1,892 2,013 23,387 9,648 5,020 5,804 4,625 4,809 684 11,228 22,638 15,454 10,685 3,175 7,278 1,454 2,811 1,992 1,448 12,267 3,762 42,399 12,167 1,512 19,054 4,274 4,387 20,209 1,971 3,339 930 6,585 32,788 4,884 644 12,566 6,570 2,247 8,572 887

522,511 6,562 1,064 8,161 2,799 66,695 11,000 8,660 1,907 9,700 22,486 11,151 2,013 1,933 25,617 10,489 5,463 5,574 4,076 5,824 760 12,453 25,120 16,072 14,484 3,246 8,369 1,468 3,272 2,137 1,544 13,580 3,792 46,786 14,457 1,811 19,580 5,095 4,737 21,542 2,127 3,499 1,452 6,431 37,774 4,929 655 14,624 7,534 2,273 8,817 917

39,825,518 600,351 89,013 744,892 351,690 5,233,641 665,276 450,434 108,699 101,272 2,084,041 1,300,057 170,502 169,287 1,806,793 828,362 361,434 347,757 566,024 597,966 156,941 746,862 924,695 1,357,578 671,894 380,294 736,623 102,764 222,460 308,307 159,784 1,186,931 233,360 2,749,299 1,212,550 76,253 1,513,069 449,552 469,904 1,552,979 140,153 559,245 90,667 813,532 3,164,710 327,177 74,260 1,035,588 839,575 227,512 704,005 59,504

39,712,639 593,380 92,286 864,337 368,207 5,223,518 676,923 405,974 110,244 102,601 2,229,778 1,329,899 176,998 186,405 1,745,946 817,981 345,064 337,097 562,610 593,933 148,575 729,811 843,944 1,261,427 653,869 379,067 739,026 104,944 216,423 357,001 149,554 1,112,730 250,621 2,602,535 1,187,546 71,313 1,470,729 456,812 483,361 1,489,438 134,692 565,038 91,888 820,169 3,339,356 381,597 67,274 1,027,412 851,102 224,330 675,890 61,984

41,566,322 619,371 106,145 956,944 389,042 5,385,409 734,263 411,196 115,495 112,704 2,357,049 1,392,988 191,254 209,877 1,783,102 838,888 367,097 368,979 579,199 624,512 149,643 756,962 855,592 1,202,738 699,621 393,163 785,730 120,074 232,221 394,105 149,648 1,110,420 277,897 2,649,054 1,235,447 81,735 1,478,233 504,985 525,411 1,538,441 131,818 598,990 102,810 848,633 3,647,847 441,598 69,085 1,084,710 948,773 225,178 707,393 74,853

10.3 8.6 6.7 8.7 5.6 10.2 13.1 13.9 13.0 70.4 7.4 6.8 8.3 7.7 12.7 9.6 12.9 16.5 6.0 9.2 3.7 12.0 21.1 11.1 10.0 6.9 8.1 11.7 11.0 4.6 8.4 9.4 13.3 13.7 8.3 13.8 10.6 7.7 8.1 11.8 12.2 5.7 9.6 6.6 8.8 11.7 8.4 11.2 7.0 8.9 11.1 12.7

11.9 10.5 8.7 8.1 6.6 12.2 13.3 17.2 16.0 84.4 8.6 8.0 10.7 10.8 13.4 11.8 14.5 17.2 8.2 8.1 4.6 15.4 26.8 12.3 16.3 8.4 9.8 13.9 13.0 5.6 9.7 11.0 15.0 16.3 10.2 21.2 13.0 9.4 9.1 13.6 14.6 5.9 10.1 8.0 9.8 12.8 9.6 12.2 7.7 10.0 12.7 14.3

12.6 10.6 10.0 8.5 7.2 12.4 15.0 21.1 16.5 86.1 9.5 8.0 10.5 9.2 14.4 12.5 14.9 15.1 7.0 9.3 5.1 16.5 29.4 13.4 20.7 8.3 10.7 12.2 14.1 5.4 10.3 12.2 13.6 17.7 11.7 22.2 13.2 10.1 9.0 14.0 16.1 5.8 14.1 7.6 10.4 11.2 9.5 13.5 7.9 10.1 12.5 12.3

Puerto Rico ..................

2,944

3,661

3,068

534,332

550,170

556,543

5.5

6.7

5.5

NOTE: S&E graduate students include students pursuing graduate degrees in physical, computer, agricultural, biological, earth, atmospheric, ocean, and social sciences; psychology; mathematics; and engineering. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science Engineering; Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and Population Estimates Program (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-54


Advanced Science and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of S&E Degrees Conferred Figure 8-22 Advanced science and engineering degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred: 2009

8

AR ID LA MT ND OR RI TN UT WA

IA SC WI

ME 12

CO FL HI IN KS KY MS NC NH NV OH OK PA SD WV WY

16

20


AL AZ CA DE GA MI MN MO NE NJ NY TX VA VT 24

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. AK CT MA MD NM 28

IL 32

DC 36

40

44

48

Percent

Findings U

In 2009, nearly 167,000 advanced S&E degrees were awarded nationwide, 38% more degrees than were awarded in 2000. The share of advanced degrees as a percentage of all S&E degrees conferred increased by 6% between 2000 and 2009.

U

In 2009, the value of this indicator for individual states ranged from 8.4 % to 32.2% of S&E graduates completing training at the master’s or doctoral level. California produced the largest number of advanced S&E degrees, consistent over the decade and approximately 110 times the number produced in Wyoming.

U

Between 2000 and 2009, 33 states showed increases in the share of their S&E graduates completing training at the master’s or doctoral level and 16 states and the District of Columbia showed decreases.

U

In states with few S&E graduate programs, the number of advanced S&E degrees conferred varies considerably from year to year. Readers should use caution when making annual comparisons for those states with small numbers of S&E graduate students.

This indicator represents the extent to which a state’s higher education programs in S&E are concentrated at the graduate level. S&E fields include the physical, life, earth, ocean, atmospheric, computer, and social sciences; mathematics; engineering; and psychology. Advanced S&E degrees include master’s and doctoral degrees. Total S&E degrees include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees but exclude associate’s degrees. The indicator value is computed by dividing the number of advanced S&E degrees by the total number of S&E degrees awarded by the higher education institutions within the state. The number of degrees are actual counts provided by the National Center of Education Statistics.

8-55


Table 8-22 Advanced science and engineering degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Advanced S&E degrees State

Advanced S&E/ all S&E degrees (%)

All S&E degrees

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009


120,997 1,937 185 1,736 436 15,497 2,911 1,748 394 2,825 4,199 2,764 575 331 6,504 2,483 1,055 1,160 938 1,430 185 3,637 6,600 4,788 1,609 628 2,796 368 647 315 554 3,118 697 10,760 2,630 190 4,249 1,981 1,227 5,448 509 957 307 1,497 7,131 1,044 409 3,366 1,815 546 1,656 225

148,629 2,271 236 1,872 558 19,021 3,370 2,209 507 3,317 5,445 3,453 558 424 8,294 2,840 1,261 1,355 1,551 1,773 196 4,618 7,662 5,744 2,644 793 3,452 447 808 482 634 3,811 877 13,828 3,177 234 4,802 1,624 1,544 6,755 610 1,071 472 1,593 9,318 1,283 516 4,062 2,328 660 2,069 200

166,714 2,409 243 3,259 639 21,198 3,415 2,812 553 3,968 6,396 3,993 582 457 9,254 3,040 1,423 1,321 1,537 1,417 231 5,121 8,249 5,931 3,827 901 3,556 424 1,060 546 755 4,507 947 14,817 3,838 284 4,872 1,506 1,430 8,023 701 1,128 419 1,874 10,473 1,353 795 5,664 2,523 843 2,010 190

515,298 7,512 578 6,890 2,828 61,903 11,733 6,887 1,940 5,740 18,293 11,754 2,235 1,823 22,464 11,404 6,611 5,317 5,091 6,998 2,302 12,235 22,662 18,430 9,043 3,397 10,965 2,102 3,304 1,365 3,342 13,940 2,636 42,901 14,651 1,519 18,123 5,982 6,608 26,563 3,012 5,953 1,813 8,029 27,962 6,289 2,230 16,299 9,720 2,750 10,260 910

614,694 8,038 676 9,613 3,306 77,557 13,745 8,154 2,163 7,490 24,845 14,807 2,412 2,384 27,237 13,317 7,378 6,068 6,088 7,849 2,550 15,675 25,251 21,335 11,915 3,577 12,984 2,254 3,847 1,963 3,460 15,667 3,065 51,470 16,665 1,539 20,287 6,342 7,805 31,478 3,447 6,855 1,966 8,749 34,612 8,153 2,508 17,810 12,449 2,945 12,187 757

667,790 8,899 802 13,432 3,390 84,579 14,280 9,615 2,241 8,469 29,004 15,775 2,656 2,797 28,725 13,251 9,079 5,920 6,481 7,199 2,749 16,514 26,712 22,804 13,887 3,937 13,464 2,298 4,193 2,585 3,684 16,535 3,255 54,412 18,671 1,610 21,129 6,384 7,975 34,537 3,783 7,279 1,990 9,601 38,196 8,339 3,144 20,822 13,215 3,772 12,881 839

23.5 25.8 32.0 25.2 15.4 25.0 24.8 25.4 20.3 49.2 23.0 23.5 25.7 18.2 29.0 21.8 16.0 21.8 18.4 20.4 8.0 29.7 29.1 26.0 17.8 18.5 25.5 17.5 19.6 23.1 16.6 22.4 26.4 25.1 18.0 12.5 23.4 33.1 18.6 20.5 16.9 16.1 16.9 18.6 25.5 16.6 18.3 20.7 18.7 19.9 16.1 24.7

24.2 28.3 34.9 19.5 16.9 24.5 24.5 27.1 23.4 44.3 21.9 23.3 23.1 17.8 30.5 21.3 17.1 22.3 25.5 22.6 7.7 29.5 30.3 26.9 22.2 22.2 26.6 19.8 21.0 24.6 18.3 24.3 28.6 26.9 19.1 15.2 23.7 25.6 19.8 21.5 17.7 15.6 24.0 18.2 26.9 15.7 20.6 22.8 18.7 22.4 17.0 26.4

25.0 27.1 30.3 24.3 18.8 25.1 23.9 29.2 24.7 46.9 22.1 25.3 21.9 16.3 32.2 22.9 15.7 22.3 23.7 19.7 8.4 31.0 30.9 26.0 27.6 22.9 26.4 18.5 25.3 21.1 20.5 27.3 29.1 27.2 20.6 17.6 23.1 23.6 17.9 23.2 18.5 15.5 21.1 19.5 27.4 16.2 25.3 27.2 19.1 22.3 15.6 22.6

Puerto Rico ..................

620

775

1,056

4,807

4,817

5,293

12.9

16.1

20.0

NOTES: Advanced S&E degrees include only master’s and doctorate. All S&E degrees include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate. S&E degrees include physical, computer, agricultural, biological, earth, atmospheric, ocean, and social sciences; psychology; mathematics; and engineering. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-56


Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Degrees as a Percentage of NS&E Degrees Conferred Figure 8-23 Advanced natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of NS&E degrees conferred: 2009

ND SC UT VT WI WV

ME 10

15

AL CO FL IN KS KY MO MS NC NE NV OH OK PA

AR AZ HI IA ID LA MN MT OR RI SD TN WA WY 20

25


AK CA DE GA MI NH NM NY TX VA 30

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. IL MA MD NJ 35

CT 40

45

DC 50

55

Percent

Findings U

In 2009, more than 104,000 advanced natural sciences and engineering (NS&E) degrees were awarded nationwide. This total represented approximately 37% more than were awarded in 2000. The share of advanced degrees as a percentage of all NS&E degrees conferred rose by 10% between 2000 and 2009.

U

In 2009, the value of this indicator ranged from a low of 10.2% to a high of 45.1% of NS&E graduates completing training at the master’s or doctoral level.

U

Nationally, about 62% of all advanced S&E degrees were in NS&E fields in 2009, nearly unchanged from a decade ago in 2000.

U

In states with few NS&E graduate programs, the number of advanced NS&E degrees conferred varies considerably from year to year. Readers should use caution when making annual comparisons for those states with small numbers of NS&E graduate students.

This indicator represents the extent to which a state’s higher education programs in natural sciences and engineering (NS&E) are concentrated at the graduate level. NS&E fields include the physical, life, earth, ocean, atmospheric, and computer sciences; mathematics; and engineering. The social sciences, including anthropology, economics, political science and public administration, psychology, and sociology, are not included. Advanced NS&E degrees include master’s and doctoral degrees. Total NS&E degrees include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees but exclude associate’s degrees. The indicator value is computed by dividing the number of advanced NS&E degrees by the total number of NS&E degrees awarded by the higher education institutions within the state. The number of degrees are actual counts provided by the National Center of Education Statistics.

8-57


Table 8-23 Advanced natural sciences and engineering degrees as a percentage of NS&E degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Advanced NS&E degrees State

2000

2005


75,996 908 120 1,135 294 8,797 2,081 1,155 221 1,202 2,589 1,909 285 259 4,082 1,610 804 760 553 962 137 2,432 3,981 3,558 989 462 1,207 285 377 208 375 2,220 461 6,187 1,898 133 2,843 875 784 3,448 353 733 161 975 5,136 724 168 2,213 1,159 363 1,254 171

94,547 1,221 171 1,274 392 11,395 2,188 1,518 286 1,244 3,539 2,291 257 334 5,025 1,840 956 920 922 1,295 136 3,199 4,599 4,300 1,472 595 1,585 328 570 296 433 2,505 623 7,829 2,310 174 3,319 1,185 1,021 4,625 383 841 285 1,019 6,797 915 232 2,379 1,366 476 1,550 132

Puerto Rico ..................

301

396

2009

Advanced NS&E degrees/ NS&E degrees conferred (%)

NS&E degrees conferred 2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

104,089 1,370 162 1,705 407 12,604 2,113 2,084 329 1,569 4,267 2,835 267 360 5,857 1,920 1,070 827 889 1,044 133 3,473 5,004 4,241 1,527 670 1,853 306 611 337 544 2,907 676 8,736 2,802 218 3,263 1,013 879 5,248 422 768 257 1,162 7,416 933 263 3,360 1,430 405 1,422 131

283,371 4,464 360 4,063 1,734 30,833 6,823 3,007 917 2,091 9,942 7,099 1,004 1,272 13,053 6,723 3,939 3,196 2,819 4,357 1,228 6,854 11,309 11,873 5,056 2,195 5,974 1,458 1,958 756 1,656 7,469 1,704 20,638 8,070 1,026 10,671 3,366 3,224 15,119 1,589 3,417 1,142 4,430 17,004 3,541 1,008 8,627 5,009 1,571 6,105 628

331,247 4,732 419 6,343 2,022 38,181 7,663 3,634 980 2,561 12,636 8,354 1,011 1,568 16,027 7,637 4,205 3,557 3,215 4,895 1,272 9,110 12,222 13,474 6,333 2,225 6,935 1,455 2,212 1,035 1,563 7,859 2,015 24,534 9,084 1,087 11,425 3,821 3,852 18,344 1,914 3,971 1,324 4,560 20,489 4,327 1,097 8,689 5,981 1,764 7,124 510

353,509 5,261 475 6,989 1,970 40,990 7,827 4,624 1,069 2,949 15,036 9,025 1,109 1,797 15,937 7,493 4,633 3,290 3,392 4,260 1,305 9,142 13,219 13,861 6,873 2,427 7,182 1,529 2,393 1,326 1,730 8,283 1,982 25,832 10,110 1,147 11,767 3,740 3,947 19,701 1,988 3,967 1,253 5,083 22,601 4,699 1,365 10,456 6,415 2,042 7,466 552

26.8 20.3 33.3 27.9 17.0 28.5 30.5 38.4 24.1 57.5 26.0 26.9 28.4 20.4 31.3 23.9 20.4 23.8 19.6 22.1 11.2 35.5 35.2 30.0 19.6 21.0 20.2 19.5 19.3 27.5 22.6 29.7 27.1 30.0 23.5 13.0 26.6 26.0 24.3 22.8 22.2 21.5 14.1 22.0 30.2 20.4 16.7 25.7 23.1 23.1 20.5 27.2

28.5 25.8 40.8 20.1 19.4 29.8 28.6 41.8 29.2 48.6 28.0 27.4 25.4 21.3 31.4 24.1 22.7 25.9 28.7 26.5 10.7 35.1 37.6 31.9 23.2 26.7 22.9 22.5 25.8 28.6 27.7 31.9 30.9 31.9 25.4 16.0 29.1 31.0 26.5 25.2 20.0 21.2 21.5 22.3 33.2 21.1 21.1 27.4 22.8 27.0 21.8 25.9

29.4 26.0 34.1 24.4 20.7 30.7 27.0 45.1 30.8 53.2 28.4 31.4 24.1 20.0 36.8 25.6 23.1 25.1 26.2 24.5 10.2 38.0 37.9 30.6 22.2 27.6 25.8 20.0 25.5 25.4 31.4 35.1 34.1 33.8 27.7 19.0 27.7 27.1 22.3 26.6 21.2 19.4 20.5 22.9 32.8 19.9 19.3 32.1 22.3 19.8 19.0 23.7

547

3,314

3,244

3,586

9.1

12.2

15.3

NS&E = natural sciences and engineering NOTES: Advanced NS&E degrees include only master’s and doctorate. NS&E degrees conferred includes bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate. NS&E degrees include physical, computer, agricultural, biological, earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences; mathematics; and engineering. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-58


Science and Engineering Doctoral Degrees as a Percentage of S&E Degrees Conferred Figure 8-24 Science and engineering doctoral degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred: 2009

1.2

AK AR KY MO MS MT NH OK SC UT VA WA

ID SD WV

ME VT 1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6


AL AZ CO CT DC FL HI IA KS LA MD MN ND NE OR PA 4.2


IL MI NJ NY RI TN WI WY 4.8

CA NC NM NV OH TX 5.4

GA IN 6.0

DE MA 6.6

7.2

Percent

Findings U

The number of S&E doctoral degrees awarded nationwide rose from 25,000 in 2000 to 33,000 in 2009, an increase of 31%. California showed the largest increase in the number of S&E doctorates awarded during this period.

U

Nationally, about 5% of the S&E degrees awarded have been doctoral degrees. In 2009, the value of this indicator for individual states ranged from a low of 1.4% to a high of 7.0% of S&E graduates completing training at the doctorate level.

U

In states with a small number of S&E graduate programs, the number of S&E doctoral degrees awarded varies considerably from year to year. Readers should use caution when making annual comparisons for those states with small numbers of S&E doctorates.

This indicator represents the extent to which a state’s higher education programs in S&E are focused on producing individuals with the highest level of technical expertise. The academic and technical leaders of the future are often drawn from individuals receiving S&E doctoral degrees. S&E fields include the physical, life, earth, ocean, atmospheric, computer, and social sciences; mathematics; engineering; and psychology. Total S&E degrees conferred include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees but exclude associate’s degrees. The indicator value is computed by dividing the number of doctoral degrees awarded in S&E fields by the total number of S&E degrees awarded by the higher education institutions within the state. The number of degrees are counts provided by the National Center of Education Statistics.

8-59


Table 8-24 Science and engineering doctoral degrees as a percentage of S&E degrees conferred, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 S&E doctoral degrees State

S&E doctoral degrees/ S&E degrees conferred (%)

S&E degrees conferred

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

United States ................. Alabama ..................... Alaska ........................ Arizona ....................... Arkansas .................... California .................... Colorado .................... Connecticut ............... Delaware .................... District of Columbia ... Florida ........................ Georgia ...................... Hawaii ........................ Idaho .......................... Illinois ......................... Indiana ....................... Iowa ........................... Kansas ....................... Kentucky .................... Louisiana.................... Maine ......................... Maryland .................... Massachusetts........... Michigan .................... Minnesota .................. Mississippi ................. Missouri ..................... Montana ..................... Nebraska.................... Nevada....................... New Hampshire ......... New Jersey ................ New Mexico ............... New York.................... North Carolina ............ North Dakota ............. Ohio ........................... Oklahoma................... Oregon ....................... Pennsylvania .............. Rhode Island .............. South Carolina ........... South Dakota ............. Tennessee .................. Texas .......................... Utah ........................... Vermont...................... Virginia ....................... Washington ................ West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................. Wyoming ....................

25,350 281 13 431 67 3,553 527 413 112 355 878 552 126 56 1,438 646 319 223 188 345 39 567 1,433 941 463 144 415 41 142 78 102 650 136 2,237 652 41 963 205 254 1,135 153 198 26 356 1,495 238 40 668 365 80 520 50

28,398 322 20 466 111 3,939 708 433 116 364 1,112 719 114 49 1,470 659 321 230 241 312 24 688 1,562 1,019 609 140 491 65 154 92 150 641 159 2,440 790 42 1,022 205 272 1,432 167 234 38 354 1,727 251 38 758 490 97 508 33

33,137 384 29 598 127 4,724 659 435 151 385 1,342 964 121 73 1,534 850 428 260 256 330 42 783 1,877 1,200 645 161 495 83 182 142 149 808 184 2,605 1,010 68 1,146 251 336 1,633 193 294 49 496 2,116 303 43 863 544 93 650 43

515,298 7,512 578 6,890 2,828 61,903 11,733 6,887 1,940 5,740 18,293 11,754 2,235 1,823 22,464 11,404 6,611 5,317 5,091 6,998 2,302 12,235 22,662 18,430 9,043 3,397 10,965 2,102 3,304 1,365 3,342 13,940 2,636 42,901 14,651 1,519 18,123 5,982 6,608 26,563 3,012 5,953 1,813 8,029 27,962 6,289 2,230 16,299 9,720 2,750 10,260 910

614,694 8,038 676 9,613 3,306 77,557 13,745 8,154 2,163 7,490 24,845 14,807 2,412 2,384 27,237 13,317 7,378 6,068 6,088 7,849 2,550 15,675 25,251 21,335 11,915 3,577 12,984 2,254 3,847 1,963 3,460 15,667 3,065 51,470 16,665 1,539 20,287 6,342 7,805 31,478 3,447 6,855 1,966 8,749 34,612 8,153 2,508 17,810 12,449 2,945 12,187 757

Puerto Rico ................

73

163

147

4,807

4,817

2009

2000

2005

2009

667,790 8,899 802 13,432 3,390 84,579 14,280 9,615 2,241 8,469 29,004 15,775 2,656 2,797 28,725 13,251 9,079 5,920 6,481 7,199 2,749 16,514 26,712 22,804 13,887 3,937 13,464 2,298 4,193 2,585 3,684 16,535 3,255 54,412 18,671 1,610 21,129 6,384 7,975 34,537 3,783 7,279 1,990 9,601 38,196 8,339 3,144 20,822 13,215 3,772 12,881 839

4.9 3.7 2.2 6.3 2.4 5.7 4.5 6.0 5.8 6.2 4.8 4.7 5.6 3.1 6.4 5.7 4.8 4.2 3.7 4.9 1.7 4.6 6.3 5.1 5.1 4.2 3.8 2.0 4.3 5.7 3.1 4.7 5.2 5.2 4.5 2.7 5.3 3.4 3.8 4.3 5.1 3.3 1.4 4.4 5.3 3.8 1.8 4.1 3.8 2.9 5.1 5.5

4.6 4.0 3.0 4.8 3.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.9 4.7 2.1 5.4 4.9 4.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 0.9 4.4 6.2 4.8 5.1 3.9 3.8 2.9 4.0 4.7 4.3 4.1 5.2 4.7 4.7 2.7 5.0 3.2 3.5 4.5 4.8 3.4 1.9 4.0 5.0 3.1 1.5 4.3 3.9 3.3 4.2 4.4

5.0 4.3 3.6 4.5 3.7 5.6 4.6 4.5 6.7 4.5 4.6 6.1 4.6 2.6 5.3 6.4 4.7 4.4 4.0 4.6 1.5 4.7 7.0 5.3 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.6 4.3 5.5 4.0 4.9 5.7 4.8 5.4 4.2 5.4 3.9 4.2 4.7 5.1 4.0 2.5 5.2 5.5 3.6 1.4 4.1 4.1 2.5 5.0 5.1

5,293

1.5

3.4

2.8

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-60


Average Undergraduate Charge at Public 4-Year Institutions Figure 8-25 Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions: 2010

AR FL ID LA MS NC ND NM OK WY

UT 9,600

10,800

12,000

1st quartile ($17,020–$21,591) 2nd quartile ($14,182–$16,788) 3rd quartile ($12,022–$14,174) 4th quartile ($10,109–$11,891) No data AL GA KS MT SD TN WI WV

AK HI IA KY MO NE NV TX

13,200

CO IN WA 14,400


AZ MD MN NY OR SC VA 15,600

CA MA ME MI OH 16,800

18,000

CT DE PA RI

NH NJ VT

IL 19,200

20,400

21,600

Dollars

Findings U

During 2010, the total annual nominal charge for a full-time undergraduate student to attend a public 4-year institution averaged $15,014 nationally, an increase of 82% since 2000 in current dollars. This was equivalent to an increase of approximately 43% after adjusting for inflation.

U

All states showed major increases in undergraduate charges at public institutions in 2010, compared with 2000. In several states, undergraduate charges more than doubled during this period.

U

In 2010, the state average for a year of undergraduate education at a public 4-year institution ranged from a low of $10,109 to a high of $21,591.

U

Tuition and required fees averaged 45% of the total charges at public 4-year institutions in 2010, but individual states had different cost structures.

The average annual charge for an undergraduate student to attend a public 4-year academic institution is one indicator of how accessible higher education is to a state’s students. The annual charge includes standard in-state charges for tuition, required fees, room, and board for a full-time undergraduate student who is a resident of that state. These charges were weighted by the number of full-time undergraduates attending each public institution within the state. The total charge for all public 4-year institutions in the state was divided by the total number of full-time undergraduates attending all public 4-year institutions in the state. The year is the end date of the academic year. For example, data for 2010 represent costs for the 2009–10 academic year. To improve educational attainment, the federal government, state governments, and academic institutions provide various kinds of financial aid that reduce the charge to students. The data in this indicator do not include any adjustments for such financial aid.

8-61


Table 8-25 Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Dollars)

State

2000

2005

2010

United States ............................................. Alabama ................................................. Alaska .................................................... Arizona ................................................... Arkansas ................................................ California ................................................ Colorado ................................................ Connecticut ........................................... Delaware ................................................ District of Columbia ............................... Florida .................................................... Georgia .................................................. Hawaii .................................................... Idaho ...................................................... Illinois ..................................................... Indiana ................................................... Iowa ....................................................... Kansas ................................................... Kentucky ................................................ Louisiana................................................ Maine ..................................................... Maryland ................................................ Massachusetts....................................... Michigan ................................................ Minnesota .............................................. Mississippi ............................................. Missouri ................................................. Montana ................................................. Nebraska................................................ Nevada................................................... New Hampshire ..................................... New Jersey ............................................ New Mexico ........................................... New York................................................ North Carolina ........................................ North Dakota ......................................... Ohio ....................................................... Oklahoma............................................... Oregon ................................................... Pennsylvania .......................................... Rhode Island .......................................... South Carolina ....................................... South Dakota ......................................... Tennessee .............................................. Texas ...................................................... Utah ....................................................... Vermont.................................................. Virginia ................................................... Washington ............................................ West Virginia .......................................... Wisconsin .............................................. Wyoming ................................................

8,265 6,742 8,333 7,362 6,416 9,183 7,994 10,136 9,876 NA 7,474 7,295 8,056 6,323 9,002 8,845 7,210 6,324 6,481 5,910 9,089 10,345 9,212 9,513 7,665 6,456 8,185 7,463 7,258 7,812 11,052 11,450 6,600 9,998 6,483 6,994 9,900 5,735 9,065 10,534 10,595 7,703 6,520 6,555 7,497 6,299 12,478 8,619 8,314 7,105 7,268 7,091

11,441 9,819 9,936 10,863 8,734 13,356 10,243 13,824 13,353 NA 9,335 9,439 9,131 9,066 12,803 12,240 11,541 9,397 9,400 7,973 11,826 14,108 13,687 12,658 11,958 9,019 11,356 9,867 10,704 10,464 14,651 16,349 8,675 12,441 9,450 9,011 15,256 8,451 12,177 14,771 13,541 12,165 8,944 9,445 10,233 8,348 15,658 11,616 11,902 9,450 9,872 8,514

15,014 13,052 13,281 15,710 11,841 17,652 15,056 18,331 18,383 NA 11,659 12,552 14,182 10,895 19,355 15,590 14,174 12,578 14,228 10,873 17,020 16,407 17,819 17,852 15,730 11,583 14,368 12,399 13,265 13,682 20,492 21,591 11,809 16,147 11,874 11,891 17,133 11,444 15,629 19,017 18,509 16,788 12,022 12,748 13,764 10,109 20,735 15,616 15,189 12,426 13,190 10,952

Puerto Rico ............................................

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available NOTES: National average for United States from Digest of Education Statistics data tables. Average charges for entire academic year (reported in current dollars). Tuition and fees weighted by number of full-time-equivalent undergraduates but not adjusted to reflect student residency. Room and board based on full-time students. SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-62


Average Undergraduate Charge at Public 4-Year Institutions as a Percentage of Disposable Personal Income Figure 8-26 Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions as a percentage of disposable personal income: 2009

FL LA ND SD

WY 22.4

25.6

28.8

CT GA ID MD MT NC NE NM NV NY OK TN TX UT VA WA WI

AK HI KS 32.0

35.2

1st quartile (45.9%–55.1%) 2nd quartile (37.6%–45.8%) 3rd quartile (35.7%–37.5%) 4th quartile (24.0%–35.2%) No data

AL AR CA IA MA MN MS WV 38.4

41.6

IL IN ME NH OH PA

AZ DE KY NJ OR RI

MO 44.8

SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; Bureau of Economic Analysis, State and Local Personal Income data.

48.0

MI SC 51.2

VT 54.4

57.6

Percent

Findings U

In 2009, a year of undergraduate education at a state institution would have consumed, on average, 39.7% of a resident’s disposable income, an increase from the 31.8% it would have consumed in 2000.

U

The cost of a year of undergraduate education at a public institution was equivalent to one-quarter to one-half of the per capita disposable income for residents of most states in 2009.

U

Wyoming is the only state to show a decrease in this indicator between 2000 and 2009.

U

Residents in 14 states experienced major increases in the cost of a year of undergraduate education relative to their purchasing power (in excess of 10% of their per capita disposable income) between 2000 and 2009.

This indicator represents a broad measure of how affordable higher education at a public institution is for the average resident. It is calculated by dividing the average undergraduate charge at all public 4-year institutions in the state by the per capita disposable personal income of state residents. The average undergraduate charge includes standard in-state tuition, room, board, and required fees for a student who is a resident of the state. The year is the end date of the academic year. For example, data for 2009 represent costs for the 2008–09 academic year. Disposable personal income is the income available to state residents for spending or saving. It is calculated as personal income minus personal current taxes paid to federal, state, and local governments. High values indicate that a year of undergraduate education consumes a high percentage of the disposable personal income of state residents. However, the data in this indicator do not include any adjustment for financial aid that a student might receive.

8-63


Table 8-26 Average undergraduate charge at public 4-year institutions as a percentage of disposable personal income, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Average undergraduate charge ($) State

Undergraduate charge/disposable personal income (%)

Per capita disposable personal income ($)

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009


8,265 6,742 8,333 7,362 6,416 9,183 7,994 10,136 9,876 NA 7,474 7,295 8,056 6,323 9,002 8,845 7,210 6,324 6,481 5,910 9,089 10,345 9,212 9,513 7,665 6,456 8,185 7,463 7,258 7,812 11,052 11,450 6,600 9,998 6,483 6,994 9,900 5,735 9,065 10,534 10,595 7,703 6,520 6,555 7,497 6,299 12,478 8,619 8,314 7,105 7,268 7,091

11,441 9,819 9,936 10,863 8,734 13,356 10,243 13,824 13,353 NA 9,335 9,439 9,131 9,066 12,803 12,240 11,541 9,397 9,400 7,973 11,826 14,108 13,687 12,658 11,958 9,019 11,356 9,867 10,704 10,464 14,651 16,349 8,675 12,441 9,450 9,011 15,256 8,451 12,177 14,771 13,541 12,165 8,944 9,445 10,233 8,348 15,658 11,616 11,902 9,450 9,872 8,514

14,256 12,183 12,970 14,098 11,708 15,679 14,250 17,358 17,199 NA 11,487 11,532 13,358 10,403 18,228 14,976 13,828 11,999 13,213 10,380 16,162 16,112 17,103 17,034 15,097 11,093 14,056 11,970 12,652 12,824 19,228 20,727 11,261 14,878 11,354 11,426 16,567 12,355 15,183 18,147 17,289 16,137 11,357 12,057 13,222 10,301 19,688 14,850 14,153 12,128 12,400 10,556

25,955 21,357 27,101 22,939 20,034 27,664 28,857 33,837 26,427 33,459 25,392 24,606 25,495 21,575 27,877 23,983 24,136 24,841 21,726 21,073 23,227 29,231 30,786 25,285 27,780 19,491 24,335 20,781 25,070 26,882 29,273 32,333 20,200 28,623 24,253 23,121 24,757 21,723 24,536 25,999 25,340 22,165 23,881 24,011 25,166 21,454 24,523 26,780 27,951 19,815 25,078 25,330

31,342 27,031 33,573 28,159 25,344 33,810 34,160 40,689 32,252 47,478 31,726 28,653 31,764 26,572 32,972 28,016 29,298 29,714 25,512 27,557 28,675 36,787 37,546 28,924 33,302 24,795 28,884 27,192 30,967 33,743 34,591 38,127 26,242 34,598 28,546 29,667 28,721 27,435 28,493 30,808 32,140 26,368 30,611 28,810 30,175 25,554 29,914 34,039 33,216 24,249 29,864 35,371

35,916 30,758 39,620 30,807 29,861 38,300 37,899 47,797 36,130 60,751 36,031 31,096 38,556 29,171 37,913 30,983 34,385 35,714 29,526 34,249 33,359 42,902 43,884 31,475 37,583 28,387 32,781 31,853 35,939 34,914 39,124 44,416 30,721 40,348 31,635 37,286 32,445 32,831 32,717 36,255 37,636 29,900 35,662 32,135 35,472 28,856 35,703 39,606 39,699 29,416 33,857 43,929

31.8 31.6 30.7 32.1 32.0 33.2 27.7 30.0 37.4 NA 29.4 29.6 31.6 29.3 32.3 36.9 29.9 25.5 29.8 28.0 39.1 35.4 29.9 37.6 27.6 33.1 33.6 35.9 29.0 29.1 37.8 35.4 32.7 34.9 26.7 30.2 40.0 26.4 36.9 40.5 41.8 34.8 27.3 27.3 29.8 29.4 50.9 32.2 29.7 35.9 29.0 28.0

36.5 36.3 29.6 38.6 34.5 39.5 30.0 34.0 41.4 NA 29.4 32.9 28.7 34.1 38.8 43.7 39.4 31.6 36.8 28.9 41.2 38.4 36.5 43.8 35.9 36.4 39.3 36.3 34.6 31.0 42.4 42.9 33.1 36.0 33.1 30.4 53.1 30.8 42.7 47.9 42.1 46.1 29.2 32.8 33.9 32.7 52.3 34.1 35.8 39.0 33.1 24.1

39.7 39.6 32.7 45.8 39.2 40.9 37.6 36.3 47.6 NA 31.9 37.1 34.6 35.7 48.1 48.3 40.2 33.6 44.8 30.3 48.4 37.6 39.0 54.1 40.2 39.1 42.9 37.6 35.2 36.7 49.1 46.7 36.7 36.9 35.9 30.6 51.1 37.6 46.4 50.1 45.9 54.0 31.8 37.5 37.3 35.7 55.1 37.5 35.7 41.2 36.6 24.0

Puerto Rico ................

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available NOTES: National average undergraduate charge for United States from Digest of Education Statistics data tables. Average charges for entire academic year (reported in current dollars). Tuition and fees weighted by number of full-time-equivalent undergraduates but not adjusted to reflect student residency. Room and board based on full-time students. National value for disposable personal income is value reported by Bureau of Economic Analysis. SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years); Bureau of Economic Analysis, State and Local Personal Income data. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-64


Appropriations of State Tax Funds for Operating Expenses of Higher Education as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product Figure 8-27 Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2010


DE OR PA RI SD VA VT

CO MA NH 0.2

0.3

FL IA IN KS MD ME MN MT SC TN TX

AZ CT IL MI MO NJ NV NY OH WA WI 0.4

0.5

AK LA NE OK UT 0.6

SOURCES: State Higher Education Executive Officers/College Board, State Higher Education Finance; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data; United Nations Statistics Division.

GA ID KY WV WY 0.7

AL AR HI ND 0.8

NC 0.9

MS 1.0

NM 1.1

1.2

Percent

Findings U

Nationally, state appropriations for operating expenses of higher education as a share of gross domestic product decreased from 0.57% in 2000 to 0.52% in 2010 but has remained unchanged since 2005.

U

In 2010, the value of this indicator ranges from 0.22% to 1.10% across the states.

U

Between 2000 and 2010, most states increased their appropriations for higher education in terms of current dollars. Notable exceptions were Michigan, Massachusetts, Iowa, Ohio, and Colorado which decreased their appropriations.

U

While many states reduced the percentage of their gross domestic product that was allocated to higher education, the states of Georgia and North Carolina made significant increases between 2000 and 2010.

This indicator represents the extent of state spending for higher education operating expenses as a proportion of its gross domestic product. A higher value on this indicator indicates that a state has made financial support of its higher education system more of a priority. Because of decreases in state tax collections in FY 2009 and FY 2010, state monies allocated to higher education decreased in many states. This decrease was offset to a degree by federal stimulus funds that were used to restore the level of state support for public higher education. The state monies used to calculate this indicator do not include federal stimulus funds for education stabilization or government funds for the modernization, renovation, or repair of higher education facilities.

8-65


Table 8-27 Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education as a percentage of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education ($millions) State

2000

2005

2010


56,682 1,095 176 866 605 7,684 719 699 176 NA 2,786 1,560 342 279 2,554 1,227 827 622 924 885 213 1,043 1,047 2,074 1,281 917 978 138 474 306 96 1,520 544 3,127 2,293 187 2,061 739 650 1,880 151 813 130 985 4,093 547 63 1,480 1,238 373 1,075 140

65,140 1,215 235 987 655 9,067 598 788 203 NA 3,581 2,467 410 351 2,686 1,417 743 728 1,077 1,288 241 1,185 1,131 1,948 1,273 761 925 153 520 502 115 1,890 762 3,642 2,781 202 2,102 787 586 2,016 188 977 163 1,302 5,110 647 78 1,481 1,412 426 1,122 218

75,182 1,449 333 1,104 905 10,793 680 1,032 227 NA 3,714 2,977 575 389 3,040 1,564 722 754 1,204 1,411 264 1,669 842 1,837 1,427 1,006 1,036 179 623 501 138 2,010 877 4,879 3,848 301 1,968 1,018 663 2,039 163 924 152 1,474 6,543 687 91 1,576 1,576 503 1,192 305

Puerto Rico ..................

NA

NA

NA

Appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education/state GDP (%)

State GDP ($millions) 2000

2005

2010

9,884,171 12,554,535 14,551,782 116,014 151,096 172,567 25,913 37,824 49,120 161,901 222,968 253,609 68,146 88,227 102,566 1,317,343 1,691,991 1,901,088 171,930 217,412 257,641 163,943 197,055 237,261 40,957 54,749 62,280 58,269 82,837 103,288 481,115 680,277 747,735 294,479 363,154 403,070 41,372 56,869 66,760 36,091 48,675 55,435 474,444 569,544 651,518 198,020 239,575 275,676 93,287 120,258 142,698 85,742 105,164 127,170 113,108 139,336 163,269 131,430 197,163 218,853 36,395 45,587 51,643 182,953 248,139 295,304 272,680 323,301 378,729 336,786 375,260 384,171 188,449 238,367 270,039 65,615 81,500 97,461 180,982 216,633 244,016 21,629 30,088 36,067 57,233 72,504 89,786 75,907 114,771 125,650 44,067 53,653 60,283 349,334 429,985 487,335 50,262 67,776 79,678 770,621 961,941 1,159,540 281,418 354,973 424,935 18,250 24,672 34,685 381,175 444,715 477,699 91,292 120,662 147,543 112,974 143,349 174,151 395,811 482,324 569,679 33,522 44,169 49,234 115,392 141,929 164,445 24,009 31,641 39,893 177,582 224,522 254,806 732,987 970,997 1,207,494 69,483 90,748 114,538 18,033 22,773 25,620 261,894 356,852 423,860 227,828 279,405 340,460 41,419 51,964 64,642 177,638 218,923 248,265 17,047 26,238 38,527 69,208

86,157

NA

2000

2005

2010

0.57 0.94 0.68 0.53 0.89 0.58 0.42 0.43 0.43 NA 0.58 0.53 0.83 0.77 0.54 0.62 0.89 0.73 0.82 0.67 0.59 0.57 0.38 0.62 0.68 1.40 0.54 0.64 0.83 0.40 0.22 0.43 1.08 0.41 0.81 1.03 0.54 0.81 0.58 0.47 0.45 0.70 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.79 0.35 0.57 0.54 0.90 0.61 0.82

0.52 0.80 0.62 0.44 0.74 0.54 0.28 0.40 0.37 NA 0.53 0.68 0.72 0.72 0.47 0.59 0.62 0.69 0.77 0.65 0.53 0.48 0.35 0.52 0.53 0.93 0.43 0.51 0.72 0.44 0.22 0.44 1.12 0.38 0.78 0.82 0.47 0.65 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.69 0.51 0.58 0.53 0.71 0.34 0.41 0.51 0.82 0.51 0.83

0.52 0.84 0.68 0.44 0.88 0.57 0.26 0.43 0.36 NA 0.50 0.74 0.86 0.70 0.47 0.57 0.51 0.59 0.74 0.64 0.51 0.57 0.22 0.48 0.53 1.03 0.42 0.50 0.69 0.40 0.23 0.41 1.10 0.42 0.91 0.87 0.41 0.69 0.38 0.36 0.33 0.56 0.38 0.58 0.54 0.60 0.36 0.37 0.46 0.78 0.48 0.79

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available GDP = gross domestic product NOTE: FY 2010 appropriations figures represent initial allocations or estimates as of 10 February 2010 and are subject to change; appropriations and GDP reported in current dollars. SOURCES: State Higher Education Executive Officers College Board, State Higher Education Finance (various years); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data; United Nations Statistics Division. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-66


State Expenditures on Student Aid per Full-Time Undergraduate Student Figure 8-28 State expenditures on student aid per full-time undergraduate student: 2008

AK AL AZ HI ID KS MT ND NE NH SD UT WY 0

1st quartile ($988–$2,577) 2nd quartile ($585–$980) 3rd quartile ($200–$503) 4th quartile ($12–$191)

AR CO DC IA MA ME MO MS NV OR RI WI 260

CT DE MD MI OH OK VA VT 520

CA IL NC NM NY PA WA

FL IN LA MN TX WV 780

SOURCES: National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, Annual Survey Report; National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.

1,040

NJ TN

KY 1,300

1,560

GA 1,820

SC 2,080

2,340

2,600

Dollars

Findings U

The total amount of state financial aid from grants provided to undergraduates nearly doubled nationwide increasing from $4.0 billion in 2000 to $7.9 billion in 2008.

U

On a per-student basis, state funding for student grants across the United States increased from $553 per undergraduate in 2000 to $839 per undergraduate in 2008 (in current dollars).

U

There are major differences in the amount of state aid provided to undergraduate students in different states. State values for this indicator ranged from $12 to $2,577 in 2008. Eight jurisdictions averaged less than $100 per undergraduate student, while 12 provided more than $1,000 per student.

U

Eight states reported spending less, in current dollars, per student for student financial aid in 2008 than in 2000, even though the cost of undergraduate education rose rapidly during this period.

The cost of an undergraduate education can be reduced with financial assistance from the state or federal government or from an academic institution. This indicator is calculated by dividing the amount of financial support from state grants by the number of full-time undergraduate students who attend both public and private institutions in the state. A high value is one indicator of state efforts to provide access to higher education at a time of escalating undergraduate costs. The actual distribution of state grants to individual students may be affected by the percentage of undergraduates who are state residents. This indicator should be viewed relative to the tuition charged to undergraduates in a state, as some states have chosen to subsidize tuition for all students at public institutions rather than provide grants. Other differences between states, such as the amount of scholarship aid available from other sources, the percentage of students attending out-of-state institutions, and their eligibility for state funding, mean that readers should exercise caution when making comparisons between states and examining changes over time. Total state grant expenditures for financial aid include need-based and nonneed-based grants. State assistance through subsidized or unsubsidized loans and awards to students at the graduate and first professional degree levels is not included. The year is the end date of the academic year. For example, data for 2008 represent costs for the 2007–08 academic year.

8-67


Table 8-28 State expenditures on student aid per full-time undergraduate student, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 State expenditures on student aid ($thousands) State

Undergraduate enrollment at 4-year institutions

State expenditures on student aid/ undergraduate ($)

2000

2004

2008

2000

2004

2008

2000

2004

2008


3,975,263 7,487 NA 2,727 30,936 369,785 54,151 37,401 1,293 743 225,553 240,458 490 1,127 360,177 106,169 51,823 12,397 48,444 68,391 10,360 45,683 103,301 91,109 113,750 20,163 39,504 2,953 5,645 6,083 1,506 189,294 33,872 611,167 109,004 2,431 163,994 26,595 17,891 280,402 61,722 33,198 857 21,383 93,814 2,735 48,840 70,717 76,581 18,982 52,020 155

5,688,877 5,084 NA 2,865 29,705 654,549 60,266 36,771 12,703 27,571 326,468 431,951 408 4,982 347,565 161,263 49,285 14,073 143,338 111,602 12,561 50,390 79,735 162,225 119,641 21,367 41,233 2,542 8,742 34,535 3,651 225,282 29,821 875,299 156,604 1,756 200,787 28,841 21,782 360,816 12,296 225,297 NA 42,395 156,529 4,081 17,149 110,621 134,280 52,087 75,920 163

7,864,532 19,841 670 12,179 33,774 813,374 75,259 64,475 16,980 33,496 533,073 497,667 408 6,221 415,298 223,676 59,573 19,090 186,988 137,347 17,916 99,726 86,342 189,078 156,433 22,923 109,998 4,367 12,537 39,109 3,732 292,500 67,781 824,174 286,773 3,778 254,785 75,823 35,036 460,451 15,336 295,627 2,416 279,300 484,807 10,705 18,804 173,813 205,891 82,487 102,533 162

7,193,814 130,189 24,573 111,429 70,538 599,658 133,500 85,143 25,761 40,703 288,143 188,383 26,290 39,343 276,559 217,294 97,241 84,620 109,981 146,259 42,093 117,720 235,263 287,233 142,734 61,043 180,799 32,393 58,789 32,012 40,367 156,867 43,089 569,260 191,117 28,462 302,681 98,512 76,071 377,646 49,484 92,074 32,310 139,743 432,747 120,151 25,972 180,573 105,470 68,435 168,547 8,550

8,220,306 139,033 27,377 192,819 79,007 679,920 154,427 90,774 27,996 59,930 457,808 234,213 30,956 55,877 298,037 230,454 110,724 91,803 121,518 157,201 44,104 130,334 238,366 314,782 164,791 65,345 203,040 33,615 62,427 76,669 43,821 167,863 50,348 609,027 215,536 34,010 326,174 114,090 89,212 409,046 52,831 103,533 37,315 154,060 495,259 138,646 27,166 202,472 122,495 67,215 177,251 9,589

9,379,112 183,162 27,132 378,866 86,667 750,965 181,904 96,753 28,438 76,586 587,097 266,808 34,471 59,010 343,104 259,489 166,514 95,529 130,274 140,163 43,462 140,784 256,937 323,385 183,329 67,127 218,700 33,391 65,693 92,307 45,831 183,112 52,659 678,593 243,631 38,778 353,284 117,799 96,641 438,118 55,312 114,705 38,420 171,186 554,233 151,316 30,393 239,213 159,407 83,509 205,226 9,699

553 58 NA 24 439 617 406 439 50 18 783 1,276 19 29 1,302 489 533 147 440 468 246 388 439 317 797 330 218 91 96 190 37 1,207 786 1,074 570 85 542 270 235 742 1,247 361 27 153 217 23 1,880 392 726 277 309 18

692 37 NA 15 376 963 390 405 454 460 713 1,844 13 89 1,166 700 445 153 1,180 710 285 387 335 515 726 327 203 76 140 450 83 1,342 592 1,437 727 52 616 253 244 882 233 2,176 NA 275 316 29 631 546 1,096 775 428 17

839 108 25 32 390 1,083 414 666 597 437 908 1,865 12 105 1,210 862 358 200 1,435 980 412 708 336 585 853 341 503 131 191 424 81 1,597 1,287 1,215 1,177 97 721 644 363 1,051 277 2,577 63 1,632 875 71 619 727 1,292 988 500 17

Puerto Rico ................

34,004

30,999

31,891

149,699

165,293

173,409

227

188

184

NA = not available NOTE: State expenditures on student aid reported in current dollars. SOURCES: National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, Annual Survey Report (various years); National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-68


State Funding for Major Public Research Universities per Enrolled Student Figure 8-29 State funding for major public research universities per enrolled student: 2010

3,200

AZ DE FL IN MI MS ND OH OK SC

KS MT OR SD VA

CO NH RI VT 4,800

CT GA IA IL MA ME NV PA TX UT WA WV

6,400

8,000


AL AR HI ID LA MD MO NE WI 9,600

SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; Illinois State University Center for the Study of Education Policy.

CA DC KY MN NJ NM 11,200

NY TN 12,800

14,400

AK WY

NC 16,000

17,600

19,200

Dollars

Findings U

From 2002 to 2010, state funds for operating expenses of all public institutions of higher education increased by 21%. For major public research universities, state funds increased by only 8% dropping the states’ share of their total operating funds from 28% to 19%.

U

When adjusted for inflation, total state expenditures for public higher education were essentially flat over the decade, while the amount going to major public research universities decreased by 10%.

U

Between 2002 and 2008, total enrollment at major public research universities increased by 8% and undergraduate enrollment at all public 4-year institutions increased by 22%.

U

Over the decade, per-student state support to major research universities dropped by an average of 20% in inflation-adjusted dollars. In 10 states, the decline ranged from 30% to 48%. New York and Wyoming increased their funds per enrollment by over half. Their funds per student in 2010 put them among the top 5 states on this measure.

Public research universities rely on state support for a substantial share of their operating revenues, most of which support their education function. An indicator of states’ investment in the education of their students is the amount of funding provided per enrolled student. Eventually, changes in these funds affect the institutions’ financial health and the quality of education they provide. Data for this indicator cover 102 public research universities with broad educational missions (excluding free-standing medical and engineering schools when possible). These institutions are either the leading recipient of academic R&D funding in their state or among the nation’s top 100 recipients of academic R&D funding to public universities. State funds include state operating grants and contracts as well as state appropriations. Enrollment includes total enrollment measured in the fall of each academic year. Total state funds are shown in current dollars; the Findings also address constant dollar results. Data were drawn from annual surveys of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and supplemented with data from Illinois State University’s Center for the Study of Education Policy when NCES data were unavailable or incomplete. State funds are one of many sources of public university revenue. This indicator does not include changes in these other sources of revenue.

8-69


Table 8-29 State funding for major public research universities per enrolled student, by state: 2002, 2006, and 2010 State funding for major public research universities ($ thousands) State

State funding for major public research universities/ enrolled student ($)

Enrolled students

2002

2006

2010

2002

2006

2010

2002

2006

2010


23,826,069 440,152 97,177 618,184 166,884 3,317,385 355,986 188,379 120,736 46,068 1,457,282 908,772 198,539 130,026 954,329 532,994 590,225 313,888 514,549 288,601 96,188 529,049 227,241 1,040,859 611,601 224,924 223,274 62,345 217,607 146,094 65,447 646,252 383,411 556,999 760,128 132,543 702,689 368,093 217,853 774,683 91,296 391,965 52,069 400,660 1,067,096 391,336 43,369 841,601 591,118 218,982 388,883 120,257

24,969,781 537,351 125,062 705,582 184,955 2,887,676 262,707 205,800 139,441 61,266 1,808,109 912,554 231,273 138,166 753,066 532,791 565,168 320,226 602,485 330,639 101,515 466,392 263,877 937,704 606,249 233,863 252,801 62,875 222,523 198,620 66,162 682,817 459,827 1,161,303 915,647 153,291 731,819 362,186 218,217 827,682 91,073 378,784 60,701 433,396 1,118,929 416,127 50,131 831,820 602,357 206,953 382,379 167,445

25,835,178 529,456 164,911 761,297 214,863 3,161,359 235,480 239,156 148,308 62,070 1,704,160 804,648 220,156 118,466 766,844 563,341 541,689 317,732 559,642 320,314 102,969 507,435 218,861 923,999 621,463 257,505 306,294 63,841 250,498 148,492 73,144 572,428 534,212 1,295,820 1,050,584 204,312 776,038 386,065 213,453 946,362 67,353 347,733 67,324 458,400 1,227,595 396,268 51,893 796,312 635,081 232,538 432,132 234,883

2,527,368 43,918 7,142 81,440 15,752 222,500 58,166 19,876 20,949 5,456 186,295 73,635 17,532 12,067 85,844 77,845 56,591 48,178 43,583 32,059 10,698 45,397 24,678 113,515 46,597 29,504 23,667 11,670 22,764 14,316 14,766 44,512 38,977 76,717 54,780 22,298 96,079 47,112 36,969 97,410 14,264 40,101 9,260 26,033 140,695 50,669 10,078 120,467 58,485 22,774 40,922 12,366

2,663,015 46,989 8,228 88,648 17,821 232,159 59,369 23,185 20,982 5,363 213,259 76,762 20,644 12,476 88,191 78,109 54,167 50,116 46,398 34,128 11,435 47,019 25,093 117,319 51,175 31,002 27,930 12,143 21,675 16,336 14,511 42,507 42,244 80,289 57,424 25,053 97,637 50,198 39,571 100,963 15,095 44,230 10,938 28,512 144,430 45,016 11,597 131,914 62,795 26,051 40,793 13,126

2,844,570 49,157 9,137 106,831 19,849 253,013 61,912 25,029 21,138 4,960 223,509 85,603 20,435 11,957 91,071 83,399 56,932 52,823 47,311 28,643 11,894 50,065 27,016 120,531 51,659 34,533 31,237 12,348 24,100 16,875 15,253 46,206 45,767 86,291 62,735 27,361 109,212 48,914 44,285 110,020 16,389 47,593 12,376 29,934 152,480 44,896 13,391 143,477 72,044 28,898 41,654 12,427

9,427 10,022 13,606 7,591 10,594 14,910 6,120 9,478 5,763 8,444 7,822 12,342 11,324 10,775 11,117 6,847 10,430 6,515 11,806 9,002 8,991 11,654 9,208 9,169 13,125 7,624 9,434 5,342 9,559 10,205 4,432 14,519 9,837 7,260 13,876 5,944 7,314 7,813 5,893 7,953 6,400 9,774 5,623 15,390 7,584 7,723 4,303 6,986 10,107 9,615 9,503 9,725

9,377 11,436 15,200 7,959 10,378 12,438 4,425 8,876 6,646 11,424 8,478 11,888 11,203 11,075 8,539 6,821 10,434 6,390 12,985 9,688 8,878 9,919 10,516 7,993 11,847 7,543 9,051 5,178 10,266 12,158 4,559 16,064 10,885 14,464 15,945 6,119 7,495 7,215 5,515 8,198 6,033 8,564 5,550 15,200 7,747 9,244 4,323 6,306 9,592 7,944 9,374 12,757

9,082 10,771 18,049 7,126 10,825 12,495 3,803 9,555 7,016 12,514 7,625 9,400 10,773 9,908 8,420 6,755 9,515 6,015 11,829 11,183 8,657 10,136 8,101 7,666 12,030 7,457 9,805 5,170 10,394 8,800 4,795 12,389 11,672 15,017 16,746 7,467 7,106 7,893 4,820 8,602 4,110 7,306 5,440 15,314 8,051 8,826 3,875 5,550 8,815 8,047 10,374 18,901

Puerto Rico ................

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available NOTES: National average state funds per enrolled student from Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. For District of Columbia, funds are local education taxes. For Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, New Jersey, and Tennessee, data for certain years include data from the Center for the Study of Education Policy’s Grapevine tables. For Colorado, Connecticut, and Kansas, 2010 state funds are projected based on 2009. All other 2010 funds are preliminary. SOURCES: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; Illinois State University Center for the Study of Education Policy. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-70


Postsecondary Degree Holders Among Individuals 25–44 Years Old Figure 8-30 Postsecondary degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009

28

CA DE FL GA ME MI MO NC OH OR UT

AL AZ ID IN KY SC TN TX WY

AK AR LA MS NM NV OK WV 32


36

HI IL KS MT PA RI SD WA WI 40

SOURCES: Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, Population Estimates Program, and American Community Survey.

CO CT IA MD NE NH NJ VA VT 44

MN ND NY 48

MA 52

DC 56

60

64

Percent

Findings U

The early- to mid-career population with a postsecondary degree was 39.2% nationwide in 2009, an increase from 34.7% in 2000.

U

In 2009, the percentage of this cohort with a postsecondary degree varied greatly among states, ranging from 28.3% to 52.6%.

U

Between 2000 and 2009, all states showed an increase in the percentage of their early- to midcareer population with a postsecondary degree, ranging from nearly 1% to almost 10% over the time period.

U

States with the lowest cost of living tended to rank lowest on this indicator.

This indicator represents the percentage of the early- to mid-career population that has earned a postsecondary degree. That degree may be an associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degree. The indicator represents where postsecondary degree holders live rather than where they were educated. The age cohort of 25–44 years represents the group most likely to have completed a post-secondary program. Estimates of educational attainment and of the population of individuals 25-44 years old are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Small differences in the value of this indicator between states and across time generally are not meaningful.

8-71


Table 8-30 Postsecondary degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009

Postsecondary degree holders 25–44 years old State

2000

2005

2009

United States .................. 29,471,612 31,382,831 32,606,255 Alabama ...................... 370,196 389,490 405,826 Alaska ......................... 61,646 58,631 61,366 Arizona ........................ 472,901 552,805 608,775 Arkansas .................... 177,657 202,622 216,126 California ..................... 3,670,622 3,892,099 4,024,498 Colorado ..................... 596,036 636,437 654,274 Connecticut ................ 443,608 432,451 426,214 Delaware ..................... 84,170 87,994 92,531 District of Columbia .... 90,097 103,236 121,521 Florida ......................... 1,513,345 1,694,517 1,761,941 Georgia ....................... 884,108 1,013,471 1,039,426 Hawaii ......................... 136,758 129,858 157,298 Idaho ........................... 112,690 121,718 135,622 Illinois .......................... 1,444,942 1,530,725 1,553,736 Indiana ........................ 537,644 562,483 603,097 Iowa ............................ 289,740 317,772 331,841 Kansas ........................ 282,475 289,848 297,294 Kentucky ..................... 317,109 353,170 385,497 Louisiana..................... 316,348 340,337 358,275 Maine .......................... 122,958 123,129 122,981 Maryland ..................... 672,460 693,317 713,321 Massachusetts............ 942,748 932,197 939,443 Michigan ..................... 982,169 1,013,031 946,696 Minnesota ................... 631,677 684,727 688,731 Mississippi .................. 208,866 231,759 226,353 Missouri ...................... 517,750 543,130 582,137 Montana ...................... 81,428 85,590 94,468 Nebraska..................... 185,090 202,182 202,445 Nevada........................ 152,536 193,902 226,510 New Hampshire .......... 156,434 161,161 153,958 New Jersey ................. 1,076,450 1,114,215 1,101,798 New Mexico ................ 149,398 153,406 164,083 New York..................... 2,359,507 2,499,314 2,566,265 North Carolina ............. 844,019 933,034 1,004,796 North Dakota .............. 71,509 73,974 77,223 Ohio ............................ 1,075,353 1,098,912 1,115,603 Oklahoma.................... 276,525 296,769 298,455 Oregon ........................ 333,963 361,760 401,129 Pennsylvania ............... 1,230,548 1,269,457 1,326,259 Rhode Island ............... 117,758 127,598 120,458 South Carolina ............ 357,570 389,378 425,929 South Dakota .............. 73,128 82,619 80,521 Tennessee ................... 489,940 521,417 579,010 Texas ........................... 1,973,279 2,112,582 2,312,816 Utah ............................ 222,534 276,707 302,339 Vermont....................... 70,277 68,447 68,179 Virginia ........................ 874,239 925,208 970,871 Washington ................. 693,591 739,976 782,873 West Virginia ............... 115,337 125,231 130,226 Wisconsin ................... 566,244 596,923 595,646 Wyoming ..................... 44,235 42,115 49,575 Puerto Rico .................

358,595

424,718

412,249

Individuals 25–44 years old

Postsecondary degree holders/ individuals 25–44 years old (%)

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

85,040,251 1,288,527 203,522 1,511,469 750,972 10,714,403 1,400,850 1,032,689 236,441 189,439 4,569,347 2,652,764 362,336 362,401 3,795,544 1,791,828 808,259 769,204 1,210,773 1,293,128 370,597 1,664,677 1,989,783 2,960,544 1,497,320 807,170 1,626,302 245,220 487,107 628,572 381,240 2,624,146 516,100 5,831,622 2,500,535 174,891 3,325,210 975,169 997,269 3,508,562 310,636 1,185,955 206,399 1,718,428 6,484,321 626,600 176,456 2,237,655 1,816,217 501,343 1,581,690 138,619

83,257,116 1,231,043 191,837 1,695,189 747,630 10,668,824 1,388,046 951,020 234,823 190,118 4,787,948 2,746,294 354,560 375,247 3,611,958 1,716,726 746,659 713,752 1,172,770 1,217,593 344,295 1,611,882 1,857,726 2,743,365 1,420,387 771,676 1,566,374 226,076 453,659 719,501 357,080 2,485,721 510,063 5,548,409 2,485,963 151,681 3,122,259 929,451 988,164 3,280,173 296,463 1,172,501 194,122 1,698,113 6,665,252 686,668 158,184 2,194,670 1,783,093 468,846 1,495,775 127,487

83,096,278 1,235,509 197,248 1,826,751 755,915 10,604,180 1,445,400 899,649 232,837 197,983 4,789,059 2,830,740 360,037 400,329 3,544,995 1,689,050 734,622 717,645 1,162,402 1,186,325 322,409 1,557,085 1,787,350 2,536,880 1,394,305 761,785 1,554,391 231,769 451,666 769,608 333,694 2,363,679 523,059 5,351,598 2,553,673 153,582 2,998,151 957,235 1,028,645 3,187,617 274,622 1,200,366 196,143 1,710,134 7,064,651 775,481 148,584 2,194,699 1,855,094 459,606 1,449,006 139,035

34.7 28.7 30.3 31.3 23.7 34.3 42.5 43.0 35.6 47.6 33.1 33.3 37.7 31.1 38.1 30.0 35.8 36.7 26.2 24.5 33.2 40.4 47.4 33.2 42.2 25.9 31.8 33.2 38.0 24.3 41.0 41.0 28.9 40.5 33.8 40.9 32.3 28.4 33.5 35.1 37.9 30.2 35.4 28.5 30.4 35.5 39.8 39.1 38.2 23.0 35.8 31.9

37.7 31.6 30.6 32.6 27.1 36.5 45.9 45.5 37.5 54.3 35.4 36.9 36.6 32.4 42.4 32.8 42.6 40.6 30.1 28.0 35.8 43.0 50.2 36.9 48.2 30.0 34.7 37.9 44.6 26.9 45.1 44.8 30.1 45.0 37.5 48.8 35.2 31.9 36.6 38.7 43.0 33.2 42.6 30.7 31.7 40.3 43.3 42.2 41.5 26.7 39.9 33.0

39.2 32.8 31.1 33.3 28.6 38.0 45.3 47.4 39.7 61.4 36.8 36.7 43.7 33.9 43.8 35.7 45.2 41.4 33.2 30.2 38.1 45.8 52.6 37.3 49.4 29.7 37.5 40.8 44.8 29.4 46.1 46.6 31.4 48.0 39.3 50.3 37.2 31.2 39.0 41.6 43.9 35.5 41.1 33.9 32.7 39.0 45.9 44.2 42.2 28.3 41.1 35.7

1,049,995

1,076,844

1,084,239

34.2

39.4

38.0

SOURCES: Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, Population Estimates Program (various years), and American Community Survey (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-72


Bachelor’s Degree Holders Among Individuals 25–44 Years Old Figure 8-31 Bachelor’s degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old: 2009

AL AZ FL ID IN KY LA SC TN TX WY

AK AR MS NM NV OK WV 20

CA DE GA HI IA ME MI MO MT NC OH OR SD UT WI

24

28

1st quartile (34.3%–58.6%) 2nd quartile (30.1%–33.1%) 3rd quartile (25.1%–29.8%) 4th quartile (20.3%–24.7%) IL KS ND NE NH PA RI VT WA 32

SOURCES: Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, Population Estimates Program, and American Community Survey.

CO CT MD MN NJ NY VA 36

MA 40

44

DC 48

52

56

60

Percent

Findings U

The early- to mid-career population with at least a bachelor’s degree was 30.9% nationwide in 2009, an increase from 26.8% in 2000.

U

All states showed an increase in the percentage of their early-career population with at least a bachelor’s degree between 2000 and 2009.

U

In 2009, the percentage of the early-career population with at least a bachelor’s degree varied among states, ranging from 20.3 % to 45.1%. The highest percentages tended to be found in the New England and Middle Atlantic states.

U

States with the lowest cost of living tended to rank lowest on this indicator.

U

The difference between EPSCoR and nonEPSCoR states, as a group, remained relatively unchanged and may have increased slightly over the decade.

This indicator represents the percentage of the early- to mid-career population that has earned at least a 4-year undergraduate degree. The indicator represents where college degree holders live rather than where they were educated. The age cohort of 25–44 years represents a group of individuals who are potential long-term participants in a state’s workforce. Estimates of educational attainment are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Small differences in the value of this indicator between states and across time generally are not meaningful.

8-73


Table 8-31 Bachelor’s degree holders among individuals 25–44 years old, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Bachelor’s degree holders 25–44 years old State

2000

2005

Individuals 25–44 years old

2009

EPSCoR states ................ Non-EPSCoR states ........ Average EPSCoR state value ............................ Average non-EPSCoR state value ...................

3,004,954 3,199,506 3,399,367 19,692,206 21,057,298 22,147,292

United States ................... Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ......................... Arkansas ...................... California ...................... Colorado ...................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ...................... District of Columbia ..... Florida .......................... Georgia ........................ Hawaii .......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois ........................... Indiana ......................... Iowa ............................. Kansas ......................... Kentucky ...................... Louisiana...................... Maine ........................... Maryland ...................... Massachusetts............. Michigan ...................... Minnesota .................... Mississippi ................... Missouri ....................... Montana ....................... Nebraska...................... Nevada......................... New Hampshire ........... New Jersey .................. New Mexico ................. New York...................... North Carolina .............. North Dakota ............... Ohio ............................. Oklahoma..................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ................ Rhode Island ................ South Carolina ............. South Dakota ............... Tennessee .................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont........................ Virginia ......................... Washington .................. West Virginia ................ Wisconsin .................... Wyoming ...................... Puerto Rico ..................

Bachelor’s degree holders/individuals 25–44 years old (%)

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

13,582,778 71,268,034

13,120,340 69,946,658

13,171,410 69,726,885

22.1 27.6

24.4 30.1

25.8 31.8

na

na

na

23.4

26.0

27.4

na

na

na

na

na

na

na

na

na

28.0

30.7

32.4

22,781,996 24,353,620 25,662,617 275,759 288,817 303,640 45,560 45,315 45,858 355,836 408,522 458,075 136,883 152,225 161,439 2,882,717 3,112,603 3,270,704 480,984 512,178 537,204 362,272 362,929 354,994 65,811 71,090 73,657 84,836 96,816 115,958 1,081,551 1,212,200 1,270,000 718,591 820,695 844,470 99,378 95,029 111,896 80,235 89,959 98,196 1,149,688 1,216,933 1,264,186 397,050 408,107 440,159 202,004 221,497 228,596 223,467 224,946 234,605 234,921 256,209 287,622 256,363 267,429 285,090 86,989 85,987 91,692 566,294 582,280 613,136 773,569 780,522 805,478 719,607 757,970 714,045 476,707 511,402 520,361 144,488 152,606 161,959 407,449 429,501 456,593 62,682 63,693 71,370 134,516 149,233 148,518 111,517 143,301 167,403 114,745 122,682 118,843 899,016 943,939 935,352 110,360 110,562 117,143 1,817,661 1,964,870 2,072,041 636,799 697,740 768,610 46,291 48,381 50,787 806,803 833,138 852,179 209,025 218,272 224,298 257,875 284,778 315,664 938,930 979,367 1,035,976 88,647 98,477 94,159 259,773 283,280 315,848 51,213 56,951 55,005 380,929 401,027 458,483 1,571,951 1,668,865 1,848,862 162,495 197,780 225,717 52,787 53,693 52,956 722,081 763,865 815,770 520,382 554,104 602,269 83,441 91,539 93,104 402,965 430,486 438,368 30,103 29,830 34,279

85,040,251 1,288,527 203,522 1,511,469 750,972 10,714,403 1,400,850 1,032,689 236,441 189,439 4,569,347 2,652,764 362,336 362,401 3,795,544 1,791,828 808,259 769,204 1,210,773 1,293,128 370,597 1,664,677 1,989,783 2,960,544 1,497,320 807,170 1,626,302 245,220 487,107 628,572 381,240 2,624,146 516,100 5,831,622 2,500,535 174,891 3,325,210 975,169 997,269 3,508,562 310,636 1,185,955 206,399 1,718,428 6,484,321 626,600 176,456 2,237,655 1,816,217 501,343 1,581,690 138,619

83,257,116 1,231,043 191,837 1,695,189 747,630 10,668,824 1,388,046 951,020 234,823 190,118 4,787,948 2,746,294 354,560 375,247 3,611,958 1,716,726 746,659 713,752 1,172,770 1,217,593 344,295 1,611,882 1,857,726 2,743,365 1,420,387 771,676 1,566,374 226,076 453,659 719,501 357,080 2,485,721 510,063 5,548,409 2,485,963 151,681 3,122,259 929,451 988,164 3,280,173 296,463 1,172,501 194,122 1,698,113 6,665,252 686,668 158,184 2,194,670 1,783,093 468,846 1,495,775 127,487

83,096,278 1,235,509 197,248 1,826,751 755,915 10,604,180 1,445,400 899,649 232,837 197,983 4,789,059 2,830,740 360,037 400,329 3,544,995 1,689,050 734,622 717,645 1,162,402 1,186,325 322,409 1,557,085 1,787,350 2,536,880 1,394,305 761,785 1,554,391 231,769 451,666 769,608 333,694 2,363,679 523,059 5,351,598 2,553,673 153,582 2,998,151 957,235 1,028,645 3,187,617 274,622 1,200,366 196,143 1,710,134 7,064,651 775,481 148,584 2,194,699 1,855,094 459,606 1,449,006 139,035

26.8 21.4 22.4 23.5 18.2 26.9 34.3 35.1 27.8 44.8 23.7 27.1 27.4 22.1 30.3 22.2 25.0 29.1 19.4 19.8 23.5 34.0 38.9 24.3 31.8 17.9 25.1 25.6 27.6 17.7 30.1 34.3 21.4 31.2 25.5 26.5 24.3 21.4 25.9 26.8 28.5 21.9 24.8 22.2 24.2 25.9 29.9 32.3 28.7 16.6 25.5 21.7

29.3 23.5 23.6 24.1 20.4 29.2 36.9 38.2 30.3 50.9 25.3 29.9 26.8 24.0 33.7 23.8 29.7 31.5 21.8 22.0 25.0 36.1 42.0 27.6 36.0 19.8 27.4 28.2 32.9 19.9 34.4 38.0 21.7 35.4 28.1 31.9 26.7 23.5 28.8 29.9 33.2 24.2 29.3 23.6 25.0 28.8 33.9 34.8 31.1 19.5 28.8 23.4

30.9 24.6 23.2 25.1 21.4 30.8 37.2 39.5 31.6 58.6 26.5 29.8 31.1 24.5 35.7 26.1 31.1 32.7 24.7 24.0 28.4 39.4 45.1 28.1 37.3 21.3 29.4 30.8 32.9 21.8 35.6 39.6 22.4 38.7 30.1 33.1 28.4 23.4 30.7 32.5 34.3 26.3 28.0 26.8 26.2 29.1 35.6 37.2 32.5 20.3 30.3 24.7

1,049,995

1,076,844

1,084,239

23.4

25.7

26.4

245,975

276,934

286,174

na = not applicable EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research NOTE: For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCES: Census Bureau, American Community Survey (various years), 2000 Decennial Census, and Population Estimates Program (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-74


Bachelor’s Degree Holders Potentially in the Workforce Figure 8-32 Bachelor’s degree holders potentially in the workforce: 2009

IA LA MS ND NV OK SD WV WY

AR 20

AK AL AZ FL ID IN KY MO MT NE NM OH SC TN TX UT WI

24

28

1st quartile (36.6%–58.4%) 2nd quartile (31.8%–36.2%) 3rd quartile (28.8%–31.1%) 4th quartile (23.9%–28.4%) DE GA KS ME MI MN NC NH PA VT 32

CA HI IL OR RI VA WA 36

SOURCES: Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2000 Decennial Census, and Population Estimates Program; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

CO CT MD NJ NY 40

MA 44

DC 48

52

56

60

Percent

Findings U

In 2009, 48 million individuals between ages 25 and 64 held bachelor’s degrees in the United States, up from 39 million in 2000. Nationwide, the ratio of bachelor’s degree holders to the size of the workforce rose from 28.5% in 2000 to 34.6% in 2009. This ratio varied considerably among the states, ranging from 23.9% to 47.1% in 2009.

U

The value of this indicator increased in all jurisdictions between 2000 and 2009. This increase may reflect a replacement of older cohorts of workers with younger, more educated ones. It may also indicate the restructuring of state economies to emphasize work that requires a higher level of education or credentials.

U

In 2009, the jurisdictions in which the highest concentrations of bachelor’s degree holders lived included the District of Columbia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Maryland.

The ratio of degree holders (bachelor’s, graduate, or professional) to the population potentially available for work is an indicator of the concentration of individuals with higher education qualifications in a jurisdiction. This indicator does not imply that all degree holders are currently employed; rather, it indicates the educational level of the workforce if all degree holders were employed. Knowledge-intensive businesses seeking to relocate may be attracted to states with high values on this indicator. Workers with at least a bachelor’s degree have a clear advantage over less-educated workers in expected lifetime earnings. Estimates of degree data are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and are limited to individuals 25–64 years old, the age range most representative of a jurisdiction’s workforce. Individuals younger than age 25 are considered to be in the process of completing their education. Individuals older than 64 are considered to be largely retired, so their educational attainment would have limited applicability to the quality of the workforce. Employed workforce data are Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates of employed civilians based on Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-75


Table 8-32 Bachelor’s degree holders potentially in the workforce, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Bachelor’s degree holders 25–64 years old State

2000

2005

2009

Bachelor’s degree holders/workforce (%)

Employed workforce 2000

2005

2009

United States .................. 39,078,598 44,972,214 48,338,792 136,955,714 141,077,688 139,594,700 Alabama ...................... 479,734 549,086 583,697 2,067,147 2,051,893 1,959,849 Alaska ......................... 87,739 96,854 102,828 299,324 320,590 330,597 Arizona ........................ 638,515 781,932 886,445 2,404,916 2,724,859 2,851,063 Arkansas ..................... 247,079 287,058 300,180 1,207,352 1,270,930 1,256,136 California ..................... 4,960,210 5,732,017 6,060,404 16,024,341 16,592,204 16,141,519 Colorado ..................... 819,906 936,007 1,030,750 2,300,192 2,455,773 2,501,834 Connecticut ................ 633,867 707,700 720,251 1,697,670 1,718,608 1,730,053 Delaware ..................... 111,260 131,287 142,848 402,777 417,196 400,004 District of Columbia .... 133,155 150,461 175,217 291,916 298,611 300,011 Florida ......................... 1,968,126 2,398,022 2,556,593 7,569,406 8,305,281 8,209,092 Georgia ....................... 1,148,814 1,394,550 1,522,467 4,095,362 4,375,178 4,302,039 Hawaii ......................... 184,130 200,132 219,868 584,858 609,835 588,662 Idaho ........................... 149,622 178,690 194,255 632,451 695,428 693,045 Illinois .......................... 1,876,455 2,113,824 2,274,031 6,176,837 6,033,421 5,927,804 Indiana ........................ 672,835 745,940 821,279 3,052,719 3,032,108 2,851,776 Iowa ............................ 351,922 404,729 430,363 1,557,081 1,557,545 1,571,691 Kansas ........................ 385,924 425,214 458,499 1,351,988 1,390,292 1,401,609 Kentucky ..................... 402,094 467,998 528,477 1,866,348 1,875,512 1,857,576 Louisiana..................... 453,353 496,071 531,693 1,930,662 1,935,850 1,923,739 Maine .......................... 170,334 193,647 205,731 650,385 658,507 641,189 Maryland ..................... 979,588 1,095,665 1,172,521 2,711,382 2,825,040 2,786,271 Massachusetts............ 1,266,113 1,387,065 1,502,257 3,273,281 3,219,717 3,190,462 Michigan ..................... 1,242,388 1,407,669 1,403,052 4,953,421 4,717,188 4,210,871 Minnesota ................... 783,613 906,335 959,272 2,720,492 2,756,709 2,712,250 Mississippi .................. 256,581 293,533 310,187 1,239,859 1,219,135 1,170,719 Missouri ...................... 695,491 792,737 860,322 2,875,336 2,849,708 2,768,144 Montana ...................... 124,462 139,593 148,144 446,552 463,251 465,220 Nebraska..................... 230,857 267,867 277,140 923,198 935,447 934,161 Nevada........................ 206,361 272,492 315,597 1,015,221 1,173,425 1,184,431 New Hampshire .......... 207,431 243,698 246,364 675,541 696,765 698,317 New Jersey ................. 1,510,429 1,734,942 1,785,522 4,130,310 4,207,738 4,116,398 New Mexico ................ 226,334 252,804 263,798 810,024 866,349 876,218 New York..................... 3,031,927 3,460,430 3,718,473 8,751,441 8,947,069 8,864,298 North Carolina ............. 1,044,025 1,229,917 1,409,863 3,969,235 4,123,857 4,064,521 North Dakota .............. 80,545 95,520 93,818 335,780 343,625 353,008 Ohio ............................ 1,375,311 1,521,816 1,612,549 5,573,154 5,537,419 5,334,774 Oklahoma.................... 383,381 431,778 455,513 1,609,522 1,628,655 1,636,917 Oregon ........................ 488,862 564,786 636,155 1,716,954 1,740,990 1,759,757 Pennsylvania ............... 1,618,658 1,842,351 1,954,078 5,830,902 5,958,238 5,869,594 Rhode Island ............... 156,862 181,553 187,708 520,758 532,961 504,828 South Carolina ............ 454,656 534,821 613,174 1,917,365 1,922,367 1,928,110 South Dakota .............. 89,855 104,555 110,431 397,678 413,819 421,961 Tennessee ................... 649,844 750,100 843,026 2,756,498 2,778,489 2,734,302 Texas ........................... 2,646,909 3,062,665 3,405,108 9,896,002 10,551,547 11,006,179 Utah ............................ 276,360 339,337 387,625 1,097,915 1,230,451 1,285,134 Vermont....................... 103,476 118,184 116,812 326,742 336,583 335,328 Virginia ........................ 1,232,454 1,438,181 1,537,471 3,502,524 3,783,813 3,895,448 Washington ................. 932,352 1,069,031 1,172,377 2,898,677 3,075,972 3,205,644 West Virginia ............... 157,883 181,476 188,924 764,649 763,696 735,130 Wisconsin ................... 690,065 791,966 834,930 2,894,884 2,890,117 2,829,348 Wyoming ..................... 60,451 68,128 70,705 256,685 267,927 277,669 Puerto Rico .................

378,586

454,714

495,726

1,162,153

1,250,335

1,126,992

2000

2005

2009

28.5 23.2 29.3 26.6 20.5 31.0 35.6 37.3 27.6 45.6 26.0 28.1 31.5 23.7 30.4 22.0 22.6 28.5 21.5 23.5 26.2 36.1 38.7 25.1 28.8 20.7 24.2 27.9 25.0 20.3 30.7 36.6 27.9 34.6 26.3 24.0 24.7 23.8 28.5 27.8 30.1 23.7 22.6 23.6 26.7 25.2 31.7 35.2 32.2 20.6 23.8 23.6

31.9 26.8 30.2 28.7 22.6 34.5 38.1 41.2 31.5 50.4 28.9 31.9 32.8 25.7 35.0 24.6 26.0 30.6 25.0 25.6 29.4 38.8 43.1 29.8 32.9 24.1 27.8 30.1 28.6 23.2 35.0 41.2 29.2 38.7 29.8 27.8 27.5 26.5 32.4 30.9 34.1 27.8 25.3 27.0 29.0 27.6 35.1 38.0 34.8 23.8 27.4 25.4

34.6 29.8 31.1 31.1 23.9 37.5 41.2 41.6 35.7 58.4 31.1 35.4 37.4 28.0 38.4 28.8 27.4 32.7 28.4 27.6 32.1 42.1 47.1 33.3 35.4 26.5 31.1 31.8 29.7 26.6 35.3 43.4 30.1 41.9 34.7 26.6 30.2 27.8 36.2 33.3 37.2 31.8 26.2 30.8 30.9 30.2 34.8 39.5 36.6 25.7 29.5 25.5

32.6

36.4

44.0

NOTES: Bachelor’s degree holders include those who completed a bachelor’s or higher degree. Workforce represents employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. SOURCES: Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census and American Community Survey (various years); Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-76


Individuals in Science and Engineering Occupations as a Percentage of the Workforce Figure 8-33 Individuals in science and engineering occupations as a percentage of the workforce: 2010


2.0

GA HI IL IN MT ND NE WY

FL IA KY ME OK SC SD TN

AR LA MS NV WV 2.5

AL AZ ID KS MO NC OH RI VT WI

3.0

3.5

SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics. CT MI NH NM TX UT 4.0

AK CA MN NJ 4.5

CO WA

DE 5.0

5.5

MA VA

MD 6.0

6.5

DC 7.0

19.5

20.0

Percent

Findings U

In 2010, 4.0% of the U.S. workforce (about 5.5 million people), worked in occupations classified as S&E. This is an increase from the 5.0 million S&E workers in 2003.

U

In 2010, the percentage of the workforce engaged in S&E occupations ranged from 2.0% to 6.6% in individual states.

U

The highest percentages of S&E occupations were found in the District of Columbia and the adjacent states of Maryland and Virginia as well as in Massachusetts, Washington, and Colorado in 2010.

This indicator represents the extent to which a state’s workforce is employed in S&E occupations. A high value indicates that a state’s economy has a high percentage of technical jobs relative to other states. S&E occupations are defined by standard occupational codes. They include engineers and computer, mathematical, life, physical, and social scientists. Managers, technicians, elementary and secondary schoolteachers, and medical personnel are not included. Data on individuals in S&E occupations come from a survey of workplaces that assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates do not include self-employed persons and are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from data provided by state workforce agencies. Data on the size of the workforce are BLS estimates and represent the employed component of the civilian labor force. In these estimates, workers are assigned to a state based on where they live. Situations in which workers live in one state and work in another introduce some imprecision into the calculation of this indicator. The treatment of postsecondary teachers is another source of imprecision. Due to the way the data are collected, faculty teaching in S&E fields are not included as workers in S&E occupations. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-77


Table 8-33 Individuals in science and engineering occupations as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2010 S&E occupations State

2003

2006

United States .................. Alabama ...................... Alaska ......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ..................... Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................ Delaware ..................... District of Columbia .... Florida ......................... Georgia ....................... Hawaii ......................... Idaho ........................... Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa ............................ Kansas ........................ Kentucky ..................... Louisiana..................... Maine .......................... Maryland ..................... Massachusetts............ Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ...................... Montana ...................... Nebraska..................... Nevada........................ New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ................. New Mexico ................ New York..................... North Carolina ............. North Dakota .............. Ohio ............................ Oklahoma.................... Oregon ........................ Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ............ South Dakota .............. Tennessee ................... Texas ........................... Utah ............................ Vermont....................... Virginia ........................ Washington ................. West Virginia ............... Wisconsin ................... Wyoming .....................

4,961,550 56,380 10,600 92,120 21,340 676,180 124,140 81,380 17,370 54,890 221,070 144,170 16,090 22,150 211,230 78,410 37,320 51,970 45,230 41,900 15,020 149,250 184,690 182,940 117,120 22,190 84,150 11,450 30,710 22,330 23,430 161,420 33,600 272,440 132,440 8,430 177,100 44,360 61,230 185,560 18,740 48,740 9,150 63,680 365,270 45,570 11,420 209,280 150,230 16,220 93,320 6,130

5,407,710 66,100 10,720 98,110 24,860 730,010 133,730 79,380 21,550 64,120 246,190 136,470 18,940 NA 222,470 80,110 43,670 48,620 44,680 40,180 15,950 159,470 198,670 208,520 125,930 24,910 96,420 13,010 32,500 26,930 27,680 176,460 30,800 306,810 138,790 9,360 185,190 50,770 64,520 214,910 18,060 53,230 10,120 67,040 408,710 49,690 12,780 251,720 171,780 17,150 96,860 7,640

Puerto Rico .................

19,940

23,850

Workforce in S&E occupations (%)


2003

2006

2010

5,549,980 137,186,622 143,729,350 138,893,366 68,450 1,989,784 2,098,462 1,925,064 15,430 310,762 326,109 332,403 102,870 2,573,137 2,836,638 2,859,967 29,200 1,195,942 1,286,887 1,246,647 758,830 16,200,064 16,821,266 15,916,288 143,210 2,339,532 2,541,828 2,447,712 74,990 1,696,857 1,745,993 1,724,024 20,920 403,504 424,618 389,583 59,870 285,361 303,791 300,663 239,600 7,785,547 8,584,095 8,159,147 145,220 4,173,787 4,500,150 4,213,719 19,500 592,469 617,807 587,407 24,130 652,161 718,077 687,321 197,120 5,916,830 6,225,095 5,964,868 90,710 2,997,847 3,080,047 2,822,693 44,140 1,537,341 1,595,136 1,568,012 48,970 1,364,787 1,403,938 1,396,558 48,790 1,848,059 1,904,467 1,865,961 44,200 1,898,829 1,900,240 1,926,492 17,470 650,458 665,856 641,978 166,700 2,741,325 2,892,733 2,758,219 208,160 3,209,062 3,255,504 3,197,210 176,570 4,675,567 4,722,716 4,192,819 125,100 2,750,938 2,774,524 2,746,492 23,770 1,226,293 1,199,871 1,176,340 102,300 2,813,571 2,889,461 2,725,527 14,620 450,190 476,412 461,337 30,930 931,622 943,176 931,414 26,840 1,093,507 1,222,277 1,149,537 29,200 679,420 708,748 698,859 185,360 4,108,397 4,257,899 4,076,713 36,130 835,835 886,708 873,112 NA 8,703,889 9,062,464 8,806,778 155,030 3,973,635 4,261,325 4,036,343 11,050 336,353 349,368 355,615 195,840 5,498,936 5,602,764 5,303,019 44,190 1,598,614 1,650,070 1,630,925 NA 1,699,679 1,792,039 1,769,599 NA 5,795,701 6,021,084 5,791,061 18,210 533,265 543,973 509,073 56,230 1,854,419 1,970,912 1,922,815 11,150 408,089 421,799 422,562 71,850 2,731,371 2,852,509 2,759,243 451,390 10,228,640 10,757,510 11,141,903 50,830 1,139,129 1,285,389 1,262,083 12,670 331,292 343,149 338,295 255,800 3,647,095 3,862,508 3,896,167 186,210 2,913,230 3,155,384 3,192,117 17,070 742,424 777,210 711,068 99,240 2,862,587 2,932,482 2,807,301 8,260 259,489 276,882 273,313 20,850

1,200,322

1,260,703

1,088,762

2003

2006

2010

3.62 2.83 3.41 3.58 1.78 4.17 5.31 4.80 4.30 19.24 2.84 3.45 2.72 3.40 3.57 2.62 2.43 3.81 2.45 2.21 2.31 5.44 5.76 3.91 4.26 1.81 2.99 2.54 3.30 2.04 3.45 3.93 4.02 3.13 3.33 2.51 3.22 2.77 3.60 3.20 3.51 2.63 2.24 2.33 3.57 4.00 3.45 5.74 5.16 2.18 3.26 2.36

3.76 3.15 3.29 3.46 1.93 4.34 5.26 4.55 5.08 21.11 2.87 3.03 3.07 NA 3.57 2.60 2.74 3.46 2.35 2.11 2.40 5.51 6.10 4.42 4.54 2.08 3.34 2.73 3.45 2.20 3.91 4.14 3.47 3.39 3.26 2.68 3.31 3.08 3.60 3.57 3.32 2.70 2.40 2.35 3.80 3.87 3.72 6.52 5.44 2.21 3.30 2.76

4.00 3.56 4.64 3.60 2.34 4.77 5.85 4.35 5.37 19.91 2.94 3.45 3.32 3.51 3.30 3.21 2.82 3.51 2.61 2.29 2.72 6.04 6.51 4.21 4.55 2.02 3.75 3.17 3.32 2.33 4.18 4.55 4.14 NA 3.84 3.11 3.69 2.71 NA NA 3.58 2.92 2.64 2.60 4.05 4.03 3.75 6.57 5.83 2.40 3.54 3.02

1.66

1.89

1.92

NA = not available NOTES: Workforce represents employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. National total for S&E occupations in the United States provided by Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) and includes states with suppressed data. OES estimates for 2003, 2006, and 2010 S&E occupations based upon May data. SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-78


Employed Science and Engineering Doctorate Holders as a Percentage of the Workforce Figure 8-34 Employed science and engineering doctorate holders as a percentage of the workforce: 2008

AL FL KY LA MS NE NV OK WV WY

AR 0.1

AK AZ GA IA ID IL IN KS ME MI MO ND OH SC SD TN TX WI

0.2

0.3


MN MT NC NH OR PA UT 0.4

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

CA CO HI NJ NY RI VA VT WA 0.5

CT 0.6

0.7

MD

NM

DE 0.8

0.9

MA 1.0

DC 1.1

4.1

4.2

Percent

Findings U

The number of employed S&E doctorate holders in the United States rose from 517,000 in 1997 to 648,000 in 2008, an increase of 25%.

U

Overall, the value of this indicator rose from 0.39% in 1997 to 0.45% in 2008 because the number of employed S&E doctorate holders nationwide increased more rapidly than the size of the workforce.

U

In 2008, the values for this indicator in individual states ranged from 0.18% to 1.07% of a state’s workforce.

U

States in the top quartile tended to be home to major research laboratories, research universities, or researchintensive industries.

This indicator represents a state’s ability to attract and retain highly trained scientists and engineers. These individuals often conduct R&D, manage R&D activities, or are otherwise engaged in knowledge-intensive activities. A high value for this indicator in a state suggests employment opportunities for individuals with highly advanced training in S&E fields. Data on employed S&E doctorate holders include those with doctoral degrees in computer and mathematical sciences; the biological, agricultural, or environmental life sciences; physical sciences; social sciences; psychology; engineering; and health fields. S&E doctorate data exclude individuals with doctorates from foreign institutions and those above the age of 75. S&E doctorate holders are assigned to a state based on where they work. Employed workforce data are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which assigns workers to a state based on where they live. Workforce data represent annual estimates of the employed civilian labor force; estimates are not seasonally adjusted. Small differences in the values of the indicator between states or across time are generally not meaningful.

8-79


Table 8-34 Employed science and engineering doctorate holders as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008 Employed S&E doctorate holdersa State

1997

2003


516,560 6,610 1,110 6,280 2,320 70,490 10,740 8,770 3,710 11,800 13,330 9,880 2,550 2,030 21,260 7,570 4,120 3,770 4,110 5,360 2,150 21,020 23,330 15,050 9,810 3,000 9,490 1,690 3,010 1,620 2,230 20,440 7,480 40,080 13,730 1,350 18,700 4,580 6,210 23,940 2,450 4,780 1,060 8,520 28,570 4,800 1,750 15,250 13,360 1,980 8,460 860

590,910 5,730 1,140 7,500 2,790 86,550 12,220 9,780 3,000 13,800 16,000 12,220 3,040 2,450 22,400 9,590 4,660 4,060 4,720 5,420 2,110 25,280 30,220 17,130 11,110 3,120 9,080 1,740 2,820 2,070 2,640 20,980 8,120 44,890 17,380 1,130 20,870 4,640 7,830 27,820 3,170 5,210 1,020 8,840 33,280 4,240 1,770 18,880 15,430 1,980 8,390 650

Puerto Rico .................

660

1,710

S&E doctorate holders in workforce (%)


1997

2003

2008

647,800 130,988,267 137,186,622 144,860,347 6,000 2,035,156 1,989,784 2,061,601 1,200 289,963 310,762 332,389 8,800 2,196,901 2,573,137 2,934,136 2,400 1,177,143 1,195,942 1,300,420 95,700 14,780,791 16,200,064 16,883,425 13,100 2,154,294 2,339,532 2,605,535 10,600 1,674,937 1,696,857 1,763,911 3,300 378,117 403,504 419,184 13,100 262,789 285,361 312,877 18,600 7,040,660 7,785,547 8,621,454 13,500 3,751,699 4,173,787 4,517,730 3,200 566,766 592,469 613,803 2,800 598,004 652,161 722,714 24,200 5,988,296 5,916,830 6,247,985 10,300 3,014,499 2,997,847 3,049,268 5,200 1,555,837 1,537,341 1,607,923 4,300 1,329,797 1,364,787 1,421,107 4,800 1,809,785 1,848,059 1,898,083 5,200 1,890,102 1,898,829 1,974,881 2,300 624,410 650,458 665,057 28,100 2,646,200 2,741,325 2,900,018 35,000 3,158,851 3,209,062 3,283,147 16,700 4,748,691 4,675,567 4,554,464 12,600 2,605,673 2,750,938 2,778,500 3,300 1,200,845 1,226,293 1,205,464 10,000 2,780,185 2,813,571 2,869,569 2,100 427,504 450,190 485,375 2,800 904,492 931,622 960,438 2,800 895,258 1,093,507 1,246,696 2,900 635,469 679,420 716,611 21,300 4,031,022 4,108,397 4,256,251 7,800 768,596 835,835 909,809 49,000 8,416,544 8,703,889 9,138,034 20,100 3,809,601 3,973,635 4,291,565 1,300 335,854 336,353 355,622 20,800 5,448,161 5,498,936 5,570,514 4,500 1,543,105 1,598,614 1,674,485 8,700 1,652,997 1,699,679 1,828,477 30,000 5,775,178 5,795,701 6,095,678 2,800 504,147 533,265 528,288 6,300 1,819,508 1,854,419 1,998,171 1,300 383,216 408,089 432,130 10,100 2,640,005 2,731,371 2,854,488 39,900 9,395,279 10,228,640 11,070,779 5,600 1,034,429 1,139,129 1,324,467 1,800 315,806 331,292 342,130 21,300 3,323,266 3,647,095 3,954,733 17,700 2,822,223 2,913,230 3,286,973 2,000 746,442 742,424 770,845 9,900 2,855,830 2,862,587 2,936,749 700 243,944 259,489 286,394 2,000

1,132,658

1,200,322

1,208,595

1997

2003

2008

0.39 0.32 0.38 0.29 0.20 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.98 4.49 0.19 0.26 0.45 0.34 0.36 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.79 0.74 0.32 0.38 0.25 0.34 0.40 0.33 0.18 0.35 0.51 0.97 0.48 0.36 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.38 0.41 0.49 0.26 0.28 0.32 0.30 0.46 0.55 0.46 0.47 0.27 0.30 0.35

0.43 0.29 0.37 0.29 0.23 0.53 0.52 0.58 0.74 4.84 0.21 0.29 0.51 0.38 0.38 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.92 0.94 0.37 0.40 0.25 0.32 0.39 0.30 0.19 0.39 0.51 0.97 0.52 0.44 0.34 0.38 0.29 0.46 0.48 0.59 0.28 0.25 0.32 0.33 0.37 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.27 0.29 0.25

0.45 0.29 0.36 0.30 0.18 0.57 0.50 0.60 0.79 4.19 0.22 0.30 0.52 0.39 0.39 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.25 0.26 0.35 0.97 1.07 0.37 0.45 0.27 0.35 0.43 0.29 0.22 0.40 0.50 0.86 0.54 0.47 0.37 0.37 0.27 0.48 0.49 0.53 0.32 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.42 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.26 0.34 0.24

0.06

0.14

0.17

a

Coefficients of variation for estimates of employed S&E doctorate holders presented in appendix table 8-13.

NOTE: Workforce represents employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, (various years); Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-80


Engineers as a Percentage of the Workforce Figure 8-35 Engineers as a percentage of the workforce: 2010

FL GA HI IA KY ME MO MT NC ND NE NV NY WV

AR SD 0.3

ID IL IN KS MN NH NJ OH OK OR PA RI SC TN UT VT WI WY

0.6

0.9

1st quartile (1.35%–3.04%) 2nd quartile (1.05%–1.26%) 3rd quartile (0.83%–1.04%) 4th quartile (0.53%–0.81%) No data SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

AL CA CT DE MD NM TX VA 1.2

AK CO MA WA 1.5

DC

MI 1.8

2.1

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.3

Percent

Findings U

In the United States, 1.55 million individuals were employed in engineering occupations in 2010, an increase from the 1.49 million engineers employed in 2004. Between 2004 and 2010, the percentage of the workforce employed in engineering occupations increased from 1.07% to 1.12%.

U

The concentration of engineers in individual states ranged from 0.53% to 1.95% in 2010.

U

The states with the highest percentage of engineers in their workforces were centers of automobile and aircraft manufacturing.

U

States ranking highest on this indicator also ranked high on employment in hightechnology establishments as share of total employment.

Engineers design and operate production processes and create new products and services. This indicator represents the percentage of trained engineers in a state’s workforce. It includes the standard occupational codes for engineering fields: aerospace, agricultural, biomedical, chemical, civil, computer hardware, electrical and electronics, environmental, industrial, marine and naval architectural, materials, mechanical, mining and geological, nuclear, and petroleum. Data on individuals in S&E occupations come from a survey of workplaces that assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates do not include self-employed persons and are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from data provided by state workforce agencies. Data on the size of the workforce are BLS estimates and represent the employed component of the civilian labor force. In these estimates, workers are assigned to a state based on where they live. Situations in which workers live in one state and work in another introduce some imprecision into the calculation of this indicator. The treatment of postsecondary teachers is another source of imprecision. Due to the way the data are collected, faculty teaching in S&E fields are not included as workers in S&E occupations. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-81


Table 8-35 Engineers as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 Engineers State

2004

2007


1,487,810 23,050 3,410 36,630 6,760 227,310 34,390 25,960 3,950 9,760 61,830 30,620 4,770 8,830 58,180 31,160 9,820 19,080 13,230 15,130 4,510 36,910 51,450 91,000 28,990 8,320 22,700 2,600 5,690 7,380 8,120 38,540 10,550 65,710 31,030 2,100 60,790 13,830 19,260 56,950 5,470 21,560 2,040 22,000 119,360 12,050 3,730 49,810 36,690 4,920 29,170 2,300

1,588,350 27,860 3,820 35,490 7,670 241,970 38,580 24,310 4,830 7,840 70,400 33,080 5,020 8,360 56,380 28,110 10,410 16,910 13,520 15,170 4,000 38,730 52,820 101,730 28,790 9,790 25,880 3,200 5,840 8,100 8,140 39,960 11,290 69,400 32,500 2,500 57,720 13,690 18,870 61,720 5,240 22,210 NA 21,940 130,990 13,810 3,670 52,570 NA 5,340 31,010 2,840

Puerto Rico .................

7,370

NA

Engineers in workforce (%)


2004

2007

2010

1,554,780 138,762,591 145,156,139 138,893,366 27,480 2,007,153 2,108,873 1,925,064 5,600 314,753 329,431 332,403 NA 2,650,277 2,903,992 2,859,967 6,630 1,221,553 1,293,947 1,246,647 222,580 16,354,779 16,970,228 15,916,288 37,590 2,392,952 2,598,433 2,447,712 23,210 1,703,865 1,761,588 1,724,024 5,270 408,266 425,289 389,583 9,140 288,397 310,652 300,663 63,170 7,998,202 8,704,110 8,159,147 36,040 4,249,007 4,561,967 4,213,719 5,150 598,175 617,891 587,407 7,490 666,080 731,362 687,321 58,000 5,968,561 6,323,515 5,964,868 30,150 2,997,800 3,081,177 2,822,693 11,210 1,534,991 1,601,547 1,568,012 14,680 1,381,343 1,415,942 1,396,558 13,530 1,854,703 1,915,131 1,865,961 NA 1,928,464 1,941,642 1,926,492 4,620 653,847 666,305 641,978 39,750 2,761,583 2,909,290 2,758,219 49,510 3,203,810 3,280,932 3,197,210 81,730 4,686,953 4,680,780 4,192,819 28,280 2,752,403 2,775,587 2,746,492 NA 1,232,139 1,210,732 1,176,340 22,910 2,815,878 2,899,695 2,725,527 3,810 456,385 485,132 461,337 5,940 938,105 953,057 931,414 7,840 1,128,223 1,247,491 1,149,537 8,000 687,855 715,310 698,859 37,870 4,144,223 4,265,294 4,076,713 12,830 849,970 901,704 873,112 65,420 8,816,013 9,112,899 8,806,778 32,620 4,031,081 4,321,339 4,036,343 2,950 339,541 353,214 355,615 56,790 5,502,533 5,626,086 5,303,019 15,350 1,605,641 1,665,819 1,630,925 18,320 1,714,447 1,822,010 1,769,599 63,940 5,859,561 6,054,254 5,791,061 5,230 526,046 545,252 509,073 22,570 1,888,050 2,000,185 1,922,815 2,380 411,708 428,850 422,562 25,260 2,746,241 2,874,173 2,759,243 140,560 10,385,318 10,925,311 11,141,903 14,430 1,179,142 1,319,933 1,262,083 3,700 334,188 341,588 338,295 53,270 3,715,272 3,926,052 3,896,167 54,830 2,999,526 3,235,735 3,192,117 4,960 746,854 780,869 711,068 28,820 2,868,376 2,951,001 2,807,301 3,140 262,358 283,543 273,313 7,460

1,226,251

1,241,426

1,088,762

2004

2007

2010

1.07 1.15 1.08 1.38 0.55 1.39 1.44 1.52 0.97 3.38 0.77 0.72 0.80 1.33 0.97 1.04 0.64 1.38 0.71 0.78 0.69 1.34 1.61 1.94 1.05 0.68 0.81 0.57 0.61 0.65 1.18 0.93 1.24 0.75 0.77 0.62 1.10 0.86 1.12 0.97 1.04 1.14 0.50 0.80 1.15 1.02 1.12 1.34 1.22 0.66 1.02 0.88

1.09 1.32 1.16 1.22 0.59 1.43 1.48 1.38 1.14 2.52 0.81 0.73 0.81 1.14 0.89 0.91 0.65 1.19 0.71 0.78 0.60 1.33 1.61 2.17 1.04 0.81 0.89 0.66 0.61 0.65 1.14 0.94 1.25 0.76 0.75 0.71 1.03 0.82 1.04 1.02 0.96 1.11 NA 0.76 1.20 1.05 1.07 1.34 NA 0.68 1.05 1.00

1.12 1.43 1.68 NA 0.53 1.40 1.54 1.35 1.35 3.04 0.77 0.86 0.88 1.09 0.97 1.07 0.71 1.05 0.73 NA 0.72 1.44 1.55 1.95 1.03 NA 0.84 0.83 0.64 0.68 1.14 0.93 1.47 0.74 0.81 0.83 1.07 0.94 1.04 1.10 1.03 1.17 0.56 0.92 1.26 1.14 1.09 1.37 1.72 0.70 1.03 1.15

0.60

NA

0.69

NA = not available NOTES: Workforce represents employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. National totals for engineers in the United States provided by Occupational Employment Statistics and includes states with suppressed data. SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-82


Life and Physical Scientists as a Percentage of the Workforce Figure 8-36 Life and physical scientists as a percentage of the workforce: 2010

AL AR AZ IA IL IN KY LA MO MS NH NV NY OH OK WV

GA MI SC TN 0.2

0.3


CT KS ME ND NE TX UT VA VT WI 0.4

ID MN NJ OR SD 0.5

SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

CA CO HI NC WA 0.6

MA MD MT

NM WY 0.7

0.8

AK

DE 0.9

1.0

1.1

DC 1.2

1.3

1.6

1.7

Percent

Findings U

About 629,000 individuals (0.45% of the workforce) were employed as life and physical scientists in the United States in 2010, an increase from the 549,000 life and physical scientists employed in 2004, which represented 0.40% of the workforce.

U

In 2010, individual states had indicator values ranging from 0.25% to 1.18%, which showed major differences in the concentration of jobs in the life and physical sciences.

U

States with the highest concentrations of life and physical scientists in their workforces were fairly evenly distributed throughout the United States.

This indicator represents the percentage of life and physical scientists in a state’s workforce. Life scientists are identified from standard occupational codes that include agricultural and food scientists, biological scientists, conservation scientists and foresters, and medical scientists. Physical scientists are identified from standard occupational codes that include astronomers, physicists, atmospheric and space scientists, chemists, materials scientists, environmental scientists, and geoscientists. A high share of life and physical scientists in a state’s workforce could indicate several scenarios, ranging from a robust cluster of life sciences companies to the presence of forests or national parks, which require foresters, wildlife specialists, and conservationists to manage the natural assets in these areas. Data on individuals in S&E occupations come from a survey of workplaces that assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates do not include self-employed persons and are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from data provided by state workforce agencies. Data on the size of the workforce are BLS estimates and represent the employed component of the civilian labor force. In these estimates, workers are assigned to a state based on where they live. Situations in which workers live in one state and work in another introduce some imprecision into the calculation of this indicator. The treatment of postsecondary teachers is another source of imprecision. Due to the way data are collected, faculty teaching in S&E fields are not counted as working in S&E occupations. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-83


Table 8-36 Life and physical scientists as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 Life and physical scientists State

2004

2007


548,860 5,650 3,100 7,040 3,250 69,820 11,030 8,610 3,030 5,980 21,620 10,960 3,060 3,980 19,440 9,820 4,010 4,280 4,740 6,410 2,400 21,040 20,300 13,140 11,980 4,040 10,210 3,050 4,170 3,120 1,880 22,420 2,040 30,060 16,990 1,520 15,310 6,550 8,090 25,030 2,810 5,780 1,800 6,920 50,940 5,630 1,370 13,200 18,490 3,170 11,970 1,960

602,360 7,240 3,550 7,300 3,680 78,130 14,800 7,330 3,110 6,290 21,920 8,860 3,810 3,500 20,540 10,990 5,660 4,900 5,350 NA 2,750 21,270 24,030 NA 13,550 4,460 10,960 NA 3,550 3,490 3,170 21,820 NA 30,850 19,670 1,720 18,430 6,710 8,530 26,980 2,220 5,180 NA 8,180 52,630 6,500 1,720 14,510 NA 3,010 14,590 2,260

Puerto Rico ................

4,790

NA

2010

Life and physical scientists in workforce (%)


2007

2010

629,280 138,762,591 145,156,139 138,893,366 6,200 2,007,153 2,108,873 1,925,064 3,930 314,753 329,431 332,403 8,950 2,650,277 2,903,992 2,859,967 3,760 1,221,553 1,293,947 1,246,647 95,730 16,354,779 16,970,228 15,916,288 15,290 2,392,952 2,598,433 2,447,712 8,060 1,703,865 1,761,588 1,724,024 3,650 408,266 425,289 389,583 5,100 288,397 310,652 300,663 NA 7,998,202 8,704,110 8,159,147 10,520 4,249,007 4,561,967 4,213,719 3,620 598,175 617,891 587,407 3,740 666,080 731,362 687,321 19,950 5,968,561 6,323,515 5,964,868 10,880 2,997,800 3,081,177 2,822,693 5,570 1,534,991 1,601,547 1,568,012 5,780 1,381,343 1,415,942 1,396,558 5,550 1,854,703 1,915,131 1,865,961 5,720 1,928,464 1,941,642 1,926,492 2,830 653,847 666,305 641,978 22,190 2,761,583 2,909,290 2,758,219 27,470 3,203,810 3,280,932 3,197,210 12,030 4,686,953 4,680,780 4,192,819 14,670 2,752,403 2,775,587 2,746,492 4,480 1,232,139 1,210,732 1,176,340 9,560 2,815,878 2,899,695 2,725,527 3,920 456,385 485,132 461,337 3,740 938,105 953,057 931,414 3,690 1,128,223 1,247,491 1,149,537 2,650 687,855 715,310 698,859 24,040 4,144,223 4,265,294 4,076,713 6,450 849,970 901,704 873,112 29,560 8,816,013 9,112,899 8,806,778 24,300 4,031,081 4,321,339 4,036,343 1,620 339,541 353,214 355,615 17,940 5,502,533 5,626,086 5,303,019 5,540 1,605,641 1,665,819 1,630,925 9,380 1,714,447 1,822,010 1,769,599 NA 5,859,561 6,054,254 5,791,061 NA 526,046 545,252 509,073 5,290 1,888,050 2,000,185 1,922,815 2,300 411,708 428,850 422,562 6,830 2,746,241 2,874,173 2,759,243 48,850 10,385,318 10,925,311 11,141,903 5,300 1,179,142 1,319,933 1,262,083 1,470 334,188 341,588 338,295 15,990 3,715,272 3,926,052 3,896,167 22,020 2,999,526 3,235,735 3,192,117 2,780 746,854 780,869 711,068 12,990 2,868,376 2,951,001 2,807,301 2,100 262,358 283,543 273,313 4,210

1,226,251

1,241,426

1,088,762

2004

2007

2010

0.40 0.28 0.98 0.27 0.27 0.43 0.46 0.51 0.74 2.07 0.27 0.26 0.51 0.60 0.33 0.33 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.33 0.37 0.76 0.63 0.28 0.44 0.33 0.36 0.67 0.44 0.28 0.27 0.54 0.24 0.34 0.42 0.45 0.28 0.41 0.47 0.43 0.53 0.31 0.44 0.25 0.49 0.48 0.41 0.36 0.62 0.42 0.42 0.75

0.41 0.34 1.08 0.25 0.28 0.46 0.57 0.42 0.73 2.02 0.25 0.19 0.62 0.48 0.32 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.28 NA 0.41 0.73 0.73 NA 0.49 0.37 0.38 NA 0.37 0.28 0.44 0.51 NA 0.34 0.46 0.49 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.45 0.41 0.26 NA 0.28 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.37 NA 0.39 0.49 0.80

0.45 0.32 1.18 0.31 0.30 0.60 0.62 0.47 0.94 1.70 NA 0.25 0.62 0.54 0.33 0.39 0.36 0.41 0.30 0.30 0.44 0.80 0.86 0.29 0.53 0.38 0.35 0.85 0.40 0.32 0.38 0.59 0.74 0.34 0.60 0.46 0.34 0.34 0.53 NA NA 0.28 0.54 0.25 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.41 0.69 0.39 0.46 0.77

0.39

NA

0.39

NA = not available NOTES: Workforce represents employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. National totals for life and physical scientists in the United States provided by Occupational Employment Statistics and include states with suppressed data. SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-84


Computer Specialists as a Percentage of the Workforce Figure 8-37 Computer specialists as a percentage of the workforce: 2010

AK AL AR FL HI IA KY LA ME MT NM NV OK SC SD TN WV

MS WY 0.0

AZ CA CT GA IL KS MI MO NC NE NH NY OH OR PA RI TX UT VT WI

0.9

1.8

1st quartile (2.46%–10.10%) 2nd quartile (1.99%–2.35%) 3rd quartile (1.92%–1.40%) 4th quartile (0.71%–1.38%) No data SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

CO DE MD MN NJ WA 2.7

VA

MA 3.6

4.5

DC 5.4

6.3

7.2

8.1

9.0

9.9

10.8

Percent

Findings U

In the United States, 3.11 million individuals (2.24% of the workforce) were employed as computer specialists in 2010, an increase from the 2.81 million computer specialists employed in 2004, which accounted for 2.03% of the workforce.

U

Individual states showed large differences in the intensity of computer-related operations in their economies, with 0.71% to 4.51% of their workforce employed in computer-related occupations in 2010.

U

There was a significant concentration of computer-intensive occupations in the District of Columbia and the adjacent states of Maryland and Virginia. This may be due to the presence of many government offices, colleges and universities, and government contractors in the area that employ scientists and engineers, especially computer scientists.

U

EPSCoR states tended to have smaller percentages of computer specialists in their workforces and accounted in total for nearly 12% of computer specialists nationally.

This indicator represents the percent of specialists with advanced computer training in a state’s workforce. Computer specialists are identified from 10 standard occupational codes that include computer and information scientists, programmers, software engineers, support specialists, systems analysts, database administrators, and network and computer system administrators. Higher values may indicate a state workforce that is better able to thrive in an information economy or to embrace and utilize computer technology. Data on individuals in S&E occupations come from a survey of workplaces that assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates do not include self-employed persons and are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from data provided by state workforce agencies. Data on the size of the workforce are BLS estimates and represent the employed component of the civilian labor force. In these estimates, workers are assigned to a state based on where they live. Situations in which workers live in one state and work in another introduce some imprecision into the calculation of this indicator. The treatment of postsecondary teachers is another source of imprecision. Due to the way data are collected, faculty teaching in S&E fields are not included as workers in S&E occupations. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-85


Table 8-37 Computer specialists as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 Computer specialists State EPSCoR states ................ Non-EPSCoR states ........ Average EPSCoR state value .................... Average non-EPSCoR state value ....................

2004 285,770 2,494,820

United States ................... Alabama ....................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ......................... Arkansas ...................... California ...................... Colorado ...................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ...................... District of Columbia ..... Florida .......................... Georgia ........................ Hawaii .......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois ........................... Indiana ......................... Iowa ............................. Kansas ......................... Kentucky ...................... Louisiana...................... Maine ........................... Maryland ...................... Massachusetts............. Michigan ...................... Minnesota .................... Mississippi ................... Missouri ....................... Montana ....................... Nebraska...................... Nevada......................... New Hampshire ........... New Jersey .................. New Mexico ................. New York...................... North Carolina .............. North Dakota ............... Ohio ............................. Oklahoma..................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ................ Rhode Island ................ South Carolina ............. South Dakota ............... Tennessee .................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont........................ Virginia ......................... Washington .................. West Virginia ................ Wisconsin .................... Wyoming ...................... Puerto Rico ..................

Computer specialists in workforce (%)

Employed workforce

2007 2010 2004 2007 2010 317,290 315,910 22,441,400 23,358,559 22,453,679 2,713,430 2,765,040 116,032,794 121,486,928 116,139,024

2004 1.27 2.15

2007 1.36 2.23

2010 1.41 2.38

na

na

na

na

na

na

1.32

1.38

1.54

na

na

na

na

na

na

2.21

2.27

2.49

2,811,480 3,062,930 3,111,330 138,762,591 145,156,139 138,893,366 29,760 33,010 34,450 2,007,153 2,108,873 1,925,064 3,430 3,720 4,770 314,753 329,431 332,403 47,170 54,520 58,490 2,650,277 2,903,992 2,859,967 12,140a 15,500 18,420 1,221,553 1,293,947 1,246,647 368,000 383,900 408,810 16,354,779 16,970,228 15,916,288 74,450 79,930 84,500 2,392,952 2,598,433 2,447,712 45,030 40,900 40,520 1,703,865 1,761,588 1,724,024 10,240a 11,950 11,680 408,266 425,289 389,583 30,890 32,210 30,380 288,397 310,652 300,663 139,510 141,320 145,710 7,998,202 8,704,110 8,159,147 92,680 86,210 94,050 4,249,007 4,561,967 4,213,719 7,810 7,840 8,070 598,175 617,891 587,407 8,510 9,410 NA 666,080 731,362 687,321 115,550a 137,420 124,300 5,968,561 6,323,515 5,964,868 36,660 39,850 NA 2,997,800 3,081,177 2,822,693 22,620 26,400 25,460 1,534,991 1,601,547 1,568,012 20,890 25,750 26,810 1,381,343 1,415,942 1,396,558 23,170 24,250 26,090 1,854,703 1,915,131 1,865,961 19,170 16,020 17,420 1,928,464 1,941,642 1,926,492 6,890 7,660 8,610 653,847 666,305 641,978 88,260 89,900 94,120 2,761,583 2,909,290 2,758,219 105,670 111,910 120,720 3,203,810 3,280,932 3,197,210 79,490a 88,980 77,750 4,686,953 4,680,780 4,192,819 66,520 75,230 77,820 2,752,403 2,775,587 2,746,492 8,500 9,290 8,330 1,232,139 1,210,732 1,176,340 57,890 61,000 68,500 2,815,878 2,899,695 2,725,527 a 4,700 5,170 5,900 456,385 485,132 461,337 19,520a 20,410 21,360 938,105 953,057 931,414 11,410 12,880 13,870 1,128,223 1,247,491 1,149,537 14,170 16,780 17,680 687,855 715,310 698,859 111,890 121,690 127,160 4,144,223 4,265,294 4,076,713 8,740a 11,490 13,030 849,970 901,704 873,112 177,010 200,900 195,990 8,816,013 9,112,899 8,806,778 78,040 81,630 90,640 4,031,081 4,321,339 4,036,343 4,470 3,140 NA 339,541 353,214 355,615 95,300 111,160 116,200 5,502,533 5,626,086 5,303,019 22,290a 27,600 21,320 1,605,641 1,665,819 1,630,925 33,630 34,980 35,700 1,714,447 1,822,010 1,769,599 101,230 115,300 116,600 5,859,561 6,054,254 5,791,061 9,710a 9,940 10,280 526,046 545,252 509,073 20,670 25,130 25,610 1,888,050 2,000,185 1,922,815 5,000 5,860 5,570 411,708 428,850 422,562 36,670 38,490 38,200 2,746,241 2,874,173 2,759,243 204,490 245,730 255,470 10,385,318 10,925,311 11,141,903 26,830 30,750 31,090 1,179,142 1,319,933 1,262,083 6,190 5,610 6,340 334,188 341,588 338,295 159,070 171,440 175,640 3,715,272 3,926,052 3,896,167 85,430 101,030 105,860 2,999,526 3,235,735 3,192,117 6,650 6,900 8,140 746,854 780,869 711,068 45,730 42,860 55,740 2,868,376 2,951,001 2,807,301 1,740 1,980 2,160 262,358 283,543 273,313

2.03 1.48 1.09 1.78 0.99 2.25 3.11 2.64 2.51 10.71 1.74 2.18 1.31 1.28 1.94 1.22 1.47 1.51 1.25 0.99 1.05 3.20 3.30 1.70 2.42 0.69 2.06 1.03 2.08 1.01 2.06 2.70 1.03 2.01 1.94 1.32 1.73 1.39 1.96 1.73 1.85 1.09 1.21 1.34 1.97 2.28 1.85 4.28 2.85 0.89 1.59 0.66

2.11 1.57 1.13 1.88 1.20 2.26 3.08 2.32 2.81 10.37 1.62 1.89 1.27 1.29 2.17 1.29 1.65 1.82 1.27 0.83 1.15 3.09 3.41 1.90 2.71 0.77 2.10 1.07 2.14 1.03 2.35 2.85 1.27 2.20 1.89 0.89 1.98 1.66 1.92 1.90 1.82 1.26 1.37 1.34 2.25 2.33 1.64 4.37 3.12 0.88 1.45 0.70

2.24 1.79 1.44 2.05 1.48 2.57 3.45 2.35 3.00 10.10 1.79 2.23 1.37 NA 2.08 NA 1.62 1.92 1.40 0.90 1.34 3.41 3.78 1.85 2.83 0.71 2.51 1.28 2.29 1.21 2.53 3.12 1.49 2.23 2.25 NA 2.19 1.31 2.02 2.01 2.02 1.33 1.32 1.38 2.29 2.46 1.87 4.51 3.32 1.14 1.99 0.79

0.64

NA

0.82

7,840

NA

8,960

1,226,251

1,241,426

1,088,762

NA = not available EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research a

Value may be underreported because one or more codes for computer occupations suppressed by state or Bureau of Labor Statistics and not reported at state level. NOTES: Workforce represents employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-86


Technical Workers as a Percentage of the Workforce Figure 8-38 Technical workers as a percentage of the workforce: 2010

AL AZ CA CO IL IN KS LA ME NC ND NH NY OH PA SC TX WI WV WY

AR FL GA HI IA KY MO MS NE NV OK SD TN VT 0.9

1.2


CT DE MD MI MN MT NJ OR UT VA WA 1.5

SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

AK MA NM 1.8

DC

ID 2.1

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.3

3.6

3.9

4.2

Percent

Findings U

Every state’s workforce increased in the use of technical workers in the 6 years from 2004 to 2010. The number of technical workers exceeded the number of doctorate holders, engineers, or life and physical scientists in the workforce during this period.

U

Nearly 1.9 million individuals (1.35% of the U.S. workforce) were employed as technical workers in 2010, an increase from the 1.5 million technical workers employed in 2004, which accounted for 1.11% of the workforce.

U

Individual states showed large differences in the percentage of technical workers in their workforce, with 0.91% to 2.16% of their workforce employed as technical workers in 2010.

U

EPSCoR states tended to have smaller percentages of technical workers in their workforces and accounted in total for nearly 15% of technical workers nationally.

Technical workers include managers in the areas of computer and information science, engineering, or the natural sciences; computer programmers; drafters working in architecture, civil engineering, electronics, or mechanical engineering; and technicians in a wide variety of technical fields. Individuals who work as scientists and engineers are not included in this indicator. Data on workers’ occupations come from a survey of workplaces that assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from data provided by state workforce agencies and do not include self-employed persons. Data on the size of the state workforce are BLS estimates and represent the employed component of the civilian labor force. Situations in which workers live in one state and work in another introduce some imprecision into the calculation of this indicator. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-87


Table 8-38 Technical workers as a percentage of the workforce, by state: 2004, 2007, and 2010 Technical workers State EPSCoR states ................ Non-EPSCoR states ........ Average EPSCoR state value .................... Average non-EPSCoR state value ....................

2004 229,470 1,299,140


1,535,310 22,380 5,120 29,030 10,090 171,510 28,880 20,710 4,560 6,700 84,970 38,580 4,930 7,920 59,850 30,990 12,360 13,610 16,410 19,700 6,770 34,990 42,360 65,160 33,930 9,370 27,980 5,740 9,560 10,240 7,290 52,180 12,930 85,140 43,300 3,440 56,900 15,580 21,840 62,880 4,990 21,130 3,380 27,650 132,850 16,360 3,800 48,320 40,390 7,870 30,030 2,660

Puerto Rico ..................

9,680

na na

Technical workers in workforce (%)

Employed workforce

2007 2010 2004 2007 2010 295,910 281,200 22,441,400 23,358,559 22,453,679 1,747,710 1,583,300 116,032,794 121,486,928 116,139,024

2004 1.02 1.12

2007 1.27 1.44

2010 1.25 1.36

na

na

na

na

na

1.05

1.33

1.33

na

na

na

na

na

1.14

1.47

1.38

2,054,980 1,876,290 138,762,591 145,156,139 138,893,366 26,170 25,250 2,007,153 2,108,873 1,925,064 6,830 6,900 314,753 329,431 332,403 45,980 37,680 2,650,277 2,903,992 2,859,967 13,340 11,910 1,221,553 1,293,947 1,246,647 251,380 231,630 16,354,779 16,970,228 15,916,288 39,050 33,070 2,392,952 2,598,433 2,447,712 30,060 29,140 1,703,865 1,761,588 1,724,024 8,550 6,750 408,266 425,289 389,583 11,360 11,790 288,397 310,652 300,663 97,980 80,170 7,998,202 8,704,110 8,159,147 51,420 44,830 4,249,007 4,561,967 4,213,719 7,260 6,450 598,175 617,891 587,407 12,880 14,880 666,080 731,362 687,321 78,540 74,590 5,968,561 6,323,515 5,964,868 36,080 33,810 2,997,800 3,081,177 2,822,693 18,850 17,650 1,534,991 1,601,547 1,568,012 18,420 18,090 1,381,343 1,415,942 1,396,558 18,510 17,990 1,854,703 1,915,131 1,865,961 24,710 23,730 1,928,464 1,941,642 1,926,492 8,200 7,910 653,847 666,305 641,978 47,100 45,900 2,761,583 2,909,290 2,758,219 63,400 61,110 3,203,810 3,280,932 3,197,210 73,500 65,340 4,686,953 4,680,780 4,192,819 47,250 44,080 2,752,403 2,775,587 2,746,492 13,620 10,920 1,232,139 1,210,732 1,176,340 34,560 30,930 2,815,878 2,899,695 2,725,527 8,100 8,120 456,385 485,132 461,337 11,260 10,500 938,105 953,057 931,414 12,980 11,300 1,128,223 1,247,491 1,149,537 9,760 10,010 687,855 715,310 698,859 67,710 63,350 4,144,223 4,265,294 4,076,713 16,540 15,750 849,970 901,704 873,112 121,560 115,390 8,816,013 9,112,899 8,806,778 62,140 52,580 4,031,081 4,321,339 4,036,343 4,130 5,050 339,541 353,214 355,615 68,930 63,510 5,502,533 5,626,086 5,303,019 20,250 19,350 1,605,641 1,665,819 1,630,925 31,980 27,770 1,714,447 1,822,010 1,769,599 81,430 70,910 5,859,561 6,054,254 5,791,061 6,920 5,990 526,046 545,252 509,073 26,970 23,860 1,888,050 2,000,185 1,922,815 3,790 3,860 411,708 428,850 422,562 32,890 28,440 2,746,241 2,874,173 2,759,243 181,730 162,150 10,385,318 10,925,311 11,141,903 23,090 19,470 1,179,142 1,319,933 1,262,083 4,350 4,030 334,188 341,588 338,295 64,330 59,520 3,715,272 3,926,052 3,896,167 55,080 54,330 2,999,526 3,235,735 3,192,117 8,500 8,550 746,854 780,869 711,068 41,690 35,950 2,868,376 2,951,001 2,807,301 3,870 4,050 262,358 283,543 273,313

1.11 1.12 1.63 1.10 0.83 1.05 1.21 1.22 1.12 2.32 1.06 0.91 0.82 1.19 1.00 1.03 0.81 0.99 0.88 1.02 1.04 1.27 1.32 1.39 1.23 0.76 0.99 1.26 1.02 0.91 1.06 1.26 1.52 0.97 1.07 1.01 1.03 0.97 1.27 1.07 0.95 1.12 0.82 1.01 1.28 1.39 1.14 1.30 1.35 1.05 1.05 1.01

1.42 1.24 2.07 1.58 1.03 1.48 1.50 1.71 2.01 3.66 1.13 1.13 1.17 1.76 1.24 1.17 1.18 1.30 0.97 1.27 1.23 1.62 1.93 1.57 1.70 1.12 1.19 1.67 1.18 1.04 1.36 1.59 1.83 1.33 1.44 1.17 1.23 1.22 1.76 1.35 1.27 1.35 0.88 1.14 1.66 1.75 1.27 1.64 1.70 1.09 1.41 1.36

1.35 1.31 2.08 1.32 0.96 1.46 1.35 1.69 1.73 3.92 0.98 1.06 1.10 2.16 1.25 1.20 1.13 1.30 0.96 1.23 1.23 1.66 1.91 1.56 1.60 0.93 1.13 1.76 1.13 0.98 1.43 1.55 1.80 1.31 1.30 1.42 1.20 1.19 1.57 1.22 1.18 1.24 0.91 1.03 1.46 1.54 1.19 1.53 1.70 1.20 1.28 1.48

0.79

NA

0.96

NA

10,400

1,226,251

1,241,426

1,088,762

na = not applicable; NA = not available EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research NOTES: Workforce represents employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates and Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-88


R&D as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product Figure 8-39 R&D as a percentage of gross domestic product: 2008

AR FL GA HI KY ME MS MT NE SC WV

AK LA NV OK SD WY 0.0

0.7

AZ CO DE ID IN MN NC OH OR PA RI UT VT

IA IL KS MO ND NY TN TX WI 1.4


2.1

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data.

AL VA 2.8

MI 3.5

CT MA WA

CA NH NJ 4.2

4.9

DC MD 5.6

NM 6.3

7.0

7.7

Percent

Findings U

The national value of R&D performed as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) rose slightly between 2000 and 2008, from 2.48% to 2.61%.

U

In 2008, state values for this indicator ranged from 0.40% to 7.65%, indicating large differences in the geographic concentration of R&D activity.

U

New Mexico has large federal R&D activities and a relatively small GDP giving it the highest value for this indicator.

U

States with high rankings on this indicator also tended to rank high on S&E doctorate holders as a share of the workforce.

U

The total R&D performed in states in the EPSCoR group was approximately one-tenth of that performed in states in the non-EPSCoR group.

This indicator represents the extent to which R&D plays a role in a state’s economy. A high value indicates that a state has a high intensity of R&D activity, which may support future growth in knowledge-based industries. Industries that have a high percentage of R&D activity include pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer equipment and services, electronic components, aerospace, and motor vehicles. R&D performed refers to R&D activities conducted or funded by federal and state agencies, businesses, universities, and nonprofit organizations. In 2009, business performed nearly three-quarters of the total R&D at the national level followed by colleges and universities at 13%; followed by government facilities, including federally funded R&D centers, and nonprofit institutions. Both gross domestic product (GDP) and R&D performance are shown in current dollars. The methodology for assigning industry R&D activity at the state level was modified in 2001, and 1998–2000 data were recalculated using the new methodology.

8-89


Table 8-39 R&D as a percentage of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 R&D performed ($millions) State

State GDP ($millions)

R&D performed/GDP (%)

2000

2004

2008

2000

2004

2008

2000

2004

2008


18,730 223,829

25,969 255,087

32,822 333,891

1,368,845 8,457,057

1,684,709 10,026,090

2,079,663 12,093,434

1.37 2.65

1.54 2.54

1.58 2.76

na

na

na

na

na

na

1.55

1.71

1.71

na

na

na

na

na

na

2.47

2.56

2.79


244,855 1,730 196 3,107 454 55,093 4,230 4,888 1,532 2,296 4,663 2,796 291 1,434 12,767 3,252 1,017 1,420 866 627 319 8,634 13,004 18,892 4,299 513 2,583 170 439 377 775 13,133 3,085 13,556 5,045 146 7,662 660 2,116 9,842 1,501 1,126 85 2,057 11,552 1,361 465 5,069 10,516 457 2,693 61

283,439 2,760 271 3,544 514 59,607 5,497 7,881 1,182 2,383 5,409 3,655 490 1,006 11,300 5,130 1,625 2,169 1,006 972 384 14,341 15,987 16,722 5,992 651 3,038 295 740 623 1,665 12,460 5,114 13,113 6,491 558 7,816 814 3,664 10,813 1,840 1,599 149 3,180 14,266 1,602 546 7,345 10,936 523 3,675 98

372,660 4,870 269 7,010 747 81,323 5,810 11,322 1,594 5,946 6,515 5,232 663 1,375 11,961 6,111 2,136 2,029 1,463 1,193 516 16,605 20,090 15,507 6,697 808 3,884 401 988 913 2,496 20,713 5,906 16,486 8,612 511 10,164 1,030 4,802 13,068 1,233 2,086 254 3,871 20,316 2,522 546 11,472 16,696 778 4,967 154

9,884,171 116,014 25,913 161,901 68,146 1,317,343 171,930 163,943 40,957 58,269 481,115 294,479 41,372 36,091 474,444 198,020 93,287 85,742 113,108 131,430 36,395 182,953 272,680 336,786 188,449 65,615 180,982 21,629 57,233 75,907 44,067 349,334 50,262 770,621 281,418 18,250 381,175 91,292 112,974 395,811 33,522 115,392 24,009 177,582 732,987 69,483 18,033 261,894 227,828 41,419 177,638 17,047

11,788,910 142,086 34,408 201,287 83,551 1,571,198 201,656 188,576 51,282 78,111 621,251 343,158 52,185 44,050 546,661 231,961 115,993 99,974 131,655 171,848 44,342 232,215 310,476 365,189 227,321 77,617 208,763 27,863 69,615 100,677 51,293 410,176 64,208 893,399 327,547 23,335 428,974 112,444 137,341 462,280 42,933 134,765 30,588 213,888 906,893 82,616 21,909 329,927 258,069 48,785 209,275 23,296

14,270,458 169,694 49,186 260,454 99,497 1,911,741 254,218 225,958 58,674 97,361 747,770 405,269 66,119 55,212 637,037 263,616 134,959 125,333 155,592 213,441 49,972 281,659 365,623 375,436 262,758 96,713 241,344 35,838 84,884 132,270 58,780 483,560 77,168 1,109,080 403,927 31,677 470,640 151,850 174,454 545,198 47,378 159,500 38,293 247,796 1,202,104 112,353 24,636 402,853 334,477 59,039 239,150 38,917

2.48 1.49 0.76 1.92 0.67 4.18 2.46 2.98 3.74 3.94 0.97 0.95 0.70 3.97 2.69 1.64 1.09 1.66 0.77 0.48 0.88 4.72 4.77 5.61 2.28 0.78 1.43 0.79 0.77 0.50 1.76 3.76 6.14 1.76 1.79 0.80 2.01 0.72 1.87 2.49 4.48 0.98 0.35 1.16 1.58 1.96 2.58 1.94 4.62 1.10 1.52 0.36

2.40 1.94 0.79 1.76 0.62 3.79 2.73 4.18 2.30 3.05 0.87 1.07 0.94 2.28 2.07 2.21 1.40 2.17 0.76 0.57 0.87 6.18 5.15 4.58 2.64 0.84 1.46 1.06 1.06 0.62 3.25 3.04 7.97 1.47 1.98 2.39 1.82 0.72 2.67 2.34 4.29 1.19 0.49 1.49 1.57 1.94 2.49 2.23 4.24 1.07 1.76 0.42

2.61 2.87 0.55 2.69 0.75 4.25 2.29 5.01 2.72 6.11 0.87 1.29 1.00 2.49 1.88 2.32 1.58 1.62 0.94 0.56 1.03 5.90 5.49 4.13 2.55 0.84 1.61 1.12 1.16 0.69 4.25 4.28 7.65 1.49 2.13 1.61 2.16 0.68 2.75 2.40 2.60 1.31 0.66 1.56 1.69 2.24 2.22 2.85 4.99 1.32 2.08 0.40

Puerto Rico ..................

NA

NA

NA

69,208

82,809

95,708

NA

NA

NA

na = not applicable; NA = not available EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; GDP = gross domestic product NOTES: R&D includes R&D performed by federal agencies, business, universities, other nonprofit organizations, and state agencies. R&D and GDP reported in current dollars. For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (various years); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data; United Nations Statistics Division. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-90


Federal R&D Obligations per Employed Worker Figure 8-40 Federal R&D obligations per employed worker: 2008

AR DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY LA ME MI MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NV OH OK OR SC SD TX VT WI WV WY 0

1st quartile ($668–$56,052) 2nd quartile ($410–$592) 3rd quartile ($253–$395) 4th quartile ($112–$251) AK AZ HI MN NJ NY PA TN UT 500

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Federal Funds for Research and Development; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

AL CA CO CT RI WA 1,000

MA VA 1,500

2,000

MD

NM 2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

DC 5,000

56,000

56,500

Dollars

Findings U

Federal R&D obligations have increased appreciably from about $74 billion in 2000 to about $125 billion in 2008, an increase of 76% in current dollars.

U

In 2008, federal R&D obligations per civilian worker were concentrated in a few states; only 10 states and the District of Columbia exceeded the national average of $862 per worker.

U

Federal R&D obligations in 2008 varied greatly among the states, ranging from $112 to $4,591 per civilian worker. Higher values were found in the states surrounding the District of Columbia and in sparsely populated states with national laboratories or federal facilities.

This indicator represents how federal R&D obligations are disbursed geographically relative to the size of a state’s employed civilian workforce. Federal R&D dollars are attributed to the states in which the recipients are located. Federal obligations for R&D come from the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and cover data reported by 11 federal agencies. The Department of Defense (DoD) disburses the most federal R&D funding, approximately 50% of the total. The geographic distribution of DoD R&D funding for development to industry reflects the location of prime contractors only, not the subcontractors who perform much of the R&D. A high value may indicate the existence of a number of large prime contractors or major federally funded R&D facilities in a state. The estimate of a state’s workforce is provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It represents the employed component of the civilian labor force and is not seasonally adjusted. BLS assigns workers to a location based on residence. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-91


Table 8-40 Federal R&D obligations per employed worker, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 Federal R&D obligations ($thousands) State United States ................. Alabama ..................... Alaska ........................ Arizona ....................... Arkansas .................... California .................... Colorado .................... Connecticut ............... Delaware .................... District of Columbia ... Florida ........................ Georgia ...................... Hawaii ........................ Idaho .......................... Illinois ......................... Indiana ....................... Iowa ........................... Kansas ....................... Kentucky .................... Louisiana.................... Maine ......................... Maryland .................... Massachusetts........... Michigan .................... Minnesota .................. Mississippi ................. Missouri ..................... Montana ..................... Nebraska.................... Nevada....................... New Hampshire ......... New Jersey ................ New Mexico ............... New York.................... North Carolina ............ North Dakota ............. Ohio ........................... Oklahoma................... Oregon ....................... Pennsylvania .............. Rhode Island .............. South Carolina ........... South Dakota ............. Tennessee .................. Texas .......................... Utah ........................... Vermont...................... Virginia ....................... Washington ................ West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................. Wyoming .................... Puerto Rico ................

2000

2004

74,074,333 109,498,570 1,670,058 3,035,516 155,155 461,308 1,151,925 2,643,735 116,333 146,682 14,819,382 19,259,424 1,398,887 2,068,038 806,228 2,122,540 69,867 89,747 2,443,108 3,329,397 2,286,464 3,265,014 2,654,039 1,906,523 234,291 488,209 217,349 288,538 1,496,751 1,880,072 512,847 556,743 275,560 538,270 224,013 287,446 253,526 251,763 249,045 446,722 249,812 210,258 8,778,541 12,608,595 4,552,289 5,963,595 1,005,043 1,117,762 797,334 831,259 413,820 1,598,715 905,875 3,058,821 105,359 188,774 104,079 210,458 273,344 554,983 357,828 422,144 1,979,346 2,273,723 2,210,494 3,363,175 2,989,719 4,505,321 1,062,536 1,683,581 64,051 108,573 2,164,645 2,794,181 232,217 498,478 468,167 504,810 2,396,146 3,731,084 418,037 642,064 249,938 384,307 38,803 70,036 824,300 1,381,987 3,021,013 5,506,721 305,980 1,183,694 72,030 417,091 4,961,535 7,298,269 1,345,649 2,311,260 235,677 315,693 420,839 645,875 35,059 47,596 81,016

100,904

2008

Federal R&D obligations/ employed worker ($)

Employed workers 2000

2004

2008

124,844,682 136,955,714 138,762,591 144,860,347 2,782,193 2,067,147 2,007,153 2,061,601 222,163 299,324 314,753 332,389 2,449,176 2,404,916 2,650,277 2,934,136 145,265 1,207,352 1,221,553 1,300,420 19,938,653 16,024,341 16,354,779 16,883,425 2,668,121 2,300,192 2,392,952 2,605,535 1,815,401 1,697,670 1,703,865 1,763,911 144,314 402,777 408,266 419,184 17,537,244 291,916 288,397 312,877 2,290,401 7,569,406 7,998,202 8,621,454 1,386,021 4,095,362 4,249,007 4,517,730 347,753 584,858 598,175 613,803 355,408 632,451 666,080 722,714 2,168,530 6,176,837 5,968,561 6,247,985 672,029 3,052,719 2,997,800 3,049,268 634,853 1,557,081 1,534,991 1,607,923 300,406 1,351,988 1,381,343 1,421,107 252,464 1,866,348 1,854,703 1,898,083 406,131 1,930,662 1,928,464 1,974,881 168,009 650,385 653,847 665,057 13,312,685 2,711,382 2,761,583 2,900,018 6,883,096 3,273,281 3,203,810 3,283,147 1,866,491 4,953,421 4,686,953 4,554,464 1,393,037 2,720,492 2,752,403 2,778,500 435,207 1,239,859 1,232,139 1,205,464 1,111,285 2,875,336 2,815,878 2,869,569 159,461 446,552 456,385 485,375 204,579 923,198 938,105 960,438 312,624 1,015,221 1,128,223 1,246,696 294,312 675,541 687,855 716,611 2,192,726 4,130,310 4,144,223 4,256,251 3,502,888 810,024 849,970 909,809 4,651,187 8,751,441 8,816,013 9,138,034 1,772,567 3,969,235 4,031,081 4,291,565 98,326 335,780 339,541 355,622 2,580,353 5,573,154 5,502,533 5,570,514 260,753 1,609,522 1,605,641 1,674,485 581,074 1,716,954 1,714,447 1,828,477 3,279,378 5,830,902 5,859,561 6,095,678 643,721 520,758 526,046 528,288 453,003 1,917,365 1,888,050 1,998,171 76,379 397,678 411,708 432,130 1,689,925 2,756,498 2,746,241 2,854,488 5,029,588 9,896,002 10,385,318 11,070,779 699,928 1,097,915 1,179,142 1,324,467 120,985 326,742 334,188 342,130 9,282,197 3,502,524 3,715,272 3,954,733 4,339,544 2,898,677 2,999,526 3,286,973 224,575 764,649 746,854 770,845 660,915 2,894,884 2,868,376 2,936,749 47,358 256,685 262,358 286,394 84,929

1,162,153

1,226,251

1,208,595

2000

2004

2008

541 808 518 479 96 925 608 475 173 8,369 302 648 401 344 242 168 177 166 136 129 384 3,238 1,391 203 293 334 315 236 113 269 530 479 2,729 342 268 191 388 144 273 411 803 130 98 299 305 279 220 1,417 464 308 145 137

789 1,512 1,466 998 120 1,178 864 1,246 220 11,544 408 449 816 433 315 186 351 208 136 232 322 4,566 1,861 238 302 1,298 1,086 414 224 492 614 549 3,957 511 418 320 508 310 294 637 1,221 204 170 503 530 1,004 1,248 1,964 771 423 225 181

862 1,350 668 835 112 1,181 1,024 1,029 344 56,052 266 307 567 492 347 220 395 211 133 206 253 4,591 2,096 410 501 361 387 329 213 251 411 515 3,850 509 413 276 463 156 318 538 1,219 227 177 592 454 528 354 2,347 1,320 291 225 165

70

82

70

NOTES: Only 11 agencies required to report federal R&D obligations: Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security (established in 2002), Interior, and Transportation; Environmental Protection Agency; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and National Science Foundation. These obligations represent approximately 98% of total federal R&D obligations. Civilian workers represent employed component of civilian labor force and reported as annual data not seasonally adjusted. Federal R&D obligations reported in current dollars. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Federal Funds for Research and Development (various years); Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-92


Federal R&D Obligations per Individual in Science and Engineering Occupation Figure 8-41 Federal R&D obligations per individual in science and engineering occupation: 2008

AR DE FL GA IL IN KS LA ME MI NE OK OR SC SD VT WI WY 0

AK CO HI IA ID MN MO MS NC ND NH NJ NV NY OH PA TX UT WV

10,000

20,000

1st quartile ($18,150–$276,783) 2nd quartile ($10,844–$16,742) 3rd quartile ($7,841–$10,542) 4th quartile ($4,947–$7,398) No data

AZ CA CT TN

MA RI VA

30,000

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Federal Funds for Research and Development; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. MD

AL

40,000 50,000

NM

60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 110,000

DC 270,000 280,000

Dollars

Findings U

The federal government obligated approximately $125 billion for R&D in 2008—more than $20,000 for each person employed in an S&E occupation.

U

Federal R&D obligations per person employed in an S&E occupation ranged across the states from $4,347 to $101,360 in 2008.

U

The distribution for this indicator was highly skewed in 2008, with only 10 states and the District of Columbia above the national average. High values were reported in the District of Columbia and adjoining states and also in states where federal facilities or major defense contractors are located.

U

The 7 lowest ranking states are EPSCoR states.

This indicator represents the relationship between federal R&D spending in a state and the number of employees in the state who work in S&E occupations. Federal R&D dollars are attributed to the states in which the recipients of federal obligations are located. Federal obligations for R&D come from the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and include data reported by 11 federal agencies. The Department of Defense (DoD) disburses the most funding, approximately 50% of the total. The geographic distribution of DoD R&D funding to industry, mostly for development, reflects the location of prime contractors only, not the numerous subcontractors who perform much of the R&D. S&E occupations are defined by standard occupational codes. They include engineers and computer, mathematical, life, physical, and social scientists. Managers, technicians, elementary and secondary schoolteachers, and medical personnel are not included. Data on individuals in S&E occupations come from a survey of workplaces that assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates do not include self-employed persons and are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from data provided by state workforce agencies. Due to the way data are collected, faculty teaching in S&E fields are not included as workers in S&E occupations. Data on people in S&E occupations are sample based. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-93


Table 8-41 Federal R&D obligations per individual in science and engineering occupation, by state: 2003, 2005, and 2008 Federal R&D obligations ($millions) State

2003

Individuals in S&E occupations

Federal R&D obligations/individual in S&E occupation ($)

2005

2008

2003

2005

2008

2003

2005

2008


100,982 3,212 399 2,385 145 20,170 1,735 2,068 95 2,986 2,854 2,133 414 218 1,935 574 500 269 247 453 167 8,027 5,492 1,693 866 1,181 1,350 131 168 419 512 2,088 3,090 4,383 1,617 107 2,967 570 514 3,989 566 454 55 1,131 5,414 803 201 6,709 2,442 383 658 43

116,331 3,108 495 2,959 165 19,964 2,265 2,400 94 4,162 2,590 2,182 600 290 2,128 567 488 358 296 444 292 12,501 6,592 1,177 768 438 4,202 182 193 593 514 2,525 3,593 5,320 1,806 118 2,962 401 650 3,677 889 493 70 1,426 5,187 1,058 263 8,747 2,641 808 652 38

124,842 2,782 222 2,449 145 19,939 2,668 1,815 144 17,537 2,290 1,386 348 355 2,169 672 635 300 252 406 168 13,313 6,883 1,866 1,393 435 1,111 159 205 313 294 2,193 3,503 4,651 1,773 98 2,580 261 581 3,279 644 453 76 1,690 5,030 700 121 9,282 4,340 225 661 47

4,961,550 56,380 10,600 92,120 21,340 676,180 124,140 81,380 17,370 54,890 221,070 144,170 16,090 22,150 211,230 78,410 37,320 51,970 45,230 41,900 15,020 149,250 184,690 182,940 117,120 22,190 84,150 11,450 30,710 22,330 23,430 161,420 33,600 272,440 132,440 8,430 177,100 44,360 61,230 185,560 18,740 48,740 9,150 63,680 365,270 45,570 11,420 209,280 150,230 16,220 93,320 6,130

5,233,520 62,790 11,230 96,410 24,660 716,530 126,110 83,930 18,010 63,410 241,000 137,580 17,460 23,880 221,630 79,910 40,300 51,630 44,530 41,030 15,500 160,120 193,180 192,150 120,930 23,480 92,260 11,940 31,530 24,400 26,840 174,270 32,530 289,010 134,290 9,070 180,900 46,370 62,030 204,270 18,080 50,460 9,460 66,390 389,550 45,110 12,770 236,650 160,960 16,040 93,590 7,350

5,781,460 68,580 13,260 102,100 29,310 791,750 147,000 80,290 22,330 63,360 248,200 147,380 18,830 23,310 224,370 90,840 46,180 54,260 NA 41,790 17,000 167,070 217,310 204,290 134,440 27,270 105,390 NA 31,820 27,300 29,150 198,060 34,560 326,510 153,680 9,450 206,320 48,900 70,070 227,170 18,090 57,770 11,870 72,760 463,850 52,570 12,360 259,280 NA 17,000 101,680 8,850

20,353 56,971 37,642 25,890 6,795 29,829 13,976 25,412 5,469 54,400 12,910 14,795 25,730 9,842 9,161 7,320 13,398 5,176 5,461 10,811 11,119 53,782 29,736 9,254 7,394 53,222 16,043 11,441 5,471 18,764 21,852 12,935 91,964 16,088 12,209 12,693 16,753 12,849 8,395 21,497 30,203 9,315 6,011 17,761 14,822 17,621 17,601 32,058 16,255 23,613 7,051 7,015

22,228 49,498 44,078 30,692 6,691 27,862 17,961 28,595 5,219 65,636 10,747 15,860 34,364 12,144 9,602 7,095 12,109 6,934 6,647 10,821 18,839 78,073 34,124 6,125 6,351 18,654 45,545 15,243 6,121 24,303 19,151 14,489 110,452 18,408 13,449 13,010 16,374 8,648 10,479 18,001 49,170 9,770 7,400 21,479 13,315 23,454 20,595 36,962 16,408 50,374 6,967 5,170

21,594 40,566 16,742 23,986 4,947 25,183 18,150 22,606 6,449 276,783 9,226 9,404 18,481 15,230 9,667 7,398 13,751 5,529 NA 9,715 9,882 79,685 31,674 9,134 10,361 15,952 10,542 NA 6,442 11,465 10,086 11,072 101,360 14,245 11,537 10,370 12,505 5,337 8,292 14,434 35,600 7,841 6,403 23,227 10,844 13,316 9,790 35,799 NA 13,235 6,501 5,311

Puerto Rico ................

112

101

85

19,940

20,950

22,970

5,617

4,821

3,700

NA = not available NOTES: Only 11 agencies required to report federal R&D obligations: Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security (established in 2002), Interior, and Transportation; Environmental Protection Agency; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and National Science Foundation. These obligations represent approximately 98% of total federal R&D obligations. Federal R&D obligations reported in current dollars. National total for S&E occupations in the United States provided by Occupational Employment Statistics (OES). OES estimates for 2003 S&E occupations based upon November data; estimates for remaining years based upon May data. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Federal Funds for Research and Development (various years); Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-94


State Agency R&D Expenditures per $1 Million of Gross Domestic Product Figure 8-42 State agency R&D expenditures per $1 million of gross domestic product: 2007

AL CA CO DC DE GA IA ID LA MA MN MS NE NH NM NV OR RI TN TX UT VA WI 0

1st quartile ($147–$579) 2nd quartile ($67–$132) 3rd quartile ($40–$63) 4th quartile ($9–$37)

AR AZ IL KS KY MI MO NC NY OK VT WA 60

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of State Research and Development Expenditures; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data.

CT FL IN MD NJ SD 120

AK MT PA SC 180

HI ND

OH 240

300

ME WY

WV 360

420

480

540

600

Dollars

Findings U

Nationally, state government agencies spent a total of $1.2 billion on R&D in 2007. This represented $88 for each $1 million of a state’s gross domestic product (GDP).

U

State agency R&D expenditures accounted for less than one-half of 1 percent of total R&D expenditures in 2007; most R&D was funded by nonstate sources.

U

In 2007, the state values for this indicator ranged from $9 to $579 per $1 million of state GDP.

U

Nine EPSCoR states are among those with the highest values for this indicator, suggesting that there is a state-level effort to improve R&D infrastructure in these states, not just a federal effort.

U

State R&D totals display considerable volatility between FY 2006 and FY 2007. Four states (Florida, Indiana, New Jersey, and Rhode Island) included new agencies in their reporting from 2006 to 2007.

This indicator represents the ratio of state agency R&D funding to the size of a state’s economy. State R&D expenditures include stateadministered funds from all sources that support R&D performed by either a state agency or an external performer. Data on state R&D funding cover funding administered by state government departments, agencies, independent commissions, and other state-run entities. They exclude state-run colleges and universities as well as laboratories or experiment stations controlled by state universities; funding administered by these institutions is classified as academic R&D. The data also exclude state legislatures’ direct appropriations to nonstate agencies. Some data may include some expenditures for nonR&D activities such as commercialization, environmental testing, and routine survey work. Because of differences in the survey populations, definition of covered R&D activities, and collection methods, the results of previous NSF surveys on state government R&D are not comparable. Data for the value of gross domestic product (GDP) and for R&D expenditures are shown in current dollars.

8-95


Table 8-42 State agency R&D expenditures per $1 million of gross domestic product, by state: 2006 and 2007 State agency R&D expenditures ($) State EPSCoR states .......................................... Non-EPSCoR states .................................. Average EPSCoR state value .................... Average non-EPSCoR state value............. United States ............................................. Alabama ................................................. Alaska .................................................... Arizona ................................................... Arkansas ................................................ California ................................................ Colorado ................................................ Connecticut ........................................... Delaware ................................................ District of Columbia ............................... Florida .................................................... Georgia .................................................. Hawaii .................................................... Idaho ...................................................... Illinois ..................................................... Indiana ................................................... Iowa ....................................................... Kansas ................................................... Kentucky ................................................ Louisiana................................................ Maine ..................................................... Maryland ................................................ Massachusetts....................................... Michigan ................................................ Minnesota .............................................. Mississippi ............................................. Missouri ................................................. Montana ................................................. Nebraska................................................ Nevada................................................... New Hampshire ..................................... New Jersey ............................................ New Mexico ........................................... New York................................................ North Carolina ........................................ North Dakota ......................................... Ohio ....................................................... Oklahoma............................................... Oregon ................................................... Pennsylvania .......................................... Rhode Island .......................................... South Carolina ....................................... South Dakota ......................................... Tennessee .............................................. Texas ...................................................... Utah ....................................................... Vermont.................................................. Virginia ................................................... Washington ............................................ West Virginia .......................................... Wisconsin .............................................. Wyoming ................................................ Puerto Rico ............................................


State agency R&D ($)/ $1 million GDP

2006

2007

2006

2007

2006

2007

195,833,394 824,010,424 na na

232,177,940 989,262,653 na na

1,917,410 11,306,386 na na

2,014,616 11,862,368 na na

102 73 140 94

115 83 157 107

1,021,016,894 1,223,449,593 7,269,319 7,340,365 10,019,060 9,526,100 37,151,471 20,442,635 4,869,648 7,658,199 107,793,045 91,842,652 8,997,236 11,924,981 19,209,064 29,285,710 2,812,102 2,611,108 1,173,076 2,009,000 42,329,624 96,968,573 10,620,188 4,886,946 12,067,849 22,643,330 2,280,873 2,739,006 37,184,281 41,974,809 6,220,575 40,534,381 13,564,062 6,790,053 14,348,384 11,752,696 17,558,997 11,960,634 11,216,568 6,587,314 17,509,051 27,525,552 24,945,119 40,298,691 10,729,419 5,600,189 75,016,589 32,849,159 6,219,201 10,529,048 2,744,882 2,893,892 18,465,303 15,567,277 8,606,319 8,200,230 5,602,163 4,043,480 1,397,463 1,748,776 2,040,544 1,685,178 25,900,482 59,747,701 3,105,000 672,921 103,597,135 128,361,166 14,344,310 37,607,109 21,062,090 9,908,722 55,068,629 114,086,509 8,922,036 10,731,050 7,382,722 7,389,914 117,320,158 103,973,448 150,000 1,771,949 22,427,746 31,493,843 5,791,586 5,473,603 5,355,000 4,549,998 28,019,645 29,650,947 3,214,170 2,752,228 1,680,533 1,529,805 11,579,623 15,486,526 22,834,218 23,333,431 6,024,577 22,179,830 10,949,155 12,828,572 6,326,604 19,500,357

13,310,942 159,263 41,820 246,837 93,518 1,800,779 230,206 210,278 56,660 87,146 730,191 381,500 61,194 50,526 602,147 249,209 124,319 112,207 147,177 204,861 47,688 261,076 337,723 376,610 246,012 86,089 223,716 32,256 76,547 124,191 56,071 454,978 71,478 1,032,879 379,050 26,068 454,145 131,904 160,019 507,275 46,449 149,285 32,451 236,554 1,055,959 100,466 23,651 375,090 300,225 55,334 229,143 30,722

13,969,326 165,981 44,587 260,122 97,187 1,874,783 242,900 222,498 60,108 92,342 759,572 400,331 64,212 54,344 629,379 262,596 134,410 121,268 151,506 205,758 49,195 273,693 353,329 387,086 254,567 93,194 233,008 35,100 82,185 133,782 57,856 472,000 74,393 1,085,225 397,975 28,552 468,707 140,183 167,016 532,117 47,334 158,041 35,082 242,678 1,147,970 108,815 24,093 389,319 325,112 57,001 237,160 33,674

77 46 240 151 52 60 39 91 50 13 58 28 197 45 62 25 109 128 119 55 367 96 32 199 25 32 83 267 73 11 36 57 43 100 38 808 121 68 46 231 3 150 178 23 27 32 71 31 76 109 48 206

88 44 214 79 79 49 49 132 43 22 128 12 353 50 67 154 51 97 79 32 560 147 16 85 41 31 67 234 49 13 29 127 9 118 94 347 243 77 44 195 37 199 156 19 26 25 63 40 72 389 54 579

88,902

93,263

16

25

1,458,790

2,326,241

na = not applicable EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; GDP = gross domestic product NOTES: For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. R&D and GDP reported in current dollars. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of State Research and Development Expenditures (FY 2006 and FY 2007); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data; United Nations Statistics Division. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-96


State Agency R&D Expenditures per Employed Worker Figure 8-43 State agency R&D expenditures per employed worker: 2007

AL AR CA CO DC DE GA IA ID IL KY LA MA MN MO MS NE NH NM NV OK OR RI TN TX UT VA VT WI 0

1st quartile ($14.01–$68.77) 2nd quartile ($6.25–$13.85) 3rd quartile ($3.75–$6.14) 4th quartile ($0.75–$3.48) AZ FL IN KS MD MI NC SD WA 7

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of State Research and Development Expenditures; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics.

CT MT NJ NY OH PA SC 14

AK ND WV 21

HI ME

28

35

WY 42

49

56

63

70

Dollars

Findings U

In 2007, state government agency R&D expenditures averaged $8.43 per employed civilian worker nationwide.

U

State agency R&D funding per civilian worker across the United States was approximately 1% of the $764 in federal R&D obligations per worker in 2007.

U

State agency R&D spending per civilian worker varied greatly among the states in 2007, ranging from a low of $0.75 to a high of $68.77.

U

Eight EPSCoR states are among those with the highest values for this indicator.

This indicator represents the extent of R&D activity funded by state government agencies relative to the size of the state’s employed civilian workforce. State R&D expenditures include state-administered funds from all sources that support R&D performed by either a state agency or an external performer. Data on state R&D cover funding administered by state government departments, agencies, independent commissions, and other state-run entities. They exclude state-run colleges and universities as well as laboratories or experiment stations controlled by state universities; funding administered by these institutions is classified as academic R&D. The data also exclude state legislatures’ direct appropriations to nonstate agencies. Some data may include expenditures for non-R&D activities such as commercialization, environmental testing, and routine survey work. Estimates of the size of a state’s workforce are provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and represent the employed component of the civilian labor force. The data are not seasonally adjusted and workers are assigned to a location based on residence. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-97


Table 8-43 State agency R&D expenditures per employed worker, by state: 2006 and 2007

Employed workers

State agency R&D expenditures/employed worker ($)

2006

2007

2006

2007

2006

2007

United States ........................... Alabama ............................... Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................. Arkansas .............................. California .............................. Colorado .............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware .............................. District of Columbia ............. Florida .................................. Georgia ................................ Hawaii .................................. Idaho .................................... Illinois ................................... Indiana ................................. Iowa ..................................... Kansas ................................. Kentucky .............................. Louisiana.............................. Maine ................................... Maryland .............................. Massachusetts..................... Michigan .............................. Minnesota ............................ Mississippi ........................... Missouri ............................... Montana ............................... Nebraska.............................. Nevada................................. New Hampshire ................... New Jersey .......................... New Mexico ......................... New York.............................. North Carolina ...................... North Dakota ....................... Ohio ..................................... Oklahoma............................. Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ........................ Rhode Island ........................ South Carolina ..................... South Dakota ....................... Tennessee ............................ Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont................................ Virginia ................................. Washington .......................... West Virginia ........................ Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming ..............................

1,021,016,894 7,269,319 10,019,060 37,151,471 4,869,648 107,793,045 8,997,236 19,209,064 2,812,102 1,173,076 42,329,624 10,620,188 12,067,849 2,280,873 37,184,281 6,220,575 13,564,062 14,348,384 17,558,997 11,216,568 17,509,051 24,945,119 10,729,419 75,016,589 6,219,201 2,744,882 18,465,303 8,606,319 5,602,163 1,397,463 2,040,544 25,900,482 3,105,000 103,597,135 14,344,310 21,062,090 55,068,629 8,922,036 7,382,722 117,320,158 150,000 22,427,746 5,791,586 5,355,000 28,019,645 3,214,170 1,680,533 11,579,623 22,834,218 6,024,577 10,949,155 6,326,604

1,223,449,593 7,340,365 9,526,100 20,442,635 7,658,199 91,842,652 11,924,981 29,285,710 2,611,108 2,009,000 96,968,573 4,886,946 22,643,330 2,739,006 41,974,809 40,534,381 6,790,053 11,752,696 11,960,634 6,587,314 27,525,552 40,298,691 5,600,189 32,849,159 10,529,048 2,893,892 15,567,277 8,200,230 4,043,480 1,748,776 1,685,178 59,747,701 672,921 128,361,166 37,607,109 9,908,722 114,086,509 10,731,050 7,389,914 103,973,448 1,771,949 31,493,843 5,473,603 4,549,998 29,650,947 2,752,228 1,529,805 15,486,526 23,333,431 22,179,830 12,828,572 19,500,357

143,729,350 2,098,462 326,109 2,836,638 1,286,887 16,821,266 2,541,828 1,745,993 424,618 303,791 8,584,095 4,500,150 617,807 718,077 6,225,095 3,080,047 1,595,136 1,403,938 1,904,467 1,900,240 665,856 2,892,733 3,255,504 4,722,716 2,774,524 1,199,871 2,889,461 476,412 943,176 1,222,277 708,748 4,257,899 886,708 9,062,464 4,261,325 349,368 5,602,764 1,650,070 1,792,039 6,021,084 543,973 1,970,912 421,799 2,852,509 10,757,510 1,285,389 343,149 3,862,508 3,155,384 777,210 2,932,482 276,882

145,156,139 2,108,873 329,431 2,903,992 1,293,947 16,970,228 2,598,433 1,761,588 425,289 310,652 8,704,110 4,561,967 617,891 731,362 6,323,515 3,081,177 1,601,547 1,415,942 1,915,131 1,941,642 666,305 2,909,290 3,280,932 4,680,780 2,775,587 1,210,732 2,899,695 485,132 953,057 1,247,491 715,310 4,265,294 901,704 9,112,899 4,321,339 353,214 5,626,086 1,665,819 1,822,010 6,054,254 545,252 2,000,185 428,850 2,874,173 10,925,311 1,319,933 341,588 3,926,052 3,235,735 780,869 2,951,001 283,543

7.10 3.46 30.72 13.10 3.78 6.41 3.54 11.00 6.62 3.86 4.93 2.36 19.53 3.18 5.97 2.02 8.50 10.22 9.22 5.90 26.30 8.62 3.30 15.88 2.24 2.29 6.39 18.06 5.94 1.14 2.88 6.08 3.50 11.43 3.37 60.29 9.83 5.41 4.12 19.48 0.28 11.38 13.73 1.88 2.60 2.50 4.90 3.00 7.24 7.75 3.73 22.85

8.43 3.48 28.92 7.04 5.92 5.41 4.59 16.62 6.14 6.47 11.14 1.07 36.65 3.75 6.64 13.16 4.24 8.30 6.25 3.39 41.31 13.85 1.71 7.02 3.79 2.39 5.37 16.90 4.24 1.40 2.36 14.01 0.75 14.09 8.70 28.05 20.28 6.44 4.06 17.17 3.25 15.75 12.76 1.58 2.71 2.09 4.48 3.94 7.21 28.40 4.35 68.77

Puerto Rico ..........................

1,458,790

2,326,241

1,260,703

1,241,426

1.16

1.87

State agency R&D expenditures ($) State

NOTE: R&D expenditures reported in current dollars. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of State Research and Development Expenditures (FY 2006 and FY 2007); Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-98


State Agency R&D Expenditures per Individual in Science and Engineering Occupation Figure 8-44 State agency R&D expenditures per individual in science and engineering occupation: 2007

AL AZ CA CO DC DE GA IA ID IL KS LA MA MI MN MO MS NE NH NM NV OK OR RI TN TX UT VA VT WA WI 0

1st quartile ($398–$2,404) 2nd quartile ($155–$397) 3rd quartile ($96–$152) 4th quartile ($20–$86) SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of State Research and Development Expenditures; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.

AR CT FL KY MD NC NJ NY PA SD 240

IN MT OH SC 480

AK 720

HI WV

ND 960

1,200

ME 1,440

1,680

WY 1,920

2,160

2,400

2,640

Dollars

Findings U

Nationally, state government agencies spent about $1.2 billion for R&D in 2007. By comparison, the federal government obligated more than $111 billion for R&D in 2007.

U

In 2007, the average state agency R&D expenditure per person employed in an S&E occupation was $219, compared to about $20,000 the federal government averaged for each person employed in an S&E occupation.

U

State agency R&D funding per person employed in an S&E occupation ranged from $20 to $2,404 to per state in 2007.

U

Several EPSCoR states had the highest state agency R&D spending per S&E worker.

This indicator represents the ratio of state agency R&D funding to the number of individuals who work in S&E occupations in the state. Data on state R&D cover funding administered by state government departments, agencies, independent commissions, and other state-run entities. They exclude state-run colleges and universities as well as laboratories or experiment stations controlled by state universities; funding administered by these institutions is classified as academic R&D. The data also exclude state legislatures’ direct appropriations to nonstate agencies. Some data may include expenditures for non-R&D activities such as commercialization, environmental testing, and routine survey work. S&E occupations are defined by standard occupational codes. They include engineers and computer, mathematical, life, physical, and social scientists. Managers, technicians, elementary and secondary schoolteachers, and medical personnel are not included. Data on individuals in S&E occupations come from a survey of workplaces and assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates do not include selfemployed persons and are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from data provided by state workforce agencies. Because of the way data are collected, faculty teaching in S&E fields are not included as workers in S&E occupations. Data on people in S&E occupations are sample based.

8-99


Table 8-44 State agency R&D expenditures per individual in science and engineering occupations, by state: 2006 and 2007 State agency R&D expenditures ($) State


State agency R&D expenditures/individual in S&E occupation ($)

2006

2007

2006

2007

2006

2007

United States ........................... Alabama ............................... Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................. Arkansas .............................. California .............................. Colorado .............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware .............................. District of Columbia ............. Florida .................................. Georgia ................................ Hawaii .................................. Idaho .................................... Illinois ................................... Indiana ................................. Iowa ..................................... Kansas ................................. Kentucky .............................. Louisiana.............................. Maine ................................... Maryland .............................. Massachusetts..................... Michigan .............................. Minnesota ............................ Mississippi ........................... Missouri ............................... Montana ............................... Nebraska.............................. Nevada................................. New Hampshire ................... New Jersey .......................... New Mexico ......................... New York.............................. North Carolina ...................... North Dakota ....................... Ohio ..................................... Oklahoma............................. Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ........................ Rhode Island ........................ South Carolina ..................... South Dakota ....................... Tennessee ............................ Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont................................ Virginia ................................. Washington .......................... West Virginia ........................ Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming ..............................

1,021,016,894 7,269,319 10,019,060 37,151,471 4,869,648 107,793,045 8,997,236 19,209,064 2,812,102 1,173,076 42,329,624 10,620,188 12,067,849 2,280,873 37,184,281 6,220,575 13,564,062 14,348,384 17,558,997 11,216,568 17,509,051 24,945,119 10,729,419 75,016,589 6,219,201 2,744,882 18,465,303 8,606,319 5,602,163 1,397,463 2,040,544 25,900,482 3,105,000 103,597,135 14,344,310 21,062,090 55,068,629 8,922,036 7,382,722 117,320,158 150,000 22,427,746 5,791,586 5,355,000 28,019,645 3,214,170 1,680,533 11,579,623 22,834,218 6,024,577 10,949,155 6,326,604

1,223,449,593 7,340,365 9,526,100 20,442,635 7,658,199 91,842,652 11,924,981 29,285,710 2,611,108 2,009,000 96,968,573 4,886,946 22,643,330 2,739,006 41,974,809 40,534,381 6,790,053 11,752,696 11,960,634 6,587,314 27,525,552 40,298,691 5,600,189 32,849,159 10,529,048 2,893,892 15,567,277 8,200,230 4,043,480 1,748,776 1,685,178 59,747,701 672,921 128,361,166 37,607,109 9,908,722 114,086,509 10,731,050 7,389,914 103,973,448 1,771,949 31,493,843 5,473,603 4,549,998 29,650,947 2,752,228 1,529,805 15,486,526 23,333,431 22,179,830 12,828,572 19,500,357

5,382,290 66,100 10,720 98,110 24,860 730,010 133,730 79,380 21,550 64,120 246,190 136,470 18,940 NA 222,470 80,110 43,670 48,620 44,680 40,180 15,950 159,470 198,670 208,520 125,930 24,910 96,420 13,010 32,500 26,930 27,680 176,460 30,800 306,810 138,790 9,360 185,190 50,770 64,520 214,910 18,060 53,230 10,120 67,040 408,710 49,690 12,780 251,720 171,780 17,150 96,860 7,640

5,591,990 69,650 11,990 102,380 28,460 753,570 138,990 80,280 22,140 63,150 244,140 136,880 18,740 24,330 225,180 83,080 45,430 50,040 49,030 38,450 15,960 162,540 205,610 212,040 129,840 25,520 102,170 13,240 31,420 26,920 28,450 186,120 33,440 322,520 142,970 9,660 196,390 51,430 67,890 218,890 18,400 54,120 11,550 70,820 441,410 51,340 12,760 254,710 183,900 16,560 99,380 8,110

190 110 935 379 196 148 67 242 130 18 172 78 637 NA 167 78 311 295 393 279 1,098 156 54 360 49 110 192 662 172 52 74 147 101 338 103 2,250 297 176 114 546 8 421 572 80 69 65 131 46 133 351 113 828

219 105 795 200 269 122 86 365 118 32 397 36 1,208 113 186 488 149 235 244 171 1,725 248 27 155 81 113 152 619 129 65 59 321 20 398 263 1,026 581 209 109 475 96 582 474 64 67 54 120 61 127 1,339 129 2,404

Puerto Rico ..........................

1,458,790

2,326,241

23,850

NA

61

NA

NA = not available NOTES: R&D expenditures reported in current dollars. National total for S&E occupations in the United States provided by Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) and includes states with suppressed data. OES estimates for 2006 and 2007 S&E occupations based on May data. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of State Research and Development Expenditures (FY 2006, FY 2007); Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-100


Business-Performed R&D as a Percentage of Private-Industry Output Figure 8-45 Business-performed R&D as a percentage of private-industry output: 2008

AR DC FL GA HI KY ME NE NV SC TN WV

AK LA MS MT OK SD WY 0.0


0.5

CO IL MD NC OH PA TX VA VT WI

IA KS ND NM NY RI 1.0

1.5

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Industrial Research and Development and Business R&D and Innovation Survey (2008); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data.

AL AZ ID IN MN UT 2.0

OR 2.5

MI NH NJ

CA 3.0

3.5

4.0

MA WA 4.5

CT 5.0

5.5

Percent

Findings U

The amount of R&D performed by business rose from nearly $192 billion in 2000 to about $267 billion in 2008, an increase of 39% (in current dollars).

U

The value of this indicator exhibited little overall change between 2000 and 2008.

U

Business performed R&D as a share of private industry output varied greatly among states in 2008, ranging from 0.17 to 5.18.

U

Business R&D was concentrated in a few states—only 11 states had indicator values that exceeded the national average in 2008.

This indicator represents the role of R&D in a state’s business activity. The business sector is the largest performer of U.S. R&D. It accounts for more than half of all U.S. applied research funding and a significant portion, over 80%, of all development funding. A high value for this indicator indicates that the businesses within a state are making a large investment in their R&D activities. R&D is geographically concentrated and states vary in the type of research performed. The indicator reflects state differences in industrial structure as well as the behavior or priorities of individual businesses. Private-industry output is the portion of state gross domestic product contributed by state businesses. Data are presented in current dollars. Estimates for states with smaller economies are generally less precise than those for states with larger economies.

8-101


Table 8-45 Business-performed R&D as a percentage of private-industry output, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2008 Business-performed R&D ($millions) State United States ................... Alabama ....................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ......................... Arkansas ...................... California ...................... Colorado ...................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ...................... District of Columbia ..... Florida .......................... Georgia ........................ Hawaii .......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois ........................... Indiana ......................... Iowa ............................. Kansas ......................... Kentucky ...................... Louisiana...................... Maine ........................... Maryland ...................... Massachusetts............. Michigan ...................... Minnesota .................... Mississippi ................... Missouri ....................... Montana ....................... Nebraska...................... Nevada......................... New Hampshire ........... New Jersey .................. New Mexico ................. New York...................... North Carolina .............. North Dakota ............... Ohio ............................. Oklahoma..................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ................ Rhode Island ................ South Carolina ............. South Dakota ............... Tennessee .................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont........................ Virginia ......................... Washington .................. West Virginia ................ Wisconsin .................... Wyoming ...................... Puerto Rico ..................

2000 192,197 821 i 48e 2,182 i 400 45,455 3,143 4,132 i 1,468 i 196e 3,773 i 2,159 i 93e 1,363 8,393 i 2,888 i 762 1,327 i 762 364e 255 2,213 10,857 17,489 i 3,971 242e 1,978 78e 335e 433 722 10,580 1,203 i 11,622 4,535 83e 6,245 463 1,533 8,473 1,167 i 1,059 89e 1,644 10,048 1,063 389 2,683 8,235 i 329 2,415 37e

2004 201,131 1,227 35e 2,570 287 46,614 4,008 7,177 1,059 182e 3,486 2,160 131 681 8,554 4,208 963 1,804 i 565 311 213 3,826 11,819 15,170 5,199 160 2,151 70 383 417 1,330 10,993 450 8,793 4,565 379 i 5,516 410 3,057 8,005 1,320 i 961 72 1,630 10,992 1,089 423 4,006 8,840 i 202 2,645 23

NA

NA

Business-performed R&D/private-industry output (%)

Private-industry output ($millions)

2008

2000

2004

2008

2000

2004

2008

267,373 3,099 69 5,232 443 67,532 4,019 10,518 NA 571 4,178 3,344 269 961 8,900 4,991 1,509 1,600 933 411 308 4,333 15,028 13,742 5,728 252 NA 148 561 677 2,169 19,054 735 11,455 6,246 303 7,405 595 4,074 9,735 538 1,221 133 1,608 16,166 1,945 422 6,142 13,876 334 3,798 63

8,736,085 98,017 20,604 142,165 59,543 1,178,200 152,673 149,857 37,496 38,028 422,803 259,656 32,634 31,101 430,158 178,905 82,694 74,127 97,524 114,856 31,480 151,696 249,074 302,201 169,289 54,551 160,270 17,880 49,625 68,368 40,297 315,519 40,561 691,330 246,974 15,279 341,648 75,743 98,912 357,944 29,270 97,797 20,827 158,028 651,993 59,897 15,846 216,942 197,965 34,494 158,975 14,369

10,360,070 120,036 27,762 175,425 72,483 1,394,822 176,819 171,687 46,886 51,268 546,699 299,108 40,639 37,741 490,751 209,833 103,266 85,461 112,663 150,660 38,279 192,127 283,069 325,281 204,355 63,966 184,238 23,201 60,247 90,497 46,535 367,791 51,351 795,998 284,688 19,494 382,095 93,288 119,455 416,222 37,672 113,129 26,707 190,752 805,767 70,844 19,025 271,629 221,032 40,074 187,471 19,782

12,513,954 141,959 40,851 226,566 85,589 1,690,730 223,771 202,965 53,116 65,387 656,807 350,732 51,153 47,506 575,417 236,860 119,473 107,298 131,054 191,186 42,842 231,981 332,816 330,225 235,450 79,700 211,133 30,161 73,777 118,834 52,702 431,293 62,598 991,767 346,083 27,627 417,814 126,536 153,690 491,213 41,163 131,991 33,859 218,374 1,071,943 97,181 21,161 329,458 286,249 48,549 213,141 34,223

2.20 0.84 0.23 1.53 0.67 3.86 2.06 2.76 3.92 0.52 0.89 0.83 0.28 4.38 1.95 1.61 0.92 1.79 0.78 0.32 0.81 1.46 4.36 5.79 2.35 0.44 1.23 0.44 0.68 0.63 1.79 3.35 2.97 1.68 1.84 0.54 1.83 0.61 1.55 2.37 3.99 1.08 0.43 1.04 1.54 1.77 2.45 1.24 4.16 0.95 1.52 0.26

1.94 1.02 0.13 1.47 0.40 3.34 2.27 4.18 2.26 0.35 0.64 0.72 0.32 1.80 1.74 2.01 0.93 2.11 0.50 0.21 0.56 1.99 4.18 4.66 2.54 0.25 1.17 0.30 0.64 0.46 2.86 2.99 0.88 1.10 1.60 1.94 1.44 0.44 2.56 1.92 3.50 0.85 0.27 0.85 1.36 1.54 2.22 1.47 4.00 0.50 1.41 0.12

2.14 2.18 0.17 2.31 0.52 3.99 1.80 5.18 NA 0.87 0.64 0.95 0.53 2.02 1.55 2.11 1.26 1.49 0.71 0.21 0.72 1.87 4.52 4.16 2.43 0.32 NA 0.49 0.76 0.57 4.12 4.42 1.17 1.16 1.80 1.10 1.77 0.47 2.65 1.98 1.31 0.93 0.39 0.74 1.51 2.00 1.99 1.86 4.85 0.69 1.78 0.18

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

e = estimated, more than 50% of value is imputed due to raking of state data; i = more than 50% of value is imputed; NA = not available NOTE: R&D expenditures reported in current dollars. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Industrial Research and Development (various years) and Business R&D and Innovation Survey; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-102


Academic Science and Engineering R&D per $1,000 of Gross Domestic Product Figure 8-46 Academic science and engineering R&D per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2009

AR DE FL ID ME NJ OK SD VA WY

NV 0.9

1.8

CA CO GA IA IN KS MO MS NY OH OR SC

AK AZ CT DC IL KY LA MN TN TX WA WV 2.7

3.6

1st quartile ($4.59–$10.60) 2nd quartile ($3.85–$4.57) 3rd quartile ($2.89–$3.80) 4th quartile ($1.46–$2.86)

AL HI MI MT NC NE NH PA RI UT VT WI 4.5

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Academic Research and Development Expenditures; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data.

ND NM 5.4

MA 6.3

MD 7.2

8.1

9.0

9.9

10.8

Dollars

Findings U

Expenditures for research performed in academic institutions have almost doubled in a decade, rising from $30.0 billion in 2000 to $54.8 billion in 2009 (in current dollars).

U

In the United States, growth in academic research increased more rapidly than gross domestic product (GDP), causing the value of this indicator to increase by 29% between 2000 and 2009. Most of this change occurred between 2000 and 2005.

U

In 2009, the value of this indicator ranged from $1.46 to $10.60 across states.

U

The largest percentage increase in academic R&D as a share of GDP occurred in South Dakota, an EPSCoR state, where the value of this indicator more than doubled between 2000 and 2009.

U

While the average indicator value for both EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR states increased over the period 2000 to 2009, non-EPSCoR states continued to have nearly 6.5 times the amount of spending academic S&E R&D as EPSCoR states.

This indicator represents the ratio of S&E R&D expenditures at a state’s colleges and universities to the size of the state’s economy. Academic R&D performers account for a little over half of the U.S. basic research, about a third of total research (basic plus applied), and roughly 10% of all R&D conducted in the U.S. Academic R&D can be a valuable basis for future economic development. Data on academic R&D are provided by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and represent S&E R&D at U.S. colleges and universities with over $150,000 in R&D expenditures. Data for the value of gross domestic product (GDP) by state and for R&D expenditures are shown in current dollars.

8-103


Table 8-46 Academic science and engineering R&D per $1,000 of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2009 Academic S&E R&D ($thousands) State

2000

2005

2009

2000

2005

2009

EPSCoR states ................ 3,949,767 6,161,002 7,236,610 Non-EPSCoR states ........ 25,784,807 39,205,177 47,239,938 Average EPSCoR state value .................... na na na Average non-EPSCoR state value .................... na na na

1,368,845 8,457,057

1,809,030 10,662,668

2,042,476 11,873,474

2.89 3.05

3.41 3.68

3.54 3.98

na

na

na

2.95

3.66

3.67

na

na

na

3.25

3.87

4.16

United States ................... 29,980,402 45,669,100 54,802,274 Alabama ....................... 428,122 589,860 761,982 Alaska .......................... 107,417 153,721 132,554 Arizona ......................... 465,777 720,184 873,063 Arkansas ...................... 130,894 209,518 239,593 California ...................... 4,053,042 6,264,908 7,406,053 Colorado ...................... 544,204 825,048 1,058,283 Connecticut ................. 468,435 669,923 752,793 Delaware ...................... 78,126 115,751 133,810 District of Columbia ..... 245,828 302,921 325,726 Florida .......................... 851,932 1,448,634 1,663,542 Georgia ........................ 926,749 1,274,410 1,565,574 Hawaii .......................... 161,300 240,247 300,302 Idaho ............................ 73,726 119,871 120,721 Illinois ........................... 1,170,625 1,771,107 2,113,124 Indiana ......................... 509,141 759,622 1,005,216 Iowa ............................. 418,263 548,301 562,569 Kansas ......................... 258,336 348,751 441,321 Kentucky ...................... 274,238 452,265 540,295 Louisiana...................... 399,411 579,476 670,995 Maine ........................... 57,753 96,569 128,434 Maryland ...................... 1,507,549 2,356,905 3,021,052 Massachusetts............. 1,485,792 2,079,548 2,463,395 Michigan ...................... 995,756 1,456,218 1,742,051 Minnesota .................... 416,411 558,259 757,745 Mississippi ................... 217,064 353,078 416,804 Missouri ....................... 614,101 893,013 1,008,901 Montana ....................... 99,069 170,791 181,649 Nebraska...................... 208,480 360,148 393,611 Nevada......................... 106,340 178,492 182,016 New Hampshire ........... 150,982 287,472 298,298 New Jersey .................. 567,666 865,641 913,835 New Mexico ................. 246,258 361,466 435,375 New York...................... 2,290,812 3,610,287 4,224,536 North Carolina .............. 1,040,017 1,655,844 2,160,505 North Dakota ............... 67,406 149,994 185,708 Ohio ............................. 918,500 1,531,614 1,895,074 Oklahoma..................... 252,419 291,697 335,840 Oregon ......................... 346,149 536,228 636,594 Pennsylvania ................ 1,549,050 2,367,837 2,722,278 Rhode Island ................ 129,697 199,709 246,322 South Carolina ............. 294,184 487,776 611,539 South Dakota ............... 27,269 67,012 102,299 Tennessee .................... 405,013 726,078 832,991 Texas ............................ 2,039,642 3,073,724 3,984,258 Utah ............................. 308,059 400,276 500,421 Vermont........................ 64,762 117,400 125,023 Virginia ......................... 587,718 910,163 1,088,367 Washington .................. 642,934 901,558 1,083,799 West Virginia ................ 73,420 146,489 174,486 Wisconsin .................... 661,470 999,847 1,203,919 Wyoming ...................... 43,094 83,449 77,633

9,884,171 116,014 25,913 161,901 68,146 1,317,343 171,930 163,943 40,957 58,269 481,115 294,479 41,372 36,091 474,444 198,020 93,287 85,742 113,108 131,430 36,395 182,953 272,680 336,786 188,449 65,615 180,982 21,629 57,233 75,907 44,067 349,334 50,262 770,621 281,418 18,250 381,175 91,292 112,974 395,811 33,522 115,392 24,009 177,582 732,987 69,483 18,033 261,894 227,828 41,419 177,638 17,047

12,554,535 151,096 37,824 222,968 88,227 1,691,991 217,412 197,055 54,749 82,837 680,277 363,154 56,869 48,675 569,544 239,575 120,258 105,164 139,336 197,163 45,587 248,139 323,301 375,260 238,367 81,500 216,633 30,088 72,504 114,771 53,653 429,985 67,776 961,941 354,973 24,672 444,715 120,662 143,349 482,324 44,169 141,929 31,641 224,522 970,997 90,748 22,773 356,852 279,405 51,964 218,923 26,238

14,014,842 166,819 45,861 249,711 98,795 1,847,048 250,664 227,550 60,660 98,892 732,782 394,117 65,428 53,661 631,970 259,894 136,062 122,544 155,789 205,117 50,039 285,116 360,538 369,671 258,499 94,406 237,955 34,999 86,411 125,037 59,086 471,946 76,871 1,094,104 407,032 31,626 462,015 142,388 167,481 546,538 47,470 158,786 38,255 243,849 1,146,647 111,301 24,625 409,732 331,639 61,043 239,613 36,760

3.03 3.69 4.15 2.88 1.92 3.08 3.17 2.86 1.91 4.22 1.77 3.15 3.90 2.04 2.47 2.57 4.48 3.01 2.42 3.04 1.59 8.24 5.45 2.96 2.21 3.31 3.39 4.58 3.64 1.40 3.43 1.62 4.90 2.97 3.70 3.69 2.41 2.76 3.06 3.91 3.87 2.55 1.14 2.28 2.78 4.43 3.59 2.24 2.82 1.77 3.72 2.53

3.64 3.90 4.06 3.23 2.37 3.70 3.79 3.40 2.11 3.66 2.13 3.51 4.22 2.46 3.11 3.17 4.56 3.32 3.25 2.94 2.12 9.50 6.43 3.88 2.34 4.33 4.12 5.68 4.97 1.56 5.36 2.01 5.33 3.75 4.66 6.08 3.44 2.42 3.74 4.91 4.52 3.44 2.12 3.23 3.17 4.41 5.16 2.55 3.23 2.82 4.57 3.18

3.91 4.57 2.89 3.50 2.43 4.01 4.22 3.31 2.21 3.29 2.27 3.97 4.59 2.25 3.34 3.87 4.13 3.60 3.47 3.27 2.57 10.60 6.83 4.71 2.93 4.42 4.24 5.19 4.56 1.46 5.05 1.94 5.66 3.86 5.31 5.87 4.10 2.36 3.80 4.98 5.19 3.85 2.67 3.42 3.47 4.50 5.08 2.66 3.27 2.86 5.02 2.11

69,208

86,157

NA

1.08

1.16

NA

Puerto Rico ..................

2000

74,529

2005

Academic R&D ($)/ $1,000 GDP


100,235

2009

105,330

na = not applicable; NA = not available EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; GDP = gross domestic product NOTES: Academic R&D reported for institutuons with R&D over $150,000. GDP reported in current dollars. For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Academic Research and Development Expenditures (various years); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-104


Science and Engineering Doctorates Conferred per 1,000 Employed S&E Doctorate Holders Figure 8-47 Science and engineering doctorates conferred per 1,000 employed S&E doctorate holders: 2008


DC ID VT

AK ME NM 14

21

28

CO CT HI MS NC OK SC TN

DE MT NJ NV OR VA

MD SD WA 35

AR CA KS MA MO NH NY PA TX UT

42

49

SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates and Survey of Doctorate Recipients.

AL AZ KY MN ND NE OH WV 56

GA IL LA MI RI WI 63

FL IN WY 70

IA 77

84

Degrees

Findings U

In 2008, just over 33,000 S&E doctorates were awarded by U.S. academic institutions, approximately 26% more than in 1997.

U

The value of this indicator in 2008 is back to the level it was in 1997 after a decline early in the decade and a slow increase to the current level.

U

Low state values on this indicator may indicate either a small S&E graduate-level educational program or a concentration of S&E doctorate-level employment opportunities that attract significant numbers of S&E doctorate holders who were educated elsewhere. Low-ranking EPSCoR states tend to fall into the former category.

This indicator represents the rate at which the states are training new S&E doctorate recipients for entry into the workforce. High values indicate relatively large production of new doctorate holders compared with the existing stock of employed doctorate holders. States with relatively low values may need to attract S&E doctorate holders from elsewhere to meet the needs of local employers. Data on doctorates conferred and on employed doctorate holders include those with doctoral degrees in computer and mathematical sciences; the biological, agricultural, or environmental life sciences; physical sciences; social sciences; psychology; engineering; and health fields. Both sets of data exclude individuals with doctorates from foreign institutions. The employed doctorate data also excludes those above the age of 75. Data for doctorates conferred are presented by the location where the doctorate was earned; employment data for S&E doctorate holders are presented by employment location regardless of residence. Estimates for states with smaller populations of employed doctorate holders are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations. The indicator does not take into account any postgraduation mobility of recent S&E doctorate recipients to their place of employment. Doctorate recipients with temporary visas may decide to return home after graduation to begin their careers. The indicator also does not cover individuals with non-U.S. S&E doctorates who are working in the United States.

8-105


Table 8-47 Science and engineering doctorates conferred per 1,000 employed S&E doctorate holders, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008

S&E doctorates conferred State

S&E doctorates conferred/1,000 employed S&E doctorate holders

Employed S&E doctorate holdersa

1997

2003

2008

1997

2008

1997

2003

2008


26,392 283 15 457 68 3,352 603 396 117 318 768 519 139 58 1,499 638 357 246 194 307 42 620 1,490 951 504 139 430 57 148 58 117 691 161 2,445 678 53 1,173 210 299 1,279 166 206 36 372 1,575 253 35 697 426 55 631 61

25,329 293 31 417 74 3,768 555 402 84 345 943 632 105 69 1,373 622 274 244 191 263 33 578 1,345 943 474 130 476 52 164 75 122 607 136 2,099 681 64 937 172 274 1,248 147 191 32 320 1,426 211 27 636 409 95 498 42

33,145 356 21 526 120 4,800 589 479 128 352 1,387 929 152 78 1,690 755 422 240 281 333 43 840 1,891 1,099 739 156 521 80 159 98 149 757 143 2,713 925 74 1,248 208 335 1,594 190 288 38 449 2,166 288 50 868 553 121 671 53

516,560 6,610 1,110 6,280 2,320 70,490 10,740 8,770 3,710 11,800 13,330 9,880 2,550 2,030 21,260 7,570 4,120 3,770 4,110 5,360 2,150 21,020 23,330 15,050 9,810 3,000 9,490 1,690 3,010 1,620 2,230 20,440 7,480 40,080 13,730 1,350 18,700 4,580 6,210 23,940 2,450 4,780 1,060 8,520 28,570 4,800 1,750 15,250 13,360 1,980 8,460 860

590,910 5,730 1,140 7,500 2,790 86,550 12,220 9,780 3,000 13,800 16,000 12,220 3,040 2,450 22,400 9,590 4,660 4,060 4,720 5,420 2,110 25,280 30,220 17,130 11,110 3,120 9,080 1,740 2,820 2,070 2,640 20,980 8,120 44,890 17,380 1,130 20,870 4,640 7,830 27,820 3,170 5,210 1,020 8,840 33,280 4,240 1,770 18,880 15,430 1,980 8,390 650

647,800 6,000 1,200 8,800 2,400 95,700 13,100 10,600 3,300 13,100 18,600 13,500 3,200 2,800 24,200 10,300 5,200 4,300 4,800 5,200 2,300 28,100 35,000 16,700 12,600 3,300 10,000 2,100 2,800 2,800 2,900 21,300 7,800 49,000 20,100 1,300 20,800 4,500 8,700 30,000 2,800 6,300 1,300 10,100 39,900 5,600 1,800 21,300 17,700 2,000 9,900 700

51.1 42.8 13.5 72.8 29.3 47.6 56.1 45.2 31.5 26.9 57.6 52.5 54.5 28.6 70.5 84.3 86.7 65.3 47.2 57.3 19.5 29.5 63.9 63.2 51.4 46.3 45.3 33.7 49.2 35.8 52.5 33.8 21.5 61.0 49.4 39.3 62.7 45.9 48.1 53.4 67.8 43.1 34.0 43.7 55.1 52.7 20.0 45.7 31.9 27.8 74.6 70.9

42.9 51.1 27.2 55.6 26.5 43.5 45.4 41.1 28.0 25.0 58.9 51.7 34.5 28.2 61.3 64.9 58.8 60.1 40.5 48.5 15.6 22.9 44.5 55.0 42.7 41.7 52.4 29.9 58.2 36.2 46.2 28.9 16.7 46.8 39.2 56.6 44.9 37.1 35.0 44.9 46.4 36.7 31.4 36.2 42.8 49.8 15.3 33.7 26.5 48.0 59.4 64.6

51.2 59.3 17.5 59.8 50.0 50.2 45.0 45.2 38.8 26.9 74.6 68.8 47.5 27.9 69.8 73.3 81.2 55.8 58.5 64.0 18.7 29.9 54.0 65.8 58.7 47.3 52.1 38.1 56.8 35.0 51.4 35.5 18.3 55.4 46.0 56.9 60.0 46.2 38.5 53.1 67.9 45.7 29.2 44.5 54.3 51.4 27.8 40.8 31.2 60.5 67.8 75.7

Puerto Rico ................

65

96

214

660

1,710

2,000

98.5

56.1

107.0

a

2003

Coefficients of variation for estimates of employed S&E doctorate holders provided in appendix table 8-13.

NOTE: Data on U.S. S&E doctorate holders classified by employment location. SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates and Survey of Doctorate Recipients (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-106


Academic Science and Engineering Article Output per 1,000 S&E Doctorate Holders in Academia Figure 8-48 Academic science and engineering article output per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia: 2008

180

MT WV

ID SD

ME 240

AK HI NM NV OK SC VA

300

360

DC GA MN NJ TN UT VT WA WY

AR KS KY MS ND NH 420

AL AZ CO FL IA LA MO NC NY OH OR RI TX WI

480

540


CT IN MI NE PA 600

SOURCES: The Patent Board™, special tabulations (2011) from Thomson Reuters, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index; National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients.

CA IL MD 660

DE MA 720

780

840

Articles

Findings U

Between 1997 and 2008, the number of scientific and engineering articles published by academia increased from 138,000 to 168,000 and the number of S&E doctorate holders in academia increased from 246,000 to 290,000.

U

In 2008, the value of this indicator ranged from 238 S&E articles per 1,000 doctorate holders in academia to 812 across the states.

U

The publication rate for academic S&E doctorate holders in states in the top quartile of this indicator was nearly twice as high as for states in the bottom quartile.

U

The average indicator value for EPSCoR states was considerably lower than the average indicator value for non-EPSCoR states.

The volume of peer-reviewed articles per 1,000 academic S&E doctorate holders is an approximate measure of their contribution to scientific knowledge. Publications are only one measure of academic productivity, which includes trained personnel, patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other outputs. A high value on this indicator shows that the S&E faculty in a state’s academic institutions are generating a high volume of publications relative to other states. Academic institutions include 2-year colleges, 4-year colleges and universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research centers. Research is more central to the mission of some of these institutions than others. Publication counts are based on the number of articles that appear in a set of journals tracked by Thomson Reuters in the Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index. Academic article output is based on the most recent journal set; data for earlier years may differ slightly from previous publications due to changes in the journal set. Articles with authors from different institutions were counted fractionally. For instance, for a publication with authors at N institutions, each institution would be credited with 1/N of the article. S&E doctorates include those in computer sciences; mathematics; the biological, agricultural, or environmental life sciences; physical sciences; social sciences; psychology; engineering; and health fields. S&E doctorate data are estimates and exclude those with doctorates from foreign institutions and those above the age of 75. Estimates for states with smaller populations of S&E doctorate holders are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations. Data for S&E doctorate holders in academia are presented by employment location regardless of residence.

8-107


Table 8-48 Academic science and engineering article output per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders in academia, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008

Academic S&E article output State

2008

S&E doctorate holders in academiaa

Academic articles/ 1,000 academic doctorate holders

1997

2003

1997

2003

2008

1997

2003

2008


16,096 120,251

17,479 129,972

19,506 146,975

41,750 201,710

42,890 232,390

43,300 244,100

386 596

408 559

450 602

na

na

na

na

na

na

372

394

445

na

na

na

na

na

na

585

546

583


137,597 1,838 160 2,133 575 16,862 2,408 2,692 476 1,083 3,976 3,076 531 287 6,469 2,862 2,130 1,134 1,320 1,810 238 4,259 8,762 4,620 2,300 583 3,032 256 983 352 579 2,952 782 11,781 4,762 262 4,900 853 1,550 7,756 828 1,155 136 2,123 8,415 1,492 369 2,822 3,091 400 3,025 189

148,722 1,851 195 2,152 664 18,744 2,615 2,748 580 1,061 4,551 3,640 572 305 6,959 3,022 2,220 1,235 1,434 1,759 267 4,946 9,445 5,071 2,287 710 3,122 363 991 458 627 3,150 792 12,179 5,321 315 5,088 933 1,648 8,260 871 1,428 165 2,310 9,423 1,538 383 2,991 3,412 375 3,129 204

167,852 1,974 285 2,455 716 21,001 2,855 3,070 650 1,106 5,678 4,299 697 360 7,662 3,645 2,232 1,292 1,604 1,753 285 5,453 10,834 5,804 2,634 840 3,443 396 1,115 571 683 3,326 835 13,378 6,170 411 5,635 1,081 1,972 9,419 1,020 1,587 202 2,826 10,755 1,786 475 3,593 3,605 417 3,445 255

245,670 4,640 450 3,050 1,520 26,050 4,550 4,000 750 2,210 6,850 5,780 1,380 780 10,620 4,680 3,100 2,260 3,040 3,580 1,340 6,400 11,810 7,850 4,490 1,940 5,770 1,020 2,360 980 1,130 5,290 2,450 20,900 7,740 900 9,750 2,680 2,690 12,150 1,730 3,230 700 4,720 13,760 3,080 1,140 5,830 5,410 1,190 5,390 560

277,970 3,240 600 3,660 1,850 29,830 5,320 4,490 800 2,690 8,710 7,240 1,910 1,190 10,930 5,810 3,390 2,380 3,320 3,570 1,150 7,060 14,630 9,050 5,600 2,060 5,770 1,090 1,880 1,260 1,360 6,160 2,960 22,360 9,650 740 10,620 2,900 3,690 15,650 2,180 3,000 670 5,210 15,240 2,770 1,100 7,630 6,740 1,190 5,180 490

289,500 3,500 700 4,200 1,500 30,500 5,200 5,100 800 2,100 9,700 8,100 1,900 1,400 11,500 5,900 3,900 2,700 3,400 3,100 1,200 8,200 13,800 9,000 5,400 1,900 5,800 1,200 1,800 1,500 1,600 6,300 2,300 23,100 10,600 900 9,900 3,000 3,300 15,200 1,800 3,800 700 5,500 18,400 3,400 900 8,800 7,300 1,200 6,000 500

560 396 356 699 379 647 529 673 635 490 580 532 385 368 609 612 687 502 434 506 178 666 742 589 512 301 526 251 417 359 512 558 319 564 615 292 503 318 576 638 479 358 194 450 612 485 324 484 571 336 561 337

535 571 325 588 359 628 492 612 725 394 523 503 299 257 637 520 655 519 432 493 233 700 646 560 408 345 541 333 527 364 461 511 268 545 551 426 479 322 447 528 399 476 246 443 618 555 349 392 506 315 604 417

580 564 407 585 477 689 549 602 812 527 585 531 367 257 666 618 572 478 472 565 238 665 785 645 488 442 594 330 619 381 427 528 363 579 582 457 569 360 598 620 567 418 289 514 585 525 528 408 494 348 574 510

Puerto Rico ..................

167

212

265

640

1,360

1,300

261

156

204

na = not applicable EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research a

Coefficients of variation for estimates of S&E doctorate holders in academia presented in appendix table 8-14.

NOTE: For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCES: The Patent Board™, special tabulations (2011) from Thomson Reuters, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index, http:// thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/; National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-108


Academic Science and Engineering Article Output per $1 Million of Academic S&E R&D Figure 8-49 Academic science and engineering article output per $1 million of academic S&E R&D: 2009

AK MS MT ND NM SD

MD 1.5

1.8

2.1

AR AZ CA CO ID KS KY NC NV OH OR WI WY

AL GA LA NE SC TX WV

HI ME NH 2.4


2.7

NY OK TN VA WA 3.0

SOURCES: The Patent Board™, special tabulations (2011) from Thomson Reuters, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index; National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Academic Research and Development Expenditures.

DC FL IL IN MI MN MO NJ PA UT VT 3.3

CT RI

IA 3.6

3.9

DE

MA 4.2

4.5

4.8

Articles

Findings U

From 2000 to 2009, the number of academic S&E publications rose from about 137,000 to about 163,000—an increase of 19% that may reflect both an increase in publications and an increase in the size of the journal set.

U

In 2009, academic researchers produced an average of 3.0 publications per $1 million of academic R&D, compared with 4.6 in 2000. This partly reflects the effect of general price inflation but may also indicate rising academic research costs.

U

The value of this indicator ranged from 1.70 to 4.64 across the states in 2009.

U

Between 2000 and 2009, the value for this indicator decreased in all states except Alaska and by 35% nationwide.

This indicator represents the relationship between the number of academic S&E publications and the amount of money expended for academic R&D. Academic institutions include 2-year colleges, 4-year colleges or universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research centers. This indicator is not an efficiency measure; it is affected by the highly variable costs of R&D and by publishing conventions in different fields and institutions. It may also reflect variations in field emphasis among states and institutions. Publication counts are based on the number of articles that appear in a set of journals tracked by Thomson Reuters in the Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index. Academic article output is based on the most recent journal set; data for earlier years may differ slightly from previous publications due to changes in the journal set. Articles with authors from different institutions were counted fractionally. For instance, for a publication with authors at N institutions, each institution would be credited with 1/N of the article.

8-109


Table 8-49 Academic science and engineering article output per $1 million of academic S&E R&D, by state: 2000, 2004, and 2009 Academic S&E R&D ($millions)

Academic S&E article output State

Academic articles/ $1 million academic R&D

2000

2004

2009

2000

2004

2009

2000

2004

2009


137,088 1,714 167 2,059 543 16,962 2,381 2,659 492 1,074 4,029 3,072 528 265 6,466 2,871 2,094 1,219 1,282 1,716 255 4,457 8,957 4,609 2,147 614 2,933 295 934 400 558 2,856 765 11,535 4,851 236 4,801 849 1,600 7,649 826 1,219 131 2,141 8,433 1,491 390 2,845 3,153 359 2,845 173

142,535 1,760 180 2,092 626 17,873 2,360 2,718 560 999 4,503 3,570 538 304 6,682 2,854 2,033 1,118 1,356 1,689 251 4,728 9,249 4,870 2,238 689 2,940 323 1,035 393 656 2,860 757 11,820 5,133 323 4,976 897 1,637 7,870 838 1,364 149 2,249 8,924 1,427 383 2,835 3,168 352 2,967 202

162,969 1,833 256 2,478 710 20,722 2,900 3,006 621 1,083 5,604 4,210 680 351 7,513 3,507 2,109 1,283 1,500 1,718 287 5,127 10,490 5,888 2,519 859 3,376 380 1,002 536 661 3,195 791 13,019 5,989 345 5,364 1,101 1,860 9,071 982 1,507 207 2,717 10,335 1,723 426 3,439 3,386 470 3,318 232

29,980 428 107 466 131 4,053 544 468 78 246 852 927 161 74 1,171 509 418 258 274 399 58 1,508 1,486 996 416 217 614 99 208 106 151 568 246 2,291 1,040 67 919 252 346 1,549 130 294 27 405 2,040 308 65 588 643 73 661 43

43,143 572 146 651 183 6,013 771 649 115 303 1,307 1,222 241 117 1,713 841 532 333 424 559 99 2,268 2,000 1,397 535 348 842 155 325 164 277 805 304 3,352 1,447 152 1,320 283 505 2,208 192 456 59 658 2,879 407 116 849 897 135 957 60

54,802 762 133 873 240 7,406 1,058 753 134 326 1,664 1,566 300 121 2,113 1,005 563 441 540 671 128 3,021 2,463 1,742 758 417 1,009 182 394 182 298 914 435 4,225 2,161 186 1,895 336 637 2,722 246 612 102 833 3,984 500 125 1,088 1,084 174 1,204 78

4.57 4.00 1.55 4.42 4.15 4.19 4.38 5.68 6.29 4.37 4.73 3.31 3.27 3.59 5.52 5.64 5.01 4.72 4.67 4.30 4.41 2.96 6.03 4.63 5.16 2.83 4.78 2.98 4.48 3.76 3.70 5.03 3.11 5.04 4.66 3.50 5.23 3.36 4.62 4.94 6.37 4.14 4.80 5.29 4.13 4.84 6.02 4.84 4.90 4.89 4.30 4.01

3.30 3.08 1.23 3.21 3.42 2.97 3.06 4.19 4.87 3.30 3.45 2.92 2.23 2.60 3.90 3.39 3.82 3.36 3.20 3.02 2.53 2.08 4.62 3.49 4.18 1.98 3.49 2.08 3.19 2.40 2.37 3.55 2.49 3.53 3.55 2.13 3.77 3.17 3.24 3.56 4.36 2.99 2.52 3.42 3.10 3.51 3.30 3.34 3.53 2.60 3.10 3.36

2.97 2.41 1.93 2.84 2.96 2.80 2.74 3.99 4.64 3.32 3.37 2.69 2.27 2.91 3.56 3.49 3.75 2.91 2.78 2.56 2.24 1.70 4.26 3.38 3.32 2.06 3.35 2.09 2.55 2.95 2.22 3.50 1.82 3.08 2.77 1.86 2.83 3.28 2.92 3.33 3.99 2.46 2.02 3.26 2.59 3.44 3.41 3.16 3.12 2.69 2.76 2.98

Puerto Rico ................

191

215

282

75

NA

105

2.56

NA

2.67

NA = not available NOTE: Academic R&D expenditures reported in current dollars. SOURCES: The Patent Board™, special tabulations (2011) from Thomson Reuters, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index, http:// thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/; National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Academic R&D Expenditures. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-110


Academic Patents Awarded per 1,000 Science and Engineering Doctorate Holders in Academia Figure 8-50 Academic patents awarded per 1,000 science and engineering doctorate holders in academia: 2008

KS SC SD WV

AK DC 0.0

HI ID IN MO ND NV OK RI TN VA WY

1.8

3.6

DE GA KY LA MS NC NH NM OR PA TX

AL AZ CO CT ME MT OH VT WA 5.4


7.2

AR IA MN NE NY UT 9.0

10.8

MA MD NJ WI

FL MI

IL 12.6

SOURCES: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Technology Assessment and Forecast Branch, U.S. Colleges and Universities—Utility Patent Grants, Calendar Years 1969–2008; National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients.

14.4

CA 16.2

18.0

Patents

Findings U

Throughout the United States, the number of patents assigned to academic institutions increased from about 2,400 in 1997 to about 2,800 in 2008, an increase of 15%; the number of academic S&E doctorate holders rose by 18% during the same period.

U

In 2008, states varied widely on this indicator, with values ranging from 0 to 17.3 patents per 1,000 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, possibly indicating a difference in patenting philosophy or the mix of industries with which these academic institutions deal.

U

California showed the highest level of both academic patenting and venture capital investment.

U

The value of this indicator fluctuates over time and across states.

Since the early 1980s, academic institutions have increasingly been viewed as engines of economic growth. Growing attention has been paid to the role of academic R&D in creating new products, processes, and services. One indicator of such R&D results is the volume of patents assigned to academic institutions. Academic patenting is highly concentrated and partly reflects the resources devoted to institutional patenting offices. This indicator relates the number of academic-owned utility patents to the size of the doctoral S&E workforce in academia and is one approximate measure of the degree to which results with perceived economic value are generated by the doctoral academic workforce. Academia includes 2-year colleges, 4-year colleges and universities, medical schools, and universityaffiliated research centers. Utility patents, commonly known as patents for inventions, include any new, useful, or improved method, process, machine, device, manufactured item, or chemical compound, and represent a key measure of intellectual property. Changes in the number of patents assigned to academic institutions may occur for a given year when the assignee is changed or when the list of approved academic institutions is modified, as occurred in 2005. S&E doctorates include those in computer sciences; mathematics; biological, agricultural, or environmental life sciences; physical sciences; social sciences; psychology; engineering; and health fields. S&E doctorate data exclude those with doctorates from foreign institutions and those above the age of 75. For states with smaller populations, estimates of doctorate holders in academia are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations. Data for S&E doctorate holders are presented by employment location regardless of residence.

8-111


Table 8-50 Academic patents awarded per 1,000 science and engineering doctorate holders in academia, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008 Patents awarded to academic institutions

S&E doctorate holders in academiaa

Academic patents/1,000 academic S&E doctorate holders

State

1997

2003

2008

1997

2003

2008

1997

2003

2008


2,443 23 2 22 8 428 37 37 5 4 91 49 6 8 79 39 44 7 15 25 1 71 177 97 50 6 37 4 28 2 7 71 46 204 97 3 70 17 18 131 10 14 1 28 123 39 2 55 39 2 59 5

3,256 41 3 22 24 664 32 44 7 3 130 76 7 7 105 23 56 20 21 29 4 128 208 115 68 11 41 4 17 9 11 118 90 236 121 4 85 14 19 161 7 23 0 42 166 25 7 62 52 11 80 3

2,818 19 0 25 14 527 32 28 7 2 129 68 7 7 131 22 35 8 25 24 7 119 222 122 55 17 27 7 17 6 14 99 18 217 94 4 58 14 25 131 7 13 2 26 155 32 6 46 50 3 93 2

245,670 4,640 450 3,050 1,520 26,050 4,550 4,000 750 2,210 6,850 5,780 1,380 780 10,620 4,680 3,100 2,260 3,040 3,580 1,340 6,400 11,810 7,850 4,490 1,940 5,770 1,020 2,360 980 1,130 5,290 2,450 20,900 7,740 900 9,750 2,680 2,690 12,150 1,730 3,230 700 4,720 13,760 3,080 1,140 5,830 5,410 1,190 5,390 560

277,970 3,240 600 3,660 1,850 29,830 5,320 4,490 800 2,690 8,710 7,240 1,910 1,190 10,930 5,810 3,390 2,380 3,320 3,570 1,150 7,060 14,630 9,050 5,600 2,060 5,770 1,090 1,880 1,260 1,360 6,160 2,960 22,360 9,650 740 10,620 2,900 3,690 15,650 2,180 3,000 670 5,210 15,240 2,770 1,100 7,630 6,740 1,190 5,180 490

289,500 3,500 700 4,200 1,500 30,500 5,200 5,100 800 2,100 9,700 8,100 1,900 1,400 11,500 5,900 3,900 2,700 3,400 3,100 1,200 8,200 13,800 9,000 5,400 1,900 5,800 1,200 1,800 1,500 1,600 6,300 2,300 23,100 10,600 900 9,900 3,000 3,300 15,200 1,800 3,800 700 5,500 18,400 3,400 900 8,800 7,300 1,200 6,000 500

9.9 5.0 4.4 7.2 5.3 16.4 8.1 9.3 6.7 1.8 13.3 8.5 4.3 10.3 7.4 8.3 14.2 3.1 4.9 7.0 0.7 11.1 15.0 12.4 11.1 3.1 6.4 3.9 11.9 2.0 6.2 13.4 18.8 9.8 12.5 3.3 7.2 6.3 6.7 10.8 5.8 4.3 1.4 5.9 8.9 12.7 1.8 9.4 7.2 1.7 10.9 8.9

11.7 12.7 5.0 6.0 13.0 22.3 6.0 9.8 8.8 1.1 14.9 10.5 3.7 5.9 9.6 4.0 16.5 8.4 6.3 8.1 3.5 18.1 14.2 12.7 12.1 5.3 7.1 3.7 9.0 7.1 8.1 19.2 30.4 10.6 12.5 5.4 8.0 4.8 5.1 10.3 3.2 7.7 0.0 8.1 10.9 9.0 6.4 8.1 7.7 9.2 15.4 6.1

9.7 5.4 0.0 6.0 9.3 17.3 6.2 5.5 8.8 1.0 13.3 8.4 3.7 5.0 11.4 3.7 9.0 3.0 7.4 7.7 5.8 14.5 16.1 13.6 10.2 8.9 4.7 5.8 9.4 4.0 8.8 15.7 7.8 9.4 8.9 4.4 5.9 4.7 7.6 8.6 3.9 3.4 2.9 4.7 8.4 9.4 6.7 5.2 6.8 2.5 15.5 4.0

Puerto Rico ................

0

5

2

640

1,360

1,300

0.0

3.7

1.5

a

Coefficients of variation for estimates of S&E doctorate holders in academia presented in appendix table 8-14.

SOURCES: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Technology Assessment and Forecast Branch, special tabulations of U.S. Colleges and Universities—Utility Patent Grants, Calendar Years 1969–2008; National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients (various years). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-112


Patents Awarded per 1,000 Individuals in Science and Engineering Occupations Figure 8-51 Patents awarded per 1,000 individuals in science and engineering occupations: 2010

AK AR DC 0

1st quartile (20.0–50.7) 2nd quartile (13.1–19.2) 3rd quartile (9.2–12.9) 4th quartile (1.4–7.2) No data

AL HI LA MD MO MS MT ND NE SC SD VA WV WY 5

AZ DE IA IL IN NC OH RI TX WI

CO FL GA KS KY ME NM OK TN 10

15

MA MI NH NJ NV UT 20

SOURCES: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Electronic Information Products Division/ Patent Monitoring Branch, Patent Counts by Country/State and Year, Utility Patents, January 1, 1963–December 31, 2009; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.

CT MN WA 25

CA 30

35

ID 40

45

VT 50

55

Patents

Findings U

About 108,000 utility patents were awarded to inventors residing in the United States in 2010, an increase from the 88,000 utility patents awarded in 2003.

U

In 2010, the national average for this indicator was 19.4 patents per 1,000 individuals in an S&E occupation, higher than the average of 17.7 in 2003. Values for individual states varied widely, ranging from 1.8 to 50.7 patents per 1,000 individuals in S&E occupations in 2010.

U

More than 25% of all 2010 U.S. utility patents were awarded to residents of California. Texas and New York were each awarded over 7,000 utility patents in 2010, representing nearly 14% of the total.

This indicator represents state patent activity normalized to the size of its S&E workforce, specifically employees in S&E occupations. People in S&E occupations include engineers and computer, mathematical, life, physical, and social scientists. Managers, technicians, elementary and secondary schoolteachers, and medical personnel are not included. Although the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) grants several types of patents, this indicator covers only utility patents, commonly known as patents for inventions. Utility patents can be granted for any new, useful, or improved method, process, machine, device, manufactured item, or chemical compound and represent a key measure of intellectual property. USPTO classifies patents geographically according to the residence of the first-named inventor. Only U.S.-origin patents are included. Data on individuals in S&E occupations come from a survey of workplaces that assigns workers to a state based on where they work. Estimates do not include selfemployed persons and are developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Situations in which workers live in one state and work in another introduce some imprecision into the calculation of this indicator. The treatment of postsecondary teachers is another source of imprecision. Due to the way the data are collected, faculty teaching in S&E fields are not included as workers in S&E occupations. Estimates for states with smaller populations are generally less precise than estimates for states with larger populations.

8-113


Table 8-51 Patents awarded per 1,000 individuals in science and engineering occupations, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2010

Patents awarded State


Patents/1,000 individuals in S&E occupations

2003

2006

2010

2003

2006

2010

2003

2006

2010


87,864 397 37 1,584 152 19,688 2,069 1,667 346 49 2,563 1,333 75 1,803 3,296 1,385 665 428 439 390 150 1,453 3,908 3,857 2,953 162 823 121 185 389 677 3,522 390 6,234 1,871 55 3,183 516 1,665 3,182 266 571 80 797 6,029 638 429 1,110 2,285 139 1,787 71

89,795 357 36 1,705 138 22,275 2,118 1,652 357 63 2,600 1,487 84 1,663 3,294 1,165 666 492 413 321 142 1,410 4,011 3,758 2,957 119 721 121 186 386 602 3,172 344 5,627 1,974 66 2,630 544 2,060 2,842 269 577 74 669 6,308 684 437 1,094 3,286 103 1,688 48

107,765 444 28 1,976 144 27,337 2,135 1,875 367 82 2,978 1,905 121 1,095 3,611 1,492 763 615 536 304 211 1,578 4,923 3,823 3,597 145 975 105 214 540 725 3,874 434 7,082 2,636 107 3,230 516 2,040 3,351 276 517 70 925 7,545 1,017 642 1,587 5,258 118 1,814 82

4,961,550 56,380 10,600 92,120 21,340 676,180 124,140 81,380 17,370 54,890 221,070 144,170 16,090 22,150 211,230 78,410 37,320 51,970 45,230 41,900 15,020 149,250 184,690 182,940 117,120 22,190 84,150 11,450 30,710 22,330 23,430 161,420 33,600 272,440 132,440 8,430 177,100 44,360 61,230 185,560 18,740 48,740 9,150 63,680 365,270 45,570 11,420 209,280 150,230 16,220 93,320 6,130

5,407,710 66,100 10,720 98,110 24,860 730,010 133,730 79,380 21,550 64,120 246,190 136,470 18,940 NA 222,470 80,110 43,670 48,620 44,680 40,180 15,950 159,470 198,670 208,520 125,930 24,910 96,420 13,010 32,500 26,930 27,680 176,460 30,800 306,810 138,790 9,360 185,190 50,770 64,520 214,910 18,060 53,230 10,120 67,040 408,710 49,690 12,780 251,720 171,780 17,150 96,860 7,640

5,549,980 68,450 15,430 102,870 29,200 758,830 143,210 74,990 20,920 59,870 239,600 145,220 19,500 24,130 197,120 90,710 44,140 48,970 48,790 44,200 17,470 166,700 208,160 176,570 125,100 23,770 102,300 14,620 30,930 26,840 29,200 185,360 36,130 NA 155,030 11,050 195,840 44,190 NA NA 18,210 56,230 11,150 71,850 451,390 50,830 12,670 255,800 186,210 17,070 99,240 8,260

17.7 7.0 3.5 17.2 7.1 29.1 16.7 20.5 19.9 0.9 11.6 9.2 4.7 81.4 15.6 17.7 17.8 8.2 9.7 9.3 10.0 9.7 21.2 21.1 25.2 7.3 9.8 10.6 6.0 17.4 28.9 21.8 11.6 22.9 14.1 6.5 18.0 11.6 27.2 17.1 14.2 11.7 8.7 12.5 16.5 14.0 37.6 5.3 15.2 8.6 19.1 11.6

16.6 5.4 3.4 17.4 5.6 30.5 15.8 20.8 16.6 1.0 10.6 10.9 4.4 NA 14.8 14.5 15.3 10.1 9.2 8.0 8.9 8.8 20.2 18.0 23.5 4.8 7.5 9.3 5.7 14.3 21.7 18.0 11.2 18.3 14.2 7.1 14.2 10.7 31.9 13.2 14.9 10.8 7.3 10.0 15.4 13.8 34.2 4.3 19.1 6.0 17.4 6.3

19.4 6.5 1.8 19.2 4.9 36.0 14.9 25.0 17.5 1.4 12.4 13.1 6.2 45.4 18.3 16.4 17.3 12.6 11.0 6.9 12.1 9.5 23.7 21.7 28.8 6.1 9.5 7.2 6.9 20.1 24.8 20.9 12.0 NA 17.0 9.7 16.5 11.7 NA NA 15.2 9.2 6.3 12.9 16.7 20.0 50.7 6.2 28.2 6.9 18.3 9.9

Puerto Rico ................

27

25

24

19,940

23,850

20,850

1.4

1.0

1.2

NA = not available NOTES: Origin of utility patent determined by residence of first-named inventor. National totals for S&E occupations in the United States provided by Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) and include states with suppressed data. OES estimates for 2003, 2006, and 2010 S&E occupations based on May data. SOURCES: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Electronic Information Products Division/Patent Technology Monitoring Branch, Patent Counts by Country/ State and Year, Utility Patents, January 1, 1963–December 31, 2009; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-114


High-Technology Establishments as a Percentage of All Business Establishments Figure 8-52 High-technology establishments as a percentage of all business establishments: 2008

AL HI ID IN KY ME MO MT NE RI SC TN WI

IA MS ND SD WV 5

6


AK AR KS LA MI NC NM NY OH OR PA VT WY 7

CA GA IL NH NV TX UT

AZ CT FL MN OK WA 8

SOURCE: Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series.

9

MA MD NJ 10

CO VA 11

DE 12

13

DC 14

15

Percent

Findings U

The number of establishments in high-technology industries rose from about 590,000 in 2003 to more than 646,000 in 2008, an increase of 56,000 or 9%.

U

The percentage of U.S. establishments in hightechnology industries went from 8.17% to 8.52% of the total business establishments during the 2003–08 period, and most states showed an upward trend in the percentage of their establishments in hightechnology industries.

U

Between 2003 and 2008, the largest growth in the number of establishments in high-technology industries occurred in California and Florida, which added 8,700 and 6,200 establishments, respectively.

U

The state distribution of this indicator is similar to that of three other indicators: bachelor’s degree holders, S&E doctoral degree holders, and S&E occupations, all expressed as a share of the workforce.

U

EPSCoR states have a lower average value on this indicator than non-EPSCoR states.

This indicator represents the portion of a state’s business establishments that are classified as being part of high-technology industries. High-technology industries are defined as those in which the proportion of employees in technology-oriented occupations is at least twice the average proportion for all industries. High-technology occupations include scientific, engineering, and technician occupations that employ workers who generally possess in-depth knowledge of the theories and principles of science, engineering, and mathematics at a postsecondary level. States often consider such industries desirable, in part because they tend to compensate workers better than other industries do. This indicator does not take into account establishment size. Each establishment with an employer identification number is counted without regard to the number of its employees. The data pertaining to establishments for the years 2003 and later are based on their classification according to the 2002 edition of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). See table 8-A in the “Introduction” for a list of the 46 industries (by 4-digit NAICS code) that are defined as high technology. Data for years prior to 2003 are not directly comparable.

8-115


Table 8-52 High-technology establishments as a percentage of all business establishments, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2008 High-technology establishments State

High-technology/business establishments (%)

All business establishments

2003

2006

2008

2003

2006

2008

2003

2006

2008


83,464 504,364

88,790 541,875

91,126 551,958

1,202,246 6,001,637

1,255,900 6,308,168

1,261,851 6,304,793

6.94 8.40

7.07 8.59

7.22 8.75

na

na

na

na

na

na

7.08

7.17

7.31

na

na

na

na

na

na

8.23

8.40

8.57


590,417 6,347 1,345 10,433 4,012 77,614 15,532 7,827 3,964 2,589 38,118 18,820 2,097 2,515 27,606 9,626 4,316 5,716 5,453 7,218 2,466 13,428 17,183 16,937 12,834 3,269 9,562 2,108 2,797 5,387 3,511 24,286 3,322 35,926 14,869 964 19,875 6,859 7,500 22,266 1,976 5,869 1,206 8,196 45,062 5,474 1,453 18,868 13,171 2,257 9,035 1,353

633,727 6,613 1,494 11,942 4,373 85,514 17,259 7,810 3,700 3,062 43,678 20,825 2,325 2,912 28,821 10,158 4,548 6,035 5,769 7,439 2,612 14,632 17,107 17,049 13,348 3,336 10,130 2,415 3,072 5,975 3,554 24,534 3,553 37,346 16,908 1,035 20,347 7,301 8,083 23,486 2,059 6,551 1,266 8,772 47,520 6,531 1,535 21,678 14,411 2,308 9,438 1,558

646,195 6,754 1,489 12,269 4,675 86,312 18,047 7,736 3,407 3,111 44,285 21,402 2,294 3,083 29,265 10,132 4,659 6,004 5,893 7,670 2,642 15,009 17,434 16,773 13,257 3,469 10,178 2,564 3,269 6,024 3,603 24,307 3,635 38,308 17,582 1,117 20,127 7,536 8,525 23,930 2,076 6,978 1,397 8,882 49,419 6,913 1,548 22,482 15,116 2,343 9,609 1,656

7,223,240 99,453 19,037 120,966 64,058 822,751 143,398 91,207 24,739 19,357 458,823 208,350 30,950 39,582 310,589 147,073 80,745 74,637 90,358 101,933 40,519 132,782 177,910 236,221 145,364 59,565 149,753 33,616 50,213 53,080 38,119 237,097 43,386 500,559 207,500 20,371 269,202 85,633 102,462 297,040 29,172 98,735 24,314 129,458 481,804 60,011 21,747 182,783 166,229 40,225 141,560 18,804

7,585,035 103,236 19,838 137,532 66,647 875,682 154,254 93,232 25,563 20,967 516,185 225,577 33,063 45,599 320,756 151,024 82,542 76,261 92,700 101,647 41,941 140,021 174,997 235,245 150,896 60,442 154,177 36,550 51,822 61,061 39,273 242,649 45,814 514,992 221,898 21,286 269,398 89,440 110,317 303,507 30,322 105,060 25,419 134,776 508,092 68,612 22,261 196,849 179,368 40,480 145,590 20,175

7,587,695 103,690 19,870 139,876 66,558 876,984 156,426 92,428 25,134 21,051 506,466 227,233 32,862 46,133 321,441 149,891 82,207 75,958 92,471 103,877 41,683 138,416 173,933 228,890 148,641 60,793 152,165 37,228 52,064 61,721 38,812 238,080 46,091 517,873 224,757 21,514 263,353 91,186 111,266 302,568 29,713 106,501 25,624 136,321 521,383 71,301 22,067 197,376 181,688 39,579 143,830 20,722

8.17 6.38 7.07 8.62 6.26 9.43 10.83 8.58 16.02 13.38 8.31 9.03 6.78 6.35 8.89 6.55 5.35 7.66 6.03 7.08 6.09 10.11 9.66 7.17 8.83 5.49 6.39 6.27 5.57 10.15 9.21 10.24 7.66 7.18 7.17 4.73 7.38 8.01 7.32 7.50 6.77 5.94 4.96 6.33 9.35 9.12 6.68 10.32 7.92 5.61 6.38 7.20

8.35 6.41 7.53 8.68 6.56 9.77 11.19 8.38 14.47 14.60 8.46 9.23 7.03 6.39 8.99 6.73 5.51 7.91 6.22 7.32 6.23 10.45 9.78 7.25 8.85 5.52 6.57 6.61 5.93 9.79 9.05 10.11 7.76 7.25 7.62 4.86 7.55 8.16 7.33 7.74 6.79 6.24 4.98 6.51 9.35 9.52 6.90 11.01 8.03 5.70 6.48 7.72

8.52 6.51 7.49 8.77 7.02 9.84 11.54 8.37 13.56 14.78 8.74 9.42 6.98 6.68 9.10 6.76 5.67 7.90 6.37 7.38 6.34 10.84 10.02 7.33 8.92 5.71 6.69 6.89 6.28 9.76 9.28 10.21 7.89 7.40 7.82 5.19 7.64 8.26 7.66 7.91 6.99 6.55 5.45 6.52 9.48 9.70 7.01 11.39 8.32 5.92 6.68 7.99

Puerto Rico ..................

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

na = not applicable; NA = not available EPSCoR = Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research NOTE: For explanation of EPSCoR and non-EPSCoR averages, see chapter introduction. SOURCE: Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-116


Net High-Technology Business Formations as a Percentage of All Business Establishments Figure 8-53 Net high-technology business formations as a percentage of all business establishments: 2008

AK AZ CA CT DC MI MN NJ RI

DE –0.7

AL FL GA HI IA ID IN KS MA MD NC NV OH TN UT VA VT WI

–0.6

–0.5

–0.4

–0.3

–0.2

–0.1

CO IL KY MO MS NE NH NM NY OK OR PA SC TX WA WV 0.0

1st quartile (0.05% to 0.26%) 2nd quartile (–0.02% to 0.04%) 3rd quartile (–0.08% to –0.04%) 4th quartile (–0.61% to –0.10%) SOURCE: Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series.

AR MT ND WY

LA ME SD 0.1

0.2

0.3

Percent

Findings U

In 2008, about 2,800 more businesses in high-technology industries ceased operations than were formed in the United States. From a base of approximately 7.6 million total business establishments, 76,033 new business establishments were formed in high-technology industries and 78,801 ceased operations in those same industries.

U

The effect of the business downturn became evident in 2008 as 30 states plus the District of Columbia had more businesses in hightechnology industries ceasing operations than were being formed.

U

The 7 top-ranking states on this indicator were EPSCoR states. However, the largest numbers of net new businesses were formed in Texas and Pennsylvania.

The business base of a state is constantly changing as new businesses form and others cease to function. The term net business formations refers to the difference between the number of businesses that are formed and the number that cease operations during any particular year. The ratio of the number of net business formations that occur in high-technology industries to the number of business establishments in a state indicates the changing role of high-technology industries in a state’s economy. High positive values indicate an increasingly prominent role for these industries. The data on business establishments in high-technology industries are based on their classification according to the 2002 edition of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). See table 8-A in the “Introduction” for a list of the 46 industries (by 4-digit NAICS code) that are defined as high technology. Data for years prior to 2003 are not directly comparable. Changes in company name, ownership, or address are not counted as business formations or business deaths. Net business formations cannot be used to directly link the number of high-technology business establishments in different years because the primary industry of some establishments may have changed during the period.

8-117


Table 8–53 Net high-technology business formations as a percentage of all business establishments, by state: 2004, 2006, and 2008 Net high-technology business formations State

High-technology formations/business establishments (%)

All business establishments

2004

2006

2008

2004

2006

2008

2004

2006

2008


11,598 63 22 357 123 1,099 490 –47 –52 66 1,743 642 51 54 452 208 12 160 116 –38 81 475 156 44 185 7 195 108 64 169 30 –80 37 702 514 –1 204 75 156 474 67 175 16 39 401 283 42 845 346 16 215 37

14,031 134 66 446 98 2,633 509 44 –78 195 1,009 734 90 151 243 164 150 114 42 195 31 278 193 27 39 83 279 98 98 207 13 38 98 274 692 34 111 236 141 278 8 230 9 372 1,221 382 22 986 476 –13 66 85

–2,768 –65 –32 –236 131 –973 148 –124 –153 –25 –322 –228 –14 –10 65 –78 –14 –31 46 121 49 –56 –141 –408 –278 52 –7 80 32 –32 0 –393 –1 20 –53 43 –273 22 93 177 –54 25 42 –75 231 –16 –4 –162 52 19 –12 54

7,366,978 100,521 19,309 125,330 65,127 838,615 146,937 92,710 25,344 19,503 483,693 214,200 31,538 41,205 315,093 149,050 81,334 75,600 91,598 102,866 41,131 135,699 175,426 237,392 148,276 60,364 153,584 34,570 50,803 55,713 38,707 240,013 44,071 509,873 212,457 20,763 271,078 87,180 104,966 300,832 29,900 100,947 24,693 131,355 489,782 62,644 22,072 188,533 170,848 40,732 143,739 19,262

7,585,035 103,236 19,838 137,532 66,647 875,682 154,254 93,232 25,563 20,967 516,185 225,577 33,063 45,599 320,756 151,024 82,542 76,261 92,700 101,647 41,941 140,021 174,997 235,245 150,896 60,442 154,177 36,550 51,822 61,061 39,273 242,649 45,814 514,992 221,898 21,286 269,398 89,440 110,317 303,507 30,322 105,060 25,419 134,776 508,092 68,612 22,261 196,849 179,368 40,480 145,590 20,175

7,587,695 103,690 19,870 139,876 66,558 876,984 156,426 92,428 25,134 21,051 506,466 227,233 32,862 46,133 321,441 149,891 82,207 75,958 92,471 103,877 41,683 138,416 173,933 228,890 148,641 60,793 152,165 37,228 52,064 61,721 38,812 238,080 46,091 517,873 224,757 21,514 263,353 91,186 111,266 302,568 29,713 106,501 25,624 136,321 521,383 71,301 22,067 197,376 181,688 39,579 143,830 20,722

0.16 0.06 0.11 0.28 0.19 0.13 0.33 –0.05 –0.21 0.34 0.36 0.30 0.16 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.01 0.21 0.13 –0.04 0.20 0.35 0.09 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.13 0.31 0.13 0.30 0.08 –0.03 0.08 0.14 0.24 0.00 0.08 0.09 0.15 0.16 0.22 0.17 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.45 0.19 0.45 0.20 0.04 0.15 0.19

0.18 0.13 0.33 0.32 0.15 0.30 0.33 0.05 –0.31 0.93 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.33 0.08 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.05 0.19 0.07 0.20 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.18 0.27 0.19 0.34 0.03 0.02 0.21 0.05 0.31 0.16 0.04 0.26 0.13 0.09 0.03 0.22 0.04 0.28 0.24 0.56 0.10 0.50 0.27 –0.03 0.05 0.42

–0.04 –0.06 –0.16 –0.17 0.20 –0.11 0.09 –0.13 –0.61 –0.12 –0.06 –0.10 –0.04 –0.02 0.02 –0.05 –0.02 –0.04 0.05 0.12 0.12 –0.04 –0.08 –0.18 –0.19 0.09 0.00 0.21 0.06 –0.05 0.00 –0.17 0.00 0.00 –0.02 0.20 –0.10 0.02 0.08 0.06 –0.18 0.02 0.16 –0.06 0.04 –0.02 –0.02 –0.08 0.03 0.05 –0.01 0.26

Puerto Rico ................

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available SOURCE: Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-118


Employment in High-Technology Establishments as a Percentage of Total Employment Figure 8-54 Employment in high-technology establishments as a percentage of total employment: 2008

MS SD WV

HI MT NV 5.5

FL IA IN KY ME NE WY

6.6

7.7

AZ DE ID NC ND NY OH OK PA SC VT WI

AL AR LA RI TN 8.8


9.9

SOURCE: Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series. AK CA CT GA IL MN TX

MI MO NM OR UT 11.0

12.1

MA MD NJ WA

CO DC KS NH 13.2

14.3

VA 15.4

16.5

Percent

Findings U

Employment in high-technology industries in the United States increased slightly from 13.6 million in 2003 to 13.9 million in 2008.

U

Nationwide, the value of this indicator declined from 11.96% in 2003 to 11.47% in 2008.

U

On this indicator, states varied greatly in 2008, ranging from 5.5% to 16.0% of their workforce employed in high-technology industries.

U

During the 2003–08 period, Michigan and New York recorded the largest net losses of jobs in high-technology industries, while Texas, Virginia, Florida, and Georgia posted the largest net gains of jobs in high-technology industries.

U

States were distributed similarly on the hightechnology employment and high-technology establishment indicators.

This indicator represents the extent to which a state’s workforce is employed in high-technology industries. High-technology industries are defined as those in which the proportion of employees in technology-oriented occupations is at least twice the average proportion for all industries. High-technology occupations include scientific, engineering, and technician occupations that employ workers who generally possess in-depth knowledge of the theories and principles of science, engineering, and mathematics at a postsecondary level. The data pertaining to establishments are based on their classification according to the 2002 edition of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). See table 8-A in the “Introduction” for a list of the 46 industries (by 4-digit NAICS code) that are defined as high technology. Data on total employment and NAICS industry establishment employment are provided by the Census Bureau and differ from workforce data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Total employment refers to all U.S. business establishments with paid employees, but does not include crop and animal production, rail transportation, the postal service, public administration, or most government employees.

8-119


Table 8-54 Employment in high-technology establishments as share of total employment, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2008 Employment in high-technology establishments State

2003

United States ................. 13,563,122 Alabama ..................... 152,879 Alaska ........................ 21,851 Arizona ....................... 234,603 Arkansas .................... 95,180 California .................... 1,781,830 Colorado .................... 274,979 Connecticut ............... 210,114 Delaware .................... 52,349 District of Columbia ... 54,314 Florida ........................ 576,274 Georgia ...................... 413,384 Hawaii ........................ 25,777 Idaho .......................... 55,706 Illinois ......................... 646,285 Indiana ....................... 219,598 Iowa ........................... 102,387 Kansas ....................... 155,023 Kentucky .................... 121,838 Louisiana.................... 137,029 Maine ......................... 35,184 Maryland .................... 315,887 Massachusetts........... 460,984 Michigan .................... 499,133 Minnesota .................. 315,994 Mississippi ................. 66,566 Missouri ..................... 254,299 Montana ..................... 20,296 Nebraska.................... 68,975 Nevada....................... 61,847 New Hampshire ......... 63,264 New Jersey ................ 550,224 New Mexico ............... 60,399 New York.................... 823,992 North Carolina ............ 349,424 North Dakota ............. 20,584 Ohio ........................... 531,491 Oklahoma................... 132,887 Oregon ....................... 152,140 Pennsylvania .............. 566,406 Rhode Island .............. 35,806 South Carolina ........... 163,373 South Dakota ............. 18,890 Tennessee .................. 219,898 Texas .......................... 1,158,481 Utah ........................... 99,856 Vermont...................... 29,402 Virginia ....................... 459,017 Washington ................ 401,413 West Virginia .............. 46,635 Wisconsin .................. 233,967 Wyoming .................... 15,008 Puerto Rico ................

NA

High-technology/ Total employment (%)

Total employment

2006

2008

13,733,632 162,197 27,306 246,648 93,648 1,826,638 272,952 198,450 47,749 57,297 618,540 428,272 28,848 59,082 619,777 224,644 96,190 146,849 125,204 143,846 37,934 326,546 496,630 475,350 329,927 64,558 263,494 26,958 64,779 66,875 64,914 550,515 68,627 790,696 358,501 22,450 518,835 141,575 161,641 549,180 41,020 170,200 20,202 245,517 1,144,997 114,815 27,001 502,890 347,710 45,284 253,499 16,375

13,870,679 162,713 30,794 243,159 93,991 1,785,871 291,442 200,106 42,178 61,916 614,504 448,230 28,500 56,624 662,391 227,568 105,099 169,118 129,162 145,702 40,028 333,584 464,759 424,066 318,203 64,420 272,023 23,651 66,152 72,942 79,105 556,378 72,838 758,087 370,028 33,096 514,408 137,334 166,086 564,569 42,046 167,198 22,551 225,724 1,210,285 124,399 29,372 508,097 387,407 45,280 259,072 18,423

2003

NA

NA

2006

2008

113,373,663 119,892,505 120,933,454 1,597,265 1,713,185 1,714,898 216,707 241,568 248,274 1,997,990 2,334,665 2,334,785 988,822 1,041,868 1,025,872 12,986,496 13,830,274 13,746,493 1,883,883 2,018,905 2,121,945 1,550,615 1,585,660 1,551,373 385,098 388,178 389,927 422,912 446,502 466,152 6,548,276 7,534,165 7,367,042 3,386,590 3,622,522 3,633,902 458,952 512,488 518,052 466,379 546,108 537,706 5,204,887 5,356,504 5,463,437 2,540,554 2,672,558 2,619,567 1,232,709 1,295,143 1,317,765 1,109,699 1,142,487 1,185,876 1,471,622 1,551,791 1,570,686 1,603,492 1,592,682 1,654,417 488,788 508,061 508,905 2,088,552 2,231,888 2,235,033 2,974,164 3,043,643 3,076,457 3,884,881 3,817,762 3,637,690 2,381,860 2,475,859 2,517,847 912,004 940,329 944,776 2,387,245 2,467,626 2,472,861 302,932 342,461 359,721 774,858 789,117 805,633 970,678 1,165,243 1,156,305 540,132 577,322 595,473 3,578,674 3,644,967 3,646,897 571,057 628,472 641,010 7,415,430 7,531,772 7,622,956 3,337,552 3,523,954 3,585,005 258,878 278,395 304,892 4,769,406 4,824,859 4,728,989 1,184,312 1,276,743 1,335,467 1,338,380 1,461,339 1,482,627 5,028,650 5,189,349 5,233,871 427,369 440,715 433,626 1,550,227 1,631,690 1,654,494 299,723 325,045 337,830 2,298,836 2,472,939 2,493,070 8,049,300 8,709,575 9,232,889 900,331 1,038,879 1,114,776 256,401 263,759 272,847 2,932,471 3,173,767 3,186,112 2,292,462 2,420,633 2,536,196 561,317 583,033 592,356 2,382,979 2,481,998 2,496,839 180,866 204,058 221,835 NA

NA

NA

2003

2006

2008

11.96 9.57 10.08 11.74 9.63 13.72 14.60 13.55 13.59 12.84 8.80 12.21 5.62 11.94 12.42 8.64 8.31 13.97 8.28 8.55 7.20 15.12 15.50 12.85 13.27 7.30 10.65 6.70 8.90 6.37 11.71 15.38 10.58 11.11 10.47 7.95 11.14 11.22 11.37 11.26 8.38 10.54 6.30 9.57 14.39 11.09 11.47 15.65 17.51 8.31 9.82 8.30

11.45 9.47 11.30 10.56 8.99 13.21 13.52 12.52 12.30 12.83 8.21 11.82 5.63 10.82 11.57 8.41 7.43 12.85 8.07 9.03 7.47 14.63 16.32 12.45 13.33 6.87 10.68 7.87 8.21 5.74 11.24 15.10 10.92 10.50 10.17 8.06 10.75 11.09 11.06 10.58 9.31 10.43 6.22 9.93 13.15 11.05 10.24 15.85 14.36 7.77 10.21 8.02

11.47 9.49 12.40 10.41 9.16 12.99 13.73 12.90 10.82 13.28 8.34 12.33 5.50 10.53 12.12 8.69 7.98 14.26 8.22 8.81 7.87 14.93 15.11 11.66 12.64 6.82 11.00 6.57 8.21 6.31 13.28 15.26 11.36 9.94 10.32 10.85 10.88 10.28 11.20 10.79 9.70 10.11 6.68 9.05 13.11 11.16 10.77 15.95 15.28 7.64 10.38 8.30

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available SOURCE: Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-120


Average Annual Federal Small Business Innovation Research Funding per $1 Million of Gross Domestic Product Figure 8-55 Average annual federal Small Business Innovation Research funding per $1 million of gross domestic product: 2008–10

AK DC FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MO MS ND NE NV OK SC SD TN TX WV WY 0

AR AZ CT DE HI ME MI MN NC NJ NY OH PA RI WA WI 50

1st quartile ($93–$448) 2nd quartile ($59–$89) 3rd quartile ($28–$52) 4th quartile ($8–$27) SOURCES: Small Business Administration, Office of Technology, SBIR program statistics (various years); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data; Government of Puerto Rico, Office of the Governor. CA MT OR UT 100

AL VA VT 150

CO MD NM 200

NH 250

MA 300

350

400

450

Dollars

Findings U

The SBIR program remained unchanged in size at about $1.2 billion both in 2000-2002 and in 2008–10 despite significantly higher spending in 2004–2006.

U

Over the 3 year period of 2008–2010, SBIR funds were concentrated in relatively few states; the total of annual state awards range from less than $1 million to $246 million.

U

Many of the states with the highest rankings on this indicator are locations of federal laboratories or well-recognized academic research institutions from which innovative small businesses have emerged.

U

States with a high ranking on this indicator also tended to rank high on the high-technology and venture capital indicators.

Funds awarded through the federal Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program support technological innovation in companies with 500 or fewer employees. Awards are made to evaluate the feasibility and scientific merit of new technology (Phase 1–up to $150,000) and to develop the technology to a point where it can be commercialized (Phase 2–up to $750,000). The total award dollars include both Phase 1 and Phase 2 SBIR awards. Because of year-to-year fluctuations, this indicator is calculated using 3-year averages. The 3-year average annual SBIR award dollars won by small businesses in a state are divided by the 3-year average annual gross domestic product for the same period. All data are expressed in current dollars. A high value indicates that small business firms in a state are doing cutting-edge development work that attracts federal support.

8-121


Table 8-55 Average annual federal Small Business Innovation Research funding per $1 million of gross domestic product, by state: 2000–02, 2004–06, and 2008–10 Average SBIR funding ($thousands) State

Average state GDP ($millions)

SBIR funding ($)/ $1 million GDP 2000– 2004– 02 06

2008– 10

2000–02

2004–06

2008–10

2000–02

2004–06

2008–10


1,234,995 23,221 480 25,485 1,663 255,855 61,513 19,923 4,636 5,069 26,348 12,353 3,716 2,365 17,782 6,048 2,985 3,808 3,280 2,585 3,098 60,481 181,889 21,110 18,182 2,524 4,967 6,847 2,259 4,315 15,483 35,400 19,955 48,783 16,220 1,900 50,697 3,718 14,792 42,299 4,297 5,327 1,184 9,971 45,318 11,446 2,956 73,712 30,253 2,292 11,944 2,262

1,904,499 39,143 345 33,842 7,103 391,456 85,830 26,823 6,662 3,725 41,292 18,234 7,796 3,994 24,985 15,759 4,091 5,359 4,406 5,002 9,264 97,376 250,946 43,732 24,292 3,364 9,959 8,460 4,003 6,847 22,097 48,903 24,172 84,178 32,246 1,861 79,947 7,918 28,485 79,624 7,803 6,527 503 10,435 87,373 14,424 5,061 100,364 49,405 5,009 21,382 2,695

1,258,785 26,688 793 19,436 5,156 245,846 58,409 18,742 3,556 1,472 30,486 14,148 4,921 1,252 21,848 11,505 3,034 2,569 5,886 2,669 2,607 64,011 165,114 27,485 19,635 755 5,725 4,539 2,404 1,608 16,847 32,895 17,663 72,144 30,515 1,253 43,551 4,797 18,417 44,611 4,458 4,355 475 8,364 46,517 11,255 3,823 75,508 29,865 1,655 16,402 1,116

10,224,860 120,421 27,516 169,727 71,008 1,347,048 179,766 167,173 42,926 63,259 507,821 304,529 42,830 36,692 486,319 202,128 95,298 88,939 116,894 136,238 38,156 195,088 280,962 341,731 194,424 67,551 186,134 22,839 59,339 79,282 45,109 363,315 51,974 801,591 291,887 19,258 387,263 95,791 114,930 408,829 35,746 119,900 25,587 184,826 761,387 72,145 18,822 277,582 231,737 43,004 183,789 18,348

12,551,462 150,815 38,017 223,697 88,432 1,687,989 216,425 198,636 54,230 82,698 677,240 362,604 56,749 47,750 572,784 240,248 120,190 105,782 139,389 191,291 45,872 247,143 323,833 372,353 237,233 81,735 216,371 30,069 72,889 113,213 53,672 431,713 67,821 962,740 353,857 24,692 442,611 121,670 146,903 483,960 44,517 141,993 31,560 224,988 977,950 91,277 22,778 353,956 279,233 52,028 219,114 26,752

14,279,027 169,693 48,056 254,591 100,286 1,886,626 254,174 230,256 60,538 99,847 742,762 400,819 66,102 54,769 640,175 266,395 137,906 125,016 158,217 212,470 50,551 287,360 368,297 376,426 263,765 96,193 241,105 35,635 87,027 127,652 59,383 480,947 77,906 1,120,908 411,965 32,663 470,118 147,260 172,029 553,805 48,027 160,910 38,814 248,817 1,185,415 112,731 24,960 412,148 335,525 61,575 242,343 38,068

121 193 17 150 23 190 342 119 108 80 52 41 87 64 37 30 31 43 28 19 81 310 647 62 94 37 27 300 38 54 343 97 384 61 56 99 131 39 129 103 120 44 46 54 60 159 157 266 131 53 65 123

152 260 9 151 80 232 397 135 123 45 61 50 137 84 44 66 34 51 32 26 202 394 775 117 102 41 46 281 55 60 412 113 356 87 91 75 181 65 194 165 175 46 16 46 89 158 222 284 177 96 98 101

88 157 16 76 51 130 230 81 59 15 41 35 74 23 34 43 22 21 37 13 52 223 448 73 74 8 24 127 28 13 284 68 227 64 74 38 93 33 107 81 93 27 12 34 39 100 153 183 89 27 68 29

Puerto Rico ................

219

453

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available GDP = gross domestic product; SBIR = Small Business Innovation Research NOTE: GDP reported in current dollars. SOURCES: Small Business Administration, Office of Technology, SBIR program statistics (various years); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data; Government of Puerto Rico, Office of the Governor. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-122


Venture Capital Disbursed per $1,000 of Gross Domestic Product Figure 8-56 Venture capital disbursed per $1,000 of gross domestic product: 2010

AK AL AR FL HI ID IN KY LA ME MO MS MT ND NE NM NV OK SC SD TN WV WY 0.0

1st quartile ($0.93–$6.26) 2nd quartile ($0.33–$0.92) 3rd quartile ($0.13–$0.29) 4th quartile ($0.00–$0.09) AZ DE IA KS MI MN OH WI 0.3

DC NC NH NJ NY OR

CT GA IL PA TX VA 0.6

SOURCE: PricewaterhouseCoopers and National Venture Capital Association, special tabulations (2011) of MoneyTree™ Survey, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data.

0.9

MD RI UT VT 1.2

CO WA 1.5

1.8

CA 2.1

2.4

2.7

5.7

MA 6.0

6.3

Dollars

Findings U

The total amount of venture capital invested in the United States has been highly volatile during the past decade. In 2000, it was at $105 billion, decreasing to $22 billion in 2010. The average value for this indicator for the United States was $10.59 in 2000 and $1.50 in 2010.

U

Venture capital investment is concentrated in relatively few states. Companies in California received 50% of the total venture capital disbursed in the United States in 2010, followed by companies in Massachusetts with 11%. Four states reported no venture capital investment in 2010.

U

In 2010, the value of this indicator across states ranged from $0.0 to $6.26.

U

The average indicator value for EPSCoR states was substantially lower than that for non-EPSCoR states. The state distribution of venture capital was similar to indicators of hightechnology business activity.

Venture capital represents an important source of funding for startup companies. It supports the growth and expansion of these companies early in their development, before they establish a predictable sales history that would qualify them for other types of financing. This indicator represents the relative magnitude of venture capital investments in a state after adjusting for the size of the state’s economy. The indicator is expressed as dollars of venture capital disbursed per $1,000 of gross domestic product. High values indicate that companies in those states are successfully attracting venture capital to fuel their growth. Access to venture capital financing varies greatly among states. Venture capital data measure cash-for-equity investments by the professional venture capital community in private emerging companies in the United States. Data exclude debt, buy-outs, recapitalizations, IPOs, and other forms of private equity that do not involve cash. Results are updated periodically. All data are subject to change at any time.

8-123


Table 8-56 Venture capital disbursed per $1,000 of gross domestic product, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 Venture capital disbursed ($millions) State

Venture capital ($)/$1,000 GDP


2000

2005

2010

2000

2005

2010

2000

2005

2010


104,678 266 4 34 626 43,034 4,165 1,509 135 478 2,687 2,325 203 20 2,358 269 31 265 202 113 140 1,820 10,312 337 1,039 20 590 17 143 31 751 3,290 21 6,835 1,825 6 976 53 793 2,873 75 448 0 453 6,094 674 46 3,310 2,790 5 192 0

23,115 20 0 13 123 11,011 644 202 7 28 329 254 12 8 277 104 32 2 32 4 5 488 2,583 81 242 10 56 27 13 159 92 887 76 1,127 395 0 140 0 134 482 76 3 0 89 1,175 192 35 526 837 11 69 4

21,799 1 0 83 5 10,978 468 200 31 96 186 333 11 8 575 69 52 42 12 18 2 357 2,373 152 140 0 61 2 12 29 57 451 23 1,339 456 0 157 13 174 508 65 21 0 52 891 143 33 375 613 4 122 10

9,884,171 116,014 25,913 161,901 68,146 1,317,343 171,930 163,943 40,957 58,269 481,115 294,479 41,372 36,091 474,444 198,020 93,287 85,742 113,108 131,430 36,395 182,953 272,680 336,786 188,449 65,615 180,982 21,629 57,233 75,907 44,067 349,334 50,262 770,621 281,418 18,250 381,175 91,292 112,974 395,811 33,522 115,392 24,009 177,582 732,987 69,483 18,033 261,894 227,828 41,419 177,638 17,047

12,554,535 151,096 37,824 222,968 88,227 1,691,991 217,412 197,055 54,749 82,837 680,277 363,154 56,869 48,675 569,544 239,575 120,258 105,164 139,336 197,163 45,587 248,139 323,301 375,260 238,367 81,500 216,633 30,088 72,504 114,771 53,653 429,985 67,776 961,941 354,973 24,672 444,715 120,662 143,349 482,324 44,169 141,929 31,641 224,522 970,997 90,748 22,773 356,852 279,405 51,964 218,923 26,238

14,551,782 172,567 49,120 253,609 102,566 1,901,088 257,641 237,261 62,280 103,288 747,735 403,070 66,760 55,435 651,518 275,676 142,698 127,170 163,269 218,853 51,643 295,304 378,729 384,171 270,039 97,461 244,016 36,067 89,786 125,650 60,283 487,335 79,678 1,159,540 424,935 34,685 477,699 147,543 174,151 569,679 49,234 164,445 39,893 254,806 1,207,494 114,538 25,620 423,860 340,460 64,642 248,265 38,527

10.59 2.30 0.14 0.21 9.18 32.67 24.22 9.21 3.29 8.21 5.58 7.90 4.91 0.54 4.97 1.36 0.33 3.09 1.78 0.86 3.85 9.95 37.82 1.00 5.51 0.30 3.26 0.77 2.50 0.41 17.03 9.42 0.42 8.87 6.49 0.33 2.56 0.58 7.02 7.26 2.23 3.88 0.01 2.55 8.31 9.69 2.57 12.64 12.25 0.11 1.08 0.00

1.84 0.13 0.00 0.06 1.40 6.51 2.96 1.02 0.13 0.33 0.48 0.70 0.21 0.16 0.49 0.43 0.27 0.02 0.23 0.02 0.10 1.97 7.99 0.22 1.02 0.12 0.26 0.91 0.18 1.38 1.72 2.06 1.13 1.17 1.11 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.94 1.00 1.73 0.02 0.00 0.39 1.21 2.12 1.55 1.47 3.00 0.20 0.31 0.15

1.50 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.05 5.77 1.81 0.84 0.50 0.93 0.25 0.83 0.17 0.14 0.88 0.25 0.36 0.33 0.07 0.08 0.04 1.21 6.26 0.39 0.52 0.00 0.25 0.05 0.13 0.23 0.94 0.92 0.29 1.15 1.07 0.00 0.33 0.09 1.00 0.89 1.32 0.13 0.00 0.20 0.74 1.25 1.28 0.89 1.80 0.06 0.49 0.26

Puerto Rico ................

NA

NA

4

69,208

86,157

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA = not available GDP = gross domestic product NOTE: GDP reported in current dollars. SOURCES: PricewaterhouseCoopers and National Venture Capital Association, special tabulations (2011) of MoneyTree™ Survey; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product data; United Nations Statistics Division. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-124


Venture Capital Deals as a Percentage of High-Technology Business Establishments Figure 8-57 Venture capital deals as a percentage of high-technology business establishments: 2008

AK AL AR AZ DE FL IA ID IN KY LA ME MS MT ND NE NV OK SC SD WV WY 0.0


DC GA HI IL KS MI MN MO NC NJ OH TN TX VA WI 0.2

SOURCES: PricewaterhouseCoopers, and National Venture Capital Association, special tabulations (2011) of MoneyTree™ Survey; Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series.

CO CT NM OR RI UT VT 0.4

MD NH NY PA 0.6

WA 0.8

1.0

CA 1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

MA 2.0

2.2

2.4

Percent

Findings U

The number of venture capital deals that involved U.S. companies increased from about 2,900 deals in 2003 to more than 3,800 deals in 2008.

U

In 2008, venture capital deals were concentrated in only a few states. Indicator values ranged from a low of zero to a high of 2.32% with a median value of 0.24%.

U

Companies in high-technology industries located in Massachusetts were the most successful in accessing venture capital investments in 2008, with a 2.32% rate. California companies in hightechnology industries obtained venture capital investment at a rate of 1.80% and Washington companies attained a rate of 1.08%. No other states reached a rate of 1.00%.

U

In 2008, companies in EPSCoR states tended to receive little venture capital investment, and no venture capital deals were reported in three EPSCoR states.

This indicator represents the extent to which high-technology companies in a state receive venture capital investments. The value of the indicator is calculated by dividing the number of venture capital deals by the number of companies operating in high-technology industries in that state. High values indicate that high-technology companies in a state are frequently using venture capital to facilitate their growth and development. In most cases, a company will not receive more than one infusion of venture capital in a given year. Venture capital data measure cash-for-equity investments by the professional venture capital community in private emerging companies in the United States. Data exclude debt, buy-outs, recapitalizations, IPOs, and other forms of private equity that do not involve cash. Results are updated periodically. All data are subject to change at any time. Venture capital investment can help to grow a high-technology company. Data on business establishments operating in high-technology industries for the years 2003 and later are based on their classification according to the 2002 edition of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). See table 8-A in the “Introduction” for a list of the 46 industries (by 4-digit NAICS code) that are defined as high technology. Data for years prior to 2003 are not directly comparable.

8-125


Table 8-57 Venture capital deals as a percentage of high-technology business establishments, by state: 2003, 2006, and 2008

High-technology establishments

Venture capital deals/ high-technology establishments (%)

State

2003

2006

2008

2003

2006

2008

2003

2006

2008


2,903 9 0 16 3 1,122 72 34 1 6 61 55 6 5 58 8 1 2 3 1 2 84 378 17 58 4 23 1 2 6 32 88 5 119 76 2 25 2 21 90 10 4 1 22 165 22 6 80 81 5 8 1

3,672 7 0 29 6 1,549 98 30 3 8 56 81 10 1 55 15 2 7 7 3 4 110 395 18 39 1 13 0 3 7 21 94 9 209 62 0 41 6 31 128 7 3 1 11 188 39 9 89 143 3 20 1

3,806 8 0 20 0 1,552 100 34 6 11 36 80 6 6 67 16 5 23 10 10 4 97 405 43 47 0 24 2 3 6 28 90 19 235 51 2 52 5 35 171 10 11 1 21 146 33 9 81 164 1 19 1

590,417 6,347 1,345 10,433 4,012 77,614 15,532 7,827 3,964 2,589 38,118 18,820 2,097 2,515 27,606 9,626 4,316 5,716 5,453 7,218 2,466 13,428 17,183 16,937 12,834 3,269 9,562 2,108 2,797 5,387 3,511 24,286 3,322 35,926 14,869 964 19,875 6,859 7,500 22,266 1,976 5,869 1,206 8,196 45,062 5,474 1,453 18,868 13,171 2,257 9,035 1,353

633,727 6,613 1,494 11,942 4,373 85,514 17,259 7,810 3,700 3,062 43,678 20,825 2,325 2,912 28,821 10,158 4,548 6,035 5,769 7,439 2,612 14,632 17,107 17,049 13,348 3,336 10,130 2,415 3,072 5,975 3,554 24,534 3,553 37,346 16,908 1,035 20,347 7,301 8,083 23,486 2,059 6,551 1,266 8,772 47,520 6,531 1,535 21,678 14,411 2,308 9,438 1,558

646,195 6,754 1,489 12,269 4,675 86,312 18,047 7,736 3,407 3,111 44,285 21,402 2,294 3,083 29,265 10,132 4,659 6,004 5,893 7,670 2,642 15,009 17,434 16,773 13,257 3,469 10,178 2,564 3,269 6,024 3,603 24,307 3,635 38,308 17,582 1,117 20,127 7,536 8,525 23,930 2,076 6,978 1,397 8,882 49,419 6,913 1,548 22,482 15,116 2,343 9,609 1,656

0.49 0.14 0.00 0.15 0.07 1.45 0.46 0.43 0.03 0.23 0.16 0.29 0.29 0.20 0.21 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.08 0.63 2.20 0.10 0.45 0.12 0.24 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.91 0.36 0.15 0.33 0.51 0.21 0.13 0.03 0.28 0.40 0.51 0.07 0.08 0.27 0.37 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.61 0.22 0.09 0.07

0.58 0.11 0.00 0.24 0.14 1.81 0.57 0.38 0.08 0.26 0.13 0.39 0.43 0.03 0.19 0.15 0.04 0.12 0.12 0.04 0.15 0.75 2.31 0.11 0.29 0.03 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.12 0.59 0.38 0.25 0.56 0.37 0.00 0.20 0.08 0.38 0.55 0.34 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.40 0.60 0.59 0.41 0.99 0.13 0.21 0.06

0.59 0.12 0.00 0.16 0.00 1.80 0.55 0.44 0.18 0.35 0.08 0.37 0.26 0.19 0.23 0.16 0.11 0.38 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.65 2.32 0.26 0.35 0.00 0.24 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.78 0.37 0.52 0.61 0.29 0.18 0.26 0.07 0.41 0.71 0.48 0.16 0.07 0.24 0.30 0.48 0.58 0.36 1.08 0.04 0.20 0.06

Puerto Rico ................

1

2

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Venture capital deals

NA = not available SOURCES: PricewaterhouseCoopers and National Venture Capital Association, special tabulations (2011) of MoneyTree™ Survey; Census Bureau, special tabulations (2011) of 1989–2008 Business Information Tracking Series. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

8-126


Venture Capital Disbursed per Venture Capital Deal Figure 8-58 Venture capital disbursed per venture capital deal: 2010

AR AZ CT DE FL IN MD MI MO NE NY OH PA RI TN

AK AL HI ID KS KY ME MS MT ND NM SC SD WV 0.0

2.6

CO GA LA MA MN NH NJ OK OR TX UT VA VT WA WI 5.2

1st quartile ($6.23–$25.75) 2nd quartile ($4.99–$6.07) 3rd quartile ($2.30–$4.90) 4th quartile ($0.00–$1.94) SOURCE: PricewaterhouseCoopers and National Venture Capital Association, special tabulations (2011) of MoneyTree™ Survey. CA DC IL NC NV WY 7.8

IA 10.4

13.0

15.6

18.2

20.8

23.4

26.0

Dollars (millions)

Findings U

In 2010, the size of the average venture capital investment in the United States was about $6.7 million per deal. This is a decline from $13 million per deal in 2000 expressed in current dollars. The size of venture capital deals has not changed appreciably since 2005.

U

After a high venture capital investment in 2000 of over 7,800 deals, the total number of deals has remained essentially constant for the second half of the decade at 3,152 in 2005 and 3,266 in 2010.

U

In 2010, the state distribution on this indicator was skewed from a high value of $26 million per deal to a low of zero, with a median value of about $5 million per deal. The value of this indicator continued to show a high level of variability from year to year and among states.

This indicator represents the average size of the venture capital investments being made in a state. The indicator is expressed as the total dollars of venture capital invested in millions divided by the number of companies receiving venture capital. The availability of venture capital may vary widely based on stage of investment, type of company, and numerous other factors. Venture capital data measure cash-for-equity investments by the professional venture capital community in private emerging companies in the United States. Data exclude debt, buy-outs, recapitalizations, IPOs, and other forms of private equity that do not involve cash. Results are updated periodically. All data are subject to change at any time. This indicator provides some measure of the magnitude of investment that developing companies in a state have attracted from venture capital sources. Some states have relatively few venture capital deals taking place in a given year; thus, the value of this indicator may show large fluctuations on a yearto-year basis. Twenty states reported fewer than 10 venture capital deals in 2010. In such states, a single large or small venture capital investment can substantially affect the value of this indicator.

8-127


Table 8-58 Venture capital disbursed per venture capital deal, by state: 2000, 2005, and 2010 Venture capital disbursed ($millions) State

Venture capital/deal ($millions)

Venture capital deals

2000

2005

2010

2000

2005

2010

2000

2005

2010


104,678 266 4 626 34 43,034 4,165 1,509 135 478 2,687 2,325 203 20 2,358 269 31 265 202 113 140 1,820 10,312 337 1,039 20 590 17 143 31 751 3,290 21 6,835 1,825 6 976 53 793 2,873 75 448 0 453 6,094 674 46 3,310 2,790 5 192 0

23,115 20 0 123 13 11,011 644 202 7 28 329 254 12 8 277 104 32 2 32 4 5 488 2,583 81 242 10 56 27 13 159 92 887 76 1,127 395 0 140 0 134 482 76 3 0 89 1,175 192 35 526 837 11 69 4

21,799 1 0 83 5 10,978 468 200 31 96 186 333 11 8 575 69 52 42 12 18 2 357 2,373 152 140 0 61 2 12 29 57 451 23 1,339 456 0 157 13 174 508 65 21 0 52 891 143 33 375 613 4 122 10

7,873 28 1 64 5 2,938 218 116 4 44 185 223 3 4 199 26 4 22 14 15 15 175 766 53 109 3 49 3 10 10 56 185 8 605 153 1 77 9 68 254 9 13 1 45 466 61 4 275 254 2 21 0

3,152 3 0 25 2 1,310 76 32 3 11 55 63 4 2 54 10 4 4 3 4 2 101 366 19 43 2 10 2 3 9 24 74 15 129 51 0 38 0 26 99 13 1 0 21 168 28 5 87 126 5 16 4

3,266 2 0 17 1 1,289 77 52 9 11 39 63 5 4 60 14 2 36 14 3 5 70 351 33 26 0 14 2 3 3 10 71 13 266 57 0 52 2 33 153 13 8 0 18 143 25 6 51 116 4 19 1

13.30 9.51 3.50 9.77 6.86 14.65 19.10 13.01 33.68 10.87 14.52 10.43 67.67 4.88 11.85 10.35 7.70 12.04 14.41 7.51 9.35 10.40 13.46 6.36 9.53 6.50 12.05 5.57 14.31 3.08 13.40 17.79 2.64 11.30 11.93 6.10 12.67 5.83 11.66 11.31 8.29 34.43 0.30 10.07 13.08 11.04 11.60 12.03 10.98 2.25 9.13 0.00

7.33 6.73 0.00 4.94 6.30 8.40 8.47 6.30 2.40 2.52 5.98 4.04 2.98 4.00 5.14 10.36 8.03 0.43 10.67 1.00 2.25 4.84 7.06 4.25 5.64 5.00 5.60 13.70 4.37 17.61 3.85 11.99 5.09 8.74 7.74 0.00 3.68 0.00 5.17 4.86 5.87 2.70 0.00 4.22 6.99 6.86 7.04 6.04 6.64 2.10 4.28 1.00

6.67 0.30 0.00 4.88 5.00 8.52 6.07 3.85 3.45 8.77 4.76 5.29 2.30 1.94 9.59 4.90 25.75 1.16 0.85 5.98 0.44 5.10 6.76 4.59 5.37 0.00 4.35 0.96 3.83 9.53 5.69 6.35 1.78 5.03 8.00 0.00 3.02 6.50 5.26 3.32 4.99 2.59 0.00 2.89 6.23 5.72 5.47 7.36 5.29 0.94 6.41 10.00

Puerto Rico ................

NA

NA

4

10

1

1

NA

NA

4.49

NA = not available NOTE: Venture capital amounts reported in current dollars. SOURCE: PricewaterhouseCoopers and National Venture Capital Association, special tabulations (2011) of MoneyTree™ Survey. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

Errata Updated 16 February 2012

The following errors were discovered after publication of the print and PDF versions of Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 and Science and Engineering Indicators Digest 2012. These errors have been corrected in the online version of the volume and in the interactive Digest.

Chapter 8 Table 8-24. Table notes should be added as follows. •

NOTES: S&E degrees conferred include bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate. S&E degrees include agricultural; biological; computer; earth, atmospheric, and ocean; physical; and social sciences; mathematics, psychology, and engineering.

Table 8-44. The 2006 U.S. total for individuals in S&E occupations should be 5,407,710. The corrected total includes suppressed data to be consistent with totals presented in other years. Table 8-48. Puerto Rico was incorrectly included in U.S. totals for academic S&E article output. •

U.S. totals should be 137,430 for 1997, 148,511 for 2003, and 167,587 for 2008.

•

U.S. values for academic articles/1,000 academic doctorate holders should be 559 for 1997, 534 for 2003, and 579 for 2008.

Table 8-49. Puerto Rico was incorrectly included in U.S. totals for academic S&E article output. •

U.S. totals should be 136,897 for 2000, 142,320 for 2004, and 162,687 for 2009.

Table 8-51. The source line should be corrected from 31 December 2009 to 31 December 2010.