ICT INFRASTRUCTURE. The OECD collects information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure statistics to analyse the sector's development and to.
Science, Technology and Innovation “Sound measurement is crucial for better policies in science, technology and innovation. Experimentation with metrics based on new tools and data, or new ways of using existing data, are needed to provide insights into emerging areas of policy interest, provoke debate and move the measurement agenda forward.” Andrew Wyckoff Science, Technology and Innovation Director, OECD
2016
Contents Measuring R&D
2
Digital readiness
4
ICT usage
6
Emerging and converging technologies
8
Human resources in S&T
10
Innovation 11 Knowledge-based capital
12
Global interdependencies
14
The Micro-data Lab
18
Distributed micro-data analysis
24
Public support to innovation
26
Platforms, databases and publications
30
www.oecd.org/sti
Measuring R&D RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (R&D) Measuring R&D – in a way that makes the data internationally comparable – is not an easy task; that’s why the OECD Frascati Manual was first developed in 1963. Nowadays, this international standard is the basis of R&D statistics in OECD countries and beyond. It also underpins the definition of R&D used in accounting standards and in the UN System of National Accounts. The Frascati definition of R&D is widely used for policy purposes, too. The OECD National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) recently oversaw the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual – improving its clarity and enhancing its relevance through greater compatibility with other statistics and new statistical guidance on R&D tax incentives and globalisation. The OECD Research & Development Statistics (RDS) database, released annually in March-April, offers data exploration and extraction for analysis covering OECD members and other major economies fulfilling the standards of the OECD Frascati Manual: R&D spending and funding; R&D personnel numbers, qualifications, and gender; 2 . MEASURING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
4.3% Among the G20, Korea has the highest ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP at 4.3%.
government budgets for R&D; and historical OECD R&D data (1962-80). The OECD Analytical Business Enterprise Research & Development (ANBERD) database builds upon RDS to give industry-level insights on R&D through detailed breakdowns covering both services and manufacturing. The biannual OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI) series presents a wide range of timely reference indicators used by policymakers and economic analysts. These cover the financial and human resources devoted to R&D since 1981 – alongside complementary indicators on patents and international aspects of science and technology. What do we mean by R&D? R&D comprises basic research (aimed at creating new knowledge with no specific application in view), applied research (new knowledge towards a specific practical aim) and experimental development (to develop new products or processes).
Researchers and R&D spending, 2014
Did you know...?
18
16
OECD average = 2.4%
R&D expenditures in 2010 USD – constant prices and PPP
According to OECD RDS historical data, in the 1960s nearly 70% of all business R&D in the largest OECD countries was directly funded by government. This figure is now close to 10%.
Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or ..... An analysis of business R&D and innovation systems, results in four clusters. ..... The EU (13%) uses this strategy only in a small number of its agreements.
Innovative governance and financing models . .... only the engines of economic growth but also increasingly spaces of shared social, ...... aster management.
The OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016 is the .... Maastricht University, Philip Boucher of the European Parliament Science and ...... By 2020, some 940 million (M) online shoppers are expected to spend ... technological change, par
The OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016 is the .... all of the DSTI, based on information gathered through the EC/OECD STI Policy ...... medium-to-long term future to be envisioned, at least with some degree of confidence.
To scientists and their representatives, science and innovation go hand in hand ...... 1995; Lucier, 2012) technological innovation comes from social researchers.
spend on research and development in 2007 was US$13 billion, about 1 per cent of .... In particular, UK expertise in clean technology, aerospace, information &.
that Africa will become the next hub for global science and technology. The Islamic ..... So far, the department has funded 23 university ...... with a degree in computer sciences from. HEC Paris, in ..... College in New Delhi, India, for six months.
and who loses from these deals, as currently designed. But, as the ... investment deals so they can meet the needs ..... Africa, Tanzania and Zambia, mobile.
models using space data and a series of joint satellite technical demonstration ...... SIN Singapore assisted the OECD in conducting an analysis of innovation in Southeast ...... Ursula holds an MSc in Translating and Interpreting from.
has pushed its rank down from 16th position in 2006 to. 17th in ...... the global increase in R&D between 2001 and 2006, as .... Singapore (2006, 2008, 2010).
The technological challenge and global public goods1 .... market.3 The future holds other challenges where new technologies will be key, .... share of difficulties.
Photo courtesy of Uganda National Council on Science and Technology. Library of ..... Transport and Logistics as Keys to Competitiveness: The New Vision.............92. Box A5.2 .... These sectors are computer science, civil and transpor- ..... econo
Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Pakistan ... 8.10 Electronics. 47. 8.11 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). 47 ... Information Technology Enabled. Service ...... in a career in S&T rather than business admin-.
3.3 Pakistan Council for Science and Technology (PCST). 9 ..... number of R&D organizations and higher education institutions, contribution of science and tech-.
can Position on Agenda 2030 identify science, technology and innovation. (STI)1 as key ... tailor-make their training approaches to meet Africa's STI needs. African .... cational and applied research university offering courses in science,.
