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Apr 25, 2018 - Do you know the chemistry behind these heat-emitting pouches? The import of drugs to ... Rising from the
S U C O F E C N CIE

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18 Issue 013, 20

Penicillin: Beyond Fleming 䖢⫺堽㙕䕂ⴓ⹊冯斂

Love Thy Enemy – Parasite Makes Rats Attracted to Cats ⿙᳈㐳ᵸŰ⪂䏝嚰ᶢ亿淞坩孑敹⋶ⷓ

The Chemical Magic of Hand Warmers 㕔ㄉ⇃䕂⇔⨶樒㮓

Applications of Time Reversal — Interview with Prof. Mathias Fink

㔀摑⊋㷒䕂ょ䏦Ű⫆壨0DWKLDV)LQN㐗㉆

Q&A with HKUST Scientists 䢏⟥䢏⨶⩴䕂␍僅䨒

Contents Science Focus Issue 013, 2018

What’s Happening in Hong Kong? 桗㳭䢏ㄾ㯹↓

Amusing World of Science 䢏⨶屡ᵉ

HK SciFest 2018 榀㸖䦸⭟䮧 

1

"SOPHIE - IVE's Solar Cars Driving the Future" Special Exhibition ˥623+,(,9( 䙫⤑晤僤庱樬⊼㜑Ὥ˦⯯栳ⰼ妤 An Adventure to the Amazon ẅ榓恃㭞暑

Science in History 㓒㒣䢏⨶ Penicillin: Beyond Fleming 䛋Ⱓ奦㝾䙫⸼⽳勘暫

2

Love Thy Enemy – Parasite Makes Rats Attracted to Cats ㄂ᷱ㕜ạă⮫䔆埙ị俨漇墒屺暢␟⻼

12

The Chemical Magic of Hand Warmers 㙽㈲⋬䙫⋽⭟欻㲼

16

Nanotechnology... At a Store Near You 䳴䱚㉧堺üⰘ✏὇庒恱

18

Rising from the Ashes: Ecological Succession after Volcanic Eruption 㵛䁒憴䔆Ɲ䁒ⱘ䇭䙣⽳䙫䔆ㄲ㻻㛦

20

Who’s Who?䢏⨶Ⲧᵸ

Science Today ᶈ㒣䢏⨶ Lazy Ants Are Far from Useless ḍ杅㯒䄈岉䍢䙫㇝プ垅埢

4

The Mystery of the Universe - Negative Mass ⭮⮀Ḳ嫵ă岇峑憶

6

CRISPR: Gene Editing Made Simple &5,635Ɲ䰈⋽⟡⛇䷏弖

8

How Underwater Waves May Solve an Aviation Mystery ⏖㜂姊㱡刑䩡⏙ᷱḲ嫵䙫偙憴⊂㳉

10

Applications of Time Reversal – Interview with Prof. Mathias Fink 㘩敺⎴㻻䙫ㆰ䔏ă⯯娑 0DWKLDV)LQN 㕀㍯

22

Q&A with HKUST Scientists 䦸⤎䦸⭟⮝䙫┶凮䬻

24

Acknowledgements 䄷⃣殲姛

Message from the Editor-in-Chief Ḣ䷏婘媅 Dear Readers,

妑㄂䙫孧俬Ɲ

Welcome to the latest issue of Science Focus! After serving as a scientific advisor of this magazine in the last two years, this is the first time I write as the Editor-in-Chief. As usual, we hope to bring you interesting scientific stories that connect closely with daily lives. Have you used hand warmers in the past winter? Do you know the chemistry behind these heat-emitting pouches? The import of drugs to treat rare genetic diseases was widely covered in the local news. Do you know gene editing may provide alternative treatment options in the future?

㭈徵斘孧㛧㖗ᷧ㜆䙫ˣ䦸姧ˤƄ✏怵⎢⅐⹛Əㇸᷧ䛛㒻䕝怀㜓 曃婳䙫䦸⭟桎┶Ə怀㘖ㇸ䬓ᷧ㬈ỌḢ䷏䙫庒Ụ⑳⤎⮝奲杉˛ᷧ ⥩㗉⽧ƏㇸῸⷳ㜂⸝䵍὇⏫ῲ凮䔆㴢ざざ䛟旃䙫㛰嶊䦸⭟㔬 Ṳ˛὇✏≂怵⎢䙫↓⤐㛰䔏怵㙽㈲⋬▵Ƣ὇䟌怺怀Ẃ䙣䆘⯶⋬ 傳⽳䙫⋽⭟⎆䏭▵Ƣ㛧徸Ọ怙⏊嗌䉐㲢䘩似奲恡ₚ䖥䖬䙫㖗 偅墒⤎䮮⸬⠘⯵Ə὇㘖␍䟌怺⟡⛇䷏弖㜑Ὥ㛰㩆㛪⏖Ọㇷ䂡 ⏍ᷧ㲢䘩㖠㠯Ƣ

Looking forward, we strive to increase our digital presence by posting in our website and on social media. Please leave us your feedback and suggestions so that Science Focus can better serve you. And don’t forget our writing competition. You may submit your articles by email at [email protected] for a chance to have them published in future issues. Lastly, I would like to thank Professor Yung Hou Wong for laying a solid foundation for Science Focus. Our staff and student editors will continue to work closely together for many issues to come.

ⰼ㜂⯮ὭƏㇸῸ㛪凛⊂⊇⼞䶙ᷱⷌὃƏḍ㖣ㇸῸ䙫䶙䫀⎱䤥ẋ ⩹檻ᷱ䙣Ἧ㖗㵯ざ˛㭈徵὇Ὸ㎷⇡ヶ奲⎱⻡字Ə孺ˣ䦸姧ˤ⏖ Ọ㛛怙ᷧ㭌˛媲ᷴ奨⾿姿ㇸῸ䙫⯒ὃ㮻峤Ə὇⏖Ọ⯮ὃ⒨曢惜 凚 VFLHQFHIRFXV#XVWKNƏḍ㛰㩆㛪䍙⇱䙢㖣㜑Ὥ䙫ˣ䦸姧ˤ Ḕ˛ 㛧⽳Əㇸペㄆ嬄䍲㮞⎁㕀㍯䂡ˣ䦸姧ˤ⥇ᷲṭ䩐⁌⟡䣵Ə俳ㇸ Ὸ䙫⛿晱⎱⭟䔆䷏⦻ẍ㛪䂡ˣ䦸姧ˤ乣乳䶱⮭⏯ὃ˛

Yours faithfully, Prof. Ho Yi Mak Editor-in-Chief

Scientific Advisors 䢏⨶朥␍ Dr. Jason Chan 晚戅⁸⍁⣒ Prof. Karen Chan 晚㼻䑃㕀㍯ Prof. Simon Chan 晚曙㕀㍯ Prof. Tom Cheung ⼜㚰㝘㕀㍯ Dr. Ice Ko 檿デ↗⍁⣒ Prof. Pak Wo Leung 㡨἖⑳㕀㍯

Copyright © 2018 HKUST

Ḣ䷏ 溌㙎〈㕀㍯ 㕓ᷱ

Student Editorial Board ⨶䏝䲦⢒ Editor-in-Chief Ḣ䷏弖

Prof. Ho Yi Mak 浣㔥⻟㐗㉆ Associate Editor≖䷏弖

Prof. Yung Hou Wong䉉㩵≘㐗㉆

Managing Editors 两䷏弖

Janice Wong 䉉㧡㧡 Mandy Wong 溪㔶⩞

E-mail: [email protected]

Editors ䷏弖

Long Him Cheung ⷳ㗕姗 David Iu ⢘奞氞 Henry Lau ⅇᶣ嶐 Melody Ma 桪Ⓡ⻟ Twinkle Poon 㸖㔲 Chantelle Sullivan 哅䖆⩇

Reporter 姿俬

Teresa Fan㣈慖⢕ Graphic Designers 娔姯⸒

Steve Min Kyu Park Tommy Wong 涁㝑姗 Lynn Zhang ⷳ㰵䋱

Homepage: http://sciencefocus.ust.hk

WHAT’S HAPPENING IN HONG KONG ? ॷ෫ऋ‫ࣀ׬‬ଢ଼ Let Your Love for Science Flourish! The cold winter has passed, and it’s time for you to go out and have some fun in the following selected events with your family and friends in this spring!

䖟⾃⬓䊼Ḟ⫋䢏⨶䕂⑚⿙濊 ⪐⁵䕂⟧Ⲱ䱑弌≹濕㓭㔀ỗ尿匕廗ỉ⍊㕔䕂㓣⟧僅⩴ᵸ㗉⊉⃮唓尮尮濕 Ჾ尵⊁⅞ᶣ᳉䭼弶㯹↓⋥濊

HK SciFest 2018 The annual HK SciFest is back again! A wide range of over 160 scientific activities are available during the event, including science demonstrations, fun experiment classes, science drama shows, film appreciation, visits and guided tours, etc. You will surely enjoy the SciFest while enhancing your understanding of science through these interesting activities! Date: Now – 25 April 2018 Venue: Hong Kong Science Museum Website: http://www.hk.science.museum/ scifest2018/eintroduction.php

桗㳭䢏⨶䩾 ᷧ⹛ᷧ⺍䙫榀㸖䦸⭟䮧䏥㭊凰堳Ƅ⤎㛪䰳₀ṭ⤁总 柬ᷴ⏳桅❲䙫䦸⭟㴢⊼Ə⋬㋓䦸⭟䤡䮫˚嶊⑚⯍樾 䏔˚䦸⭟≮⠛˚曢⽘㬊峅˚⎪妧⎱⯵峅䬰Əῄ嬰὇僤忶 怵怀Ẃ㛰嶊㴢⊼⊇㷘⯴䦸⭟䙫婴嬿Ə䛈凯俳㭟Ƅ

㗌㜆Ɲ⍚㗌凚2018⹛4㛯25㗌 ✗滅Ɲ榀㸖䦸⭟椏 䶙✧Ɲhttp://www.hk.science.museum/ scifest2018/introduction.php

Ƽ623+,(,9(䕂⟨攻侻嶈椃↓㗨Ṅƽ⫆ 朊⬓塻 ὇㛰␍ペ怵⤑晤僤㘖⥩Ἴ樬⊼䒗ῄ庱异Ƣ㖣㜓✗䟻

“SOPHIE – IVE’s Solar Cars Driving the Future” Special Exhibition

䙣䙫⤑晤僤庱䳢⇾623+,(䏥㭊⅓敲ⰼ妤Əⰼ妤⯮ⰼ䤡

Ever wonder how solar energy works in green cars? The locally developed solar car series – SOPHIE is now on display. You will get to see the fourth generation of this series, SOPHIE IV, and find out more about solar cars and its related technologies through this interactive exhibition!

ṹ⊼ⰼ妤⊇㷘⯴⤑晤僤庱⎱⅝䛟旃䦸㉧䙫婴嬿Ƅ

Date: Now – 12 September 2018 Venue: 2/F Exhibition Hall, Hong Kong Science Museum

䳢⇾䙫䬓⛂Ị⤑晤僤庱623+,(,9Ə὇ẍ⏖Ọ忶怵怀ῲ

㗌㜆Ɲ⍚㗌凚⹛㛯㗌 ✗滅Ɲ榀㸖䦸⭟椏ṳ㧺ⰼ妤⻚

ᵜ桪弚㨵敨 ὇㘖␍⥤⤮✏䥅䦿䙫ẅ榓恃ⅎƏ䩝䫆㛪 怮奲ầ溣Ṳガ⑉Ƣ榀㸖⤑䩡椏 䏥㭊ᷱ㘇⅏⤐⟆曢⽘ˣ⯲嫵

An Adventure to the Amazon

ẅ榓恃ˤƏ㘇㜆凚⹛

Wonder what you w i l l f ind in the myster ious Amazon? The Hong Kong Space Museum is running an OMNIMAX Show “Amazon Adventure” until 31 August 2018. Let’s join an adventure there now! For details, please visit https://goo.gl/nJCQC7.

㭞暑␎Ƅ婚ガ媲⎪斘

㛯㗌˛䏥✏ᷧ嵞∗悊壈

KWWSVJRRJOZ/P5˛

1

Alexander Fl em i ng i s

a household name synonymous to th e d i scove re r of Pen i ci l l i n, one of the most widely used a nt i b i ot i c a g e nt s t h at h a s s a ve d c o u n t l e s s p e o p l e. Nevertheless, unbeknownst to many people is that many ot h e r s c i e n t i s t s , w i t h t h e key ones being Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley, also made significant contributions towards the success of the d i scove r y and production of penicillin. It all started in September 1928, when Fleming left his laboratory for a few days without cleaning up the plates on which he grew some samples of bacteria. Upon his return, he noticed a mold growing on one of the plates. Howeve r, the re was a r i ng free of bacteria surrounding it. H e pos tu l ated that the mold – which he then found to be Penicillium notatum – might contain a substance t h at k i l l e d b a cte r i a, a n d named the substance penicillin. However, P. notatum was dif f icult to g row, and introducing it to the human b o d y o ra l l y p rove d to b e ineffective. The idea of massp rod uci n g pen i ci l l i n a s a n antibiotic seemed too difficult and expensive to achieve.

Penicillin: Beyond Fleming

ዺѻՙ‫ݓ‬ ‫ޟ‬ᄍࡣ़໰

Now that Fleming has provided the scientific community with the first clue in solving the puzzle of antibiotic extraction and production, further problems had to be solved by other scientists. In 1938, Florey and Chain, two scientists f r o m O x fo r d U n i ve r s i t y, s t u m b l e d across Fleming’s papers on penicillin and decided to research on improving antibiotic extraction. One of the trainees of Chain, Norman Heatley, was able to produce penicillin of a much higher purity with a method called back- ex traction. The method began with mixing an acidified mold solution with amyl acetate, which left behind some unwanted impurities. Next, the solution was introduced back into water via a countercurrent system [1]. Upon freeze-drying of the mixture, a 1% pure penicillin powder was obtained. With this method, the team had enough penicillin to test on mice that were injected with Streptococcus bacteria. The promising results showed that the mice recovered after receiving a dose of penicillin [2].

By Chantelle Sullivan 哅䖆⩇

By 1941, Britain was suffering immensely from damages done by the Second World War. Resources for scientific research were depleted, and Florey was left with no choice but to make his way to the United States to further his research. A team was assembled in Peoria, Illinois, which Heatley was also a part of. A growth medium based on liquid extract was used to grow the mold, and gave a tenfold increase in yield [1]. However, the team was determined to find another strain of bacteria that was capable of producing a higher amount of penicillin, to solve the problem of mass-producing the antibiotic. In 1943, the team was still hard at work in finding a new strain. A new mold, Penicillium chrysogenum, was found in cantaloupe. It produced penicillin 200 times more than Fleming’s strain did. Additional refining gave rise to a further five-fold increase in yield [1]. The mass production of penicillin was in near success when Heatley surprised the team with his innovation – by mechanizing his back-extraction method by using whatever materials he could find, including drink bottles and milk churns, to speed up the production process and reduce manual labor. Furthermore, another problem was tackled when glyceryl monoricinolate, an antifoaming agent, was added to the mixtures to prevent severe foaming when sterile air was bubbled, to provide the mold with fresh air for penicillin production [1]. At this point, penicillin could be produced in quantities large enough to be packaged for soldiers of the war, preventing further deaths caused by bacterial infections. The antibiotic was only made available to the general public in 1945, upon the end of the Second World War. Following their pivotal achievement, other scientists combined efforts into creating different kinds of antibiotics that targeted other bacteria, some of which could not be killed by penicillin. While Heatley unfortunately did not receive the recognition he deserved for his key contribution to the development of the antibiotic, Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine with Alexander Fleming in 1945 [3], for their joint efforts on their work on penicillin, and for paving the way for future studies on antibiotics. Their groundbreaking discovery of penicillin and subsequent invention of antibiotics proved to be a revolutionary turning point in medical science, changing the way in which medicine was practiced, and undoubtedly saving the lives of millions.



Ⱓ奦㝾㘖㛧⸟䔏䙫㉾䔆䴇ḲᷧƏ凚ằ⹒⊐ṭ䄈㕟䙫䖬ạ˛

ᷴ⯸ạ惤䟌怺Ə䛋Ⱓ奦㝾㘖䔘勘⛲䦸⭟⮝ẅ㭞ⱘ⤎澽⻾叱㗵䙣䏥䙫˛

䄝俳Ə恫㛰ᷴ⯸䦸⭟⮝Əὲ⥩更取⾞澽⻾㴂墶˚⍫ⅎ㖖䉠澽按ぐ⑳嫥 㛣澽ⷳ䉠憳Əẍ⯴䛋Ⱓ奦㝾䙫䙣䏥⑳䔆䔉ὃ⇡ṭ憴⤎岉䍢˛ ⹛㛯䙫㞷ᷧ⤐Ə⻾叱㗵曉敲⯍樾⮋㘩Ə⾿ṭ㷬䏭䴗厳 ⟠棱䚦˛㕟⤐⽳Əẽ⛅∗⯍樾⮋Ə䙣䏥⅝Ḕᷧῲ⟠棱䚦ⅎ敞ṭ曰Ə Ἥ曰䙫⑏⛴ḍ㱹㛰䴗厳˛⻾叱㗵‫‮‬娔怀䨕朹滛厳ă3HQLFLOOLXP

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References ⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] American Chemical Society. Discovery and Development of Penicillin. American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks. Retrieved from https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html [2] Bédoyère, G. The Discovery of Penicillin. London: Evan Brothers Limited, 2005. [3] Rooney, Anne. The Story of Medicine. London: Arcturus Publishing Limited, 2009.

3

Ants

are a rg ua b l y th e wo r l d’s most productive organisms. H o w e v e r, a r e a l l a n t s a s relentlessly hardwor k ing as they apparently are? Studies have shown that typically over 50% of workers in a social insect c o l o n y (f o r e x a m p l e , a n t s , honey bees, wasps, termites) are inactive at any one time [1]. Daniel Charbonneau and Anna Dornhaus, entomologists of the University of Arizona, investigated a group of “lazy” members of the ant species Temnothorax rugatulus. When track ing the behavior of 250 ants, the researchers found that 40% of them were inactive consistently [1]. In another study with biologist Takao Sasaki of the University of Oxford, the scientists collected 2 0 co l o n i es of Tem n ot h o ra x

r u g a t u l u s [ 1] . T h e y painted the ants with special color codes so that they could t rack the behavio r of each individual over time with an HD camera. The ants were obser ved and classified i nto th ree b road catego r ies acco rd i ng to the ta s k s they performed: active, inactive and und if fe rentiated. The active class refers to ants performing tasks such as building, foraging, eati ng and g room i ng, w h i le inactive ants are those that are completely immobile and not engaged in any of the active tasks mentioned before. Ants are undifferentiated when they are mobile inside the nest and not engaged in any active task. The scientists then removed some of the workers to observe how the colonies were affected. Each colony received either of these treatments: removal of the 20% most active workers, that of the 20% most inactive, and that of 20% randomly picked workers. Overall, the activity of the af fected colonies was re established, with no significant difference bet ween pre rem ova l a n d p os t- re m ova l

stages. The colonies seemed to compensate the loss of workers after the most active ones were removed. Within two weeks of removal, some of the inactive ants became the most active wor kers. On the other hand, upon removal of the inactive workers, the colonies did not seem to replace them. This obse r vation suppo r ts the hypothesis of reserve labor, one of the most common explanations for social insect “laziness”. It is suggested that i n a c t i ve a n t s c a n s e r ve a s s ta n d by s to re p l a ce a c t i ve w o r k e r s w h e n n e c e s s a r y, allowing a colony to respond quickly and flexibly to changes in labor. The reserve labor force could be crucial to a colony’s survival in case of emergency, such as being attacked. Apa r t from being reser ve unctions labor, other potential functions e been of “laz y wor kers” have ting as proposed, such as acting food storages or energy reserves for production. It is also possible t h at t h e s e e m i n g l y i n a ct i ve forming insects are indeed performing ot been crucial tasks that have not observed and identified yet.

Lazy Ants

Are Far From

Useless By Twinkle Poon㸖㔲

The research team speculated that age could be one of the determining factors of “reser ve” ant workers. For exam p l e, it makes sense fo r young workers to be inactive as they are the most vulnerable members of the colony [2]. Despite the relatively large proportion of inactive individuals in a colony, ants remain one o f n a t u re’s m o s t s u cce s s f u l organisms. The “laziness” of the ants might play an important role in maintaining long-term sustainabilit y in the complex i n s e c t s o c i et y. I n d e e d , t h e studies show that there is still p l ent y fo r us to l ea r n about insects’ “laziness”.

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‫ߨٮ‬యฒଓᝦ‫ ޟ‬ᛅඔᒈᜀ References ⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] Charbonneau, D., Sasaki, T., Dornhaus, A. Who needs “lazy” workers? Inactive workers act as a “reserve” labor force replacing active workers, but inactive workers are n not replaced when they are removed. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0184074. (2017). https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184074 /10 1371/j l 0184074 [2] Stolte, D. Lazy Ants Make Themselves Useful in Unexpected Ways. UANews (2017). Retrieved from https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/ lazy-ants-make-themselves-useful-unexpected-ways

5

Mass seems to be something trivial for

all of us – it is obvious that a heavier object should have a greater mass. Nonetheless, the concept of mass was introduced so late in the 16th century by Sir Isaac Newton in his famous Newton’s Law of motion. Before Newton, although people had the idea of heaviness, they did not come up with a systematic way to define it. People are often confused with the terms weight and mass, which are two completely different ideas. Weight refers to the gravitational force acting on an object, yet mass is a measure of the tendency for an object to remain in uniform motion. An alternative way to describe mass is that an object with greater mass requires a greater force to accelerate. F ro m o u r d a i l y ex p e r i e n ce, i f we p u s h an object, it should move away from us. This seems to be a stone-cold fact. However, it is not always the case – it is only true for positive mass. All the objects we normally encounter have positive mass, that is, the object would accelerate in the same direction as the applied force. It is counterintuitive to imagine an object accelerating towards you when you push it away. Nevertheless, like how matter can have a positive or negative charge, there is no physical constraint preventing the existence of negative mass. Although negative mass is absent from our daily lives, negative mass may have an important role in astrophysics and cosmology [1]. Recently, led by Peter Engels, professor of physics and astronomy from Washington State Unive r sit y, resea rche r s h a ve c r e a t e d a f l u i d composed of rubidium atoms which exhibit the p r o p e r t y o f n e g a t i ve mass at ex tremely low tem pe ratu res. Usi ng a

By Long Him Cheungⷳ㗕姗

technique called laser cooling, the rubidium atoms are slowed down and trapped by lasers until they are cooled to a temperature near absolute zero. At such a low temperature, the particles obey the principles of quantum mechan ics, w h ich gove r n the i nte raction between particles under low energy regime. The fluid thus forms a state of Bose-Einstein condensate, which refers to an ultra-cooled dilute fluid, where most particles are in their ground state as the energy is too low for any excitation [2]. It is as if the lasers-trapped atoms are experiencing great pressure – once the laser trap is disturbed, the atoms may rush out. Making use of this property, the researchers shot a second set of lasers to shake the atoms. Under such conditions, the rubidium atoms tended to rush out in the opposite direction as the applied force, showing traits of negative mass [1]. Negative mass seems to be a weird concept, yet it is closely related to astrophysics and cosmology. In theory, it is expected to have a kind of substance called dark energy, which exhibits repulsive gravitational force, and plays an important role in the expanding universe. It is predicted that if dark energy really exists, it should have negative mass. Up till now, there is no experiment available to study the analogous physics related to dark energy. Nevertheless, with the newly developed rubidium fluid that shows traits of negative mass, scientists may be on the brink of a breakthrough for the study of fundamental forces, as well as cosmological phenomena such as black holes [1].



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憶ワ⤎䙫䉐ờⰘワ憴˛⏖㘖Ə峑憶怀ᷧ㥩⿜⅝⯍㘖㖣᷽

ℰ㎏⊼㘩Əᾦ㛪⏸⎴㖠⏸塄⇡㾧ℰ⛗䉉Ə␯䏥Ⰻ⥩岇峑憶 ᷧ㨊䙫䉠『>@˛

䳧⦲䔘䉂柺✏⅝吾⏴䙫䉂柺怲⊼䏭媽Ḕ㎷⇡˛✏䉂柺Ḳ ∴Ə暽䄝ạῸ⯴憴憶㛰塏杉ᷱ䙫䏭姊Ə⍢㜑僤㛰䳢䵘✗䂡 ⅝ὃ⇡⮁侐˛ ⽯⤁ạ惤㛪㉱峑憶凮憴憶㛰㈧㷞㶭ƞ憴憶㋮䙫㘖✗䏪 ⏸䉐ờ㈧ὃ⇡䙫憴⊂Ə俳峑憶∮㘖㋮䉐ờ₥⏸嘼㖣䵘ᷧ 怲⊼䙫ㅊ『˛Ọ⏍ᷧ䨕媑㲼Ὥ⽉⮠峑憶䙫婘ƏⰘ㘖峑憶ワ ⤎ᾦ曧奨ワ⼞䙫⊂⎢ὦ⅝⊇怆˛ 㗌⸟䔆㴢䙫䵺樾␱娛ㇸῸƏ⥩㞃ㇸῸ䔏⊂㎏ᷧờ䉐 ờƏ䉐ờᾦ㛪恇曉ㇸῸ˛䄝俳Ə怀ḍᷴᷧ⮁㘖⯴䙫Ə怀⏑ 恐䔏㖣㒨㛰㭊峑憶䙫䉐ờ˛ㇸῸ㗌⸟㎌姟∗䙫䉐ờ⅏惤 㒨㛰㭊峑憶Əẍ⍚㘖Ị塏⭪Ὸ⎾⊂㘩㛪柭⏸⊇怆˛勌㞃 䉐ờ㒨㛰岇峑憶䙫婘Ə悊溣ṲガⰘ䛟⎴ṭƏ䉐ờ⎾⊂㘩㛪 忭⏸⊇怆˛怀ἣḵ㛰滅曊Ọペ₶ƏἭⰘ₶曢卞㛰㭊㛰岇ᷧ 㨊Ə䏭媽ᷱ䉐ờ㘖⏖Ọ⸝㛰岇峑憶䙫˛⃿䮈岇峑憶凮ㇸῸ 䙫㗌⸟䔆㴢㯒䄈旃怊ƏἭ⅝✏⤐㕮⭟⎱⭮⮀⭟Ḕ㉕㻻吾ᷴ ⏖⎽㛦䙫妹剙>@˛ ✏取䛂柺ⷅ䪲⤎⭟Əᷧ䴫䔘⤐㕮䉐䏭⭟⮝⽣⽾澽ぐ㠣 㖖㈧⸝柿䙫䟻䩝ạⓈㇷ⊆≜怇⇡ᷧ䨕䔘把⎆⬷䴫ㇷ䙫䉠 㭱㴨檻Ə俳怀䨕㴨檻✏㥜ἵ㺒ᷲ㛪ⰼ䏥⇡⑳岇峑憶ᷧ㨊

If you kick a ball with negative mass to the right, the ball would fly to the left instead.

䙫䉠峑˛态怵搚⯫↞⍢䙫㉧堺Ə䦸⭟⮝Ὸ⏖∐䔏㾧ℰị把 ⎆⬷㸂怆Əḍ⯮⅝⛗ἶƏ䛛凚㺒⺍ᷲ昴凚㎌徸䴼⯴曝⺍˛

岇峑憶ἣḵ㘖ᷧῲ⤮】䙫㥩⿜ƏἭ⅝凮⤐檻䉐䏭⭟⎱

✏⥩㭋ἵ㺒ᷲƏ䱹⬷恜⾑憶⬷⊂⭟䙫⎆䏭Ə✏ἵ僤憶䊧ㄲ

⭮⮀⭟㛰⮭⇮旃ᾩ˛䏭媽ᷱƏ䦸⭟⮝柷㸓⭮⮀Ḕ⬿✏ᷧ䨕

ᷲ䱹⬷Ḳ敺䙫䛟ṹὃ䔏㛪⇡䏥憶⬷㔯ㆰ˛䔘㖣僤憶⤑ἵƏ

⏴䂡㙾僤憶䙫䉐峑Ə⅞㛰䛟ṹ㍹㖌䙫⻼⊂Əḍ✏⭮⮀冏儠

⤎⤁㕟䱹⬷惤嘼㖣⟡ㄲƏ⛇㭋把⎆⬷㴨檻㛪怙⅌䎢剙Ă㄂

Ḕ㛰吾憴奨䙫ὃ䔏˛⥩㞃㙾僤憶䜆䙫⬿✏Ə⭪ㆰ婙㒨㛰岇

⛇㖖❍⇄偁檻䙫䊧ㄲ ă ㋮嵬↞䙫䧧憲㴨檻>@˛怀Ẃ䔏

峑憶˛䄝俳∗䛕∴䂡㭉Ə恫㱹㛰ỢἼ⯍樾⏖Ọ䔏Ὥ䟻䩝凮

搚⯫⛗䜧䙫⎆⬷Ⱈ⥤₶嘼㖣檿⢺䊧ㄲᷧ㨊Əᷧ㗍怀ῲ䳢

㙾僤憶㛰旃䙫䉐䏭䏥屈˛暏吾怀㖗敲䙣˚⅞㛰岇峑憶䉠『

䵘⎾∗⹙㓥Ə把⎆⬷ᾦ㛪ᷧ㹎俳⇡˛䟻䩝ạⓈ∐䔏怀ᷧ䉠

把㴨檻䙫⇡䏥Ə䦸⭟⮝⯴㖣溸㴅䬰⭮⮀⭟䏥屈Ọ⎱⟡䣵

『ƏỌ䬓ṳ⤾㾧ℰὭ曮⊼墒⛗ἶ䙫把⎆⬷ƞ䕝把⎆⬷墒㾧

⊂䙫䟻䩝ㇽ娘僤㛰㈧䩨䠛>@˛

References ⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] Sorensen, E. Physicists create “negative mass”. Phys.org (2017). Retrieved from https://phys.org/news/2017-04-physicistsnegative-mass.html [2] MacDonald, F. Physicists Say They’ve Created a Fluid With “Negative Mass”. ScienceAlert (2017). Retrieved from https:// www.sciencealert.com/physicists-say-they-ve-created-afluid-with-negative-mass

7

Have

you heard of Golden Rice? Do you know it has a higher nutritional value than your regular rice? The key to its success lies in gene editing. DNA is the genetic blueprint of living organisms. Specifically, DNA harbors instructions on how to form proteins, the fundamental building block in life, in units called genes. Scientists are rewriting the language of life through gene editing. In this process, the genes of an organism are altered to produce useful products like Golden Rice. Gene editing may also be used to cure diseases in the not too distant future. One of the most exciting breakthroughs in gene editing was its application in curing HIV infections, a condition previously thought to be incurable. Researchers at Temple University have succeeded in using CRISPR Cas9 to remove the HIV-associated DNA sequences from the genome of three different mice models [1]. This marked the first time when all traces of HIV

were successfully removed from an animal model at different stages of the disease – a promising step towards the dream of gene therapy. So h ow d i d th ey d o it? CR I SPR s ta nd s fo r Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. CRISPR is used in nature by bacteria to protect themselves against viral infections by chopping up the DNA of the invading virus. Scientists have been able to modify this process for gene editing in plants and animals. CRISPR Cas9 gene editing system consists of three main components: a Guide RNA (gRNA), the Cas9 protein and a donor DNA. The gRNA has “scaf folding” and “ ta rgeting” pa r ts. The “scaffolding” part associates with Cas9 protein to fo r m a co m p l ex . T h e re a re fo u r b a s e s i n DNA, namely A, T, C and G. In a process called “complementary base pairing”, DNA bases pair u p w i t h e a c h o t h e r, n a m e l y A w i t h T, and G with C. The “targeting” part of

Gene Editing Made Simple



偤怵溪憸䱚▵Ƣ὇䟌怺⭪䙫䇆棱⃠‣㮻ᷧ刓䙫䱚

&5,635䙫Ḕ㕮⅏⏴䂡˥例偁᷻㛰奶⽲敺晻䟔⛅㕮憴壮

檿▵Ƣ溪憸䱚䙫䦿⮭✏㖣⟡⛇䷏弖˛⎢㰎㠟䲽㠟慟Ƌ'1$ƌ

⹶⇾˦˛⤎凑䄝Ḕ䙫䴗厳㛪忶怵&5,365㉱⅌ᾜ䖬㮹䙫'1$

㘖䔆䉐䙫喴⛽˛'1$壈䙫⟡⛇嗱␒吾壤怇嚲䙤峑䙫㋮䤡Ə

˥≑㖞˦ƏỌ⯴㉾䖬㮹ㄆ㞺˛䦸⭟⮝䙣䏥怀㩆∝⽳Əᾦ⯮⅝

俳嚲䙤峑∮墒▢䂡䔆⑤䙫⟡㜓䨴㜏˛晋ṭ壤怇⥩溪憸䱚䙫

怲䔏∗⊼㣴䉐⟡⛇䷏弖䙫㉧堺ᷱ˛

㛰䔏䔉⒨Ə䦸⭟⮝ẍ㭊◾婍忶怵⟡⛇䷏弖Əⷳ㜂✏ᷴḬ䙫⯮ Ὥ䔏ὃ㲢䘩䖥䖬˛

&5,635 &DV⟡⛇䷏弖䳢䵘䔘ᷰῲḢ奨惏⇭䴫ㇷƝ⻼ ⯵䔏䙫㠟䲽㠟慟ƋJ51$ƌ˚&DV嚲䙤峑⑳⣽Ὥ䙫'1$˛

⟡⛇䷏弖⅝Ḕᷧῲ㛧ịạ凯⥕䙫䩨䠛Ə㘖⭪✏㲢䘩ạ桅

J51$⋬␒˥㔖㞝˦⑳˥䛕㨀˦⅐惏⇭˛˥㔖㞝˦惏⇭⍚凮

ℴ䖒伡晞䖬㮹Ƌ+,9ƌㄆ㞺㖠杉䙫ㆰ䔏˛+,9䖬㮹㛪⻼凛㄂

&DV嚲䙤峑⏯䴫ㇷᷧῲ壮曃䙫䴷㦲˛'1$㛰⛂䨕湣⟡Ə⇭

㺲䖬Ə✏怵⽧墒婴䂡㘖䄈㲼憒㲢䙫˛併⛲⤐㙕⤎⭟䙫䟻䩝ạ

∌䨘䂡$˚7˚&⑳*˛✏˥ṹ壃湣⟡愴⯴˦䙫怵䧲ḔƏ'1$湣

Ⓢㇷ⊆怲䔏&5,635 &DV㉧堺Ə✏ᷰ䴫ᷴ⏳䙫俨漇⟡⛇䴫

⟡ṹ䛟愴⯴Ə⍚$⑳7愴⯴Ə*⑳&愴⯴˛J51$䙫˥䛕㨀˦惏

ᷱ䧢晋⑳+,9䛟旃䙫'1$>@˛怀㘖䦸⭟⮝䬓ᷧ㬈ㇷ⊆✏ᷴ

⇭僤ὦJ51$⑳䛕㨀'1$䍏ᷧ䄈ṳ✗䴷⏯˛J51$⏖Ọ㠠

⏳䖥䖬晵㮜䙫⊼䉐庒ᷱ⎢晋㈧㛰+,9䖬㮹䙫䖼巈Ə⏖嫩㜄⟡

㓁䟻䩝Ⓢⷳ㜂䷏弖䙫䛕㨀'1$俳墒⺍庒娔姯俳ㇷ˛&DV∮

⛇㲢䘩䙫⤉ペ巶⇡ṭℬ㻦ⷳ㜂䙫ᷧ㭌˛

㘖㠟慟ⅎ⇮慝Ə⭪僤䙣㏕桅ἣ昷∝慝䙫˥⟡⛇≑⇧˦妹剙Ə ✏䉠⮁䙫ἴ何≑㖞'1$˛⣽Ὥ'1$∮㘖㋮䦸⭟⮝ⷳ㜂⻼⅌

the gRNA is designed to bind uniquely to the target DNA sequence. The gRNA is custom-made and designed to be complementary to the target DNA sequence researchers wish to change. Cas9 is an endonuclease. It is similar to restriction enzymes that act as “gene scissors” to cut the DNA at specified points. Lastly, the donor DNA contains the desired modifications to be introduced to the target cell. These three ingredients are delivered to the target cell where they can interact with the host genome to facilitate gene-editing. There are three steps in CRISPR Cas9 gene editing: binding, cutting and repairing [2]. Firstly, the binding of the gRNA to the target DNA sequence occurs through complementary base pairing [2] [3]. One can imagine the gRNA as a tow truck, pulling Cas9 to the target site. Then, once the gRNA is bound to the DNA, the Cas9 protein, the “gene scissors”, starts to cut the DNA at an exact position so the entire DNA molecule is split into two [2] [3]. The broken DNA can then be repaired at a certain frequency by using

ᙏϽஅӰጡᒮ

the donor DNA as a “repair template” [2] [3]. Upon the completion of all three steps, the sequence specified in the donor DNA is incorporated into the host genome. CRISPR is hailed as a revolutionary technology due to its unparalleled precision and ability to simultaneously edit different spots in the genome. However, it is not as simple as it seems. It has taken researchers years to achieve the feat. The system has yet to be perfected; complications can easily arise in any of the three steps, causing unwanted harmful mutations. Scientists are still exploring safer ways to apply the technology. Other than technical challenges, there are many ethical questions concerning gene editing in general, such as whether the purpose of application contradicts ethical norms. These ethical and technical issues need to be resolved before this technology can be broadly applied. Yet scientists are confident that, like many technologies, CRISPR will bring a better future.

By Henry Lau ⅇᶣ嶐

䛕㨀䴗僅ⅎὃ䏭ペ῕壃䙫'1$˛怀ᷰῲ惏⇭㛪墒⻼⅌䛕㨀

㘩䙫㉧堺˛怀䳢䵘Ẵᷴ㘖⭳併䙫Əᷰῲ㭌橆惤⽯⮠㗺⇡䏥┶

䴗僅Ə喰吾⑳⎆Ὥ䙫⟡⛇䴫ṹ⊼Ὥ怙堳⟡⛇䷏弖˛

栳Ə㛰㩆㛪⯵凛㛰⮚䙫䩨孱Ə䦸⭟⮝Ẵ✏⯲㰩㛛⭰⅏䙫ㆰ䔏

&5,635㛰ᷰῲ㭌橆Ə⇭∌䂡䴷⏯˚≑弖⑳῕壃 >@˛楽 ℯƏ忶怵ṹ壃湣⟡愴⯴ƏJ51$⑳䛕㨀'1$⹶⇾䴷⏯ >@ >@˛䄝⽳Ə婍ペ₶J51$㘖ᷧ异㊽庱Ə㉱&DV㊽∗䛕㨀䙫ἴ 何˛䕝J51$⑳'1$䴷⏯Ə&DV嚲䙤峑Ə⍚˥⟡⛇≑⇧˦Əᾦ 㛪✏䉠⮁䙫ἴ何≑㖞'1$Əὦ㕛ῲ'1$ᷧ⇭䂡ṳ >@ >@˛ ≑㖞䙫'1$䔘㭋⏖Ọ✏䉠⮁䙫栢䍮ᷲƏ∐䔏⣽Ὥ'1$ὃ ˥῕壃㨊⻶˦>@ >@˛⭳ㇷ怀ᷰῲ㭌橆⽳Ə㖗䙫⣽Ὥ'1$⹶ ⇾ᾦ⏖墒⻼⅌⎆Ὥ䙫⟡⛇䴫˛ ⛇䂡⭪䙫㹽䢡⺍⑳僤⤇⏳㘩䷏弖⟡⛇䴫ᷴ⏳✗㖠䙫僤 ⊂Ə&5,635墒好䂡材⑤『䙫㉧堺˛ᷴ怵Ə怀㉧堺䛲ἣ䰈▕Ə ⅝⯍ᷴ䄝˛䦸䟻ạⓈ劘ṭ㕟Ọ⹛姯䙫㘩敺Ə㈴僤ㇷ⊆总凛䏥

㖠㲼˛晋ṭ㉧堺⛗曊⣽Ə⟡⛇䷏弖ẍ杉⯴⽯⤁怺⾞┶栳Əὲ ⥩ㆰ䔏怀㉧堺䙫䛕䙫㘖␍怼傳怺⾞㨀㹽˛怀Ẃ怺⾞⑳㉧堺 ┶栳⾬曧ℯ姊㱡Ə怀㉧堺㖠僤墒⻊㳂ㆰ䔏˛⃿䮈⥩㭋Ə䦸⭟ ⮝䛟Ὲ&5,635⑳⅝ẽ㉧堺ᷧ㨊Ə⯮㛪䂡ạ桅⸝Ὥ㛛併⥤䙫 ⯮Ὥ˛ References⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] Park, A. HIV Genes Have Been Cut Out of Live Animals Using CRISPR. Time (2016). Retrieved from http://time.com/4340722/hivremoved-using-crispr/ [2] Cortez, C. CRISPR 101: Homology Directed Repair. Addgene (2015). Retrieved from http://blog.addgene.org/crispr-101homology-directed-repair [3] Cavanagh, P., Garrity A. CRISPR Mechanism. Retrieved from http://sites.tufts.edu/crispr/genome-editing/homology-directedrepair/

9

How Waves Have

you ever thrown pebbles into the sea? Have you ever imagined that you can trace the time and location that they fall into the ocean? It seems impossible; however, it may be an easy task from now on. Researchers from Cardiff University have just developed a method to find out the precise time and location that objects fall into the sea – by analyzing the underwater sound waves emitted when an object hits the surface of the ocean. Termed acoustic gravity waves, these sound waves are generated by a sudden change in water pressure as objects hit the ocean surface. In other words, they can be caused by “anything from submarines, ear thquakes and landslides, to falling meteorites or other objects impacting the sea surface”, as the researchers explain. The waves occur naturally and travel at the speed of sound across the deep ocean, thousands of meters beneath the surface. They can also travel ver y long distances of up to hundreds of kilometers [1] [2]. Acoustic gravity waves can be picked up by hydrophones, which are underwater microphones. The researchers’ proposed technique is not to be confused with sonar. Short for Sound Navigation and Ranging, sonar detects objects in the ocean by emitting pulses. Instead of measuring acoustic gravity waves, the technique measures acoustic frequencies varying from infrasonic to ultrasonic. In their study, the research team started off by using a water tank. They dropped 18 spheres from different heights and locations onto the water

⏖㜂姊㱡 刑䩡⏙ᷱḲ嫵䙫 ᖐ१Ψ‫ݰ‬

By Melody Ma 桪Ⓡ⻟

May Solve an Aviation Mystery surface, and measured the emitted acoustic gravity waves using hydrophones [1] [2]. The team found that the sound wave profile for each impact seemed similar, consisting of three parts. “The first part seems to be the initial impact itself, followed by the second part — as the object enters the water, it traps some air, which eventually rises back to the surface. The last part seems to be secondary waves that impact the bottom of the tank, before reflecting back up,” explains Usama Kadri, one of the lead authors of the study [3]. As the waves travel through the ocean, they disperse because higher frequency sound waves travel more quickly than waves at lower frequency. Observing the dispersion of the waves thus allows researchers to estimate the distance the waves have travelled, which could help them locate the origin location. The team a l so ana ly zed data f rom the hydrophones of the Comprehensive Nuclear-TestBan Treaty Organization (CTBTO) off the coast of Western Australia. The microphones are used to detect underwater nuclear tests, but they can also pick up acoustic gravity wave signals. The data collected allowed the team to determine the time and location of earthquakes in the Indian Ocean with satisfactory accuracy (with errors of around 100-150 km) [1]. The research was originally motivated by the scientists’ hope to gain more knowledge about the *MH370 (Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370) flight incident. Using the method developed, the team

succeeded in locating two points around the time of the aircraft’s disappearance. However, the researchers could not be certain that the discovery had any real association with the plane. “Just like in a busy restaurant, it gets more and more difficult to pick up individual voices as the noise in the room gets louder,” they write in the study. That said, the team have passed all the information acquired to the authorities [1]. While it remains uncertain whether the method co u l d of fe r a s s i s ta n ce reg a rd i n g th e M H 370 incident, researchers believe that the technique can open up a wide range of possible ossible applications. It can be used to locate cate items that might have fallen into the ocean, such as meteorites, satellites and even debris of aircrafts. It can also be e used to locate underwater explosionss and the epicenter of earthquakes [1]..



怉∗悱⣽怱䎐䙫㘩 ƏㇸῸ两㄂

䟻䩝⛿晱䙣䏥Ə㮶ᷧ㬈㒅㒱㈧䔉䔆䙫偙㳉惤㛰⅝䛟ἣ 䙫✗㖠Əḍ䔘ᷰῲ惏⇭䴫ㇷ˛怀Ụ䟻䩝⠘␱䙫Ḣὃ俬8VDPD .DGUL塏䤡Ɲ˥䬓ᷧ惏Ụ⥤₶㘖䔘㛧∄㒅㒱㰛杉俳ㇷƞ䬓ṳ惏 Ụ∮㘖䕝䏪檻怙⅌㰛壈Əῄ⬿ṭᷧẂ䩡㰊Ə俳䩡㰊㛧䴩⌮∗ 㰛杉ƞ䬓ᷰ惏Ụ∮ἣ㘖塄㒱㰛伟⹼惏俳墒⎴⯫䙫㬈㳉˛˦>@ ⛇䂡檿栢䍮䙫偙㳉ₚ㒔怆⺍㮻ἵ栢䍮䙫奨⿒Ə䕝偙㳉✏ 㵞㳲ₚ㒔㘩Ə⭪Ὸ㛪⇭㕊敲˛忶怵妧⯆偙㳉䙫⇭㕊Ə䟻䩝ạⓈ ⏖Ọ἗姯偙㳉ₚ㒔䙫巄曉Ə⾅俳㉥⇡⎆Ὥ䙫㒅㒱ἴ何˛ 䟻䩝⛿晱Ṇ⇭㝷ṭ⅏杉䥨㭉㠟婍樾㢄䳫䴫主㖣奦㾚ⷅ 㵞ⲟ䙫㰛偤♏㕟㓁˛怀Ẃ㰛⹼溌Ⅎ梏墒䔏ὃ⁜㸓㠟㸓 㵞ⲟ䙫㰛偤♏ 婍Ḳ䔏ƏἭ⭪Ὸẍ僤㎌㔝偙憴⊂㳉˛㔝暭∗䙫㕟 婍Ḳ䔏 㓁㛰⊐䟻䩝⛿晱㉥⇡㛧徸✏⍗⺍㳲䙣䔆䙫✗曮 㓁㛰 䙫㘩敺⑳ἴ何 Ə㹽䢡⺍ẍịạ㻦ヶƋ‶ⷕ䳫䂡 䙫㘩 凚⅓憳ƌ>@˛  怀柬䟻䩝䙫㛧∄䛕䙫㘖ⷳ㜂⽾⇡㛛⤁旃 㖣 0+Ƌ榓刑⮉㩆Ṳờƌ䙫岮㖀Ə Ọ⊐䛟旃 㖣 ạⓈ䛈⿒㉥⇡Ṳờ䙫Ὥ潴⎢僯˛䟻䩝⛿

㉱⯶䟚栔㈻∗㰛壈˛὇⎯㛰㱹㛰ペ₶怵

晱ㇷ⊆㉥∗⅐ῲ⑳棂㩆㵯⤘㘩敺䛟徸䙫

ㇸῸ僤⤇忤幋⭪㍰怙㰛壈䙫䢡⯍ἴ何⑳

姱噆ƏἭẽῸẴ㜑僤䢡⮁怀䙣䏥㘖␍⑳

㘩敺⑉Ƣ怀偤嵞Ὥ㛰滅ᷴ⏖〄字ƏἭ暏

榓刑⮉㩆㛰旃偖˛ẽῸ✏䟻䩝⠘␱壈姊

吾㖗㉧堺䙫⇡䏥Ə怀⏖僤㛪㘖ᷧờ㗺⥩

憲媑Ɲ˥Ⱈ₶ᷧ敺䆘欎䙫棷⻚Ə䕝ᷧῲ✗

⎴㍳䙫Ṳṭ˛ 㛧徸Ə⍈忑⤒⤎⭟䙫䟻䩝ạⓈ䟻䙣ṭᷧ ᷧ 䨕㖠㲼Ə忶怵⇭㝷䉐ờ㒅㒱㵞㳲塏杉㘩䙣⇡䙫 ⇡䙫 偙㳉Ə⏖Ọ㹽䢡✗㉥⇡䉐ờ㍰怙㵞㳲䙫ἴ何⑳㘩敺˛ 怀䨕偙㳉⏴⏒偙憴⊂㳉˛䕝䉐ờ㒅㒱㰛杉Ə㰛⢺䩨䄝孱 ⋽Əᾦ㛪䔉䔆⇡怀䨕偙㳉˛㏂姧ḲƏ㽂刮˚✗曮˚ⱘ㳌₥㿰˚Ọ 凚晼䟚⑳⅝ẽ塄㒱㵞㳲塏杉䙫䉐檻Ə惤㛪䔉䔆偙憴⊂㳉˛怀 Ẃ凑䄝䔉䔆䙫偙㳉⏖Ọ偙柚䙫怆⺍∗总㕟Ọ〉䱚㷘䙫㵞㳲㷘

㖠䙫偙㵑ワὭワ⤎Ə奨偤∗ῲ∌䙫偙柚ᾦ ワ䙣⛗曊˛ ˦⃿䮈⥩㭋Ə䟻䩝⛿晱ⷙ㉱⽾∗ ワ 䙫岮㖀⅏㕟ẋ䵍㛰旃ạⓈ>@˛ 䙫岮 暽䄝ㇸῸᷴ䟌怺䟻䩝䙫䴷㞃僤␍䜆䙫㛰⊐Ṳờ媦 㟌ƏἭ䦸⭟⮝䛟ῈƏ怀䨕㉧堺㛰㜂䂡ạῸ⸝Ὥᷴ⯸䙫ㆰ䔏˛ ⭪⏖Ọ墒䔏Ὥ㉥⇡㍰怙㰛壈䙫䉐ờ䙫ἴ何Ə孓⥩㘖㍰吤䙫晼 䟚˚塂㘆Ə䔁凚㘖棂㩆䡵䈮˛⅝㬈Ə⭪⏖Ọ墒䔏Ὥ㎉㸓㰛⹼䇭 䂟⑳✗曮曮⤕䙫ἴ何>@˛

嘼Ə㩒巏敞总㕟Ọ䙥⅓憳姯䙫巄曉>@>@˛⥩㞃ㇸῸペ㎌㔝 怀Ẃ偙憴⊂㳉Ə⏖Ọὦ䔏㰛偤♏Əẍ⍚㘖㰛⹼溌Ⅎ梏˛ ⯶⾪ᷴ奨㉱怀䨕㖗㉧堺⑳偙䳴㷞㶭˛偙䳴忶怵䙣⇡姱噆 ḍ㎌㔝⎴⯫⛅Ὥ䙫姱噆ƏὭ㎉㸓㵞㳲Ḕ䙫䉐檻Ə怲䔏䙫偙柚 栢䍮䔘㬈偙㳉∗嵬偙㳉ᷴ䬰Ə俳ᷴ㘖憶⺍偙憴⊂㳉˛ ✏⯍樾䕝ḔƏ⍈忑⤒⤎⭟䙫䟻䩝⛿晱⾅ᷴ⏳檿⺍⑳ἴ何 ㉱ῲ䏪檻㍰怙ᷧῲ㰛伟Ə䄝⽳∐䔏㰛偤♏⎢㎉㸓憲⇡䙫偙

* Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370, carrying 239 people,

disappeared on 8 March 2014 when it was en route to Beijing from Kuala Lumpar. Despite extensive searches of the Indian Ocean floor, the main wreckage has not been found. This incident has become one of the biggest mysteries in aviation history. 廰㛰⏴ḿ⮉䙫榓Ὥ奦ẅ刑䩡⮉㩆0+㖣⹛㛯㗌䔘 ⏰晭❈棂⽧⋾ẓ忻Ḕ㵯⤘˛⃿䮈⍗⺍㳲㵞⹱ⷙ墒⾠⹼㐃䴉Ə媦㟌ạⓈ Ẵ㜑僤⯲⛅⮉㩆㭿檟˛Ṳờㇷ䂡刑䩡㭞⏙ᷱ㛧⤎䙫嫵⛿Ḳᷧ˛

憴⊂㳉>@>@˛ References⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] Underwater sound waves help scientists locate ocean impacts. Cardiff University News (2017). Retrieved from http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/ news/view/981858-underwater-sound-waves-help-scientists-locate-ocean-impacts [2] Kadri, U., Crivelli, D., Parsons, W., Colbourne, B., Ryan, A. Rewinding the waves: tracking underwater signals to their source. Scientific Reports (2017). [3] Chu, J. Ocean sound waves may reveal location of incoming objects. MIT News (2017). Retrieved from http://news.mit.edu/2017/oceansound-waves-may-reveal-location-incoming-objects-1026

11

What would you do when a ravenous

lion approaches, threatening to devour you whole? Naturally, you flee, fearing for your life. Preys have evolved to avoid their predators. And hence, one would expect a rat to flee upon smelling the scent of cats – the scent of imminent doom. This avoidance behavior is, however, only the case for healthy rats. Rats infected by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are attracted to cat odors. By manipulating specific neural circuits in the rat brain, the parasite renders a rat incapable of perceiving fear in the presences of cat odors, and activate pathways that cause the rat to “fall in love” with cats, making it brave enough to chase after the scent of cats. T. gondii is a single-celled pathogenic protozoan capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals and causes a disease called toxoplasmosis [1]. Once the host is infected, the protozoan divides rapidly and spread throughout the body, especially to muscles and brain, where they become latent intracellular cysts. These intracellular cysts protect the protozoan from the host immune system and antibiotics. In humans, it has been estimated that 30-50% of the global population has been exposed to and may be chronically infected with T. gondii. However, this infection has no readily observable symptoms in healthy adult humans.

containing cysts. Each cyst is capable of surviving and spreading for months, once shed through cat feces. The most common pathway for T. gondii to enter the cat intestine is by accidental ingestion of cysts. If you were a T. gondii cell, how would you smuggle yourself there? The best way is perhaps for you to hide inside their favorite meal – rats.

What makes T. gondii unique is its reproductive cycle – sexual reproduction must take place in a cat’s intestine. After entering the cells that line the cat’s small intestine, the parasites undergo sexual development and produce millions of z ygote-

This b r ings us back to the cu r ious case of the fearless rats. By changing the behaviors of infected rodents, T. gondii increases their chances of being preyed upon by cats, and in turn raising the probability of ingesting the cysts inside the

/29(7+@˛⮫Ḣᷧ㗍⎾∗ㄆ㞺Ə⎆埙㛪「 怆⇭䂯⎱㓛㕊凚⅏庒Ə䉠∌㘖偳偰⎱免惏Ə䙣ⰼㇷ㽂✏䴗僅 ⅎ䙫⚱僅Ə俳⚱僅㛪䂡⎆埙㎷ᾂ⯴㉾⮫Ḣℴ䖒䳢䵘⎱㉾䔆 䴇䙫ῄ孞˛䏥἗姯㛰䙥⇭Ḳᷰ⌨凚ṻ⌨䙫⅏䏪ạ⏊ⷙ㛄朙✏

7JRQGLL ḲᷲƏ䔁凚⏖僤ⷙ⎾⚛憴ㄆ㞺˛ᷴ怵Ə⁌⺞䙫ㇷ⹛ạ

㔝⚱僅䙫⏖僤『˛ᷧỤ⹛䙫䟻䩝桖䤡Ə7JRQGLL 㒴㎎俨 漇凮䔆ῘὭ⯴㖣屺暢㴢⊼ㇽ䖼巈䙫䄍ㅕƏὦ䉇Ὸ歖厤✗⎾怀 Ẃ䖼巈㈧␟⻼˛✏ᷧῲ⋬␒俨漇凑庒䙫㰊⑚˚㖗殕䨢匰˚屺 暢⎱℻⬷㰊⑚䬰⤁䨕䍏䉠㰊⑚䙫忞⮕ⅎƏ⎾ㄆ㞺䙫俨漇䉠∌ ‶㄂㕊䙣吾屺暢㰊⑚䙫⌧⟆Ə䉇Ὸ㛪㮻㜑⎾ㄆ㞺漇暢廪⸟嵗 怵怀Ẃ⌧⟆Ə䛟⎴㜑⎾ㄆ㞺漇暢∮㗵桖㛪恦敲>@˛

⍚ὦ⎾∗ㄆ㞺ẍ㱹㛰㗵桖䖬䙌˛

(1(0@˛䕝⋬壄墒㑼敲Ə㙽㈲⋬⑳䩡㰊㎌姟⽳ᾦ㛪敲⦲䙣䆘˛搜 㛪墒㰎⋽Ə⛇㭋䔆揤Ƌ㰎⋽搜㰒㰎⋽搜ƌ⎱䔉䔆䆘⊂˛怀怵 䧲⅝⯍⑳⹚㗌䙫䔆揤ᷧ㨊Əᷴ怵㗌⸟ガ㲨ᷲ䙫䔆揤怆⺍奨ㅉ ⽾⤁Ə㈧ỌㇸῸ曊Ọ⯆妡怵䧲㕊䙣⇡Ὥ䙫䆘⊂˛ 䂡ầ溣㙽㈲⋬ⅎ䙫搜曧奨㘖⽯䴗䙫䱰㜒䊧Ƣ㙽㈲⋬㛪 ὦ䔏搜䱰Ə俳ᷴ㘖搜⠱Ə㘖⛇䂡䴗䱰㜒䙫杉䨴廪⤎Ə⏖Ọ⤎ ⤎⊇⿒㰎⋽䙫怆⺍˛湤␒㛰䙫㰖曉⬷㘖ₓ⋽≸Ə⏖怙ᷧ㭌 ⊇⿒㰎⋽怆⺍Ə⛇䂡㰖曉⬷㛪ị搜₥⏸⽉ㇷᷧ䨕⤁⬻䊧搜 揤 ʑ)H22+ >@˛俳㴢『䢚∮㛰⊐㕊䆘Əḍ僤␟昫㰎㰊⇭ ⬷Ə䂡搜䱰㎷ᾂ㰎㰊˛囔䟚㘖ᷧ䨕廼庒䙫プ『䤍䉐Ə䂡䔆揤 怵䧲䶔㋨㛧䏭ペ䙫㾼⺍˛怀䨕㙽㈲⋬䙫『僤⽧⽧⎽ 㱡㖣⅝⤎⯶⑳䩡㰊㴨态䧲⺍俳⮁Ə㙽㈲⋬

⮭⯨䙫塲⬷Əㇽ㛰⊐䧴䂡⻝敞⭪䙫⣤⑤>@˛⥩㞃὇ペ㙽㈲⋬ 孱⽾㛛䆘Ə὇⏖◾婍廼㏽㙽㈲⋬Ə㔠╫䩡㰊㴨态Ə⊇⿒㰎⋽怆 ⺍˛䄈媽⥩ἼƏ䕝㰎⋽ὃ䔏⭳ㇷƏ㙽㈲⋬ᾦᷴ㛪ⅴ䙣䆘Əẍ䄈 㲼ⅴ憴䔏˛ ⏍ᷧ㖠杉Ə忶怵䴷㙝ὃ䔏䙣䆘䙫㙽㈲⋬∮⏖Ọ憴䔏Ə⛇ 㭋Ə㛰Ẃạ婴䂡⭪㮻搜䱰㙽㈲⋬㛛䂡䒗ῄ˛怀䨕㙽㈲⋬㘖ᷧ ⋬⮭⯨䙫怵棤⑳慲慟懰㺝㶙䙫⋽⭟䉐峑Əⅎ壈㛰ᷧ⠱⯶憸ⱓ 䈮˛⯮怀㙽㈲⋬⊇䆘㘩慲慟懰䴷㙝㛪㺝姊Ə䕝怀䆘㺝㶙↞⍢ 凚⮋㺒⽳Ⱈ㛪⽾∗怵棤⑳䙫㺝㶙˛㏂姧ḲƏ✏婙㺒⺍ᷲ⭪㺝 姊ṭ㮻ᷧ刓ガ㲨㛛⤁䙫㺝峑˛䕝὇㋰⢺憸ⱓ䈮㘩Ə㠟㙝ὃ䔏 䙣䔆Ə㺝㶙䴷㙝⋽ḍ憲⇡䆘憶˛勌奨憴䔏㙽㈲⋬Ə⏑曧㉱⭪㔥 ✏䆘㰛ḔƏ⽬䴷㙝ⅴ㬈㺝⋽˛䴷㙝ὃ䔏䙫㙽㈲⋬㖠ᾦ㗺䔏Ə憴 䔏㖠㲼䰈▕Əᷴ怵Ə⭪Ὸ㕊䙣䆘⊂䙫㘩敺态⸟㮻搜䱰㙽㈲⋬ 䟔˛ ⅐䨕㙽㈲⋬䔏㲼㖠ᾦƏ⃠按䛟⮃Ə㘖↓⤐ῄ㙽䙫⥤⹒㈲˛ ⯶⯶䙫㙽㈲⋬傳⽳嗱営ṭ㛰嶊䙫⋽⭟䟌嬿Ə⏑奨ㇸῸ䴗⾪妧 ⯆Əᷴ曊䙣䏥⋽⭟⑳ㇸῸ䙫㗌⸟䔆㴢⅝⯍ざざ䛟旃˛

忶㰊⬻䙫⤎⯶⑳㕟憶ẍ⯴⅝塏䏥㛰㈧ ⽘柦˛

References⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] Wang, L. What’s inside disposable hand warmers? Chemical & Engineering News (2010). Retrieved from https://cen.acs.org/articles/88/i4/Hand-Warmers.html [2] Song, Y., et al., Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, [1]6865. Effects of chloride ions on corrosion of ductile iron and carbon steel in soil environments DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-07245-1 [3] Heid, M. One simple trick makes hand warmers last a lot longer. Appalachian Mountain Club. Retrieved from http://www.outdoors.org/articles/amc-outdoors/use-hand-warmers-one-simpletrick-makes/

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Nanotechnology... At a Store Near You

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ઽԽ‫׬‬೚Ȍ!! ൷ӵձ٘᜞ By Long Him Cheung ⷳ㗕姗

In o u r d a i l y l i f e, w e w o u l d s o m e t i m e s

encounter products that claim to be powered by nanotechnology, such as sunglasses or body armor. However, do you understand what nanotechnology is? Nanotechnology refers to the understanding and manipulation of matter of mere nanometers, where 1 nm is equivalent to 10 -9 m. You can imagine that one nanometer is about a hundred thousandth of the diameter of a human hair, or comparable to the size of an atom. At the nanoscale, some atoms or molecules are found to perform counterintuitively due to quantum effects, which allow the development of novel applications. Examples of these strange behaviors include the increase in strength and conductivity, and the change in color and refractive index [1]. Nanotechnology requires the ability to “see” and control atoms or molecules in the scale of the nanometer. However, it is impossible for humans to see atoms with the naked eye, even with the help of an optical microscope. In order to observe the nano-world, several new-type microscopes were invented, such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM). These microscopes make use of tiny, yet exact nanoscale movements to ensure a precise mechanical scanning of the surface of a specimen, such that scientists can probe and observe the nano-substances [1].

The earliest example for nanotechnology dates back to 1989 when a group of scientists from IBM spelled the company name in atoms using STM – the team was able to literally position Xenon atoms on a background of copper substrate. This breakthrough demonstrated the possibilit y of manipulating matter with a precision up to the nanoscale. After more than 20 years of nanoscience research and development, applications of nanotechnology have p ro m i s i ng l y i m p roved d if fe rent secto r s of technology and benefitted society in areas including medicine, food safety and the information industry. With the help of nanotechnology, people can now effectively manipulate various traits of different materials [1]. T h e re a re m a ny co m m e rci a l p rod uct s o n the mar ket that depend on nanotechnology. One example is the photochromic eyeglasses, in which its color varies with the background UV intensity. The secret behind the UV sensitivity of the photochromic eyeglasses is the clear nanofilm on the lens. Not only does it provide UV resistance, but it also makes the glasses water-repellent, scratchresistant, self-cleaning and offers an antifogging property. It is hard to imagine that a film with only a few nanometers thick can be so multifunctional. But nanotechnology makes it possible [1]. Besides nanofilm, carbon nanotube sheets are also a typical application of nanotechnology in daily life. A carbon nanotube is strong and stiff, yet lightweight,

durable and resilient, which makes it an ideal material for many items, such as sports equipment, safety wears, vehicles and even for building and construction. Other products of nanotechnology include automotive catalytic converter, household stain removers, high-power rechargeable battery and high- performance sunscreen [2]. On top of commercial products, nanotechnology has improved our societ y in different ways. In electronics and the IT section, nanotechnology is applied to diminish the size of transistors and boost their performance. Smaller and faster transistors greatly improve the portability a n d m e m o r y s to ra g e of e l e ct ro n i c d ev i ces . Nanotechnology is also crucial in refining traditional e n e rg y s o u rce s a n d e n h a n c i n g a l te r n a t i ve energy. By improving the combustion efficiency and catalytic removal of pollutants of fossil fuels, nanotechnology reduces the burden of fossil fuel consumption to the environment. Moreover, n a n o p a r t i c l e s a n d s e m i co n d u cto r s p l a y a n indispensable role in the manufacture of solar cells, which advances the renewable energy industry [1]. Nanotechnology has made use of the special properties of nanoscale materials to achieve novel applications in the past years. Furthermore, there are many studies about applying nanotechnology in handling energy cr isis, pollution reduction, cancer treatment, and creating superconductors. As a new research field, nanotechnology still has a huge potential to develop and is expected to bring impact to the world.



㗌⸟䔆㴢ḔƏㇸῸ㛰㘩㛪䛲∗ᷧẂ偙䨘怲䔏ṭ䳴䱚

㉧堺䔆䔉䙫䔉⒨Əὲ⥩⤑晤䜣揈⑳ῄ孞塊䉐䬰˛⏖㘖Ə὇⎯㛰 㱹㛰ペ怵䳴䱚㉧堺䩝䫆㘖ầ溣⑉Ƣ

Ẃ桖⾕揈∐䔏⾕⯶᷻䲥䢡䙫䳴䱚䴁⊼ὃƏ⯴㨊⒨塏杉怙堳ẻ 䴗䙫㩆㢗㍪㎶Ə⾅俳妧⯆ḍ⇭㝷䳴䱚䉐峑>@˛ 㛧㗐ὦ䔏䳴䱚㉧堺䙫ὲ⬷奨忤㺖∗⹛Ə䕝㘩ᷧ䴫 Ὥ凑,%0䙫䦸⭟⮝ㇷ⊆∐䔏670✏扬⟡㝦ᷱ㍹⇾㰀⎆⬷˛ 怀ῲ䩨䠛㭊㭊ⰼ䤡⇡Ọ䳴䱚䴁䲥㹽⺍嘼䏭䉐㖀䙫⏖僤『˛ 䵺怵⤁⹛䙫䳴䱚䦸䟻⎱䙣ⰼƏ䳴䱚㉧堺ⷙ䵺ㇷ⊆䂡憒嗌˚ 棆⒨⭰⅏⑳岮姱堳㥔䬰ᷴ⏳柿⟆㔠╫㉧堺Ə⾅俳㎷檿䤥㛪㔯 䚱˛✏䳴䱚㉧堺䙫⹒⊐ᷲƏạῸ䏥✏⏖Ọ㛰㔯✗㒴丘ᷴ⏳㜷 㖀䙫䉠『>@˛ ⷩ⠛ᷱ㛰娘⤁┭㥔䔉⒨惤㘖✏䳴䱚㉧堺䙫⹒⊐ᷲ墒≜怇 ⇡Ὥ䙫˛⅝Ḕᷧῲὲ⬷㘖⅏好䷁䜣揈Ə䜣揈䙫栶剙㛪暏䒗⡪ 䙫䴒⣽䷁⼞⺍俳孱⋽˛⅏好䷁䜣揈僤⤇˥⁜㸓˦䴒⣽䷁Ə䦿 ⮭✏㖣揈ᷱᷧⱋ忶㗵䙫䳴䱚冃˛怀ⱋ䳴䱚冃晋ṭ孺䜣揈⏖Ọ ⯴㉾䴒⣽䷁⣽Ə恫㛰昙㰛˚昙∕˚凑ㇸ㷬㼻⎱昙朎『僤˛壤怇 ᷧ⠱⥩㭋⤁⊆僤䙫啫冃偤嵞Ὥㇽ₶⤐㖠⤃孁Ə䄝俳䳴䱚㉧堺 僤ὦ怀ᷧ⇮ㇷ䜆>@˛晋ṭ䳴䱚冃Ə䳴䱚䢚䮈ẍ㘖䳴䱚㉧堺✏ 㗌⸟䔆㴢Ḕᷧ柬⅟❲䙫ㆰ䔏˛䳴䱚䢚䮈ᷴἭ⟬⛡Ə俳᷻廼⎱ 俷䔏Ə㘖怲⊼♏㜷˚昙孞塊䉐˚庱异˚䔁凚㘖⻡䮰䙫䏭ペ㜷 㖀˛⅝ẽ㵰⎱䳴䱚㉧堺䙫䔉⒨⋬㋓㱤庱ₓ⋽弰㏂♏˚⮝䔏晋 㱈≸˚檿⊆䍮ℬ曢㱇⎱檿『僤昙㛓會>@˛ 晋ṭ┭㥔䔉⒨Ḳ⣽Ə䳴䱚㉧堺✏ᷴ⏳㖠杉ẍ䂡䤥㛪⸝Ὥ ṭᷴ⯸怙㭌˛✏曢⬷⑳岮姱䦸㉧㖠杉Ə䳴䱚㉧堺僤丕⯶曢㙝 檻Əḍ㎷檿⅝『僤ƞ㛛⯶㛛⿒䙫曢㙝檻⤎⸬㔠╫ṭ曢⬷䔉⒨ 䙫ᾦ㔃『⑳ℙ⬿⮠憶˛䳴䱚㉧堺✏㎷䄰ₚ䵘僤㹷Ọ⎱敲䙣 㛦Ị僤㹷㖠杉ẍ㘖凚旃憴奨䙫˛䳴䱚㉧堺⏖㎷檿⋽䟚䆪㖀䙫 䆪䆹㔯䍮Ọ⎱㔠剖㱈㞺䉐䙫嘼䏭Ə㸂廼ὦ䔏⋽䟚䆪㖀⯴䒗⡪ ㈧怇ㇷ䙫岇㒻˛⏍ᷧ㖠杉Ə䳴䱚䱹⬷⑳⌱⯵檻✏⤑晤僤曢㱇 Ḕ㉕㻻吾ᷴ⏖ㇽ伡䙫妹剙Ə⏖奲䳴䱚㉧堺✏㎏⊼⏖ⅴ䔆僤㹷 䔉㥔䙫䙣ⰼᷱẍ㛰憴奨䙫⽘柦>@˛ 䳴䱚㉧堺∐䔏䳴䱚㜷㖀䙫䉠㭱『峑Ə✏怵⎢ᷴ㖞䙣ⰼ⇡

䳴䱚㘖ᷧῲ敞⺍▕ἴƏᷧ䳴䱚䛟䕝㖣  䱚Ə俳䳴䱚㉧

⵫㖗䙫ㆰ䔏㉧堺˛䦸⭟⮝䏥✏ᾄ䄝䨴㥜䟻䩝䳴䱚㉧堺Əⷳ㜂

堺㘖㋮⯴䳴䱚䉐㖀䙫䏭姊⎱㒴ὃ˛婍ペ₶ᷧᷲƏᷧ䳴䱚⤎䳫

䳴䱚㉧堺⏖Ọ䂡嘼䏭僤㹷⍘㩆˚㸂⯸㱈㞺˚㲢䘩䘳䖮⎱壤怇

㘖栔櫕䛛⽸䙫⌨吓⇭ḲᷧƏ⎯凮ᷧ栭⎆⬷䙫⤎⯶䛟䳫˛✏䳴 䱚Ⱑ⺍ᷲƏ⎆⬷ㇽ⇭⬷⛇憶⬷㔯ㆰ䙫旃ᾩƏⰼ䏥⇡㛰∌㖣⸟ ㄲ䙫䉠『Əẍ⛇㭋䂡䟻䙣⵫㖗䦸㉧⸝Ὥ⏖僤『˛䳴䱚䉐峑䍏

嵬⯵檻䬰㖠杉⸝Ὥ䩨䠛˛䳴䱚㉧堺ὃ䂡ᷧῲ⵫㖗䙫䟻䩝柿 ⟆ƏẴ䄝⅞㛰潷⤎䙫䙣ⰼ㽂⊂Ə⯮Ὥ㛰㜂Ọᷴ⏳㖠⻶䂡᷽䔳 ⸝Ὥ㔠孱˛

㛰䙫䉠『⋬㋓⼞⺍⑳⯵曢䍮䙫⢅⊇ƏỌ⎱栶剙⑳㉿⯫䍮䙫 孱⋽>@˛ 奨怲䔏䳴䱚㉧堺ƏạῸ曧妧⯆ḍ㎎∝䳴䱚Ⱑ⺍䙫⎆⬷ㇽ ⇭⬷Ə䄝俳⍚ὦ✏ℰ⭟桖⾕揈䙫⹒⊐ᷲƏạ桅ẍᷴ⏖僤Ọ偰 䜣䛲∗⎆⬷˛䂡ṭ妧⯆䳴䱚᷽䔳Ə䦸⭟⮝䙣㗵ṭ⹥䨕桖⾕揈Ə ὲ⥩㍪㎶䩦暎桖⾕揈Ƌ670ƌ⑳⎆⬷⊂桖⾕揈Ƌ$)0ƌ˛怀

References ⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] Nanotechnology 101. National Nanotechnology Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101#content [2] Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali S. Nanotechnology: Advantages and drawbacks in the field of construction and building materials. Construction and Building Materials (2011). Vol. 25. Issue 2. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S0950061810003764

19 19

Just

of f t h e co a s t of Indonesia, the relatively unknown i s l a n d K ra ka to a h a d b e e n a p l a ce of t ra n q u i l i t y – u nt i l a violent volcanic eruption threw its ecosystem out of balance in 1883. Undoubtedly, reading about volcanic er uptions conjures horrific images of fiery infernos. At first glance, it seemed that nothing was fated to live there again. However, the area was teeming with life in just a few years after the eruption. It even rejuvenated itself as a tropical jungle just 20 years later. Life finds a way, as always. This is usually b rought about by ecolog ical succession, which allows new communities to emerge. The re a re seve ra l pos si b le scenarios. If it is an underwater eruption, the magma that has spewed out will cool and harden once it comes i nto contact with water, forming new land. Alternatively, if an eruption occurs inland, be it on the mainland or an island, almost all life on the surface surrounding the eruption z o n e w i l l b e w i p e d o u t, t h e coverage of which varies each time, and volcanic ashes w i l l

coat its surface. In both cases, succession of l ife may occu r, but through drastically different means. In the first scenario where the eruption happens under water, pr imar y succession occurs subsequently. Primary succession is the process of the emergence of life from barren land over a long period of time. At the initial stage of the process, pioneer species such as lichens first grow on the barren land. When they die and decompose, they form soil, enabling the colonization of other plants. This process usually takes a long time. Eventually, seeds carried by ocean currents and in bird droppings lead to the emergence of new plants. The soil also thickens enough to allow a dominant type of vegetation to grow. As for the second scenario, which involves inland or island eruptions, secondary succession occurs. Secondar y succession refe r s to th e repo p u l at i o n of a n a re a a f te r a cata c l y s m i c disturbance. It is similar to primary succession, except that it already

has soil. Therefore, it does not require pioneer species to form the initial layer of soil. Similarly, new plants are able to populate the area until a dominant type of vegetation emerges. As such, disaster-struck areas once again find ways to live. W h i l e vo l c a n i c e r u pt i o n s seem to be a set-back for life due to the l ong ti me it takes fo r e co l o g i ca l s u cce s s i o n to o ccu r, s t u d i es h a ve a ct u a l l y shown that regions affected by volcanic eruptions have higher biodiversit y. It is because the e r uption b r i ng s fo r th mag ma and volcanic m i ne ral s to the surface, which contain nutrients for all t ypes of plants. Hence, the soil serves as fertile breeding ground. (Fun fact: The River Nile in Ancient Egypt brought alluvial soil to its banks similarly because of past vo lcan ic e r uptions i n t h e m o u nta i n s u p s t re a m .) Furthermore, due to the tectonic shif t that accompanies the e r u pt i o n, t h e a l t i t u d e of t h e sur rounding landscape is changed. This change causes a huge shift in climatic conditions, which makes it feasible for a more

ੜЬ१ҡȈ Ьόᛖีࡣ‫ޟ‬ҡᄘᅋ෇

Rising from the Ashes:

Ecological Succession after Volcanic Eruption By Henry Lau ⅇᶣ嶐

diverse range of plants to grow. Plants w ith d if fe rent cl i matic preferences, which were unable to grow previously, can happily thrive there post-eruption.

䕝✗䙫䔆ㄲ䳢䵘˛䕝ㇸῸ媮⎱䁒ⱘ䇭

✗䔆敞Ə䛛凚ℑ⋉㣴䉐⇡䏥˛㖣㘖Ə⎾

䙣Ə⛡䄝㛪偖ペ嵞ᷧẂ⏖⿼䙫䕒杉Ə⎾

䁤曊⽘柦䙫✗㖠⏖Ọ⽾Ọ憴䔆˛

How then, do volcanic eruptions affect the fauna of the area? Animals on land usually flee from the eruption for survival. New species of animals could be attracted to the post-eruption areas due to the emergence of new plants. However, most animals on islands are not so fo r t u n a te. M o s t of t h e m d i e since there is nowhere to escape to, unless they a re protected by some natu ral shelte r. I n a m a j o r i t y o f ca s e s , o n l y n e w species of birds emerge after island or underwater eruptions. A notable example is the eruption on Surtsey Island in 1963, where new species of birds appeared after the eruption. Marine life also benef its from island o r underwater eruptions. Nutrients from the magma can flow into t h e s u r r o u n d i n g o ce a n b e d w h i ch ca n g i ve r i s e to m o re aquatic flora, thus attracting more marine animals to the area.

ぉ⾐䔆㩆Ə䔁凚✏ṳ⌨⹛⽳孱ㇷ㣕㝾˛

Volcanic eruptions are not just stories of destruction. The cycle of life continues, and in greater abundance and d ive r sit y fo r plants and animals alike.

⽘柦䙫✆✗ἣḵ⾬⮁㰟恇⯟匰ᷴ䔆˛ᷴ 怵Ə╧㊰╧㈿䁒ⱘ昫徸䙫✆✗㕟⹛⽳ᾦ 怀䨕䴼嘼怉䔆䙫㔬ṲƏ⽧⽧䔘䔆ㄲ㻻㛦 ㈧凛Əὦ㖗䙫䔆䉐例吤⇡䏥˛ 孺ㇸῸ媮媮⅐ῲ䔆ㄲ㻻㛦⏖僤⇡䏥 䙫ガ㲨˛⥩㞃䁒ⱘ✏㰛⹼䇭䙣Ə♛⇡䙫 Ⲑ㼦㛪✏㎌姟㰛⽳↞⍢⎱孱䡓Ə⽉ㇷ㖗 ✆✗˛⏍ᷧ㖠杉Ə‫⥩‮‬䁒ⱘ䇭䙣✏ⅎ晟 ㇽⳝⶣᷱ䙫晟✗䙣䔆Ə⹥ḵ㈧㛰✏⎾⽘ 柦✗⌧Ḕ䙫䔆⑤惤ᷴ僤´ℴƏ⎾⽘柦䙫 䮫⛴好ḵガ㲨俳㛰㈧ᷴᷧƏ俳䁒ⱘ䁗㛪 咲怵✗⌧塏杉˛✏怀⅐䨕ガ㲨ᷲƏ䔆䉐 䙫㻻㛦惤㛰㩆㛪䙣䔆ƏἭ㖠⻶⍢㈑䄝ᷴ ⏳˛ ✏䬓ᷧ䨕㰛Ḕ䁒ⱘ䇭䙣䙫ガ㲨ᷲƏ ⎆䔆㻻㛦㛪䙣䔆˛⎆䔆㻻㛦㘖㋮䔆䉐✏ ᷴ㯂Ḳ✗Ḕ⇡䏥䙫㼒敞怵䧲˛嵞∄Ə⥩ ✗塊䙫ℯ樬⒨䨕㛪楽ℯ✏岎䘇䙫✆✗ 䔆敞˛䕝✗塊㭢Ẉ⎱⇭姊Əᾦ㛪⽉ㇷ㳌 ✆Ə孺⅝ẽ㣴䉐⏖Ọ⮁ⰬƏ怀怵䧲⽧⽧ 曧奨䛟䕝敞䙫㘩敺˛䄝⽳Ə㵞㳉⎱泌桅 䳅ᾦ㛪⸝Ὥ㖗䙫㣴䉐䨕⬷Əㅉㅉ✗㳌✆ ẍ㛪孱⎁Ə孺ℑ⋉㣴䉐⽾Ọ䔆敞˛ 俳✏䬓ṳ䨕晟ᷱ䁒ⱘ䇭䙣䙫ガ㲨 ᷲƏ㬈䔆㻻㛦㛪䙣䔆˛㬈䔆㻻㛦㘖㋮ᷧ

䁒ⱘ䇭䙣䛲ἣ㘖䔆⑤䙫Ό忧Ə曧奨 䵺㭞㼒敞䙫㘩敺㖠㛪⇡䏥䔆ㄲ㻻孱Ə ᷴ怵䟻䩝桖䤡Ə⎾䁒ⱘ䇭䙣⽘柦䙫✗⌧ Ḳ⽳䙫䔆䉐⤁㨊『㛪廪檿˛Ⲑ㼦⑳䁒ⱘ 䤍䉐峑墒⸝∗塏ⱋƏ䂡⏫䨕㣴䉐⸝Ὥ棱 ⇭Ə㳌✆⛇㭋孱⽾傌㱪˛Ƌ⯶䟌嬿Ɲ⏋➪ ⎱䙫Ⱓ佬㲚ᷱ㸟✗⸝㛥䙣䔆䁒ⱘ䇭䙣Ə 㱽䨴ⱋ䙫㳌✆墒⸝∗Ⱓ佬㲚㲚ⲟ˛ƌ㭋 ⣽Ə䔘㖣䁒ⱘ䇭䙣⸝Ὥ䙫✗㮣䧢⊼Ə愗 徸✗⽉䙫㵞㊻墒㔠孱Ə⏖Ọ⤎⤎⽘柦㰊  䒗⡪Əὦ㛛⤁ᷴ⏳䨕桅䙫㣴䉐⽾Ọ䔆 敞˛怵⽧⛇㰊 ⎆⛇ᷴ僤✏䕝✗吤✗䔆 㠠䙫㣴䉐Əẍ㛰㩆㛪哓⊪䔆敞˛ 䁒ⱘ䇭䙣⎯㛪⥩Ἴ⽘柦䕝✗䙫⊼䉐 ⑉Ƣ晟✗䙫⊼䉐⽧⽧㛪䂡䔆⬿俳忪嵗Ə 䕝⽳Ὥ㖗䙫㣴䉐⇡䏥Ə⅝ẽ⒨䨕䙫⊼䉐 ㇽ墒␟⻼∗䕝✗˛⏖㘖Əⳝⶣᷱ䙫⊼䉐 态⸟惤ᷴ僤忪怵ᷧ⊒˛晋杅䉇Ὸ㉥∗凑 䄝䙫⹮孞㈧Ə␍∮䁒ⱘ䇭䙣㛪ὦ⤎惏⇭ ⳝⶣᷱ䙫⊼䉐㭢Ẉ˛⤁㕟ガ㲨ᷲƏ⏑㛰 泌桅㛪✏ⳝⶣㇽ㰛Ḕ䙫䁒ⱘ䇭䙣⽳⇡ 䏥˛㔿䈥䉠⡅ⳝ㘖廪吾⏴䙫ὲ⬷Ə⭪✏ ⹛䵺㭞䁒ⱘ䇭䙣Ə⅝⽳⇡䏥㖗䙫 泌桅˛㵞㳲䔆䉐Ṇ㛪⾅ⳝⶣㇽ㰛⹼䁒ⱘ 䇭䙣Ḕ⽾䚱ƏⲐ㼦䙫棱⇭㛪㴨∗昫徸䙫 㵞⹱Əị㛛⤁䙫㵞㳲㣴䉐僤⤇䔆敞Ə␟ ⻼㛛⤁㵞㳲⊼䉐∗婙⌧˛

ῲ✗㖠✏䁤曊⽳憴㖗㛰䔆䉐Ⱜἶ˛怀⑳

䁒ⱘ䇭䙣⸝Ὥ䙫ḍᷴ⏑㘖䠛⣅˛⃿

㖣⍗Ⱓᷴ恇嘼䙫╧㊰╧㈿

⎆䔆㻻㛦䛟ἣƏᷴ怵✏㬈䔆㻻㛦䙫ガ㲨

䮈䁒ⱘ✏䇭䙣㘩㵯㺬ṭ䨕䨕䔆⑤ƏἭ⭪

䁒ⱘƏ㛥㘖ᷧῲ⯎权䙫✗㖠 Ű 䛛凚

ᷲƏ婙✗㖠ⷙ䵺㛰㳌✆Ə㈧Ọᷴ曧ℯ樬

㛧⽳ẍ㛪䂡⎾⽘柦䙫✗㖠憴㖗㳏⅌䔆

⹛Ə⼞䂯䙫䁒ⱘ䇭䙣⤎⤎⽘柦ṭ

⒨䨕⎢⽉ㇷ㳌✆˛㖗䙫㣴䉐⏖Ọ✏悊✆

㩆Ə⸝Ὥ㛛⤎憶⑳㛛⤁㨊䙫⊼㣴䉐˛



References ⊁仁宅㑗濣 [1] Bressan, D. Rising From the Ashes - The Colonization Of A Volcano’s Ground By Plants. Forbes (2016). Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/11/13/volcanoes-as-field-laboratory-for-plant-colonization/#c262ba023246 [2] Bagla, P. Earthquakes, Volcanoes May Be Tied to Species Diversity. National Geographic News (2002). Retrieved from https://news. nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/03/0327_0327_cataclysmic.html

21

Have

you ever heard of time reversal? The term may spark your imagination of fascinating time-traveling adventures like what you can see in films. While that is impossible in reality (yet), the concept of time reversal has indeed been around for many years. It has led to various helpful applications in fields including medical imaging, telecommunications and tactile objects. Prof. Mathias Fink has spent nearly 25 years study i ng the ti me reve r sa l tech n i que and i s one of the leading scientists in the field. He has pioneered the development of time - reversal mirrors and time reversal signal processing. What’s more, he has turned many of these concepts into useful applications. He has more than 60 patents, and launched four companies with nearly 270 employees. We talked with Prof. Fink to learn more about his marvelous work after he gave a lecture at HKUST. Medical imaging, telecommunications, tactile objects… All these applications of time reversal concepts share one thing in common: they are about waves. The time reversal technique can be used to control waves. “It’s a kind of time machine, but it’s a time machine for waves,” Prof. Fink said. Indeed, there are many forms of waves and they play an indispensable part in various aspects of our lives.

Prof. Fink said, “Waves are everywhere. When I speak to you, I send acoustic waves. When I use my telephone, I send electromagnetic waves. When I send ultrasound to the body to make an image, it travels as waves. If you use the time reversal technique, you can get better images, and you can do better communication. This is an interesting concept. It is about how we can better control waves.” Many of you may think that waves go only in one direction. So how does time reversal work on waves? Let’s imagine that a source is sending signals to a target. The signals may be scattered in the room. Simply put, when time reversal is applied, the signals received by the target are reversed and then sent out. The first signal received will be sent last; the last signal received will be sent first. When the process is repeated, the waves emitted will eventually focus on the source. The signals will no longer be scattered. In other words, no signals may be picked up anywhere else in the room. When applied to telecommunications, time reversal can make signal transmission more secure, ensuring that only the destined receiver can get the transmitted message. The technique has

m i T f o Applications ὇

㛰㱹㛰偤怵㘩敺⎴㻻Ƣ怀婅⽀ㇽ孺὇偖ペ∗䦸⹢

曢⽘Ḕ䙫㘩敺㖬堳ガ䮧Ə暽䄝㘩敺㖬堳Ƌ㚒㘩ƌḍᷴ⏖堳ƏἭ 㘩敺⎴㻻䙫㥩⿜㗐ⷙ⬿✏⤁⹛˛怀㥩⿜僤⻼἟⇡ᷴ⯸⯍䔏䙫 ㆰ䔏Ə䮫䕮⋬㋓憒⭟ㇷ₶˚曢⬷态姱⑳姟妡ㆰ䔏˛

s r e v e R e

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憒⭟ㇷ₶˚曢⬷态姱⑳姟妡ㆰ䔏üü怀Ẃㆰ䔏㉧堺惤㛰 ᷧῲ⅘态滅Ɲ⭪Ὸ惤⑳㳉㛰旃˛ 㘩敺⎴㻻㉧堺⏖Ọ㎎∝㳉˛㕀㍯媑Ɲ˥怀㘖ᷧ䨕㘩敺㩆 ♏Ə㳉䙫㘩敺㩆♏˛˦⅝⯍㳉䙫䨕桅ᷴ⯸Ə俳᷻⑳ㇸῸ䙫䔆㴢

0DWKLDV )LQN㕀㍯䟻䩝㘩敺⎴㻻㉧堺ⷙ㎌徸⹛Ə㘖

ざざ䛟旃Ə㕀㍯姊憲媑Ɲ˥㳉䄈嘼ᷴ✏˛䕝ㇸ媑婘㘩Əㇸ䙣⇡

怀㖠杉䙫⯯⮝Ə⸝柿ṭ㘩敺⎴㻻揈⑳㘩敺⎴㻻姱噆嘼䏭䙫䙣

偙㳉˛䕝ㇸὦ䔏曢婘㘩Ə㛪䙣⇡曢䢨㳉˛䕝ㇸ∐䔏嵬偙㳉怙

ⰼ˛㭋⣽Əẽㇷ⊆㉱㘩敺⎴㻻䙫㥩⿜弰⋽ㇷ㗌⸟ㆰ䔏˛ẽ㒨

堳憒⭟ㇷ₶Ə⭪㛪Ọ㳉ₚ忨˛䕝὇怲䔏㘩敺⎴㻻㉧堺Ə὇⏖Ọ

㛰⤁柬⯯∐⎱⛂敺㒨㛰㎌徸⏴Ⓢⷌ䙫⅓⏟˛0DWKLDV

⽾∗㛛⥤䙫ㇷ₶⎱㛛⥤䙫态姱˛怀㘖ᷧῲ㛰旃ㇸῸ⥩Ἴ⏖Ọ

)LQN㕀㍯㗐∴∗榀㸖䦸㉧⤎⭟㻻嬂ƏㇸῸ⑳ẽ怙堳⯯娑Ə䴗

㛛⥤✗㎎∝㳉䙫㛰嶊㥩⿜˛˦

偤ẽ䙫⇭Ẓ˛

b e e n a p p l i e d to c o m m u n i ca t i o n b et w e e n submarines. In the future, it might even be applied in 5G communications. Prof. Fink has also developed useful medical applications of time reversal. For example, he has built an apparatus to locate a kidney stone in a human body, so that it can be destroyed accurately. Another apparatus he developed can provide ultrafast imaging (10,000 frames per second). It can measure the stiffness of tissues and thus detect tumors. Better diagnosis can be conducted. The appa ratus has been sold and used in medical institutions al l over the world.

w e i v r e t In

h t i w

Prof. Fink believes that collaboration between different disciplines can boost innovation. For example, closer collaboration bet ween pure s c i e n ce a n d e n g i n e e r i n g m a y b r i n g “m o re oppo r tunities to push new ideas and create new things”. As time goes on, there will be more research on time reversal and more applications developed. A new era of technology may be coming.

s a i F h i nk t a M . f P ro

By Teresa Fan 㣈慖⢋

ਢ໢Іᅋ‫ޟ‬ᔖҢ!ȹ!ட೤ Mathias Fink ఀ௲ ᷴ⯸ạ婴䂡㳉⏑僤㜄ᷧῲ㖠⏸∴怙Ə㘩敺⎴㻻∗⹼㘖ầ

晋ṭ曢姱㖠杉䙫怙㭌Ə0DWKLDV)LQN㕀㍯ẍ怲䔏㘩敺⎴

溣⑉Ƣ婍ペ₶㛰ᷧῲ㹷栔㭊✏䙣⯫姱噆Ə怀Ẃ姱噆ㇽ㛪㕊⯫

㻻㉧堺Ə䟻䙣ṭᷧẂ憒⭟娔₀˛⅝Ḕᷧ㬥娔₀僤⤇㉥⇡ạ檻

✏㈦敺˛䰈▕Ὥ媑Ə䕝὇怲䔏㘩敺⎴㻻Ə䙣⯫䛕㨀㔝∗䙫姱

ⅎ䙫儵䟚Ə㛰⊐㹽䢡✗⎢晋儵䟚˛⏍ᷧ㬥娔₀∮⏖Ọ⁁∗檿

噆㛪墒⎴弰Əⅴₚ忨⇡⎢˛䬓ᷧῲ㔝∗䙫姱噆㛪孱ㇷ㛧⽳ᷧ

怆ㇷ₶Ƌ㮶䦹⸬ƌƏ⭪⏖Ọ憶⺍䴫主䙫⟬⯍䧲⺍Ə⾅俳

ῲ䙣⇡䙫姱噆Ə㛧⽳㔝∗䙫姱噆㛪楽ℯ墒ₚ忨˛憴壮㭌橆Ə

㎉㸓兒䘋Ə⸝Ὥ㛛㹽䢡䙫娡㖞˛怀㬥娔₀ⷙ墒᷽䔳⏫✗䙫憒

䙣⇡䙫㳉㛪㼟㼟暭Ḕ㖣㹷栔Əᷴ㛪⇡䏥㕊⯫䙫ガ㲨Ə㈦敺䙫

䘩㩆㦲㎈䔏˛

⅝ẽ✗㖠惤ᷴ㛪㎌㔝∗姱噆˛

0DWKLDV )LQN㕀㍯䛟ῈƏ巏䔳∌䙫⏯ὃ⏖㎏⊼≜㖗ƏỌ

⥩㞃ㆰ䔏怀㉧堺∗曢⬷态姱Ə姱噆ₚ忨⏖孱⽾㛛⭰⅏Ə

䦸⭟䔳⑳ⷌ䧲䔳䂡ὲƏ⅐㖠㛛䶱⮭䙫⏯ὃ⏖⸝Ὥ˥㛛⤁≜怇

䢡ῄ⏑㛰㋮⮁䙫㎌㔝俬僤⤇㔝∗姱ざ˛怀㉧堺ⷙ䵺墒ㆰ䔏∗

㖗ヶ⿜⑳㖗Ṳ䉐䙫㩆㛪˦˛暏吾㘩敺㴨怄Ə⯮㛪㛰㛛⤁㘩敺

㽂刮态姱Ə⯮Ὥ䔁凚㛰㩆㛪ㆰ䔏㖣*态姱˛

⎴㻻䙫䟻䩝⑳ㆰ䔏䙣ⰼƏᷧῲ㖗㉧堺㘩Ịㇽ⯮∗Ὥ˛ 23

Prof. Ho Yi Mak (Associate Professor, Division of Life Science) ഫ㧟ܑఀ௲薥䚚◸䭌ⳳ乶⏪㛔㔃薦

Prof. Yang Wang Wang (Dean of Science; Chair Professor, Department of Mathematics)

‫ؙ‬පఀ௲ 薥䖁ⳳ柝柝曲薸㛳ⳳ乶岖〢㛔㔃薦

with HKUST Scientists ऋσऋᏰড়‫ޟ‬୰ᇄ๎ Dr. Jason Chan(Lecturer, Department of Chemistry) ങ໙റിρ薥⒑ⳳ乶岖⾦薦

Whose thesis/scientific work would you like to read about? Could you please tell us more about the scientist and his/her work? Dr. Jason Chan: It is difficult for me to single out a scientist by name. I think that most PhD theses contain an interesting story and the most exciting ones are those that are currently being written since they represent our latest advances in science. I am more curious to read some historical works written by alchemists and early-day chemists (ca. 1500-1800). At that time, chemistry or “alchemy” was pretty much a mythical subject. Chemicals and elements were given elegant names, e.g. vitriolated tartar (potassium sulfate) and butter of arsenic (arsenic trichloride), and strange, cryptic symbols. Chemical reactions have been postulated to be a result of the transfer of phlogiston – a fire-like element – that was supposed to give a substance flammability. I find it fascinating to learn about those totally different schools of thinking on chemical reactions before the atomic theory arrived. It also shows me that the later alchemists and modern-day chemists have something in common. They have always been philosophers who carefully observed experiments and summarized their data to arrive at their best logical interpretation of chemical phenomena. And sometimes, it is just cool to read some old style English, laden with fancy and obscure alchemical terms and drawings.

わⷳ㜂斘孧ⓑἴ䦸⭟⮝䙫媽㕮ㇽ吾ὃƢ僤␍Ẳ䴠ᷧᷲ怀ἴ䦸⭟⮝ ⎱⅝䟻䩝Ƣ 攱惜὏∘➩濣 ⏑僤⇾凰ᷧἴ䦸⭟⮝䙫婘⽯⛗曊˛ㇸ婴䂡⤎⤁㕟⍁⣒媽㕮惤 ⋬␒ᷧῲ㛰嶊䙫㔬ṲƏ俳悊Ẃ㭊✏㒗⯒晵㮜䙫媽㕮∮㛧ịạ凯⥕Ə ⛇䂡怀Ẃ媽㕮㭊㭊Ị塏吾㛧㖗䙫䦸⭟怙䧲˛ ㇸ⯴ᷧẂ䔘䄰憸堺⣒⑳㗐㜆⋽⭟⮝㒗⯒䙫㭞⏙吾ὃƋ䳫 ⹛ƌ㛛ㄆ凯嶊˛䕝㘩⋽⭟ㇽ˥䄰憸堺˦⏖䭾㘖ᷧῲ䥅婘刓䙫栳 䛕Ə⋽⭟⒨⑳K䴇墒峍ṯṭℑ暬䙫⏴䨘⑳⤮】䙫䥅䦿䬍噆Əὲ⥩䡒 慟⋽䙫愹䟚Ƌ䡒慟戧ƌ⎱䠞䙫䉂㲠Ƌᷰ㰖⋽䠞ƌ˛⋽⭟⎴ㆰ墒婴䂡 㘖䆪䴇弰䧢䙫䴷㞃 ă ᷧ䨕桅ἣ䁒䙫K䴇Ə僤峍ṯ䉐峑⏖䆪『˛ ✏⎆⬷䏭媽⇡䏥∴Ə㛰⽯⤁㈑䄝ᷴ⏳䙫⋽⭟⎴ㆰ〄ペ⭟媑Ə怀Ẃ⭟ 媑⻼ạ⅌⋄Əẍ桖䤡⇡⽳㜆䙫䄰憸堺⣒⑳䏥Ị⋽⭟⮝㛰ᷧẂ⅘⏳ 滅˛ẽῸᷧ䛛Ⱈ⥩ⓙ⭟⮝ᷧ㨊Əẻ䴗妧⯆⯍樾ḍ两䴷㕟㓁ƏỌ⽾⇡ ⯴⋽⭟䏥屈䙫㛧὚恶弖㻻习˛ 㛰㘩 斘孧ᷧẂ⸝㛰取湾俳壮曃䙫䄰憸堺媅⑳⛽䕒䙫⏋⻶勘 媅㘖⽯㛰嶊䙫˛

A Choice Collection of Rare Secrets (1682)

Last October, Stephen Hawking allowed his PhD thesis Properties of Expanding Universes to be available online to the public, hoping to inspire others to think, learn and “look up at the stars and not down on their feet”. It was accessed more than 2 million times within just a few days. We chatted with three scientists from different fields of science at HKUST to learn more about their favourite scientific work, inspiration and advice for students.

Havee you been inspired d or intrigued by any particular science during scien nce discoveries dur ring your journey of science educa ation/research? education/research? Prof. Ho Yi Mak: Mak: I have alw ways had a keen intere est in the discovery of prealways interest humaan fossils. The evolutio on of modern humans is a historic human evolution fascinating to opic. With the advent off highly sensitive methods topic. to sequence ancient a DNA samples, wee now have a much better understandin g of our own ancestors and a extinct “cousins”. “cousins” cousins . It is understanding gratifying to incorporate a childhood interest into my classroom teaching of human genetics. Prof. Yang Wang: I am a science buff, so I have been inspired and intrigued by many scientific discoveries. I can honestly say that you are not going to find anyone who likes science NOT to be inspired by the discovery of DNA and its broad ramifications. People like Hawkins have inspired millions of people to study science. But as a mathematician, if I have to pick one thing, I would go with something much closer to my heart - the rise of machine learning and AI. In my view, machine learning and AI have dramatically changed how we understand things, which will yield more insight in our pursuit for scientific discoveries. In fact, machine learning and AI have already helped us make groundbreaking new discoveries in medicine, biology, astrophysics and other areas of science and engineering.

Could you offer some advice to secondary school students who are interested in pursuing education in science?

Prof. Ho Yi Mak: Stay curious and be open to topics that fall outside the syllabus. Prof. Yang Wang: One of the biggest concerns of mine is that secondary students are taking less and less mathematics, at a time when mathematics plays an increasingly important role in all aspects of the economy and society. Once entering HKUST, many of our students are poorly prepared mathematically to move on to study science and engineering. So if I have to give one advice to secondary school students, I would ask them to go beyond just the mandatory part of the mathematics curriculum. It will be the best investment they can make for their careers.

ўԑΪТȂ඼အ߇ᓓߜӵᆩΰϴ໠Οт‫ޟ‬ിρ፣Мġ ș ġ ԇۤᑷ ๬ ‫ ޟ‬឴ ‫ܒ‬Ȃ‫ה‬ఖ ૖ ஊ ం ี т Ρ ࡦՃ ‫ڷ‬ ᏰಬȄӵ฻฻ඁЈϞϱȂ፣Мϐೝ 摰 ᠞຺ႆ ijı ı ࿲ ԩȄ‫ ר‬ঈ ᇄ ऋσ έӪ ‫پ‬ՌϚ ӣ ऋ Ᏸ ሴ ୿ ‫ ޟ‬ऋ Ᏸ ড়ġ հட೤ȂΟ၌тঈശ൉དྷ‫ޟ‬ऋᏰं‫ـ‬ȃᕕு‫ޟ‬ం ีġ ЅϠᏰҡ‫࡚ޟ‬ដȄ

◦䢏⨶㐗佰䛒䤴䕂弌䣉ᳫ濕⽦㖼⋤⊕ᶹḓ䢏⨶䔺䊼ヾ⋶ⷓ ピ␝䔺濨 浣㔥⻟㐗㉆濣 ㇸᷧ䛛⯴⏙∴ạ桅⋽䟚䙫䙣䏥㛰吾㾪⎁凯嶊˛䏥Ịạ桅䙫怙 ⋽㘖ᷧῲ⻼ạ⅌⋄䙫婘栳˛⏋Ị'1$㨊㜓Ọ檿㔶ㄆ⺍㖠㲼⽾Ọ㍹ ⹶⽳ƏㇸῸ䏥✏⯴凑ⷘ䙫䤽ℯ⑳ⷙ䴼䨕䙫˥塏Å⼆˦㛰ṭ㛛㷘⅌䙫 ṭ姊˛僤⯮䫌⹛䙫凯嶊坴⅌✏ㇸ䙫ạ桅恡ₚ⭟㕀⭟ḔƏㇸ⯴㭋ㄆ∗ ⌨⇭檿凯˛ 㬨㊘㐗㉆濣 ㇸ㘖ᷧ⏴䦸⭟㄂⥤俬Ə⛇㭋⎾娘⤁䦸⭟䙣䏥㈧␟⻼⎱䍙⽾╆ 䙣˛ㇸ⏖Ọ傖⮁✗媑Ə὇ᷴ㛪㉥∗ᷧῲ㱹㛰⾅'1$⎱⅝⻊㳂⽘柦 䙫䙣䏥Ḕ䍙⽾╆䙣䙫䦸⭟㄂⥤俬˛⥩更憸Ḳ桅䙫䦸⭟⮝滺⋜ṭ㕟 Ọ䙥吓姯䙫ạ摤䟻䦸⭟˛䄝俳ὃ䂡ᷧ⏴㕟⭟⮝Ə⥩㞃ㇸ⾬柯恟㒮Ə ㇸ㛪恟㒮ᷧ㨊ㇸ㛛ㄆ凯嶊䙫㝘奦Ɲ㩆♏⭟侹⑳ạⷌ㙡僤䙫凯嵞˛ㇸ 婴䂡㩆♏⭟侹⑳ạⷌ㙡僤⤎⤎㔠孱ṭㇸῸ⯴Ṳ䉐䙫䏭姊Ə㛰⊐ㇸ Ὸ✏忤㰩䦸⭟䙣䏥䙫怵䧲Ḕ⽾∗㛛⤁㷘∢奲姊˛Ṳ⯍ᷱƏ㩆♏⭟侹 ⑳ạⷌ㙡僤ⷙ⊐ㇸῸ✏憒⭟˚䔆䉐⭟˚⤐檻䉐䏭⭟⎱⅝ẽ䦸⭟⑳ⷌ 䧲柿⟆⎽⽾䩨䠛『䙫䙣䏥˛

Ḟ侻⋤㽸㗇⿍䛒娾䢏⨶䕂ᳫ⨶䏝㊎ṙᲾᵙⶸ娮濨

浣㔥⻟㐗㉆濣 ⯴Ṳ䉐ῄ㋨⥤⤮⾪Əḍ⯴媙䧲Ḳ⣽䙫栳䛕㋨敲㔥ㄲ⺍˛ 㬨㊘㐗㉆濣 ㇸ㛧䂡㒻⾪䙫┶栳Ḳᷧ㘖䏥✏㭊‣㕟⭟✏䵺㿆⑳䤥㛪⏫㖠杉 ㉕㻻吾嵱䙣憴奨妹剙䙫㘩 Ə⭟侹㕟⭟䙫Ḕ⭟䔆⍢⎴俳嵱Ὥ嵱⯸˛ 䦸⤎䙫娘⤁⭟䔆惤㜑㛰恐䕝䧲⺍䙫㕟⭟䟌嬿Ə䂡⭟侹䦸⭟⑳ⷌ䧲 ⁁⥤㹽₀˛⛇㭋⥩㞃奨ㇸ䂡Ḕ⭟䔆㎷ᾂᷧ柬⻡字Əㇸ㛪⻡字ẽῸ῕ 孧⾬῕㕟⭟媙䧲Ọ⣽䙫惏⇭Ə怀⯮㘖ẽῸ䂡凑ⷘ偞㥔䔆㶖ὃ⇡䙫 㛧὚㉼岮˛

Visit our website at sciencefocus.ust.hk to read the complete interview with the three scientists! 妉㻍塻Ƽ䢏墾ƽ䱰䦗VFLHQFHIRFXVXVWKN濕摯娾᳇ḋ䢏⨶⩴䕂⩊㐲㉟壨濊

25

Last Male Northern White Rhino Dies On 19 March 2018, the world’s last male northern white rhino, Sudan, died at the age of 45. With the loss of Sudan, his daughter and granddaughter become the only two female northern white rhinos left in this world, making the subspecies on the verge of extinction. Rhinos have been targeted for their horns due to the alleged medicinal value. Scientists are now exploring ways to save the subspecies by artificial insemination using Sudan’s genetic mater ials or cross-breeding bet ween northern white rhinos and southern white rhinos.

Science News ऋᏰཱིᆸ 㻓傦䰓䣬䕂⇕㑷䔻䄾䄙 ᷽䔳ᷱ㛧⽳ᷧ栔暫『⋾㖠䙤䉧䉂嗮Ḡ㖣⹛㛯 㗌Ọ⛂⌨ṻ㭙Ḳ潈怄᷽˛暏吾嗮Ḡ䙫曉⎢Ə䉇䙫⥚ℹ⑳⭒ ⥚ℹᾦㇷ䂡ṭ᷽䔳ᷱ€棿䙫⅐栔暳『⋾㖠䙤䉧䉂Əị㭋ẅ 䨕㿼减䴼䨕恱䷊˛䉧䉂妹墒好䂡㛰嗌䔏⃠‣Əị䉧䉂ㇷ䂡 䍜㮡䛕㨀˛䦸⭟⮝䏥㭊娔㲼㋖㔸怀ẅ䨕Ə⋬㋓Ọ嗮Ḡ䙫恡 ₚ䉐峑怙堳ạⷌ⎾⬼ㇽ✏⋾㖠䙤䉧䉂⎱⌾㖠䙤䉧䉂Ḳ敺怙 堳愴䨕˛

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ᄇऋᏰ‫ڷ‬ቸհԤᑹ፸ȉ

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