sf];+u - IRD

1 downloads 342 Views 4MB Size Report
6 c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=b'xjL ;'g;/Lsf]tkm{a f6. P]=sf]clwsf/ k|fKt k|j Gw. ;~rfns lbg]z uf]N5f. cfGtl/s /fh:j sfo{fno lj
cWoog k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq

>L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf

@)&#

@)&#

s/ ;DaGwL km};nf÷ghL/x?sf] ;+u|x

s/ ;DaGwL km};nf÷ghL/x?sf] ;+u|x

cfos/ d"No clej[l4 s/ cGtM z'Ns /fh:j ljljw cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

>L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf^ ePsf s/ ;DaGwL km};nf÷ghL/x?sf] ;+u|x

-2073_

g]kfn ;/sf/

cy{ dGqfno

cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu nflhDkf6, sf7df08f}+

kmf]g g++=)!—$$!%*)@ $$!%*)# $$!(&!( Web www.ird.gov.np

>L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf^ ePsf s/ ;DaGwL km};nf÷ghL/x?sf] ;+u|x -2073_

;+/Ifs dxflgb]{zs

M r''*fdl)f zdf{

;Nnfxsf/ pkdxflgb]{zs M /fh]Gb| s'df/ kf}*]n pkdxflgb]{zs M wlg/fd zdf{ ;""rgf k|ljlw lj! M k|]dz/)f >]i&

;Dkfbs d)*n pkdxflgb]{zs pkGofoflwjQmf lgb]{zs lgb]{zs n]vf lgoGqs lhNnf GofoflwjQmf

M M M M M M

rGb|snf kf}*]n -;+of]hs_ sf]ifxl/ lg/f}nf -;b:o_ df]xg k|;fb jfUn] -;b:o_ jb|L k|;fb uf}td -;b:o_ lzjnfn ltjf/L -;b:o_ ;''lznf !jfnL -;b:o_

ljz]if e""ldsf

M o;=lh= lnun ;le{;

sDKo''^/ ;+of]hg M ¥lif /fd (''é]n se/ l*hfOg÷n] cfp^M

k|sfzg k|lt 1000 -Psxhf/_

cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu nflhDkf^, sf&df)*f}+

ljifo ;"lr l;=g+=

lzif{s

k[i&

1

cfos/

01#49

2

d""No clej[l$ s/

51#74

3

cfos/;+u ;DalGwt l/^

75#128

4

cGtMz''Ns;+u ;DalGwt l/^

129#177

5

d""No clej[l$ s/;+u ;DalGwt l/^

179#192

6

l/^ ljljw

193#352

d''4f ;""rL -!_

cfos/

qm= ;=

lgj]bs

ljkIfL

1

cy{dGqfno s/ ljefu, s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+

ˆnf]l/ª P08 kmlgl{{;ª ;]G6/sf] k|f]= >L ljgos'df/ cu|jfn .

cy{ dGqfno, cfGt/Ls 2 /fhZj ljefu, s/ sfo{fno lj/f6gu/ $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}+ sf] tkm{jf6 k|d'v 3 s/ clws[t dfwj k|;fb 9sfn= xf]6n lxdfno k|f=ln=sf=tkm{af6 clVtof/ 4 k|fKt cy{ lgoGqs kbdf sfo{/t nId0f gf/fo0f >]i7 ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 5 clVtof/ k|fKt -nfohf] clkm;/_ dx]G›/fh >]i7 c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=b'xjL ;'g;/Lsf] tkm{af6 6 P]=sf] clwsf/ k|fKt k|jGw ;~rfns lbg]z uf]N5f ;Ltf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln=sn+sLsf] clwsf/ 7 k|fKt k|jGw ;~rfns ;Ltf/fd ltdlN;gf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, 8 lj/f6gu/ kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6 la/f6gu/sf] tkm{af6 9 k|f]k|fO6/ czf]ss'df/ d'/f/sf 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no xl/ x/ejg Nflntk'/sf tkm{af6 10 P]= sf k|d'v s/ k|zf;s v'd/fh k'~hfnL dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] clwsf/ 11 k|fKt Psfp06]06 kjg s'df/ zdf{=

d'4f cfos/

x'nf; afo/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= cfos/ ;+rfns dx]G›s'df/ uf]N5f

d'4f÷l/6 g+= @)$@ sf] b]=k' g+= $^*

km};nf ldlt @)$$.&.#)

k]h g+= 1

@)%* sf] kmf}=k"= @)^@.!@.!$.@ 4 g+==@(^^

cfos/ cf=j= @)%@.)%#

@)%( sf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!&%

cy{ dGqfno, s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/ ;d]tc

cfos/ .

@)%( sf] kmf}=k'=g=#)^^

@ g+=If]q s/ sfo{fno sf7df8f}+

cfos/ @)%@.)%#

@)^! sf] kmf}= k'= g+= #$)*

@)^^.#.!%.@

18

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfo{fno lj/f6gu/

cfos/ .

@)^) sf] @)^^.$.@).# kmf}=k'=g+=– #$*@

26

@)^!sf] kmf}= k'=g+=#!%(

32

g]kfn Uof; O08li6«h k|f=ln

$ g+=If]q s/ sfo{fno, sf7df8f}F, xfn cfGtl/s / fhZj sfo{fno sf7df8f}+

cfos/ -@)%$.)%%_

zfx pBf]u k|f=ln= lj/f6gu/ cfos/ s/ sfo{fno lj/f6gu/sf] gfd kl/jt{g eO{ sfod /x]sf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfo{fno, la/f6gu/

cfos/ .

k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= sf] cfos/ cf=j= tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt k|jGw @)%&÷)%* ;~rfns dbgs[i0f >]i7 ;fljs s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8f xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8f

@)^#.(.@*

@)^$.#.@*

@)^^.%.@(.@

@)^!sf] kmf}= k'=g+=#@%*

@)^^.^.!(.@

@)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=##(#

@)^^.&.!).#

;fnsf] @)^^– CR–))@*

cfos/ -cf=j= )^$–CR–)##* @)%^.)%&_

9

14

35

40

@)^(.&.@^.!

45

@)^*.$.@#

50

@_ qm= ;=

d"No clej[l4 s/ lgj]bs

ldQn l6=O08l:6«h k|f=nL=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf 12 clwsf/ k|fKt ;~rfns dx]zs'df/ cu|jfn z+s/ l;d]G6 s+lqm6 pBf]u k|f=ln= sf] tkm{jf6 clwsf/ 13 k|fKt k|jGw ;+rfns ltns k|;fb l/hfn= cf=/f=sfof{no l;d/f 14 af/fsf tkm{jf6 k|d'v s/ clws[t k|]d zfGt dfGfGw/

15

7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/ x/ ejg,nlntk'/

s[i0f lu|n P08 OlGhlgol/ Ë k|f=ln=sf] tkm{jf6 P]=sf] 16 clwsf/ k|fKt ;~rfns ;+ho >]i7= cf=/f=lj=cg';Gwfg zfvf tyf cf=/f=lj= k'g/ 17 fj]bs ;d]tsf tkm{jf6 P]=ljefudf dxflgb]{zs 6+sdl0f zdf{

#_ qm= ;

ljkIfL

d'4f

d'4f÷l/6 g+=

km};nf ldlt

k]h g+=

;fljs d'No clej[l4 s/ ljefu, xfn cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu, sf7df8f}F

d"No clej[l4 s/

@)^@sf] @)^%.!@.!).@ kmf}=k'=g+=– #&@^

53

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/=

d'No clej[l4 s/

)^^–CR– )$(^

@)^*.!.%

58

O{i6g{ 6]S;6fO{n O{=ln=5ftflkk/f af/f

d"No clej[l4 s/ -@)%^.)%&_

@)^*.(.@$

62

@)^(.!!.^

65

@)&).!.#

68

)^$—CR— )!)!

d"No clej[l4 s/ -cf=j= )%* h]i7, kmf}=k'=g+=)^^– o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8= cfiff9, @)%( h]i7 CR–)%&! tyf )^) h]i7b]lv df3;Dd_ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/

d"No cle j[l4s/ @)^(–CR– cf=j= -@)%$.)%% ))&) / @)%%.)%_

rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]hsf k|ToyL{ k|f]kfO6/ ;~ho rf]vfgL=======

d"No clej[l4 s/ -@)^#.)^$, )^$.)^%, )^%.)^^ / )^^.)^&_

d'2f g+=@)&)— RB—))$$

@)&@.!).%

d'4f÷l/6 g+=

km};nf ldlt

71

cfos/;+u ;DalGwt l/6 lgj]bs

efg efg rfO{lgh 18 /]i6'/]G6 P08 af/sf k|f]= /fh]G›s'df/ >]i7 olt 6«feN; -k|f=ln=_ sf 19 efO;–r]o/d}g ;xb]j zdz]/ h= a=/f=

ljkIfL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f} cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t >L s/ sfof{no, /fhlj/fh, ;Kt/L

d'4f

k]h g+=

pTk|]if0f -cfos/_

@)#* sf] l/=g+= @)#*.!).! !^^&

75

pTk|]if0f -cfos/_

@)$@ sf] l/=g+= @!^%

78

20

df]xgs[i0f v/]n

pTk|]if0f -cfos/_

21

l;Dsf] O06/g]zgn / l;Dsf] ln=O=l;=O{= xfp; s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8f;d]t k|ltif]w ;d]t Go" lbNnL tkm{af6 bofs[i0f -cfos/_ uf]onsf] jf= chos'df/ 608g

@)$#.(.@%

@)$# sf] l/=g+= @)$%.#.@ !%))

81

@)$^ sf] l/6 g+= !)^$

83

@)$*.%.@^

qm= ;

lgj]bs

22

ef/t d]d;{ gy{ ljxf/ sG;6«S;g sDkgLsf k|aGws ls;gnfn uf]N5f

23

6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of -sf7df8f}+_ sf] d]g]h/ ;'/]G›kfn cu|jfn

ljkIfL s/ sfof{no w/fg ;d]t

s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+;d]t

lxdfnog a"|c/L lnld6]8sf cy{ dGqfno sf7df8f}+ 24 ;+rfns uf]kfn axfb'/ ;d]t . zfxL # g+= If]q s/ sfo{fno, sf7df8f}+ aa/dxn 25 r]tgf/fo0f v/]n . ;d]t . pBf]u ljefu u0fklt Knfli6s dxflgb]{zs, pBf]u O08li6«hsf] k|f]= >LdtL ljefu, ;+of]hs Psåf/ 26 ljdnf b]jL cu|jfn . ;ldlt, pBf]u ljefu sf7df8f}+ u0fklt /f]lhg P08 @ g+= If]q cfGtl/s / 6k{]G6fO{g O08li6«h fhZj sfof{no ;d]t 27 k|f=ln=sf] clwsf/k|fKt cWoIf ljZjgfy kf]2f/ Pe/]i6 a}s nld6]8sf] tkm{jf6 ;xfos 28 dxfk|jGws x'dgfy u'?Ë cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, 29 sf7df8f}F If]q g+= ! aa/ dxn k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h 30 k|f=ln=sf] tkm{jf6 ;+rfns hulbz cu|jfn=

31

ljsf; cfof]hgf ;]jf s]G› -l8k|f]S;–g]kfn_ sf tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt Pj+ cfkm\g} xsdf ;d]t P]= sf ;+:yfks cWoIf tyf sfof{nosf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs lktfDa/k|;fb cfrfo{

d'4f k|ltif]w -cfos/ P]g @)#! sf]zL k|f]h]S6df s/ 5'6_ pTk|]if0f ljb]zL sDkgLsf] e'StfgLdf TDS sf6\g]_ pTk|]if0f . -cf}=Jo=P]gsf] cfos/ 5'6_

d'4f÷l/6 g+=

km};nf ldlt

@)$^ sf] l/=k'= @)$*.(.@.# O=g+= #@

85

@)$^ sf] l/6 g+= !!%)

@)$*.(.@(

88

@)$* sf] l/6 g+= @)

%$@)%).^.@&

93

aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f . -cfos/ ;DaGwdf_

@)%) sf] l/6 g+=– #)#@

pTk|]if0f -cf}=Jo= P]gsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf_

@)%! sf] l/=g+= #^^( @)%#.!.@*

100

@)%* sf] l/6 g+= – #!*!

103

pTk|]if0f ;d]t . -nfef+z pk/sf] cfos/_

@)%).!).@&

@)^!.(.@#

k"jf{b]zsf] lg0f{o jb/ u/L kfp+ @)^$ sf] @)^^.$.#@ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, -cu|flwsf/ z]o/ kmf}=k'=g+= )$&* nflhDkf6 sf] nfef+znfO{ vr{ dfGg]_ ljb]z ?sf] :6fef]kf]n l:yt HjfO{G6:6s Po/ cfos/ -cf}=Jo= @)^!sf] nfOG;sf tkm{af6 clwsf/ P]gsf] cfos/ 5'6 @)^^.^.@) kmf}=k'=g+= #&(& k|fKt k|ltlglw ldvfO{n ;'ljwf_ dlns ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL pTk|]if0f ;d]t @)^$— tyf d=k=sf= l;+xb/jf/, ljb]zL sDkgLnfO{ WO—)&%% @)^&.#.!& ef/t sf]nsQfsf] cf]d]uf e'StfgL ubf{ TDS e]G;;{ k|f=ln sf6\g]_

cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

k]h g+=

pTk|]if0f ÷k/dfb]z -cfos/_

)^(-WO)*@(

@)&).(.#.$

97

107

111

117

121

$_ cGtz'Ns;+u ;DalGwt l/6 qm= ;

lgj]bs

lh=afFs,] g]kfnu~hl:yt e/tlszf]/ lj8L ˆofS6«Lsf] 32 g]kfnu~h g=k+=jf=g+= % a:g] e/tlszf]/ a}Zo lxdfno cfo/g P08 :6Ln -k|f=ln=_ sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] 33 clwsf/ k|fKt cWoIf d0fLxif{ Hof]lt s+zsf/ d]3f pnG; k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 34 ljgf]bs'df/ rf}w/L 35

36

37

38

39

40

41

g]kf]lg6 j]o/ xf]lhof/L O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 ;+rfns l8NnL/fd /+lhtsf/ ;'Gb/ kmlg{r/ O08li6«h k|fOe]6 ln= tkm{af6 cWoIf dbgnfn s]l8of . gjLg /f]nª OG8li6«h -k|f_ lnld6]8sf] tkm{jf6 P]= sf clwsf/ k|fKt cWoIfsf ;'/]z rG› cu|jfn . :jb]zL s]j'n OG8li6«h eGg] k|fOe]6 kmd{sf k|f]= lg/h s'df/ ;'/fgf . ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] tkm{jf6 clwsf/ k|fKt P]=sf efO; k|]l;8]G6 s]=l6=cf/ gflDjof/ ;fljssf] ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k|f= ln= xfn ;"o{ g]kfn k|f= ln=sf] tkm{af6 k|jGw ;~rfns xif{ Pd=b/ ;d]t o'gfO{6]8 a|'c/Lh g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clws[t jf= j›Lljqmd v8\sf

hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln=sf] / cfˆgf] xsdf ;d]t P]=sf 42 clwsf/k|fKt ;~rfns /fhaxfb'/ zfx cf= /f= sf= w/fg ;'g;/Lsf 43 k|d'v s/ clws[t t'n;L/fd ;]9fO{

ljkIfL

d'4f

d'4f÷l/6 g+=

km};nf ldlt

k]h g+=

cy{ dGqfno, afub/ af/ sf7df8f} ;d]t

pTk|]if0f -cGtz'Ns_

@)$@ sf] l/6 g+=@#&)

@)$#.%.!(

135

cGtMz'Ns ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

k/dfb]z -cGtz'Ns_

@)$% sf] l/6 g+= (&#

@)$^.&.@.$

138

@)$^ sf] l/=g+= @)$^.!!.@$ !##^

141

pTk|]if0f -cGtz'Ns_

@)$^ sf] l/6 g+= ^!@

@)$(.!).@^

144

pTk|]if0f -cGtz'Ns_

@)%) sf] l/=k'=O{=g+= %*

@)%@.#.*

147

@)%! sf] l/6 g+=@%@^

@)%@.!@.!#

@)%! sf] l/6 g+= @&$#

@)%#.!).!%

155

@)%# sf] l/6 g+=@*@%

@)%$.!@.@^

158

@)^#–WS– ))!&

@)^^.!@.!(

164

cGtMz'Ns sfof{no, jL/uGh cy{ dGqfno;d]t cGtz'Ns sfof{no lj/ u~h . dlGqkl/ib ;lrjfno ;d]t # . Ps4f/ ;ldlt, pBf]u ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/ ;d]t

pTk|]if0f -cGtz'Ns_

pTk|]if0f -cGtz'Ns p7fpg] tyf vfg]_ pTk|]if0f ld>Lt k/dfb]z -cGtz'Ns lkmtf{_

dxfn]vf kl/ Ifs,dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] sfof{no aa/dxn sf7df08f} ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k|ltif]w -cGtz'Ns_

cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, af/f ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t . -cGtz'Ns_

cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z . -cGtz'Ns_ pTk|]if0f ;d]t -cGtz'Ns ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] JofVof_

dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t

Plzog yfO{km"8\; k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6 ;+rfns dx]z s'df/ hfg"

@)^@ sf] l/6 g+= #%)(

@)^&.!.!$

152

171

@)^) sf] l/6 g+= #@

@)^*.*.@@

177

pTk|]if0fo'Qm ldl>t k/dfb]z )&)CI)%@# -cGtz'Ns_

@)^(.!@.%

188

%_ d"No clea[l4 s/;+u ;DalGwt l/6 qm= ;=

lgj]bs

clwjQmf ;/f]h >]i7 44 ;d]t 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn 45 k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] clwsf/k|fKt wgs'df/ /fO{

ljkIfL g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg,s]lGb|o sfo{fno, sf7df08f} ;d]t /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]t

d'4f pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/ dfb]z -d'=c=s/_ pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z ;d]t -d'=c=s/_

d'4f÷l/6 g+= km};nf ldlt

k]h g+=

@)%^ sf] l/6 g+=#&!(

@)%(.$.!$

193

@)^$ sf] WO–!)!)

@)^(.@.@#.#

198

^_ l/6 ljljw qm= ;= 46

lgj]bs wd{;fu/ t'nfw/ sf=lh=sdnf5L

47 lkp;/fh kf08]

48

49 50

51

52

lxdfno hgtf 6«fG;kf]6 P08 O{GhLlgol/ª sDkgL k|f=nL=sf] tkm{af6 P]= sf] d]g]lhª 8fO{/]S6/ a[h lszf]/snjf/ uf]kfn df]6/ :6f];{sf k|f]= lgd{ns'df/ j]l/jfn nIdLgf/fo0f /fO; ldnsf k|f]=af}Pnfn ;fx g]kfn O{Dkf]6{ PS;kf]6{ 6]«8;{ -k|f=ln=_ sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] ;~rfns zlzlagf]b zdf{ cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;L / ;'/]z ODkf]l/odsf] k|f]k|fO6/ >L dfd/fh cu|jfn

hulbz /fO; cfon P08 53 ˆnf]/ ldN;sf k|f]=ej/nfn /f7L ;/fkm OG6/k|fO{h]h k|f=ln=sf] 54 tkm{af6 P]= sf] lnSjL8]6/ u0f]znfn >]i7 .

55

ljkIfL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+;d]t s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t cy{ dGqfno;d]t

d'4f pTk|]if0f -sDkgL / ;~rfns ljrsf] leGgtf_ pTk|]if0f -sDkgLsf] sfg"gL JolStTj_ pTk|]if0f -lnnfdL k|lqmofsf] l/t_

pTk|]if0f -clwsf/sf] ;|f]t_ s/ sfof{no hgsk'/ pTk|]if0f wfd;d]t -l/t k"j{ssf] ;'g'jfOsf] ;"rgf_ cy{dGqfno sf7df8f}+ pTk|]if0f ;d]t -;'g'jfO{sf] ;"rgf_ pTk|]if0f s/ sfof{no, g]kfnu+h -;'g'jfO{sf] ;d]t ;"rgf_ pTk|]if0f ldl>t s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ k/dfb]z ;d]t -a}slNks pkrf/ sf] dfu{_ pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/ s/ sfo{fno, aa/dxn, dfb]z -a}slNks sf7df8f pkrf/sf] dfu{_

kL=s]= s]ldsN;sf] k|f]=P]= a:g] s/ sfof{no df]/Ë, lj/ k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfn . f6gu/

d'4f÷l/6 g+= km};nf ldlt

k]h g+=

@)#(sf] l/=g=!&(^

@)$).*.@#

207

@)#(sf] l/=g+=!&@^

@)$).!@.!&

209

@)$)sf] l/=g+= !#!!

@)$%.#.@@

212

@)$^ sf] l/6 @)$^.!!.@$ g+= !$^# @)$^sf] l/=g+= @)$^.!@.!% %^!

219

@)$^sf] l/=g+= @)$^.!@.@( ^@$

222

@)$& sf] l/6 @)$*.!!.^ g+= !#%&

227

@)$^sf] l/=g+= @)$(.!.!) !)@#

233

@)$*sf] l/=g+= !$)(

@)%).%.@)

238

pTk|]if0f -Goflos tyf c4{Goflos lgsfosf] clwsf/ l/=k'=O{=g+= ^! If]q tyf ltgsf] k|of]usf] kl/0ffd_

@)%@.!.!!

241

216

qm= ;=

lgj]bs Hof]lt l:klgª ldN; 56 lnld6]8sf tkm{jf6 k|jGw ;+rfns >L ?kHof]tL :jl:ts cfon O08l6«h -k|f=_ 57 ln=sf] tkm{jf6 g/]z b'u8

:jlts cfon O{08li6«h -k|f_ 58 ln= sf] tkm{af6 g/]z b'u8 .

59

60

clwjQmf sf]lkn k|;fb clwsf/L

clwjQmf yfg]Zjf/ sfˆn] .

ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno

61

62

k'ikfb]jL a/fn

63

;fp08 OSo"kd]06; P08 On]S6Lsn PKnfOg;]h s/ sfof{no,sf7df08f}+ O08li6h k|f=ln=sf] tkm{jf6 ;d]t ;+rfns ljgf]b s'df/ rf}w/L clwjQmf l;tf/fd cu|jfn

hglxt ;+/If0f d~rsftkm{jf6 clwjQmf 65 k|sfzdl0f zdf{ ;d]t

pTk|]if0f -s/ / z'Nssf] JofVof_

k|ltif]w s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ -cf}=Jo=P]g cGt/ utsf] ;'ljwf_ pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ -cbfntdf ljrf/ flwg /xb}+sf] cj:yfdf s/ lgwf{/0f_ pTk|]if0fo'Qm dGqLkl/ifb ;lrjfno k/dfb]z -Goflos ;d]t cf7 hgf k'g/fjnf]sg_ ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] sfg"g wf/f **-!_ adf]lhd k|f/De cy{ dGqfno ;d]t b]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF -Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg_ pTk|]if0f ld>Lt s/ sfof{no dx]G›gu/, k/dfb]z -glh/sf] sGrgk'/ ;d]t . kl/kfngf_ k|ltif]w -ko{6g dGqLkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;]jf z'Nssf] ;d]t a}wtf_

lhNnf s+rgk'/ bf]wf/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= jfjfyfg a:g] dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/ .

64

d'4f

dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t -cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ If]q_ pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z -Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg_ cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@ -!_ / $@ #_ ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf]n] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF . -VDIS_

d'4f÷l/6 g+= km};nf ldlt

k]h g+=

@)%!sf] l/=g+=@%%@

@)%#.%.@)

252

@)%)sf] l/=g+=@*!@

@)%#.!).@#

257

@)%! sf] l/=g+= #%))

@)%#.!).@#

262

@)%$ sf] l/=g+= @^)&

@)%$ sf] l/=g+= @^@#

@)%%.%.!*

266

@)%%.%.!*

270

@)%$ sf] l/=k"=O{=g+= *&

@)%&.%.@

274

@)%& sf] l/=g+= #)((

@)%&.!!.@(

284

@)$* sf] l/6 @)%(.%.#!.@ g+= !$(#

287

@)%* sf] l/=g+= %#

@)%(.^.!)

293

@)^).@.!

297

@)%( sf] l/=g+= *$

qm= ;= 66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

lgj]bs

ljkIfL

d'4f

d'4f÷l/6 g+= km};nf ldlt

pTk|]if0f, @)^! sf] @)^!.(.!% k/dfb]z l/=g+=#) clwjQmf ;Ltf/fd cu|jfn -cWofb]zsf] j}wflgstf_ pTk|]if0f -s/ Po/ cgGof k|f=ln=sf] Psn cy{ dGqfno, afub/jf/, @)%^sf] l/=g+= lgwf{/0f ug]{ @)^@.!.!( :f+rfns jgjf/Lnfn ldQn sf7df08f} ;d]t #%#% clwsf/ If]q_ cfGtl/s /fh:j cd[tef]u Sof6;{ k|f=ln=sf] pTk|]if0f -s/ @)^!sf] l/6 sfof{no If]q g+=! aa/ @)^^.#.!$ lgb]{zs ljgf]b s'df/ cu|jfn lgwf{/0f_ g+= @^)! dxn j]:6g{ g]kfn sTyf dLn g]kfn ;/sf/,cy{ cbfntsf] @)^!sf] k|f=ln=sf] tkm{jf6 clwsf/ @)^^.$.!% dGqfno, cfGtl/s cjx]ngf kmf}=k'=g+=!@* k|fKt P]=sf laqmL k|jGws /fh:j ljefu dg/fd v8\sf= pTk|]if0f ld>Lt u'0f l;g]df k|f=ln=sf] tkm{jf6 cfGtl/s /fh:j k/dfb]z @)^# sf] l/= P]=sf=clwsf/ Kf|fKt ;+rfns @)^&.%.!# sfof{no,nlntk'/ -a}slNks pkrf/ g+= #!*! /fh]Gb| zfSo sf] dfu{_ dgsfdgf Pc/j]h -k|f=_ pTk|]if0f -pkrf/ @)^! sf] ln=sf clVtof/ k|fKt P]= P]= cy{ dGqfno ;d]t sf] xs, s/ @)^^.^.@^ sf k|aGw ;~rfns lszf]/ l/=g+= @*@& lgwf{/0f k|s[of_ l;njfn ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k'g/fjnf]sg ul/ b]= k'g/ k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 fjnf]sg @)^^.&.!@ kfpmF -b|i6Ao / cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}F clwsf/ k|fKt efO; cg';"lrsf] k|of]u g+=@)^$–NF– k|]l;8]G6 s]=l6=cf/= / JofVof_ )))@ gflDjof/ dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn D"fNo clej[l4 s/ @)%& ;fnsf] O08li6h k|f=ln=sf] tkm{jf6 ljefu,nflhDkf6 pTk|]if0f -5'6 l/6 g==#%%( @)^^.*.@@ clVtof/ k|fKt P]=sf] sf7df08f p7fpg kfpg]]_ Psfp06]06 kjg zdf{ ;d]t g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL -k|f=ln=_ D"fNo clej[l4 s/ pTk|]if0f÷k|ltif]w @)%$ sf] sf] tkm{jf6 P]=sf clwsf/ ljefu,;ftbf]jf6f] -s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ @)^^.(.& k|fKt d'Vo sfo{sfl/0fL l/=g+= #)#& nlntk'/ ;d]t If]qflwsf/_ hubLzk|;fb cu|jfn pTk|]if0f l/6 g+=–)^$– df]xgnIdL df:s] cy{ dGqfno ;d]t -sfg"gsf] plrt @)^^.!).& WF– )))! sfo{ljwL_ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfo{fno l;+xb/jf/ ;d]t

clwjQmf sdn]z låj]bL

pTk|]if0f ldl>t k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ k/dfb]z (VDIS ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t sf] k'g/fjnf]sg_

)^%-WS))!(

@)^&.$.@&

k]h g+= 305

310

313

316

320

323

328

341

346

353

366

qm= ;=

lgj]bs

lhNnf ;'g;/L, w/fg gu/ 77 kflnsf j8f g+=! Af:g] zf/bf b]jL cu|jfn ;d]t

ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no,w/fg ;'g;/L

/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu xl/ x/ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/sf 78 tkm{af6 P]=sf dxflgb{]zs v'd/fh k'~hfnL

sfi7d08k 8]enkd]G6 a}Í, s]G›Lo sfof{no

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf 79 tkm{af6 P]=sf lgldQ k|aGw lgb]{zs a'l4k|;fb cfrfo{

7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ ;d]t

d'4f

d'4f÷l/6 g+= km};nf ldlt

pTk|]if0fo'Qm k|ltz]w -s/ )^&–WO– !@*$ aSof}tfdf hfohft lnnfdL_ pTk|]if0f / k/dfb]z -s/ jSof}tf / ;jf/L ;fwgsf] :jfldTj_ pTk|]if0f k|ltif]w k/dfb]z -a}slNks pkrf/ sf] dfu{_

k]h g+=

@)^*.(@@

377

)^(-CI-!@*) @)&!.!.@%

382

)^(-WO!@$#

386

@)&!.&.(

d''$fsf] ;f/ ;+If]kLs/)f l;= g++

1

2

3

d'$f

;Djt\ @)$@ ;fnsf] b]=k' g+= $^* cfos/ .

;+jt @)%* ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+ @(^^ cfos/

kIf÷lakIf

glh/ l;$fGt

>LdtLnfO{ ltg{ afFsL bfloTjsf] /sd >Ldfgsf] cfo dfGg' kg]{ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ afWofTds sfg'gL Joj:yf s]xL b]lvFb}g, >LdtLn] >Ldfgsf] . kmd{df nufgL ug{ sfg'gn] k|ltaGw nufPsf] kfOFbg} , >LdtLaf6 lj?4 lnPsf] /sd bfloTj dxndf :ki6 b]vfPsf] kfOG5, t;y{ ˆnf]l/ª P08 kmlg{l;ª ;f] bfloTj /sd ldGxf kfpg] 7xof{O{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] lg0f{o dgfl;a 7xof{O{ d=If]=c=af6 ePsf] ;]G6/ lg0f{odf s'g} q'6L gb]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] . s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] sfo{ Goflos sfo{ xf] . s/ clws[t s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|s[ofdf 5fgljg ug{] clws[t x'gsf ;fy} s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] clwsf/L klg x'Fbf lghsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot cf/f]kL Pj+ lg0f{ost{f b'j} x'g] . · s/ ;DjGwL ljjfbdf cd's /sd of] o; sf/0fn] s/of]Uo 5}g egL s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf s/ nufpg rfxg] s/ clws[t of sfof{non] of] o; kl/jGbaf6 s/ nfUg] xf] eGg] b]vfpg kg{] x'G5 . s/ nfUg] cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ k'o{fpg] ef/ s/ sfof{no jf s/ clws[t pk/g} x'g] . lj?4 x'nf; afo/ O08li6«h · s/;DjGwL ljjfbdf k|df0fsf] ef/sf] cToGt} dxTj / cfjZostf x'Fbf s/bftf pk/ dfq k|df0f k'o{fpg] ef/ k|f=ln= g/xg] . · s/bftfn] e"naf6 k'/f s§f x'g g;s]sf] eGb} kl5 sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] /sd ;|f]taf6 s§L ul/ j'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvPkl5 s/bftfn] sfg"g pn\n+3g u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] gx'bf ;f] /sdNffO{ v"bcfodf ;dfj]z gug{] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf Gofof]lrt b]lvFbf cg'dlt k|bfg ePsf] cfb]z;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] .

;Djt\ @)%( ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no #!&% sf7df08f}+ cfos/ . lj?4 g]kfn Uof; O08li6«h k|f=ln=

g]kfn Uof; pBf]u af/fsf] Uof; l;ln08/ k"Flhut ;fdfg ePkl5 ;f]df 36\bf] x|f;s6\6L k|0ffnL cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-!_ v08 -~f_ cg';f/ x|f; vr{ 5'6 kfpg] g} b]lvg cfpFb5 . jx;sf] qmddf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|df0f a'emL Gofo lg/f]k0f ubf{ a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'emL u/]sf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ eof] eGg] lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

i

k]h g++=

1

4

9

4

5

;Djt @)%( ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#)^^ cfos/

;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#$)* cfos/

s'g} s/bftfn] ;fne/ u/]sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fa lstfa ;f] jif{sf] cGtdf sfg"g adf]lhd u0fgf ubf{ gfkmf ePdf To;NffO{ ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf] cfo dflgG5 . To:tf] s/sf] b/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ sf] Joj:yf cfo jif{sf] clGtd lbg sfod /x]sf] s/ b/ cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . 5'6km'6 sf/f]af/ ul/ cfo u/]sf]df afx]s cfos/ hlxn] klg k'/} Ps jif{sf] cfodf nufOg] x'Fbf cfos/sf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL k"0f{ jif{ g} cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfwf/ x'G5 oBlk vf; xf]6n lxdfno k|f=ln= cj:yf / l:yltsf cfosf] ;Gbe{df h'g a]nf cfo eof] To;}df lj¿4 cfos/ nfUg] nufpg] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] . s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/ · cfos/sf] b/ cfojif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] b/ x'g] ;d]t x'Fbf ;f] cfojif{df k6s k6s sfg"gn] cfos/sf] b/ ;+zf]wg u/] klg cfojif{sf] clGtd lbg cy{ft cfiff9 d;fGtsf lbg sfod /x]sf] b/af6} s/bftfsf] cfos/sf] lgwf{/0f x'gkg{] . · hlxn] klg cfos/ cl3Nnf] jif{el/ u/]sf] sf/f]af/ jf k|fKtL vr{x¿ kl5Nnf] jif{df lx;fa lstfa u/L gfkmf jf gf]S;fg Plsg ug{‘ kg{] x'Fbf jif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] s/sf] b/ cg';f/ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;d]t k'li6 x'G5 . t;y{ jif{el/ nuftf/ sf/f]af/ ug{] s/bftfsf] xsdf cfos/sf] b/ slxNo} klg Ps eGbf a9L x'g g;Sg] . xf]6n pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ nufotsf s'/fx¿sf] hfFra'em ug{], lgodg ug{] / Ohfht lbg] af/]df k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g ljefun] hl8t Ifdtf a[l4sf] k|ltzt / o;sf] nflu l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf vr{ /sd / ;f]dWo]af6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ v'b cfoaf6 5'6 kfpg] /sd ;d]t osLg u/]kl5 o;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g} csf]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] pBf]u ljefun] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/ gb]vfO{ cGoyf eGg] / ug{] cj:yf gcfpg] . ofs P08 olt xf]6n · pBf]u ljefun] sf/0f / cfwf/ b]vfO{ ;'ljwf gkfpg] jf/]df lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] lnld6]8sf] lj?4 ;'ljwfaf6 s/bftfnfO{ al~rt ug{‘ Gofof]lrt gx'g] . @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no · s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] clg0f{o tyf csfo{sf] bf]if jf sf7df8f}+ - xfn o;sf] ef/ s/bftfn] jf]Sg' gkg{] . cfGtl/s /fh:j · cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t sfof{no If]q g+=! aa/ k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt dxn _ x'g] tYofÍ jf ljj/0fnfO{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 d"NofÍg u/]kl5 dfq osLg x'g] jf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/ df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6 lbgsf] nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ lng kg{] . · ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug{] s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]af/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf gkg{] .

ii

14

18

6

7

8

;+jt @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=– #$*@ cfos/

c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=b'xjL ;'g;/L lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/

;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!%( cfos/

;Ltf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln= lj?4 $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}F, xfn cfGtl/ s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}+

;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#@%* cfos/ .

cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ lj?4 zfx pBf]u k|f=ln= lj/ f6gu/

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ adf]lhd pBf]un] l:y/ h]yfsf] x|f;sl§ ubf{ k|rlnt cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg"gdf plNnlvt b/df ;f]xL b/sf] Ps ltxfO{ yk u/L s§f ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf cfjlws ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwf geO{ o:tf] ;'ljwf pBf]u ;~rfngdf /x];Dd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwf ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'ljwf Psåf/ ;ldltn] lg0f{o ul//xg' kg{] cfjZostf gb]lvg] · P]gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf ljj/0fnfO{ d"NofÍg tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ gkg{] / ;DalGwt s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Aofj;flos sf/f]jf/df /fv]sf] clen]v tyf n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g;Sg] ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos kb{}g . t/, k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug{] s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yf x'g gx'g] . · n]vf cdfGo gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/ df osLg x'g] s/5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZos gkg{] . · pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] n]vf cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s ;f] yk x|f;sl§sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ jf k|bfg ug{ lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf s/bftfn] /fv]sf] lan e/kfO{ tyf n]vfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g] l:y/ h]yfsf] d"No g} ko{fKt x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pBf]u ljefusf] :jLs[lt cfjZos gkg{] .

26

cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;j}eGbf j9L hfgsf/L :jo+ s/bftfnfO{ g} x'G5 eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s/bftfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf j'emfpg] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf] cfosf] :jo+nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lb+bf cfodf kf/bzL{{tf ;d]t b]vfpg ;Sg' kg{] . · s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f em'7f 7xl/g uPdf cy{fTf s/bftfn] em'7f] ljj/0f lbPdf, s/ 5n]df, 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]df eg] ;hfosf] efuLbf/ aGg' kg{] .

32

Jofj;flostfsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt nfuteGbf sd d"Nodf j:t' laqmL ug{‘k/]sf] / nuftf/ gf]S;fgLdf pBf]u ;~rfng ug{‘k/]sf] ;DaGwdf pBf]un] tYoo'Qm 7f]; cfwf/ k|df0f k]z u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pBf]usf] egfO{ dfqsf] cfwf/df s/ sfof{non] s/ ldGxf ug{] l:ylt gx'g] . · dgf]ut cfwf/df s/ ldGxf ub{} hfg] xf] eg] s/ tyf /fhZj k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ k|efjxLg eO{ /fi6«sf] /fhZj c;"nL k|lqmof k|efljt x'g k'Ug] .

35

iii

9

10

11

;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=##(# cfos/ .

;+jt @)^^ ;fnsf] CR–))@* cfos/

)^$–CR–)##* cfos/

kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6 la/f6gu/ la?4 cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, la/f6gu/

7"nf s/bftf sfof{no xl/x/ejg nlntk'/ lj?4 k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=

dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6«h k|f=ln= lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8f

· s'g} klg s/bftfn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu k]z ug{] ljj/0fdf cfkm"åf/f ;~rflnt ;a} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf Joj;foaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfe ;d]tsf ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] . · s/ 5'6 kfPsf s/bftfx¿n] klg cfosf] ljj/0f k]z ug{‘kg{] / To:tf] ljj/0fsf ;fydf ;f] ljj/0fnfO{ k'li6 ug{] vfnsf ;a} k|df0fx¿ bflvn ug{‘kg{] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ 5'6 kfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df s'g} klg ljj/0f k]z ug{' gkg{] eGg] ts{sf] sfg"gL cfwf/ gb]lvg] . · lg0f{o e} g;s]sf] ljifodf cg'dfgsf cfwf/df cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] egL bfjL lng g;Sg] . · s'g} JolQmsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] cfo jif{leq s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfesf cfwf/df cfo lgwf{/0f ul/g] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf & sf] Joj:yfaf6 s/bftfn] cfkm"åf/f ;~rflnt ;a} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf Joj;fosf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{‘kg{] . s'g} ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfo k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf bafPsf] lqmofnfO{ klg em"7f ljj/0f dflgg] . sd{rf/Lx¿n] dfl;s ¿kdf e'QmfgL kfpg] kfl/>lds /sd cfos/ P]gadf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] ;Ldf (Ceiling) eGbf a9L x'g uPdf :jtM To:tf] kfl/>ldsdf klg s/ nfUg] ePsf]n] sDkgLn] cfjZostfcg';f/ cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ tnjL e/kfO{df n]vL kfl/>ldssf] ¿kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'ljwf lbg;Sg] . cfkm"n] ltg{] Aofh cfoaf6 s§f ug{ bfjL ug{] kIfn] cfkm"n] p7fpg' kg{] pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df klg afFsL /x]sf] /sdsf] ToxL cg'kftdf Aofh c;"npk/ u/L cfodf b]vfpg' jf~5gLo x'g] . ltg{‘kg{] /sdsf] Aofh lt/]sf] egL cfoaf6 s§f ug{], t/ lng'kg{] /sd nfdf] ;do;Dd c;"n gu/L k|ltkmn k|fKt gug{] sfo{af6 cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-u_ sf] sfg"gL Joj: yfsf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} s/ bfloTj sd ug{] jf s/ bfloTj 5Ng] ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ;f] bkmfsf] Joj:yf k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvg] . s'g} cfo jif{df k|fKt x'g'kg{] /sd k|fKt eO{ g;s]sf] ePklg To;} aif{sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] ePsf]n] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{] clwsf/ l;h{gf ePkl5 e'QmfgL k|fKt gePtfklg e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL cfo u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] . % /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfdf bkmf *-v_-u_ / -3_ sf] q'l6 eof] egL lgj]bs cfp+bf ;f] s;/L s'g P]gsf] s'g bkmf jf sfo{ljlwsf] q'l6 ePsf] xf] ;f] pNn]v gu/]sf] / o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ klg ;f] pNn]v gu/]sf] x'+bf o; Ohnf;af6 cfkm}+n] ljjfb g} gu/]sf] cd's sfg"g jf sfo{ljlwsf] uDeL/ q'l6 ePsf] eGg] cj:yf x'+b}g .

iv

40

45

50

12

13

;+jTf @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=–– – #&@^ d"No clej[l4 s/

)^^–CR–)$(^ d"No clej[l4 s/

)^$—CR—)!)! 14

d"No clej[l4 s/

ldQn l6=O08l:6«h k|f=nL= lj?4 xfn cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu, sf7df8f}F

z+s/ l;d]G6 s+lqm6 pBf]u k|f=ln= lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df08f}+ ;d]t

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no l;d/f af/f lj?4 O{i6g{ 6]S;6fO{n O{=ln=5ftflkk/f af/f

s'g} d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] s'g} s/bftfn] j:t' vl/b ubf{ lt/]sf] s/sf] /sd pQm j:t' laqmL ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] /sdaf6 s§f u/fO{ lkmtf{ lng] t/ o;/L s/ s§f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] laqmL u/]sf] clen]v klg gb]vfpg] / :6sdf /x]sf] klg b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf vl/b ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] s/ pQm j:t'sf] laqmLaf6 ;+sng u/]sf] s/sf] /sdaf6 s§f u/L lkmtf{ lng kfpg] ;DaGwdf d"No clej[l4 lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod #( -!_ / #(-#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] . · s/sl§ ul/lnPsf] j:t'sf] laqmL / :6sdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] kl/0ffdsf] aLrdf leGgtf b]lvPdf ;f] leGgtfsf] xb;Ddsf] kl/df0fsf j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] dflgg] s'/f ts{;uF t / Gofo;Fut klg 5 . t/ of] Joj:yf s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'sf] xsdf eg] nfu" x'g g;Sg] . · s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{ / laqmLsf] nflu vl/b ul/Psf ;fdfGo vl/b laqmLsf ;fdfgx¿sf] vl/b, laqmL tyf k|of]usf] ;Gbe{nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ x]g{‘ kg{] . · pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf htL{ hfg ;Sg] k|s[lt / kl/ df0fsf] sRrf kbfy{nfO{ lgoldt Jofkfl/s k|lqmofdf laqmL ug{sf] nflu vl/b u/L s/s§f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] ;dsIfdf /fvL htL{ uPsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] xsdf klg d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ sf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{‘ pQm lgodsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg ljk/Lt x'g] . · sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]u u/L pTkfbg ubf{ sRrf kbfy{df s]xL ;6{]h x'G5 egL dfg]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;6{]h ePsf] j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] x'G5 egL dfGg ;lsFb}g / laqmL ePsf] dfGg klg g;lsg] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{o cg';f/ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{‘ kg]{ g} x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf @)^!.%.!* sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / @)^@.!.!* sf] k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{o b'j}nfO{ ;b/ ubf{, lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lg0f{o x'g uPsf]n], pQm ldlt @)^@.!.!* sf] /fh:j ljefusf] k|zf;lgs k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{o;Dd ;b/ x'g] b]lv+bf, cfGtl/s s/ sfof{non] @)^!.%.!^ df u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{ / @)^!.%.!* df u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] xb;Dd gldn]sf] sRrf kbfy{ NofO{ pTkfbg u/]sf] sk8fdf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] geO{ cGo sDkgLn] pTkfbg u/]sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg u/L ;]jf ljqmL u/]s]f cj:yfdf cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ bkmf @$ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf nfu" gx'g] x'Fbf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf %!_ -s_ cg';f/ s/ nfUg] g} eO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod $)-$_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts lx;fjaf6 s/ s6\6L ug]{ u/]sf] z'? cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no af/fsf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'6Lsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lv+bf

v

53

58

62

15

16

17

pkef]usf] cfwf/df hf/L ljhs jf sDKo'6/df kl5 k|lji6 ul/Psf] ljj/0f dWo] s'gnfO{ dfGotf lbg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d"No clej[la4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf ^ nfO{ dgg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pQm bkmfsf] pkbkmf -#_ -s_df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] b'/ ;~rf/ ;]jf jf o:t} cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf] xsdf ljhs hf/L ubf{sf] ;donfO{ cfk"lt{sf] ;do dfGg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]n] cfk"lt{ ePsf] ;]jf cg';f/ hf/L ljhs cg';f/ g} d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] ljhsnfO{ dfGotf glbg'kg]{ 7f]; cfwf/ Pj+ sf/0f x'g' kg]{df k|ToyL{ s/bftfn] ;]jf cfk"lt{ u/L hf/L 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, u/]sf] ljhsnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;Sg] 7f]; cfwf/ / k|df0f k]z kmf}=k'=g+=)^^–CR– lj?2 ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] cfwf/ k|df0f ljgf cGoyf ug{ ;lsg] )%&! o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd gb]lv+bf s/bftfn] cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s sfdsf] ;lhnf]kgfsf nflu lnld6]8 sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/]s]f ljj/0fsf cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ d"No clej[l4 s/ ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . ctMs/bftfn] hf/L u/]sf] ljhs cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd ;f]xL ljhssf cfwf/df dfq s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . ;/sf/L lgsfodf bflvnf u/]sf] w/f}6L /sd To:tf] ;/sf/L sfof{non] s/bftfsf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] / ;f] sf] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] ;Ssn /l;b s/bftfn] bflvnf ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;b/ :ofxf ug]{ sfof{non] g} k|dfl0ft u/L lbPsf] kqnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsg] x'+b}g . ;Ssn /l;b obfsbf x/fpg jf b}jL k/L gi6 klg x'g ;S5 . o:tf] l:yltdf To:tf] cflwsf/Ls lgsfodf ePsf] clen]vsf cfwf/df hf/L ul/Psf] kqnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg gx'g] 7f]; cfwf/ x'gk' 5{ . d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 ;DaGwdf bfjL ubf{ :ki6 sfg"gn] 5'6 kfpg] k|fjwfg cg's"n bfjL u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] k]lN6s ;]6 / l9sL ljqmL ubf{ s] s;/L s/ 5'6 kfpg] eGg] s[i0f lu|n P08 :ki6 cfwf/ k|:t't\ ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . sfg"gn] 5'6 lbPsf] OlGhlgol/Ë j:t' jf ;]jf vl/bdf dfq d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 x'g] :ki6 @)^(–CR–))&) k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljkl/t s/bftfn] s/ 5'6df ljqmL u/]sf] egL d"No clej[l4 s/ bfjL u/]s} e/df 5'6 gkfpg] eGb} plNnlvt ;fdfg laqmL lj?4 u/]sf] egL bfjL u/]s} e/df 5'6 gkfpg] eGb} plNnlvt ;fdfg cfGtl/s /fh:j laqmL jfktsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ / hl/jfgf k'g/fj]bsaf6 sfof{no lj/f6gu/ c;'n ug]{ u/L ePsf] k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt g} b]lvg cfof] . uf]bfddf sltko ;fdfgx¿ :6s a's eGbf 36L /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] s]lx ;fdfgx¿ Af9L /x]s]f b]lvG5 . cfkm' /f]xj/df /xL df}h'bf ;fdfg u0fgf 7Ls 5 egL ;xL5fk u/]sf] / kl5 cfP/ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu olt w]/} kl/df0fdf ;fdfgsf] u0fgfdf km/s gkg'{kg]{ xf], p:t} cg';Gwfg zfvf tyf k|s[ltsf ;fdfgx¿ ePsf]n] Pssf] ;fdfg csf]{ k/]sf] x'g ;S5 cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu egL ;fdfgx¿ Km/s k/]sf] tYonfO{ k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] d'2f g+=@)&)— k'g/fj]bs b]lvG5 . :6s a's eGbf df}h'bf ;fdfgx¿ s] s'g sf/0fn] RB—))$$ 3l6a9L ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DjGwdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] j:t'ut lj?4 d"No clej[l4 s/ k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . sf7df08f}+ lhNnf Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ kIfx¿ aLr ePsf] n]gb]g tyf sf/f]jf/ rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]h cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePsf afx]s Joj;foL;+u ;djlGwt /x]sf] egL dfGg' kb{5 . e'QmfgL lnPsf]nfO{ k]ZsL jf ;fk6L xf] egL ;+ho rf]vfgLn] lhls/ lnPklg ;f] lhls/ 7f]; k|df0fåf/f k'li6 ePsf] b]lvb}g .

vi

65

68

71

18

19

20

21

efg efg rfO{lgh /]i6'/]G6 P08 af/sf ;Djt\ @)#* lj?4 ;fnsf] l/=g+= !^^& >L s/ clws[t s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+

lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] lx;fj lstfjnfO{ cdfGo 3f]lift gu/L cl3s} lg0f{odf lnPsf cfwf/nfO{ k'gM cfwf/ agfO{ xr'jf lsl;dn] cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] . -@_ /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ab/ ePkl5 k'gM cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ /fvL lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPg ;fy} h] hlt /sd lgwf{/0f ePsf] lyof] ;f]xL /sd ¿=!&)!). k'gM sfod klg ul/Psf]af6 sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] k|lqmof gckgfO{ /Lt ;Dd k'of{!pg] p2]Zon] krf{;Dd v8f u/]sf] x'Fbf /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o lg/y{s x'g uPsf] 5 . t;y{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t pkl:yt u/fO{ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbO{ lg0f{o ug{‘ kg]{df gu/]sf] x'Fbf s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] .

· cfly{s P]g tyf cfos/ P]g ;d]tsf ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfdf AofhnfO{ cGo cfodf ;dfj]z u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf b/jf/ ug{ kfpg] k|s[of /x] ePsf] kfOFb}g . dfu{ l:yt olt 6«feN; ;Djt\ @)$@ · cfˆgf] a}+ssf] d'2tL AofhnfO{ ;d]t sfg"g cg'?k -k|f=ln=_ ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/ cfodf ;dfj]z u/L lx;fa lstfa ;d]t /fvL lbPsf] ljj/0f lj?4 @!^% cfwf/df s/ sfof{non] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] k|s[of ckgfO{ ;f]xL cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ cfo ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;s]sf]df a}+saf6 ;d]t cfpg] d'2tL AofhnfO{ cfodf ufeL k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ljBdfgtf ePsf] b]lvg gcfPsf] .

;Djt\ ;fnsf] !%))

;Djt\ ;fnsf] !)^$

sf=g=k+=jf=g+=## 8]/f u/L a:g] df]xgs[i0f @)$# v/]n l/6 g+= lj?4 >L s/ sfof{no, / fhlj/fh, ;Kt/L

l;Dsf] O06/g]zgn / l;Dsf] ln=O=l;=O{= @)$^ xfp; Go" lbNnLsf] l/6 g+= tkm{af6 lj?4 s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8f ;d]t

75

78

lgwf{l/t cfo s/sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lb+bf s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt /sd v'nfOPsf] 5 ;f] sf] lx;fa ;d]t To:tf] ;"rgfdf v'nfOPsf] x'g' kg]{ . ;"rgf lb+bf P]gsf] bkmf;Dd pNn]v ubf{ P]gsf] dg;fo k"/f x'Fb}g . P]gsf] dg;fo s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] s'/f ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] v08df ;f] ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] To:tf] cfos/ nfUg kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] s'/f k|i6 /fVg ;sf];\ jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ kfpg ;sf];\ eGg] xf] To;/L s/bftfnfO{ lgwf{l/tcfos/sf] ;DaGwdf lbOg] ;"rgf P]=P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhdsf] cfwf/df v'nfO{ lgwf{l/t cfos/sf] lx;fa ;d]t pNn]v u/L ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ .

81

k|To]s s/bftfn] s/sf] bfloTj 5 5}g eGg] s'/f cfo ljj/0f bflvn ul/;s]kl5 ljj/0fdf jf ;fy} cfkm"n] kfpg] 5"6 jf pGd'lQmsf] s'/f p7fpg kg]{ / ;f] df ljrf/ u/L s/ sfof{non] s/ nufpg jf gnufpg klg ;Sg] x'Fbf ljj/0f g} bflvnf ug{ kb}{g eGg] egfO{ ldn]g t;y{ o;df l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .

83

vii

22

23

;Djt\ ;fnsf] #@

;Djt\ ;fnsf] !!%)

-!_ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gåf/f ;dly{t ePsf]df afx]s >L % sf] ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] s'g} ;Demf}tfaf6 s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} xs jf bfloTjsf] ;[hgf ePsf] ;Demg gldNg] . -@_ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-#_ cGtu{tsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n] To:tf] 7]s]bf/sf] cfodf cfos/ gnfUg] egL 5"6 lbPsf] klg gb]lvPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f & cGtu{t cfos/ gnfUg] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ sfg'g;+ut gb]lvg] .

85

-!_ ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ;DkGg ug{‘ kg]{ sfo{, ;Demf}tf ug]{ kIfn] h] h'g tj/af6 u/] u/fPsf] lsg gxf]; ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{‘ kg]{ st{Jo / ;f] afktsf] e'QmfgL ;d]t k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;f]xL kIfsf/df lglxt x'g hfg] . -@_ lgj]bs g]kfn a|fGrn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoaf6 s]xL /sd cfˆgf] d'Vo sfof{no -ef/t_ nfO{ lt/] a'emfPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] t/ ;f] /sd g]kfn a|fGrsf] cfo xf]Og eGg] ;a"b k|df0f lgj]bsaf6 k]z x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f] /sd lgj]bs -g]kfn a|fGr_ sf] v"b cfo xf]Og eGg ldNg] gb]lvg] . -#_ c:yfoL afl;Gbfn] g]kfnsf] kf6L{x?;+u ;Demf}tf u/L k|fKt 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm u/]sf] cfo dWo] ef/tdf btf{ /x]sf] sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] @)$^ Ol08of -sf7df8f}+_ /sd s§f u/L v"b cfo sfod ug{‘ kg]{ eGg] lhls/ l/6 g+= lj?4 sfg'g;+ut gb]lvg] . s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -$_ lgj]bs 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of -g]kfn a|fGr_ ;d]t n] g]kfndf g]kfn s} kf6L{x?;+u ;Demf}tf u/L ;Demf}tf adf]lhd dfnj:t' 9'jfgL u/L ;f] afkt g]kfndf g} / sd e'QmfgL kfPsf] b]lvPsf], ;f] cfo g]kfn clw/fHo leq g} cfh{g u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] cfo Joo ljj/0fdf pNn]lvt /sd dWo] jf:tljs vr{ ldGxf lbO{ ldGxf lbg gldNg] vr{x? lgj]bs -g]kfn a|fGr_ sf] v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ bkmf ##-#_ adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f / If]qLo cbfntsf] OG;fkm sfg'g;+ut g} b]lvFbf lgj]bs dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .

88

ef/t d]d;{ gy{ ljxf/ @)$^ sG;6«S;g sDkgL l/=k'=O=g+= lj?4 s/ sfof{no w/fg ;d]t

viii

24

25

;Djt @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @)

%$;Djt @)%) ;fnsf] l/6 g+=– #)#@

-!_ s'g} klg pBf]un] cfˆg' pTkfbg k|f/De ePkl5sf] pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] ljqmL ljt/0fsf] kmn:j?k cfo cfh{g ug]{ / ;f] cfodf d'gfkmf ePsf] v08df cfos/ nfUg] x'Fbf cfos/ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbg k|f/De ePkl5 g} pBf]usf] cfos/sf] d'Nofs+g x'g' sfg"g;Fut x'G5 . pTkfbg k|f/De gePsf] cjlwdf cfo s/ ltg]{ k|of]hg g} gx'g] x'Fbf pTkfbg k|f/De x'g' cufj}sf] cjlwnfO{ pBf]u :yfkgf ePsf] eGg] / ;f]xL jvtsf] sfg"g nfu" x'G5 eGg' ts{ ;+ut gx'g] . -@_ cfos/ / cGtz'Ms a]Unf a]Un} ljifo ePsf]n] cGtz'Ns af/] Pp6f lg0f{o eO{ ;'ljwf kfP eGb}df cfos/ klg ;f]xL adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf gb]lvg] . -#_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* nfu" x'g] ePkl5 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ of] pBf]u cfoft k|lt:yfks xf] jf lgof{td"ns xf] eGg]k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ug{‘ kg]{ g} l:ylt gcfPsf]n] pBf]usf] pTkfbg k|f/De x'Fbf nfu" /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ sf] -@_ adf]lhd d'No clej[l4sf] dfkb08n] % jif{sf] cfos/ ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o sfg"g lj?4 5 eGg g;lsg] x'Fbf lgj]bg lhls/ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] .

93

-!_ lgj]bssf] s/ sfof{nodf ePsf] jofg / cfos/ ;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf] sfuhftaf6 ;d]t lgj]bs 3'DtL /]i6'/fFsf] k|yd ;~rfns eO{ s/ ltg{‘ kg{] bfloTj ePsf P]g adf]lhdsf s/bftf x'g'sf ;fy} s/ glt/L lanDa u/]sf]df Ifdfofrgf dfuL bfloTj :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . laaflbt /]i6'/fFdf r]tgf/fo0f v/]n cfkm\gf] xs x:tfGt/0f ;d]t u/]sf]af6 lghn] s/ ltg{‘kg{] lj?4 bfloTj k"/f gub{] cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ cGo JolQmNffO{ k|bfg u/L ;s]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 lgj]bs ;kmf xft lnP/ o; # g+= If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ aa/dxn cbfntdf k|jz ] u/]sf] b]lvPg . t;y{ pk/f]Qm tYox?sf] ;d]t . cfwf/df lgj]bsn] @)$$ ;fn b]lv @)%) ;fn;Ddsf] cfos/ bflvnf gub{} cfos/ bflvnf ug{‘kg{] sf/f]jf/ ;d]t c?NffO{ lbPsf] ;Gbe{df sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf k/]sf]NffO{ cglws[t sf/jfxL eGg ldn]g . To; sf/0f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .

97

lxdfnog Af|'c/L lnld6]8sf ;+rfns uf]kfn axfb'/ zfxL . lj?4 cy{ dGqfno sf7df8f}+ ;d]t .

ix

26

27

;Djt\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #^^(

u0fklt Knfli6s O08li6«h lj?4 pBf]u ljefu

@)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!*!

u0fklt /f]lhg P08 6k{]G6fO{g O08li6«h k|f=ln= lj?å cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ;d]t

;Djt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=)$&* 28

l:yt Pe/]i6 a}s lj?4 d'2f M k"jf{b]zsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j lg0f{o jb/ u/L ljefu,nflhDkf6 kfp+

lgj]bssf] pBf]u cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd btf{ e} @)$%.#.^ b]lv pTkfbg ePsf] / pTkfbgd'ns ;fgf] pBf]u ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !) sf] v08 -s_ sf] -@_ -s_ df @) b]lv %) k|ltzt;Dd d'No clej[l4 ug]{ pBf]unfO{ kfFr aif{ ;Dd ztk|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 lbg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf adf]lhd pBf]usf] pTkfbg vr{sf] lx;fj ;d]t b]vfO{ cfos/ 5'6sf] nflu sf/jfxL rnfPsf]df k'gM d'No clej[l4 u0fgf ubf{ ;fljs em} !!=(^ k|ltzt dfq d"No clej[l4 u0fgf ePsf] x'Fbf cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] gb]lvPsf] Joxf]/f @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;'rgf ul/G5 eGg] pBf]u ljefusf] @)%).!!.( sf] kqdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ k|ToyL{ pBf]u ljefun] lgj]bsn] b]vfPsf] snsQfdf Sn]/Lª Ph]G6nfO{ lt/]sf] /sd lk|ck/]zg nfutdf b]vfPsf] /sd / ljb]zaf6 cfofltt sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf b]vfPsf] /sd d'No clej[l4sf] k|ltzt sfod ubf{ 3l6 c+sdf u0fgf u/]sf] s'g} sf/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] ;d]t b]lvPg . ;fy} lgh lgj]bsn] d'No clej[l4sf] k|ltzt sfod ug]{ l;nl;nfdf pNn]v u/]sf] cGo vr{ h:t} eG;f/ s/ b:t'/ ;DaGwdf klg ;f] u0fgf ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] pQm lg0f{odf gaf]lnPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] l/t k'of{/O{ eP ul/Psf] gb]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . sfg"g adf]lhdsf cfwf/o'Qm lg0f{o ug{‘ egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/Lx'g] . · cfos/sf] ;DjGwdf cfslif{t x'g] d"n P]gn] g} s'g} pBf]usf] cfos/ gnfUg] s'/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf pNn]v 5 eg] To:tf]df cfos/ gnfUg] . · % jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 sDkgL xf] eGg]df ljjfb gePsf] cj:yfdf s/ nfUg] sDkgL / cfos/ 5'6 /x]sf] sDkgLsf] xsdf ;d]t cfly{s P]gdf plNnlvt sDkgLn] d'gfkmfaf6 cfos/ glt/L nfefFz jf d'gfkmfsf] lx:;f ljt/0f ubf{ !) k|ltzt nfefFz s/ s§L u/L bflvn ug{kg{] eGg] s'/f cfslif{t x'g] egL dfGg] xf] eg] cfos/ nfUg] / gnfUg] sDkgL jLr s'g} lje]b g/xg] . · cfos/ 5'6 k|fKt pBf]un] jf8\g] d'gfkmfsf] lx:;fdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kn] s/ nufpg gldNg] . o;/L x]bf{ Preference Share / To;sf] nfefz+nfO{ C0f / Jofh ;/x dfGg / Jojxf/ ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . g]kfn /fi6« a}ssf] @)%*.*.!* sf] kqdf klg lgj]bsn] nfef+z Aofh lbg] eGg] zt{df :jLs[tL dfu u/]sf]df nfef+z ljt/0f ug]{ u/L :jLs[lt lbPsf] x'+bf nfef+znfO{ Aofh ;/x dfgL tbg'?k Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6f ug{ kfpg] eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg .

x

100

103

107

29

;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&(& d'2fM cfos/ .

;Demf}tf ug]{ ljifodf kIfx¿ :jfoQ x'g]x'Fbf ;Demf}tfsf ljleGg zt{x¿ kIfx¿sf] ;xdltdf lgwf{/0f x'g] x'G5 . ls: tfjGbL ?kdf j:t'sf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t d"No e'QmfgL eO;s]kl5 Tof] j:t'sf] :jfldTj v/Lbstf{df x:tfGt/0f x'g] x'G5 . /sd e'QmfgL ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ef8fdf lbg] kIf cyf{t\ j:t'sf] dflnsn] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f gu/]df To:tf] :jfldTjsf] xs x:tfGt/0f u/fO{ kfpg] clwsf/ ef8fdf lng] kIfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof ls:tfjGbLdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd v/Lb cfGtl/s /fhZj /sdsf] lx:;f dfgL e'QmfgL ul/g] x'+bf o:tf] /sd lkmtf{ gx'g] sfof{no, sf7df8f}F If]q k|s[ltsf] x'g] . g+= ! aa/dxn ;fdfGo ef8f ;+emf}tf -Lease Agreement_ cGtu{t csf]{ JolQmsf] lj?4 j:t' k|of]u ubf{ Tof] j:t' k|of]u u/]afkt k|of]ustf{n] j:t'sf] : ljb]z ?sf] :6fef]kf]n jfdLnfO{ lglZrt /sd e'QmfgL ug]{u/L ;+emf}tf ul/Psf] x'G5 . l:yt HjfO{G6 :6s ef8f ;+emf}tfcGtu{t k|of]u ul/Psf] j:t'sf] :jfldTj jf:tljs Po/nfOG; :jfdLdf g} /x]sf] tyf /xg] x'G5 . k|of]ustf{n] ;+emf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] cjlw;Dd Tof] j:t' k|of]u ug{ kfpF5 . ;do JotLt ePkl5 Tof] j:t' :jfldnfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug{‘kg]{ . · lnh kr]{hsf ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ ls:tf /sd jf ef8fsf] /sd ga'emfO{ pQm lnh kr]{h ;Demf}tf ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf ;dfKt x'g'eGbf klxnf a'emfPsf] /sdnfO{ ef8fdf lnPsf] j:t'sf] d"No gdfgL axfn jf ef8fsf] /sd g} dflgg] .

111

g]kfn / ef/t jLr ePsf] 4}w s/wfg d'QmL tyf ljlQo 5n lg/f]w ;DjGwL ;+emf}tfdf ;d]t g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf] ;fdfu|L ef/t ;d]tdf laqmL ljt/0f ubf{ ef/tdf /x]sf] sDkgLn] k|fKt ug]{ sales commission sf] /sd g]kfnaf6} e'QmfgL k7fPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] pQm e'QmfgL /sdsf] s/ g]kfnn] lng gkfpg] eGg] Joj:yf g/x]sf] / To:tf] /sddf g]kfndf s/ lt/L;s]kl5 ;f] j/fj/sf] /sd ef/tdf lghn] s/ 5'6 -qm]l86_ lng kfpg] g} /x]sf] x'+bf bf]xf]/f] s/ ltg'kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvb}g . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/sf] s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]z pk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]tsf] sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|s[ofdf lgj]bs k|j]z u/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg u/]sf], g]kfndf :yflkt ePsf] lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ef/tdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] Agent nfO{ g]kfns} >f]taf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sddf cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/ s6\6f ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvPsf] / lgj]bs sDkgLn] Sales Commission jfkt e'QmfgL u/L ;s]sf] /sddf s/ s6\6f u/]sf]n] lgj]bsnfO{ To;af6 k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] gb]lvPsf],

117

k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln=

30

lj?4 @ ) ^ $ — W O — cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/ jf/, sf7df08f}+ ;d]t )&%% ef/t sf]nsQf,! pTk|]if0f ;d]t . lj, ANofs ag} n]g sf]nsQf cf]d]uf e]G;;{ k|f=ln =========================== =====!

xi

31

32

ljsf; cfof]hgf ;]jf s]G› -l8k|f]S;– )^(-WO-)*@( g]kfn_ ljifo M pTk|]if0f÷k/ lj¿4 dfb]z . cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/ af/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

;Djt\ ;fnsf] g+=@#&)

e/tlszf]/ a}Zo @)$@ lj?4 l/6 cy{ dGqfno, afub/ af/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

· ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhdsf cfodf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd lbg ;lsg] s/ 5'6 h:tf sfg"gL k|lqmofut sfo{ k"/f gu/L ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoNffO{ s/of]Uo cfo sfod u/L !@ jif{sf] cfo Ps} rf]6L lgwf{/0f x'g] egL eP u/]sf To:tf lg0f{ox¿NffO{ sfg"g;Ddtsf] lg0f{o dfGg gldNg] . · s'g cfo s/of]Uo cfo xf] / s'g cfo s/5'6of]Uo cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;DalGwt clwsf/L;Ifd 5 t/ sfg"g ljk/Lt uP/ lg0f{o ul/G5 / lg0f{oflwsf/Lsf lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgdf ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] To:tf] sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f l/6 If]qaf6 gx'g] eGg gldNg] . · lgj]bs ;+:yf d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt eP klg lgh ;+:yfn] bft[ lgsfoaf6 cg'bfg:j¿k rGbf, pkxf/, k|ltkmn / cGo of]ubfgx¿ k|fKt ug{‘sf] ;fy ;fy} ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ;f] ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]lvFbf d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yfkgf eP klg Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ u/]sf] To:tf] cj:yfdf d'gfkmf/lxt eGg] lalQs} ;Dk"0f{ cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] eGg gx'g] . · s/ 5'6sf cfkm\g} ;Ldf x'G5Gf . Tof] ;LdfeGbf aflx/ uP/ g t /fHon] s/ nufpg ;Sb5 g tM cfo k|fKt ug{] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] OGsf/ ug{ g} . s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq hf/L x'Fb}df s/d'Qm x'g g;Sg] ljz'¢ Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoNffO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' x'Fb} x'Fb}g eGg] ts{ ug{‘ s/sf d"No dfGotf / l;¢fGt ljk/Lt x'g hfg] . · d'gfkmfl/xt ;:yf eGg] lalQs} Jofkf/ Joj;foNffO{ 5'6 eg]sf] xf]Og . ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{‘ ljz'¢ ;]jfd"ns dfq geO{ gfkmfd"ns Jofkf/ Joj;fo klg xf] . d'gfkmf klg Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 x'G5 eg] To:tf] /sd s//lxt x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt cfodf ;Dk"0f{ s/ 5'6sf] bfjL ug{ / 5'6 lbg ldNg] gb]lvg] . · dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf #! adf]lhd s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] t/ To:tf] /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs¿kdf cfos/ 5'6 lbg ;Sg]df ;f] eP u/]sf] b]lvg gcfpg] . · g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s/ 5'6 kfPsf] afx]s cGo s'g} ljz'¢ Jofkfl/s jf ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ;f] dfWodaf6 cfo -!_ k|lti7fg cfkm}+n] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df v'›f d'No sfod ug{ ;Sg] eP klg To:tf] v'›f d'No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbsn] kfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns hf]8L x'g cfpg] /sddf ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] afkt lglZrt k|ltzt yk u/L laqmL ug{ ;Sg] sfg'gL Joj:yf b]lvG5 . To;/L lglZrt k|ltzt yk ug{ kfpg] u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ g} ;f] clwsf/ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ sfg'gsf] clVtof/L a]u/ @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ sfg'g;+ut gb]lvg] .

xii

121

135

33

34

35

36

;Djt\ ;fnsf] (&#

@)$% l/6 g+=

;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=g+= !##^

lxdfno cfo/g P08 :6Ln -k|f=ln=_ lj?4 cGtMz'Ns ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t d]3f pnG; k|f=ln= lj?4 cGtMz'Ns sfof{no, jL/uGh

l:yt g]kf]lg6 j]o/ xf]lhof/L O08li6«h @)$^ ;fnsf] l/6 k|f=ln= g+= ^!@ lj?4 cy{ dGqfno ;d]t

;'Gb/ kmlg{r/ O08li6«h k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 @)%) ;fnsf] lj?4 l/=k'=O{=g+=M %* cGt z'Ns ljefu sf7df8f}+ .

· pTkflbt dfn;fdfgdf ahf/ d"No 36a9 x'g' :jefljs k|s[of xf] Psk6s sfod ePsf] d"No :yfoL ?kdf sfod /xG5 eGg klg Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] .

-!_ lgj]bssf] pBf]un] pTkfbg ug]{ s[lqd pg klg kmfOj/ cj: yfsf] sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg u/L 6K; ag]kl5 ;f]af6 Pqm]lns ofg{ -s[lqd pg_ agfpg] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] pBf]unfO{ cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] eGg gldNg] . -!_ sDkgLn] tof/ kf/L lgsfn]sf] sk8f l;km{ xf]lhof/L dfqsf] xf] jf ;l6{ª ;'l6ªnfO{ klg sfd nfUg ;Sg] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] osLg ug]{ s'/f sk8f ljz]if1sf] ePsf] / ljz]if1sf] ;d]t /foaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t ;+Vof !%-#_-v_ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg'gg\ g} b]lvFbf ;f] ab/ u/L ;fljs b/aGbL ;+s]tsf] !%-$_-v_ adf]lhd u/fO{ kfpg k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6lgj]bg dgfl;a gx'g] . · lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-@_-u_ / !$-@_ adf]lhd 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{df glbO{ w/f}6L /fVg afWo t'NofO{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] ljkIfx?sf] sfd sf/jfxL ab/ u/L /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkflbt dfn ;fdfgsf] d"Nodf g} cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L d"No sfod u/L pkef]Qmfaf6 g} cGtMz'Ns jfktsf] /sd p7fO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bsn] bflvn u/]sf] cGtMz'Nssf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg ldNg] xf]Og eGg] pNn]v eO{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt dfn a:t'sf] d"No sfod ubf{ cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L pkef]Qmfaf6 cGtMz'Ns /sd c;'n u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ :jlsf/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd s/, cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/ OToflbsf] ;'ljwf lbg'sf] tfTko{ gof+ :yfkgf ePsf pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ pTkflbg dfnsf] d"No k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g ;sf]; eGg] x'G5 . tL ;'ljwfx? cGtu{t lbOPsf] /sd pBf]ukltn] dfnsf] u|fxsaf6 cfkm}+n] JolQmut ?kdf p7fO{ lng vfgsf] nflu lbPsf] xf]Og . pBf]ukltn] ;f] cg';f/ cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] d"No k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpgsf] ;§f To:tf] cGtMz'Nssf] /sd c;"n u/L ;s]kl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{ kfp+ eGg] lhls/ ts{;+ut gb]lvg] . k|:t't d'2fdf j:t'tM cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf lg0f{o pk/ >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] klg b]lvG5 . To:tf] a}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] x'+bf x'+b} To:sf] cjnDag gu/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t l/6 lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;d]t lgj]bsnfO{ o; cbfntaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{‘ kg]{ l:ylt b]lvg gcfpg] .

xiii

138

141

144

147

37

38

39

40

cGtMz'Ns s'g} pBf]un] p7fO{ vfg kfpg] geO{ >L % sf] ;/ sf/nfO{{ sfg"g jdf]lhd j'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns jfktsf] /sd j'emfpg gkg]{ ;'ljwf ;Dd xf] of] sfg"gn] To:tf] cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf pBf]un] cfkm'n] qm]tfaf6 p7fP/ cGtMz'Ns lng vfg kfpg] eGg] sfg"gL cfwf/sf] cefj ePsf] / cGtz'Nssf] ljifout k|s[ltaf6 ;f] lgisif{ lgsfNg gldNg] x'+bf ;d]t lgj]bssf] s'g} sfg"gåf/f k|bQ xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg gldNg] . :jb]zL s]j'n OG8li6«h sfg"gn] 5'6 kfpg] /sd ltg{‘ kg]{ eGg gldNg] . sfg"gn] g} lbPsf] 5'6 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 dfUg klg eGg] k|fOe]6 kmd{sf ;Dat\ @)%! plrt gx"+g] . k|f]kfO6/ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= === · nfUb} gnfUg] cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{df glbg] lj?4 @&$# eGg] pBf]u laefusf] ldlt )%!.@.!& sf] kq / Ps4f/ Ps4f/ ;ldlt, pBf]u ;ldltsf] lg0f{o kqfrf/ ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f ab/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj'/ x'g] . sf7df8f}+ ;d]t hDdf # · cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] cw{Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf GofoLs dgsf] k|of]u u/L cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL k|rlnt ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL sfg"g adf]lhd lg0f{o gu/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf k|f=ln= lgb]{zgnfO{ dfq sfof{Gjog u/]sf] b]lv+bf sfg"gsf] 7f8f] lj?4 pn3+g -Gross violation_ ePsf] k|ToIf ?kdf b]lvg] @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 dxfn]vf kl/ · sfg"g adf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg gkg]{ ;"lt{sf] cg'kftdf g+=@*@% Ifs,dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] r'/f]6 pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] egL n]vf kl/If0faf6 sfof{no aa/dxn j]?h'sf] l;nl;nfdf cGtMz'Ns ljefu / cy{ dGqfnoaf6 sf7df08f} ;d]t . j]?h' gp7fpg] lg0f{osf] k|lts'n ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] kbfy{sf] j]?h' lgsfnL c;"n pk/ ug]{ elg u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] ;DjlGw sf/jfxL sfg"gsf] k|ToIf / 7f8f] pn3+g ePsf] dflgg] . · lgtfGt lghL xs lxtdf c;/ k/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/L cd's sfg"gsf] Joj:yf aflemPsf] egL uf]Zjf/f ?kdf bfjL lnPs} cfwf/df ljwflosL k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t sfg"gnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljlzi6 clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/L ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL cdfGo / ab/ ug{‘ Goflos d"No / dfGotfljk/Lt x'g l/6 g+= @)^#– k|f= ln= xfn ;"o{ g]kfn hfg] . WS–))!& k|f=ln= · sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt lgsfoaf6 dfu u/]sf] cGtMz'Ns / ljifo M– pTk|]if0f lj?4 sd jf eG;f/ dx;"npk/ lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ;d]t . cfGtl/s /fhZj /fVg'kg]{ w/f}6Lsf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf sfof{no, af/f ;d]t ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] eGg] jfSofFz;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6 /fVg'kg]{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( sf] Joj:yfn] df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] jf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . gjLg /f]nª OG8li6«h -k|f_ lnld6]8 ;Djt\ @)%! lj?4 ;fnsf] l/6 g+@%@^ dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t # .

xiv

152

155

158

164

41

42

pTkfbg x'gf;fy cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ egL tf]s]sf] j:t' jfx]s cGo j:t' k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfaf6 aflx/ gk7fP;Dd jf lgsf;L gePsf] jf k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfleq g} /x]ePsf] cj:yfdf klg cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ clwsf/ ;/sf/df x'Fb}g o'gfO{6]8 a|'c/Lh g]kfn / pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj pQm j:t'sf] k|f=ln= pTkfbsdf g/xg] . ;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] lj?4 · s'g} k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj l/6 g+= #%)( cfGtl/s /fhZj lg/k]If xf]Og / o;sf ljleGg zt{ / cj:yf sfg"gn] ljefu, nflhDkf6, tf]Sg ;Sg] . sf7df8f}+ ;d]t · laqmL ug{ egL k|lti7fgaf6 aflx/ k7fPsf] jf lgsf;L ePsf] s'g} j:t' k"0f{ ?kdf gi6 ePsf] cj:yfdf jf ;]jg ug{ jf vfg jf pkef]u ug{ cof]Uo eO{ laqmL x'g g;s]sf] s'/f z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf gx'g] .

;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #@

hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln= lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t

· cfly{s P]gsf dfWodaf6 lgwf{/0f ePsf dx;"n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f &# eGbf aflx/ dfGg g;lsg] . · P]gn] :ki6 ?kdf k|ltnlAw b/ tf]s]sf] / ;f]eGbf 36L b]vfOPsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] lgb]{zg lbPadf]lhd x'g] egL pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] . · cfly{s P]gdfkm{t\ cGtMz'Nssf] b/aGbL;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{ cg'dlt tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# n] k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgk|lts"n dfGg g;lsg] . · ;+ljwfgn] g} dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/cGtu{t n]vf k/LIf0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf q'l6 cf}+Nofpg], a]?h' hgfpg], To:tf] q'l6 ;Rofpg / a]?h' c;"npk/ ug{‘ egL lgb]{zg lbg] ;d]tsf] clwsf/ cGtlg{xLt x'g] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgk|bQ To:tf] clwsf/df ;+s'rg Nofpg] u/L o; cbfntaf6 JofVof x'g g;Sg] . · pBf]u :jo+n] g} sfg"gn] tf]s]eGbf sd pTkfbg b]vfO{ sd cGtMz'Ns a'emfPsf] cj:yfdf ^ -5_ dlxgfsf] ;do ;Ldf nufO{ To;eGbf kl5 cGtMz'Ns c;"nL ug}{ gkfOg] egL JofVof ug{ gldNg] .

xv

171

177

43

44

45

46

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/L )&)CI)%@# d'2f M pTk|]if0fo'Qm lj?2 ldl>t k/dfb]z Plzog yfO{ km"8\; k|f=ln=

clwjQmf ;/f]h >]i7 ;Djt\ @)%^ ;d]t ;fnsf] l/6 lj?4 g+=====#&!( g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ljifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm ;+:yfg,s]lGb|o k/dfb]z sfo{fno,sf7df08f} ;d]t .

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ pBf]uåf/f s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbg u/L To;nfO{ laqmL of]Uo jgfpgsf nfUfL k|of]u ePsf Koflsª d]6]l/oN;df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns kl/ df0fsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbOg] Joj:yf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf /x]sf] b]]lv+bf Koflsª d]6]l/oN;df cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{;DjGwL Joj:yfnfO{ xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] cjnDag u/]]sf] b]lvG5 . gf/fo0fL b]jL kGt lj?4 dfnkf]t sfof{no ;'v]{t lj/]Gb|gu/ ;d]t sfg"gL k|fjwfg /xFbf /x+b} sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf x'g] u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n] u/]]sf lg0f{o / dfnkf]t ljefusf] kl/kqn] sfg"gL ?k wf/0f ug{ ;Sb}g

188

g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg P]g lgod jf ljlgodfjnL adf]lhdsf] hl/jfgfx¿ d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] hl/jfgf x'g eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ n] lglb{i6 u/] afx]s cGo hl/ jfgf /sddf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g cg'?ksf] b]lvg cfPg .

193

· d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL ! sf] ;d"x & n] d'›0f e};s]sf] (Printed) lstfjNffO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvPklg Online ;]jfdfkm{Tf sf/f]jf/ x'g] E-book NffO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf]n] E-book sf] laqmL sf/f]jf/NffO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ 5"6 x'g] sf/f]jf/ dfGg gldNg] . · s/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg'¿k s/ clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ df ;+jt @)^$ tf]lsPsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgadf]lhd s/bftfn] ltg{‘kg{] lgj]bsM 8\o';km\6 ;fnsf] WO– s/ lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg] g} b]lvPsf]n] /fh:j cg';Gwfg cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln= !)!) ljefusf /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 d"No clej[l4 lj?4 l j i f o M s/ P]gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{NffO{ sfg"gL /fh:j cg';Gwfg pTk|]if0fldl>t k/ If]qflwsf/ljxLg /x]sf] egL dfGg gldNg] . ljefu ;d]t dfb]z ;d]t . · Dofbleq a'emfpg' kg{] s/ s'g} s/bftfn] ga'emfPdf s/bftfsf] rn crn ;DklQ sAhfdf lnO{ s/ c;"n ug{;Sg] u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!!_-v_, / bkmf @#-3_ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!) -!_-v_ n] s/ clws[tNffO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvFbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bssf] rn ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] vftfsf] gub /sd /f]Ssf /fVg / To;af6 lgw{fl/t s/ /sd c;"npk/ ug{ s'g} sfg"gL afwf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{NffO{ sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] egL dfGg gldNg] . wd{;fu/ t'nfw/ ;Djt\ @)#( -!_ sDklgsf] k|f]k|fO{6/ bfg;f]ef t'nfw/ ePsf]df l/6 lgj]bs sf=lh=sdnf5L ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/ wd{;fu/ t'nfw/sf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfb]z lj¿4 !&(^ sfg'g cg's"n ePsf] gb]lvg] . s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+

xvi

198

207

47

48

49

50

51

52

lkp;/fh kf08] ;Djt\ @)#( lj¿4 ;fnsf] l/=g+= !&@^ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+;d]t

;Djt\ ;fnsf] !#!!

@)$) l/6 g+=

;Djt\ ;fnsf] !$^#

@)$^ l/6 g+=

;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=g+= %^!

-!_ sfg'gL JolQm ;/x ;+ul7t ;+:yf sDkgLsf] sfd sf/ f]af/af6 sDkgLsf] d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/sf] JolQmut ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg kfpg] l:ylt g/xg] . -@_ /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ rn gb]lvO{ crn b]lvFbf o:tf] cj: yfdf sDkgLn] ltg{‘ kg]{ s/ ga'emfPsf] egL l/6 lgj]bs tyf lghsf kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] crn ;DklQsf] / lhi6«]zg /f]Ssf /fVg egL n]v]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] kqnfO{ sfg'g cg'¿k eGg gldNg] .

-!_ cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] pklgod -!_ df P]gsf] bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd s/ sfof{non] lxdfno hgtf lnnfd laqmL ubf{ crn ;DklQsf xsdf #% lbg / 6«fG;kf]6 P08 rn ;DklQsf xsdf !% lbgsf] Dofb 6fF;L oyf;Dej : O{GhLlgol/ª sDkgL yfgLo kq–klqsfdf ;d]t ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L :yfgLo k|f=nL= sf7df8f}+ k|zf;gsf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL a9fa9 u/L lnnfd lj?4 laqmL ug{‘kg]{ . s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ -@_ pklgod -@_ df pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug{‘ ;d]t eGbf cl3 :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] / glhssf] cGo s'g} Ps c•fsf] k|ltlglw /fvL lnnfd ul/g] ;DklQsf] k~rs[lt df]n sfod ug{‘kg]{ . · clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ clwsf/sf] ;|f]t vf]lng' kg]{ x'G5 uf]kfn df]6/ :6f];{ t/ bkmf jf pkbkmf p4[t ug{ 5'6]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq cj}w lj?4 eGg ldNb}g . d'Vo s'/f s'g} bkmf jf pkbkmfn] To:tf] cy{ dGqfno ;d]t lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ePsf] 5 5}g egL x]g{‘ kg]{ . nIdLgf/fo0f /fO; s] slt v"b cfo sfod x'g] xf] cg'dflgt cfo ljj/0f ;d]t ldnsf v'nfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvFb}g, ;f] adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf k|fKt lj?4 u/]kl5 dfq s/bftfn] k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg s/ sfof{no hgsk'/ ;lsg] x'Fbf pQm adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f gv'nfO{ lbPsf] ;"rgfaf6 wfd ;d]t sfg'g adf]lhd k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbPsf] dfGg gldNg] .

O{Dkf]6{ PS;kf]6{ 6]«8;{ ;Djt\ @)$^ -k|f=ln=_ -!_ P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhdsf] /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf lbPsf] ;fnsf] l/=g+= ^@$ lj?4 gb]lvFbf To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##cy{dGqfno sf7df8f}+ $_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf eGg gldNg] . ;d]t cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;L ;Djt\ @)$& / ;'/]z ODkf]l/odsf] ;fnsf] l/6 ;"rgf g} sfg'gsf] /Lt k'u]sf] 5}geg] To:tf] v'b cfo lgwf{/0f k|f]kfO6/ g+=!#%& cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhdsf] eGg gldNg] . lj?4 s/ sfof{no, g]kfnu+h

xvii

209

212

216

219

222

227

53

54

;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=g+= !)@#

;Djt ;fnsf] !$)(

@)$* l/6 g+=

sfg'gsf] csf]{ pkrf/sf] ljsNk eP;Dd o:tf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ToxL pkrf/sf] dfu{ ckgfpg' k5{ ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qaf6 pkrf/sf] dfu ug{ ldNb}g o:tf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntaf6 ;d]t o:tf] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f ul/g' x'Fb}g . -@_ s/ ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #$-%_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+znfO{ lglZrt sfg'gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf g} ;Demg' kg]{ . -#_ k|:t't l/6lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{sf cj:yf ;Dddf j}slNks pkrf/sf] o:t} k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ePsf] clwsf+z d'2fx?df o; cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] To;af6 o; cbfntn] cfˆgf lg0f{ox?åf/f k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lglZrt pkrf/ hulbz /fO; cfon sf] Joj:yf dfGg OGsf/ ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bsn] P08 ˆnf]/ ldN; l/6lgj]bg btf{ u/fpFbfsf] cj:yf;Dd o; cbfntaf6 lj?4 sfod x'g uPsf] sfg'gL l:ylt cg'?k g} o; cbfntsf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] dfWodaf6 pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfPsf] b]lvPsf]n] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k|:t't l/6lgj]bgaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{ klg Gofo;+ut gb]lvg] . -$_ lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf] s/ ljefusf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf;Dd s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 lghn] ldlt @)$^.#.!) df k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] ;"rgf k|fKt u/]kl5 @)$^.*.@) df lg0f{osf] gSsn s/ ljefuaf6 k|fKt u/L ldlt @)$^.!).@% df l/6lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvPaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{‘ kg]{ xb;Dd lghn] cg'lrt ljnDa u/L cfPsf] eGg ;d]t Gofo;+ut gb]lvg] . -%_ a]l/t Pj+ sfg'g ljk/Ltsf ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bssf] cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfb]znfO{ ;d]t sfg'g cg'?k eP u/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] . ;/fkm OG6/k|fO{h]h -!_ s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf -k|f=ln=_ k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg'kg{]df ;f]em} c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] If]qdf lj?4 k|j]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf sfg"gn] :ki6?kdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg s/ sfof{no, aa/ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/] cg'?k lgj]bsn] pkrf/ssf] dfu{ dxn, sf7df8f}+ . cjnDag u/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] .

xviii

233

238

55

l/=k'=O{=g+= ^!

kL=s]= s]ldsN; lj?4 s/ sfof{no df]/Ë, lj/f6gu/ .

· j:t'tM cbfntsf ;a} lg0f{x?df sfg"gsf] JofVof jf sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ePsf] klg x'+b}g . To:tf] JofVof jf ljj]rgf gePsf lg0f{ox? ghL/ x'+b}gg\ / d'2fsf kIf afx]s c?sf] nflu jfWofTds klg x'+b}gg\ . · s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof u/]/ jf s'g} sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]/ Tof] JofVof jf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 eg] dfq Tof] JofVof jf l;4fGt To:t} k|s[ltsf cGo d'2fx?sf] nflu glh/ x'g] . · glh/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfg"g / sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] ljj]rgfnfO{ g} cbfntn] x]g{‘ kg]{ . · k'g/fj]bgsf] sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt x'+bfx'+b} klg s'g} jf s]xL d'2fdf o; cbfntn] l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq tT;DaGwL lg0f{onfO{ glh/sf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ cfjZos gx'g] . · s]jn w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ jf yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ sf/0fn] dfq tL sfg"gL pkrf/x?nfO{ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg ;Demg] s'g} ts{;u+ t cfwf/ b]lvb}g . To:tf] ;Demg] xf] eg] s/ clws[taf6 ePsf] ;a} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf ;f] s'/f nfu' x'G5 / To; cfwf/df h:tf];'s} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/nfO{ u'xfg{ kfpg] xf] eg] bkmf #$ / bkmf %& sf sfg"gL Joj:yfx? j:t'tM lg/y{s / lgliqmo x'g hfg] l:yltsf] ;[hgf x'g hfg] . · Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleq /x]/ u/]sf] h:tf];'s} lg0f{o klg sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 jb/ geP;Dd clGtd x'G5 / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ dfGg ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ s/ nfU5 . ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ ef]Ug' jf Joxf]g{‘ kg]{ ;hfo jf ljuf] jf cGo s'g} /sd tTsfn ga'emfP/ ;f] jfktsf] k"/} jf s]xL /sdsf] w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{ jf k'g/fj]bg lhls/ dgfl;a g7x/]df s]xL k|ltzt yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ u/L dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf j:t'tM sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] Pp6f tfTsflns ;'ljwf dfq xf] . To:tf] Joj:yfn] sfg"gL pkrf/ g} lg/y{s jf k|efjxLg x'G5 eGg' o'lQmo'Qm / ts{;+ut gb]lvg] . · s'g} klg P]g cfˆgf] If]q / ;Ldf leq zlQmzfnL / k|efjsf/L g} x'G5 . o; cy{df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g klg ljleGg pBf]ux?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf ;DaGwdf lgZro g} c? P]gx?eGbf k|efjsf/L 5 t/ To:sf] cy{ ;f] P]g cGtu{t ;'ljwf k|fKt pBf]u jf pBdLn] cGo sfg"g cg';f/ kfng ug{‘ kg]{ st{Jo jf Joxf]g‘{ kg]{ bfloTjx? kfngf ug{ jf Joxf]g{ kb}{g eGg] xf]Og . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g cg';f/ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kn] cfos/ gnfUg] pBf]usf] cf}Bf]lus cfosf] xsdf s/ clws[tn] 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f u/L To:tf] 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL

xix

241

bkmfsf] pkbkmf -$_ df cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfPsf JolQmx?n] klg ;f] P]g adf]lhd -;fljs k]h g+= %$#_ bflvn ug{‘ kg]{ cfosf] ljj/0f / To:sf] k'i6\ofO{sf] lgldQ rflxg] ;a} k|df0f s/ clws[t ;dIf bflvn ug{‘ kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvgfn] s'g} pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfPsf] 5 eGb}df To:tf] pBf]un] tL sfg"gL Joj:yfx? adf]lhd ljj/0f bflvn ug{‘ kg]{ st{Josf] kfng ug{ gkg]{ cyjf s/ clws[tn] ;f] pBf]usf] cfo dWo] s'g cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgaf6 ePsf] cfo xf] / s'g xf]Og eGg] s'/f olsg ug{ / cfos/sf] /sd lgwf{/0f ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf b]lvGg . To: tf] pBf]usf] xsdf klg sfg"g adf]lhd 5'6 lbg' kg]{ s/sf] /sd 5'6 lbO 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{ pko'Qm pkbkmf -@_ sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] tT;DaGwdf s/ clws[tnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0fug]{ clwsf/ If]q ePs} b]lvg cfpg] . · ;+ljwfg jf sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt Goflos jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leq /x]/ u/]sf] s'g} Goflos lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd:j?k s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQdf c;/ kg{ uPsf] jf lgh pk/ s'g} cfly{s bfloTjsf] ;[hgf x'g uPsf] 5 eg] klg ;f] sf/0fn] dfq ;f] lg0f{oaf6 df}lns xssf] ckx/0f ePsf] jf To:tf] xsdf ;f] lg0f{on] cltqmd0f u/]sf] ;Demg gldNg] . · Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 lg?k0f x'g] k|To]s ljjfbdf dflg;sf] lhp Hofg, ;DklQ, OHht jf x}l;ot ;DaGwL s'/ fx? ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . To:tf] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ eg]/ ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] To:tf clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . To:tf] ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ubf{ k|df0fsf] d'Nof+sgdf jf sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|of]udf q'6L ePsf] x'g ;Sb5, tyflk sfg"g adf]lhd dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 ab/ geP;Dd Tof] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df j}w g} x'G5 . To;}n] To:tf] q'6LnfO{ ;Rofpg ;DalGwt kIfn] klxn] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] g} cg'z/0f ug{‘ k5{ . cGoyf, To:tf] lg0f{oaf6 k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ kIfn] cfˆgf] ;DklQ jf lhpHofg ;DaGwL df}lns xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] 5 egL ;f]em} l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ vf]Hg kfpg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{ Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg ug{‘ / To:tf] lg0f{o pk/ lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ug{‘sf] s'g} cy{ jf k|of]hg g} gx'g] . · Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z clwsf/ If]qljlxg 5 jf lghn] k|of]u u/]sf] sfg"g g} ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5}g jf clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfon] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 cyjf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt jf sfg"g ljkl/t dsf{ kg]{ kIfnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf g} glbO{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 eGg] lhls/ lnP/ ;DalGwt kIf To:sf] pkrf/sf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/df cfPsf] 5 / lghsf] lhls/ plrt b]lvG5 eg] To; cj:yfdf lghnfO{ o; cbfntn] lgZro g} d2t ug{ ;Sb5 / ug{‘ k5{ . To:tf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df z"Go ;/x x'g] x'gfn] tT;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg jf cGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] s'g} cy{ g} gx'g] .

xx

241

56

;Djt\ ;fnsf] @%%@

Hof]lt l:klgª ldN; @)%! lnld6]8 l/6 g+= lj?4 cy{ dGqfno

s/sf] ljleGg ?k x'G5 . cfly{s P]gdf g} st} b:t'/ st} dxz'n st} s/ / st} z'Ns eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s P]gdf pNn]lvt oL ;j} b:t'/ dx;'n z'Ns s/sf] ?k x'Fbf o;nfO{ s/ xf]O{g cGoyf xf] eGg] l:ylt 5}g . · lgj]bsnfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] eG;f/ dx;'n;Dd 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . cGo s'g} z'Ns nufpg / c;"n ug{ gkfpg] u/L pQm P]gn] s'g} aGb]h nufPsf] kfO{Gg . sfg"gn] h'g s'/fsf] ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 ;f] ;'ljwf;Dd ckx/0f gx'g] xf] . · eG;f/ z'Ns p7fO{Psf] j:t'df cGo s'g} z'Ns nfUg ;Sb}g egL P]gdf jGb]h 5}g, sfg"gåf/f s/ nufpg / p7fpg ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]df ljjfb b]lvGg . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufpg] / p7fpg] Joj:yf Colourable 5 eGg] l:ylt gx'g] . · lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns eGg] zJb /x]af6 lgj]bsnfO{ lgsf;L z'Ns lnP jfkt ;]jf k'of{lpg' kg]{ ;f] k'of{gPsf] 5}g eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ pQm cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns jfkt ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 eGg] st} pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . sfg"gn] h'g s'/fsf] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] 5}g ;f] kfpg' k5{ eGg gldNg] . · lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufPaf6 lgsf;L pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k5{ / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] xfnsf] cfly{s Pj+ cf}Bf]lus gLlt;Fu d]n vf+b}g eGg] xsdf of] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gLltut s'/f xf] . cbfntn] o:tf] cfly{s gLlt ckgfpg' k5{ eGg] l:ylt gx'g] . cfly{s P]g sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ jdf]lhd lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufPsf]n] ;f] cj}w 5 eGg ldNb}g . pQm sfg"g jdf]lhd lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] / c;"n ul/g] x'Fbf pQm lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns p7fpg] j]Un} lgsfo /x]sf] gb]lvP klg sfg"gaf6 p7fpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] To:tf] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] ;'ljwf cg';f/ s'g} c88af6 p7fpg] ;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g] l:ylt gb]lvg] .

xxi

252

57

58

:jl:ts cfon O08l6«h -k|f=_ ln= ;+jt @)%) ;fnsf] lj?4 l/6 g+= @*!@ s/ sfof{no, lj/ f6gu/

;Djt\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%))

:jlts cfon O{08li6«h k|f=ln= lj?4 s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/

· :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=k|zf]lwt vfg]t]n pTkfbg ug]{ 7'nf] pBf]usf] ?df :yflkt ePsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] l:yltsf] pBf]u ePsf] cfwf/df cfos/ 5'6 k|fKtLsf] nflu sf/jfxL rnL /x]sf] / s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug ;sL /x]sf] gePklg cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/L ul/ lbg] egL ;DjlGwt ljefuaf6 kqfrf/ eO /x]sf] l:ylt / ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk'0f{ hfgsf/L s/ sfo{no lj/f6gu/nfO{ eO{ /]sf] b]lv+bf tyf c? j9L a'‰g" kg]{ jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{‘ kg]{ cfjzSotf b]lvP tT;DjGwL hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt laefuaf6} k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5+bf5b} klg s/ sof{no la/f6gu/faf6 ldlt @)%).^.!$ df pQm pBf]unfO{ cfo ljj/0f ;xltsf] jf;nft tyf gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ jxLvftf jLn e/kfO{ cflb lnO{ vftf kl/If0f u/fpg] sfo{sf] nfuL ;ft lbg leq pkl:yt x'g] ;"rgf lbPsf] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] kqsf] kmf]6f] k|ltaf6 b]lvG5 . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf tyf ;'ljwf k|fKtL tkm{sf] sf/jfxL g6'+lªb} / ;DjlGwt laefu Pj+ dGqfnoaf6 hfgsf/L lb+bf lbb} klg s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 ;ft lbg] pkl:yt x'g] ;"rgf kfPaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f k|s[of k|f/De x'g nfu]sf] b]lv o; cbfntdf k|ltif]w ;DjGwL lgj]bg kg{ cfO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf]df s/ sfof{no, la/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)%).(.@^ df ;"rgf j'emL @)%).!).* df lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;;s]sf] geO{ lgl/If0f k/LIf0fsf] sfo{;Dd k|f/De ePsf] b]lvPsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t pTkfbg d'ns 7'nf pBf]un] cfos/ ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]af6 / To; tkm{ sf/jfxL ;d]t rnL /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] To; tkm{ Wofg glbO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ tkm{sf] k|s[of k|f/De u/]sf] d'gfl;a eGg gldnsf]n] :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf= cfos/ ;'ljwf ;DaGwL sf/jfxL lg0f{o geP;Dd lgj]bssf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{‘ eGg] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] gfddf k|ltif]w hf/L x'g] . k|ltif]w ;DjGwL lgj]bg pk/ ;'gjfO{ eO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z eO ;s]sf] / pQm cfb]z s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/df k'Ubf tyf lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fp+bfsf] ca:yf;Dd s/ lgwf{/0f eO;s]sf] gx+'bf o; cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg /x]sf] laifodf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g' ;a{yf plrt eGg ;lsg] ca:yf gb]lv+g] .

xxii

257

262

59

;+Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @^)&

clwjQmf sf]lkn k|;fb clwsf/L lj?4 dGqLkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t

cfoft ljGb' cyf{t eG;f/ sfo{nodf w/f}6L :j?k p7fOg] d"No clej[l4 jfktsf] /sd dWo] slt /fhZj vftfdf bflvnf x'g] / slt /sd bflvnf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg] eGg] s'/f s/ bftfn] kl5 k]z ug{ ljj/0faf6 dfq olsg x'G5 . pQm Joj:yfaf6 jf:tljs /fhZj :j?ksf] s/ /sd of] olt eof] egL kl5 ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf hDdf ubf{ olsg x'g] / ;f] jfx]s pQm /sd cGo vftfdf /fVg gkfpg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ n] s'g} cfly{s jif{sf] lgldQ ag]sf] cfly{s P]gdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf s/ nufO{ c;"n pk/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;Dd of] P]gn] lbPsf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf @! df P]g adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ePsf] s/ To;/L lgwf{/0f ePsf] ldltn] ^ jif{ kl5 c;'n ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfgaf6 ;f] bkmf ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] 5 elg lgisif{ lgsfNg ldNg] s'/f klg b]lvb}g / ;fy} /fhZj c;"nLsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ /fhZj c;"n gug]{ eGg] cy{ nufpg klg ldNb}g . P]gsf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj: yfnfO{ pkbkmf ! af6 cnu u/]/ x]g{ ldNg] klg xf]Og / bkmf @)-!_ df s/ c;"nLsf] ;DaGwdf cjnDjg ul/g] tl/sfsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] Dofb leq s/ ga'emfpg] s/bftfaf6 pNn]lvt tl/sf ckgfO{ s/ c;"nL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] x'Fbf P]gsf] bkmf @!-@_ df jl0f{t pQm k|fjwfg a9Ldf ^ jif{ leq /fhZj p7L ;sf]; eGg] x]t'n] ljwflosfn] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . · t;y{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ ;+u d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-@_ / P]hgsf] lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %!-!_-@_-#_ aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g g;lsg] .

xxiii

266

60

;+Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/ g+=@^@#

clwjQmf yfg]Zjf/ sfˆn] . lj?4 cy{ dGqfno ;d]t .

· b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fhZj kl/rfng a9fpg j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ljqmL, ljt/0f, x:tfGt/0f cfoft jf lgof{t nufotsf ;j} sf/f]jf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] / c;"n pk/ ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L /fhZjo ;+sng k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] th{‘df ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn clw/fHoleq cfk'lt{ ePsf cfoft ul/Psf / g]kfn clw/fHo aflx/ lgof{t ul/Psf j:t' jf ;]jfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] / To:tf] s/ nufpg] / c;'n pk/ ug]{ k|s[of;Fu dfq pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvFbf P]gsf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts'n 5 eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . · ;+ljwfgsf] efu ( df ljw]os k|:t't ug]{, kfl/t ug]{, lkmtf{ lng], :jLs[t ug]{ / cWofb]z hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] / d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cg';'lrdf cfjZos yk36 tyf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L P]gdf >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/ b]zsf] cfly{s gLlt;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] / b]zsf] cfly{s gLltsf] to ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/s} sfo{ If]q leq kg]{ x'Fbf o;/L lgwf{l/tul/Psf] cfly{s gLlt;Fu ;fk]If x'g] u/L ;/sf/n] P]gsf] cg';'rLdf ;Dd yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{‘ kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ;f] P]gåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvb}g . cyf{t P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] c'g;'rL g} x]/km]/ ug]{ clwsf/L k|bfg u/]sf] ge} ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]uaf6 cg';"rLdf /x]sf d"No clej[l4 s/ ;DaGwL gLltut s'/fdf cfjZos km]/ abn ;Dd dfq ul/g] xf] o:tf] clwsf/ ljwflosfn] ;/ sf/nfO{ lbPsf] 5 eg] ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;+ljwfg ljkl/t eof] eGg gldNg] .

xxiv

270

61

62

;Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/=k"=O{=g+=*&

dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/ . lj?4 s/ sfof{no dx]G›gu/, sGrgk'/ ;d]t .

k'ikfb]jL a/fn ;Djt\ @)%& lj?4 ;fnsf] l/6 dGqLkl/ifb ;lrjfno g+====#)(( ;d]t

· k"j{ lg0f{o ePsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt glh/x?NffO{ dfGotf lbg'kg{] l;4fGt xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] :ki6?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / xfd|f] k/Dk/fdf ;f] l;4fGtn] dfGotf k|fKt u/L cfPsf] / ;f]xL adf]lhd k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf / k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] ?lnª km/s kms/ dfgL cfPsf] cj:yf ;d]t /x]af6 cfTglgi7 b[li6sf]0f lnO{ jf lkmtnf] ts{ pkl:yt u/L ePsf glh/x?NffO{ To;} vf; sfg"gL cj:yf / sf/0f ljBdfg ePdf ug{‘ kg{] l:ylt cfpFb}g . cbfntn] u/]sf k"j{ lg0f{ox?af6 lglZrt?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf sfg"gL l;4fGt cfkm} klg sfg"g ;/x x'G5 . Ps} l;l;dsf] sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] cnu cnu d'2fx?df sfg"gsf] cnu cnu JofVof eP/ jf cnu cnu l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg eP/ Goflos c/fhstfsf] l:ylt pTkGg gxf]; eGg] p2]Zon] Ps?ktf sfod ug{ glh/sf] l;4fGt ckgfOPsf] x'G5 . ;f] l;4fGtsf] kfng ePdf sfg"g / sfg"gL l;4fGt lglZrt x'G5 . To;sf] a]jf:tf ePdf sfg"gsf] JofVofdf cGof]nsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . o:tf] Goflos cGof]ntf x6fpg' o; cbfntsf] st{Jo / cGt/lglxt clwsf/ ePsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf k"j{dfGo sfg"gL l;4fGt jf JofVofNffO{ cg'z/0f ug{‘ Goflos cg'zf;gdf /xg' xf] . o; cbfntsf] k"j{ km};nfdf Psk6s k|Zg p7L cfl;g Ohnf;sf] dfggLo GofofwLx? eGbf a9L GofofwLzx?sf] Ohnf;n] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf sfg"gL JofVof jf sfg"gL l;4fGt kl5Nnf] lg0f{o ug{] sd ;+Vof ePsf] Ohnf;n] k|Zg p7fpg dgfl;j x'Fb}g . ;f] u/]df Goflos cjwf/0ff/ xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] dd{sf] ;d]t k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . o;y{ s'g} klg ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ jf ljjfbdf p7]sf] k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ k"j{ lg0f{ox?NffO{ a9L xf]lzof/L;fy uDeL/ eO{ Goflos ljrf/wf/faf6 pTk|]l/t eO{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf x'g'kb{5 . lsgsL To:tf k"j{glh/x? jfWofTds k|+s[ltsf x'G5g . olb ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 eg]dfq sf/0f ;lxt c;xdt x'g ;lsg] / To:tf] cj:yfdf a[xb Ohnf;df d'2f k7fpg ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ a[xb Ohnf;af6 ePsf lg0f{o jf ePsf] sfg"gL JofVof jf k|ltkflbg l;4fGtx?NffO{ cGoyf egL ;f] eGbf sd ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;n] eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . tLg ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] ;f] eGbf j[xt Ohnf;sf] ghL/NffO{ dfGotf g]kfnL gful/s ko{6s gePsfn] ko{6g z'Ns ltg'{ gkg]{ eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ ;DjGwdf g]kfnL gful/sn] ko{6s :t/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt u/] klg ;f] ;]jf k|fKt u/] jfkt /fHonfO{ z'Ns ltg'{ gkg]{ u/L P]gn] 5'6 lbPsf] ge} ;f] ko{6sLo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ :jb]zL jf ljb]zL h'g;'s} JolQmn] klg ;]jf z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ u/L P]gdf Joj:yf u/]sfn] ko{6s :t/sf] ;]jf k|fKt u/] klg d :jb]zL JoQmL ko{6s gePsfn] ko{6s ;]jf z'Ns ltg'{ gkg]{ eGg] lgj]bLsfsf] lhls/ o'lQm;;+ut b]lvg cfPg .

xxv

274

284

63

64

Ø sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] cltqmd0f u/L ;fp08 OSo"kd]06; s/ sfof{noaf6 ul/Psf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f P08 On]S6Lsn cfb]zdf clwsf/If]qsf] q'6L eO/x]sf] :ki6tM b]lvO/x]sf] PKnfOg;]h O08li6h cj:yfdf sfg"gL?kdf z"Go To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k|f=ln= ab/ ug{ k"j{ k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t o; lj?4 cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cfslif{t x'g;Sg] . s/ sfof{no,sf7df08f}+ Ø lgj]bs pBf]u4f/f k]z u/]sf] lx;fa lstfasf] cfwf/df ;d]t sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] . · ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfjZos tTjx? dWo]df Pp6f ljifoj:t' sfg"g x'g'kg]{ / To:tf] sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg dfq Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . sfg"g jfx]ssf cGo ljifox?sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g egL wf/f **-!_ jdf]lhd Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . · ;+ljwfg / sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]gsf] kl/efiffx?af6 ljw]os s]jn ;+;bdf k]z ePsf] P]gsf] d:of}bf dfq xf] / To:tf] d:of}bfn] Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L P]gsf] ?k lnO{ ;s] kZrft dfq sfg"gsf] ?k u|x0f ug]{ b]lvg cfp+5 . t;y{ sfg"gsf] ?kdf g/x]sf P]gsf] d:of}bfdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf ljw]ossf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] 5 egL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **!_ jdf]lhd Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] ljifoj:t'sf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ul//xg' kg]{ gb]lvg] . · g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ sf] clwjQmf l;tf/fd v08 -ª_ n] sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] ;'rLt cfb]z g]kfn ;Djt @)%* cu|jfn sfg"g g} ;+emg' kg]{ ePsfn] To:tf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg g]kfn ;fnsf] l/6 g+= == lj?4 clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd jb/ u/fpgsf] nflu lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf wf/f **-!_ sf] %# dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno l/6 lgj]bgdf h:t} lgj]bssf] x}l;ot g]kfnL gful/ssf] sf7df8f}+ ;d]t dfq b]vfpg kof{Kt x'b}g . wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhdsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] ljjflbt ljifo pk/ lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of ;d]t k|i6tM b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{ . l/6 lgj]bs sfg"g Joj;foL ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb egL k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ b]vfO{ xsb}of /x]sf] egL lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu hf] ;'s}n] klg wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of x'G5 eGg gldNg] . · /fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg0f{o cfb]zdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;fdlos s/ c;"/ P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf] ;"lrt cfb]zn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ u/]sf] ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf;+u lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] ;fy{s ;DjGw / tflTjs ;/f]sf/ 5 eGg] s'g} pNn]v x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]jn sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x}l;otaf6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] ;Dat\ @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+========!$(#

xxvi

287

293

65

;Dat\ @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+= *$

hglxt ;+/If0f d~r lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno

cfwf/df To:tf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t';+u lgj]bssf] ;fy{s ;DjGw / tflTjs ;/f]sf/sf cltl/Qm lghn] ;DjlGwt hg;fwf/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ;lx?kdf u/]sf] /x]5 eGg ;Sg] cfwf/ ;d]t gb]lvg] . lgoldt s/bftfx? aLr klg c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg] jf :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ffåf/f s/ ltg]{x? aLr klg km/s km/s Joj:yf ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ gb]lvg'sf ;fy} To;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf] / s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/sf] bfo/fleq kg]{ JolQmx?nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fleq s;/L kfg]{ eGg] k|Zg jf laifo gLltut laifosf] s'/f ePsf] / >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f ;f]xL gLltut s'/f sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f cfos/ ltg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+bf :jo+ 3f]lift cfosf] s/bftf / lgoldt s/bftfsf jLr c;dfg ePsf] elg+ s/bftfx? :jo+af6 o:tf] k|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt k|jz ] u/]sf] cj:yf gb]lvg] . · tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! / k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* s/ k|of]hgsf nflu hf/L ePsf] / ;f] P]gsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %# / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &$ / bkmf *$ n] s/ ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/df s/bftfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L To:tf] s/ ;DaGwdf ePsf sfds'/f;+u ;DjlGwt sfuhft / hfgsf/L uf]Ko /xg] / /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]n] To;/L s'g} vf; P]gn] vf; p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu s'g} ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf]df h'g p2]Zosf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] ;f] xb;Dd pQm Joj:yf nfu" x'g] cg'dfg ug{‘kg]{ . · s/ ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/sf ;DaGwdf ePsf hfgsf/L / uf]kgLotfaf6 s'g} klg lgsfon] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ jfwf k'u]sf] dfGg g;lsg'sf ;fy} s/ ltg{‘kg]{ t/ s/sf bfo/df gcfPsf s/bftfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fleq Nofpg /fHoåf/f ckgfOPsf] ljz]if gLltut Joj:yfsf] ?kdf ;Dd pNn]lvt Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 lgj]bs kIfsf] egfO cg';f/ wf/f (*-!_ cg';f/sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt / lgolGqt u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . · z'?df @)%* kf}if leq To:tf] :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ff u/L s/ ltg{‘kg]{ / kl5 @)%* df3 leq sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;dofjlw ;d]t ;dfKt eO{ ;f] sf] p2]Zo ;d]t k"/f e};s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf]df ;f] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt /x]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*-!_ sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] ;d]t gb]lv+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .

xxvii

297

66

67

;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)

clwjQmf ;Ltf/fd cu|jfn lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/ ;d]t

;+jt @)%^ ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/====#%#%

Po/ cgGof k|f=ln=sf] lj?4 cy{ dGqfno ;d]t

· ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ xfn ;+;b gePsf] cj:yfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f cfly{s cWofb]z hf/L eO{ >L % sf] :jLs[t eO;s]sf] / ;f] cWofb]zn] sfg"g ;/x dfGotf kfpg], lgj]bsn] ;d]t cWofb]zsf] j}wflgstfNffO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] To;tkm{ larf/ ul//xg' gkg{] . · ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;/sf/n] cfly{s cWofb]z dfkm{t nufPsf] ljz]if z'Ns tf]Sg jf nufpg gkfOg] eGg pko'Qm / sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] . · cWofb]z sfg"g ;/xg} nfu" x'g] / ToxL cWofb]zn] ljz]if s/ nufPsf], ljz]if s/ nufPsf] s'/fNffO{ lgj]bsn] l;4fGttM c;xdlt ghgfPsf] / s] s;/L cfkm\gf] xs lxtdf cf3ft kg{] jf cg'lrt aGb]h nfUg] sfd x'g uof], ;f] s'/fsf] :ki6 cfwf/ / k'i6fO{ cfpg ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf], sfg"g adf]lhd ljz]if z'Ns nufpg] clwsf/ ;/sf/NffO{ /x]sf] / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ n] lgj]bssf] lhls/NffO{ eGbf lnlvt hjfkm sygNffO{ ;dy{g / k'i6fO{ ug{] b]lv+bf lgj]bsn] dfu u/]adf]lhd ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g;+u cWofb]zsf] ljjflbt c+z k|lts"n /x]sf] jf jflemPsf] gb]lvg] . ;DalGwt lgsfon] clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ lg0f{o gu/L cgflws[t lgsfon] clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf s/ ljefuaf6 n]lvPsf] lgb]{zgfTds kqsf] ;fy} lgj]bs sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ /f]Ssf /fVg] nufotsf cfb]z ;d]t jb/ x'g] .

305

310

68

cd[tef]u Sof6;{ s/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ljkIfLn] cfb]z g} hf/L ug'{kg]{ u/L ;Dat\ @)^! k|f=ln= sfg"gn] g} clgjfo{ u/]sf]df ;f] adf]lhd eP u/]s]f cj:yf ;fnsf] l/6 lj?4 b]lvg cfpFb}g . s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] cefjdf s]jn pNn]lvt g+======@^)! cfGtl/s /fh:j kqsf] cfw/df dfq ;f] kqfg';f/sf] /sd lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 sfof{no If]q g+=! aa/ ljkIfLn] c;'n pk/ ug{ kfpF5 eGg' sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg cfPg . dxn ljkIfL

313

69

cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] sfuhftx¿ km]nf gk/]sf] k6s k6s kqfrf/ ubf{ klg j]:6g{ g]kfn sTyf lgj]bstkm{af6 ;f] ;DjGwL k|df0f k]z x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf] dLn k|f=ln= Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] @^@ cf}+ j}7såf/f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] kmf}=k'=g+=!@* lj?4 /sd lkmtf{ ug{;Sg] cj:yf /x]g egL lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu u/fPsf] b]lv+bf o:tf] cj:yfdf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] s;"/ nflhDkf6 ;d]t k|ToyL{x¿n] u/]sf] egL 7x/ ug{ ;j'b k|df0fsf] cefjdf ldNg] b]lvPg .

316

70

u'0f l;g]df k|f=ln= lj?4 @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 cfGtl/s /fh:j g+=#!*! sfof{no,nlntk'/

l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ P]gn] g} k|bfg u/L ldlt @)^@.%.& sf] kqdf ;d]t ;f] ljifodf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] cj:yf / l:yltdf tf]lsP adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] dfu{ cjnDjg gu/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] pkfo x'+bf x'+b} l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf o;df ljg]bs dfu bfjL ;DaGwdf yk ljZn]if0f ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPg .

xxviii

320

71

72

s'g} laifodf lg0f{o ug]{ Goflos jf cw{Goflos lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xssf] l;h{gf sfg"gaf6 x'g] ePsf]n] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg kfpg] s'/f pNn]v gu/]s} sf/0fn] pQm sfg"gL xs db}{g / sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] lgsfoeGbf km/s lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL lg0f{odf pNn]v u/]s} sf/0fn] dfq lgj]bsM dgsfdgf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs dg]{ jf sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;jt\ @)^! Pc/j]h -k|f=_ ln= kfpg] lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ gkfpg] eGg] cj:yf g/xg] . ;fnsf] l/6 g+= lj?4 · s'g} gofF P]gsf] lgdf{0f x'Fbf ;flassf] Joa:yfnfO{ cf+lzs @*@& cy{ dGqfno ;d]t ?kdf dfq :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xf] eg] Tof] s'/f k|i6 ?kdf cfpg' k5{ . s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof k"/f ge} c;"nLsf] sfo{ z'? x'g g;Sg] . · s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ;d]t clGtd geP;Dd s/ lgwf{/0f clGtd x'b}g . o;}n] s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofleq k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] kb}{g eGg gldNg] . d'Vo sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ k"/} cg';"rLdf cfa4 t'NofOPsf] cj:yfdf cg';"rLnfO{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfsf] ;+1f lbg] xf] eg] To;n] cfly{s P]gsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]unfO{ c;Dej t'Nofpg] x'Fbf To;af6 uDeL/ ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;Sg] . · cfly{s P]g leqsf] ›i6AonfO{ s]an sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf egL To;n] ;d]6]sf] If]q / To;sf] k|efjnfO{ cjd"Nog ubf{ To;n] /fHosf] ;du| cfly{s gLlt k|efljt x'g] cj:yfnfO{ gsfg{ g;lsg] . · cfly{s P]gdf k|o'Qm ePsf] ›i6Jo zAb P]gsf] cleGg c•sf ?kdf / ;f/jfg sfg"gs} ?kdf /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ Åbo+ud ubf{ To;nfO{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfsf ?kdf ;+s'lrt ug{ jf To;sf cfwf/df s/ nufpg jf p7fpg gkfpg] egL /f]s nufpFbf To;n] l;Fuf] P]gnfO{ g} lgliqmo cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}F t'Nofpg] tkm{ klg uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ . lj?4 · s'g} sfg"gL k|fawfgsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf b]jfgL k'g/fjnf]sg ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL ?kdf /x]sf] dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] g+=M @)^$–NF– k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ ;d]t ;+s'lrt x'g] u/L ug{ gldNg] . )))@ clwsf/ k|fKt efO; · sfg"gn] :ki6 gu/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ?kdf JofVofu/L k|]l;8]G6 s]=l6=cf/= cg'kft tf]sL To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj jxg u/fpg gldNg] . gflDjof/ · P]gn] g} cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ kf/]sf] cj:yfdf cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"npk/ ug{‘ sfg"g ljk/Lt x'g hfg] . · sfg"gdf :ki6 ?kdf olt sRrf dfn a/fa/ olt pTkfbg dfgL cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yfsf] cefj x'Fbfx'Fb} cg'dfgsf e/df cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf] eg] :j}R5frfl/tf xfjL x'g hfg] . · cg'dfg ug]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ g} gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf ul/g] cg'dfg :jfefljs ?kdf dgf]ut x'g hfG5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gdf sfg"gsf] kl/lwnfO{ gf£g] 5'6 s;}nfO{ klg x'Fb}g . · sfg"gn] afx]s u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ts{ / ck"0f{ JofVofåf/f ;dfj]z u/L To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj jxg u/fpg gldNg] .

xxix

323

328

73

74

dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6h ;Djt @)%& k|f=ln= ;fnsf] l/6 lj?4 g+======#%%( d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8f

· pBf]un] cfkm\gf pkef]Qmfx¿ jf l8n/x¿af6 lnPsf] / sdsf] lgodfg';f/ ltg'{kg}{ laqmL s/ sd bflvnf u/]sf] sf/0faf6 s/ clws[tn] 5'6 x'g uPsf] ltg'{kg]{ s/ bflvn ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] g} b]lvof] eg] ;f] glt/]sf] sf/0faf6 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] j]?h' b]vfpg / n]vf k/LIf0f P]g cg';f/ c;"n pk/ ug{;Sg] g} x'+bf gk'u s/ bflvn ug{ lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ d"No clej[l4 sfof{no x]6f}+8faf6 n]lvPsf] ldlt @)%&.!).!# r=g+=&&@ ;d]tsf kqx¿ sfg"g cg'?ks} /x]s]f kfO{of] .

g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL cfb]z ;Djt\ -k|f=ln=_ @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 lj?4 g+=#)#& D"fNo clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8f

· æOhfht k|bf ubf{ g} cg'kft v'nfPsf] cj:yfdf dfq b|i6Jo @ sf] k|fjwfg lqmofzLn x'g] xf] . Ohfht kqdf cg'kft v'nfOPsf] kfOb}g / ljkIfL lgsfx¿af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;dlt / d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no af/fsf] lg0f{odf ;d]t cg'kft v'n]sf] egL :ki6 ?kdf bfjL lng ;s]s]f klg kfO{b}g . To;} u/L b|i6Jo @ n] slt sRrf dfn a/fj/ slt tof/L dfn dfgL cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] lglZrt u/]s]f 5}g . o;/L sfg"gn] :ki6 gu/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ?kdf JofVof u/L cg'kft tf]sL To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj axg u/fpg ldNg] x'+b}gÆ · Ohfht kqdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u x'g] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftsf] kl/0ffd pNn]v u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;f] cf=j= sf] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿ @)!( adf]lhd a'emfO{ ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 lgoldt ?kdf x'g] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf dfn / pTkfbg ePsf] tof/L dfnsf] cg'kftnfO{ cg'dflgt cfwf/df a]?h' cf}+NofPsf] / ;f] j]?h' pk/ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldtLdf 5nkmn x'+bf ;f] ;ldltn] pQm j]?h' b]vfOPsf] /sd c;"n pk/ ug{sf nfUfL cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f]xL lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df cy{ dGqfnon] cfkm\gf dftxt ljefu Pj+ sfof{nonfO{ kq n]vL c;"n ug{ eg]sf] cfwf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ ?=^),^@,^%#.(# c;"n pk/ ug{ kqfrf/ u/]]sf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf] sfo{ egL dfGg ldn]g .

xxx

341

346

75

df]xgnIdL df:s] l/6 g+=–)^$–WF– lj?4 )))! cy{ dGqfno ;d]t

· cf/f]ksf] ;"rgf lbg' dfq kof{Kt x'g] geO{ ;f] ;"rgfadf]lhd cf/f]ksf] v08g ug{, k|ltjfb ug{ / k|df0f k|:t't ug{ kof{Kt / dgfl;j ;do klg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} ;f] k|ltjfb / k|ltjfbsf] ;dy{gdf k|:t't k|df0f ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f u/L :jtGq eO{ lg0f{ostf{n] ts{ / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ug{‘kg]{ tyf ;f] lg0f{odf lgisif{df k'u]sf] :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ . · s'g lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xf] jf s] s'g cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg ug{ gkfpg] xf], s'g sfg"g / k|df0fsf] cfwf/ df To:tf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ ;d]t lg0f{odf pNn]v x'g'k5{ / ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;xh ?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . cGoyf To:tf] lg0f{onfO{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 plrt, lgikIf / Gofo;+ut gdflgg] . · sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] s/ clws[tn] sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{?kdf cg'z/0f / kfngf ug{‘k5{ . sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngfdf ;DalGwt sfg"gdf cGoyf pNn]v ePdf afx]s cGo cfwf/ / k|lqmofadf]lhd jf cfˆgf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ adf]lhdsf] 5'§} k|lqmof jf sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;fy} sfg"gn] Dofb hf/L ug]{ :ki6 ?kdf 9fFrf tf]lsPsf]df s'g} k|zf;sLo jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/Ln] sfg"gn] g} clwsf/ lbPdf afx]s ;f] 9fFrfnfO{ abNg, x]/km]/ jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ g/fVg] . · sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngdf :j]R5frf/L k|of]u jf q'l6k"0f{ k|of]u ePdf ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] k|of]u k|efljt x'g;Sg] vt/f x'G5 . ;fy} clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug{‘kg]{ sfo{ljlw;DaGwL sfg"gsf] k|of]u gu/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ul/Pdf ;f] lg0f{o g} q'l6k"0f{ dfGg'kg]{ . · ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf eg]sf] k|fs[lts Gofosf] cfwf/e"t ljlwzf:qLo l;4fGtsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . h'g JolQmsf] xs jf lxtsf] k|lts"n sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ug{ nfluPsf] xf] ;f] JolQmsf] s'/f ;'Gg' -Audi Alteram Partem_ tyf lghnfO{ cfˆgf] k|lt/Iff ug{ dgfl;j cj;/ lbOg' kb{5 eGg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] JolQmnfO{ k|zf;sLo jf Goflos sf/jfxL / lg0f{osf] k|lts"n k|efjaf6 sfo{ljlwut ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{‘ g} ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGtsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo /xg] . · s;}sf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL pQm xsx¿sf] k|rngdf /f]s nufpFbf ;DklQ wf/snfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf ;kmfO k]z ug]{ jf tT;DaGwL k|df0f k]z ug]{ cj;/ lbP/ dfq lg0f{o ug{‘kg]{ .

xxxi

353

76

clwjQmf sdn]z låj]bL lj?4 l/6 g+= )^%-WSk|wfgdGqL tyf ))!( dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

/fHon] p7fpg] z'Ns jf s/x¿sf] pkof]usf] l:ylt Jojxf/ df h] h:tf] /x] klg ;}4flGts ?kdf hglxtsf] nflu g} /fHoaf6 z'Ns jf s/ nufOPsf] xf]nf egL :jfefljs ?kdf cg'dfg ug{‘kg{] x'G5 . /fHosf ljleGg cGt/lg{xLt clwsf/x¿ dWo] s/ nufpg kfpg] clwsf/ Taxation Power klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ ePsf] / sfg"gn] g]kfn ;/sf/NffO{ pQm sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul//x]sf] kfOFbf sfg"gljk/Lt s/ nufOPsf] eGg gldNg] . · cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd hglgj{flrt ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt jf cg'df]bg ljgf /fHosf] cGo s'g} klg lgsfon] g]kfnL hgtfNffO{ s/ nufpg gldNg] . · sfo{kflnsfn] ljwflosf jf Gofokflnsf tyf Joj: yflksfn] sfo{kflnsfsf] d"ne"t sfo{k|s[ltNffO{ g} k|lt: yfkg ug{] sfo{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k x'g g;Sg] . · s/ of]Uo ;DklQ eP/ klg s/ glt/L ;DklQ n'sfP/ a:g] JolQmNffO{ b08gLltsf dfWodaf6 xtf]T;flxt agfO{ s/ ltg{ afWo kfg{] jf pgLx¿NffO{ k|f]T;fxg jf ljz]if ;x'lnot lbP/ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] eGg] s'/f ljz'4 sfo{sf/L gLltut ljifodf cbfntn] x:tIf]k u/L cGoyf eGg gldNg] . · :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f /fHoNffO{ bz k|ltzt s/ lt/]s} e/df To: tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t vf]Hg gkfOg], s'g} klg d'2fdf k|df0fdf gnfUg] / d'2f rnfpg tyf ;hfo ug{ gldNg] xf] eg] u}/sfg"gL 9+uaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{] / cfk/flws lqmofaf6 sfnf] wg y'kfg{]NffO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNb}g eGg ;lsFb}g . /fHon] ck/fw jf ck/fwLNffO{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] gLlt clVtof/ ubf{ Ps k|sf/n] b08xLgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'ghfg] . /fHoNffO{ bz k|ltzt s/ lt/]s} e/df h:tf];'s} u}/sfg"gL ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ j}w dflgg] / s'g} sf/jfxL jf ;hfo ug{ gkfpg] xf] eg] pQm ;d'Rrf P]gsf] Joj:yf k|of]hgljxLg x'g k'Ug] . · ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;L jf ;fj{hlgs kbdf ga;]sfx¿n] klg cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L u}/sfg"gL ?kn] ;DklQ cfh{g u/L To;}af6 bz k|ltzt s/ ltg{] JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]taf/] 5fgaLg ug{ jf d'2f rnfpg gkfpg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xL e|i6frf/ ug{]NffO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNg] dfq xf]Og clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uNffO{ ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k|bQ If]qflwsf/ s6f}tL eO{ ;f] lgsfosf] sfdsf/jfxLdf cg'lrt x:tIf]ksf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'Ug] . · sfg"gljk/Lt sfd ug{] jf sfg"g 5Ng] JolQmx¿ u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 nfeflGjt eO{ ;DklQ cfh{g ul//x]sf x'G5g . sfg"gL /fHodf o;/L u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug{] xs s;}NffO{ klg k|fKt gx'g] . · ck/fwhGo sfo{af6 sdfPsf] ;DklQ :j]lR5s ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/L s]xL k|ltzt s/ lt/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq ck/fw

xxxii

366

76

77

/ vtaft g} dfkm x'g] u/L ;|f]t g} vf]Ng gkg{] ;"lrt cfb]zsf] Joj:yfsf] s'g} sfg"gL cf}lrTo gx'g] . · /fh:j c;"nL jf s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg'sf] dtna cfk/flws sfo{ u/L wg sdfpg pGd'lQm lbg' xf]Og . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] / /fHo;~rfngsf] cfwf/ sfg"g ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] k|0ffnLdf o:tf] 5"6 x'g g;Sg] . · nfdf] /fhgLlts åGåsf] sf/0f sfg"gadf]lhd cfddfkmL (Amnesty) x'g;S5 . sfg"gadf]lhd /fHon] a[xQ\ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu s;}NffO{ Nolle Prosequi cg';f/ d'2f grnfpg ;S5 . rln/x]sf] d'2f sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lng;S5 . ;hfo eO;s]sf] xf] eg] Executive Clemency x'g;S5 . t/ /fHoNffO{ s/ lt/]sf] gftfn] u}/ sfg"gL tj/n] sdfPsf] ;DklQ xf] eg] To:tf] ;DklQ :jtM clwjQmf sdn]z Legalise x'g] Joj:yf x'g ;Qm}g . 5fgaLg cg';Gwfg x'g låj]bL g} gkfpg] x'g g;Sg] . lj?4 l/6 g+= )^%-WS· ck/fw, e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{nufot h'g;'s} u}/ k|wfgdGqL tyf sfg"gL ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQNffO{ a}wtf lbg' / ))!( dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no To;pk/ 5fgaLg, cleof]hg / ;hfo ug{ gkfpg] u/L ;d]t ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gn] Joj:yfu/]sf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ k|of]hgxLg, lgliqmo jf d[tk|foM x'g] u/L sfo{sf/L cfb]z hf/L ug{‘n] ;+qmd0fsfnLg GofoNffO{ k|a4{g ug{ g;Sg] . · zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ljlwsf] zf;g / gful/s xs clwsf/dfly ;b}j r'gf}tL pTkGg e}/x]sf cj:yfdf gful/ssf df}lns xs clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifs / ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] x}l;otn] cbfntn] d'sbz{s eP/ sfo{kflnsfsf ;+ljwfgk|lts"n sfo{x¿NffO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf] ;/sf/ / ljlwsf] zf;g sfod u/fpg] bfloTj cGttM :jtGq Gofokflnsfdfly g} cfOkb{5 . To;}n] :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;d]t s'l07t x'g hfg] u/L hf/L ul/Psf] cfb]z ;+ljwfgcg'¿k 7xof{pg gldNg] . xfn}sf] as;kq lnvt kf/Lt u/fO{ lnPkl5 lghsf] bftfdfly >L/fd cu|jfn ;d]t ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] bfloTj >[hgf eO{ ;s]sf] / lnvt cg';f/ lj?4 sf] ;DklQ as;kq ug]{sf :jfldTjdf k|s[ofut ?kn] cfO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j )^&–WO–!@*$ g;Sb} ;f] ;DklQdf ;/sf/L bfljsf] >[hgf eO{ ;s]sf] o; sfof{no, w/fg ;'g;/L cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQdf ;/sf/L bfljsf] >[hgf eO{ ;s]sf]n] o; cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQsf] /f]Ssf km's'jf x'g] jf lnnfdsf] sf/jfxL ab/ x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvPg .

xxxiii

366

377

78

79

)^(-CI-!@*)

^(-WO-!@$#

/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu xl/x/ejg, k'Nrf]s lj¿4 sfi7d08k 8]enkd]G6 a}Í, s]G›Lo sfof{no, kfsf] Go'/f]8

· sfg"gL Joj:yfdf k|of]u ePsf] æk|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf] eP tfklgÆ eGg] zAbfjNfLsf] zflAbs JofVof ubf{ o;Nf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] dfly plNNflvt Joj:yfNffO{ k|:t't ;Gbe{df lgik|efjL u/fPsf] b]lvg] . · uf8LNffO{ lwtf] /fvL shf{ lNfPsf C0fLNf] a}ÍNffO{ a'emfpg'kg{] k"/} ls:tf /sd ga'emfPkl5 a}Ín] lNfNffdL k|lqmof ckgfO{ ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg a}Ín] g} ;sf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lwtf] /flvPsf] ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg C0fLsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] geO{ a}Ís} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] kl/l:yltdf pQm ;jf/L ;fwgsf] dfWodaf6 /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] /fh:j c;'NfL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf;d]tsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvg] .

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lj¿4 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ ;d]t

· lgj]bsn] 7"nf s/bftfsf] lg0f{opk/ o;eGbf klxn] k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/ u|x0f ul/;s]sf]df ;f]xL l:ylt / ;f]xL cfwf/df ljjflbt lg0f{opk/ klg ;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qcGtu{t pkrf/df hfg'kg]{df l/6df k|j]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] gb]lvg] . · j}slNks pkrf/ /x];Dd l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;fdfGotof cfslif{t x'Fb}g . Pp6} ljifoj:t'df Ps}k6s b'O{ lgsfon] xft xfNbf Goflos c/fhstf;d]t hlGdG5 . ljjflbt ljifosf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ clGtd eO{ a;]sf] / ljjflbt lg0f{odf sfg"gsf] 3f]/ q'l6 ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvPdf dfq l/6 If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] s'/fnfO{ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf lnOg] .

xxxiv

382

386

cfos/

1

2

;fnM@)$$, dlxgf Mdf3, c+s M!), km};nf ldlt M @)$$.&.#), lg0f{o g+=M #@#! ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L k[YjL axfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L ?› axfb'/ l;+x ;Djt\ @)$@ ;fnsf] b]=k' g+= $^*

d'2f M cfos/ k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{dGqfno s/ ljefu, s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ . lj?4 ljkIfL÷jfbLM sf7df8f}+ lvrfkf]v/L l:yt ˆnf]l/ª P08 kmlgl{\;ª ;]G6/sf] k|f=] >L ljgos'df/ cu|jfn . >LdtLnfO{ ltg{ afFsL bfloTjsf] /sd >Ldfgsf] cfo dfGg' kg]{ afWofTds sfg'gL Joj:yf s]xL b]lvFb}g, >LdtLn] >Ldfgsf] kmd{df nufgL ug{ sfg'gn] k|ltaGw nufPsf] kfOFb}g, >LdtLaf6 lnPsf] /sd bfloTj dxndf :ki6 b]vfPsf] kfOG5, t;y{ ;f] bfloTj /sd ldGxf kfpg] 7xof{O{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] lg0f{o dgfl;a 7xof{O{ d=If]=c=af6 ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'6L gb]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] . -k|s/0f g+= !#_ k'g/fj]bs, k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L /fh]G›k|;fb sf]O/fnf ljkIfL, jfbLtkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L z'lzns'df/ l;Gxf pNn]lvt d'2fM X km};nf Gof=>L k[YjL axfb'/ l;+xM dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] nutdf btf{ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ /x]5 . @= o; cf=a= df Jofkf/af6 ePsf] v"b cfo ?= #!,*#$.!# pNn]v u/L gfkmf gf]S;fgL jf;nft l/kf]6{ ;d]t ;fy} /fvL s=sf= sf7df8f}+df ldlt )#$.#.!$ df k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0f . #= k|f]=>L ljgos'df/ cu|jfn ˆnf]l/ª P08 kmlgl{\;ª ;]G6/sf] cf=a+=)#@ a}+=r}=sf] k]z ePsf] cfo ljj/0f ;DaGwsf] gfkmf gf]S;fgL jf;nft ;lxtsf] lx;fa lstfa k/LIf0f u/L cf=s=P]g, )#! sf] bkmf ##-#_ cg';f/ dgfl;a dflkmssf] vr{x¿ ldGxf u/L a9L b]lvPsf] / ldGxf lbg gldNg] lgDg /sd kl/jxg vr{ dWo] ^,*@(.)$ :jfut ;Tsf/ vr{ dWo] #,(^).*(. ;f] ?d vr{ @,^)&.(), km'6s/ vr{ #,&!&.%! lj1fkg vr{ dWo] !,@^(.!% p7\g g;Sg] /sd ^*).($, sfg'gL vr{ $,^^).–. cl86 vr{ ?= %)).–, bfloTj ?= (^,^^^.%%, Aofh vr{ ?= #&,&*%.!* x|f; s§L a9L b]lvPsf] @,%().(% ljj/0f cg';f/ v"b cfo #!,*#$.!#, ;d]t u/L hDdf v"b cfo !,(#,!)@.@$ sfod 7x/]sf]n] ;f] df nfUg] s/ ?= *(,(#!.@# / cf=s=P]g )#! sf] bkmf %(-@_ adf]lhd hl/jfgf ?= *,((#.!@ ;d]t u/L hDdf ?= (*,(@$.@% cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] #% lbgleq g]=/f=a}+s bfv]n ug{‘ xf]nf eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s=sf=sf7df8f}+sf] )#%.*.!* sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . $= d k'g/fj]bssf] cfo jif{ a}zfv ! ut]af6 z'? eO{ r}q d;fGtdf ;dfKt x'g] x'Fbf cf=s= P]g, )#! sf] bkmf @&-!_ sf] Dofbleq cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{ g;sL pQm P]gsf] bkmf %(-!_sf] Dofbleq cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df bkmf %(-@_ adf]lhd egL hl/jfgf ul/Psf] k|ToIf sfg'gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] hl/jfgf x6fO{ kfpF, kmd{sf] bfloTjnfO{ v"b cfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] cf=s=P]g, )#! sf] bkmf ##-#_ / bkmf $! sf] k|lts"n x'Fbf ab/efuL 5 . ;fy} Aofh lbPsf] /sd, kl/jxg vr{, :jfut ;Tsf/ vr{, ;f] ?d vr{, km'6s/ vr{, lj1fkg vr{, c;"n pk/ gx'g] /sd, ¥xf; s§L ;d]tsf cflb /sdx¿nfO{ lan ekf{O{ ef}r/ cfbL x'Fbfx'b}F cgfjZos / a9L vr{ egL :j]R5fn] s6f}tL u/L v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm cfb]z ab/ u/L k]z ePsf] ljj/0f / lx;fa lstfa adf]lhd bfloTj /sd s§f u/L vr{sf /sd ldGxf u/L afFsL cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k/]sf] )#%.!).@# sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ . %= kl/jxg vr{ ^,*@(.)$ ldGxf glbPsf] ;DaGwdf Jofkf/sf] l:ylt / lghL k|of]usf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L &% k|ltzt vr{ ldGxf lbPsf] x'Fbf lghL vr{ egL @%.– ;Dd ldGxf glbPsf] dgfl;a g} 5 . :jfut ;Tsf/ vr{df klg sf/f]af/sf] cg'kftdf plrt vr{ ldGxf lbPs} x'Fbf a9L #,(^).*( ldGxf glbPsf] plrtg} 5 . ;f] ?d vr{ ?= @,^)&.() ldGxf glbPsf] ;Gbe{df ;f] /sd lgoldt vr{ geO{ k6s] ePsf] / l:y/ x'g] ;fdfg ;d]t ePsf] x'Fbf k"Flhut vr{ dfgL ldGxf glbPsf] o'lQm;+ut g} 5 . km'6s/ vr{ ?= #,&!&.%! ldGxf glbPsf] ;DaGwdf zLif{s cg';f/sf] plrt vr{ ldGxf lbPs} x'Fbf c;+ut dfgL ;f] /sd ldGxf glbPsf] plrt g} 5 . bfloTjsf] dxndf cGo afFsL egL laqmL sd b]vfO{ cfo ;d]t /sd sd u/fPsf]n] ;f] /sdnfO{ laqmL dfgL cfodf hf]8]sf] ?= (^,^^^.%% sf] xsdf ljrf/ ubf{ olb ;f] 3

/sd laqmLdf n'sfPs} xf] ls eGgnfO{ ;f] laqmL dflgPsf] /sdsf] cg'kftdf v/Lb c+sn] klg k'i6\ofO{ ug{‘ kg]{ t/ ;f] /sdnfO{ v/Lb c+sn] k'i6\ofO{ u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm /sdnfO{ laqmL sd b]vfPsf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . k'g/fj]bgs s/bftfsf] >LdtL zs'Gtnfsf] b]jL 5'§} cfosf >f]tx¿ ePsf] / ;f] /sdnfO{ >Ldfgsf\ cfodf hf]8L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;+nUg s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zaf6 k|i6 b]lvof] . o;/L cfkm"n] 5'§} ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] cfonfO{ >Ldfgsf] kmd{df nufgL ug{ gkfpg] u/L s'g} sfg'gn] aGb]h u/]sf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf >LdtLnfO{ ltg{ afFsL bfloTjnfO{ >Ldfgsf] cfo eGg plrt b]lvPg . o; kl/k|]Ifdf k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] cfˆgf] gfddf bfloTj afFsL egL pNn]v u/]sf] /sd s'g ;|f]taf6 s;/L k|fKt eO{ bfloTj afFsL /xg uPsf] xf] ;f] sf] tYo k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf]n] o;/L sfNklgs bfloTj ;[hgf u/]sf] /sddf s/ nfUg' plrt gx'Fbf k|f]kfO6/nfO{ ltg{‘ afFsL /sd;Dd cfodf hf]8L lghsf] >LdtL zs'Gtnfb]jLnfO{ ltg{ afFsL bfloTj ?= (^,^^^.%% vr{ ldGxf x'G5 . Aofh /sd ?= #&,&*%.!* cGo ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ lt/]sf] Aofhsf] xsdf s/s§f gu/]sf] gftfn] dfq k'/} /sd ldGxf x'Fb}g eGg' Gofo;+ut gx'Fbf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd ;f] /sddf nfUg] s/sf] /sd;Dd s§f u/L afFsL ?= #&,&*%.!* k'/} ldGxf x'G5 . 6'6km'6 ldGxf ?= @,%().(% ldGxf glbO{ cfodf hf]8]sf] ;DaGwdf s'g ;fdfgdf s] slt 6'6km'6 ldGxf kfpg] xf] eGg] s'/f xfn;Dd gtf]lsPsf]n] g]kfn cfos/ P]g, )!( df tf]lsPsf] b/ /]6n] x'g] /sd;Dd ldGxf lbO{ a9L b]lvP hltdfq cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5 . lj1fkg vr{ ?= !,@^(.!% ldGxf lbPsf] xsdf dfu adf]lhd plrt vr{ ldGxf lbPs} x'Fbf a9L vr{ dxz'; u/L ldGxf glbPsf] dgfl;a g} 5 . c;"n pk/ gx'g] egL ?=^*).($ cfodf hf]8]sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] /sd c;"n pk/ ug{ s] slt k|of; ePsf] lyof] To;sf] ;a"b k|df0f k]z ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] pQm /sd cfodf hf]8]sf] sfg'g;+ut g} 5 . cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf %(-@_ adf]lhd ?= *,((#.!@ hl/jfgf u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] s] xf] eGg] ;Gbe{df ;f] P]gsf] bkmf %( nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %(-!_ adf]lhdsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]df bkmf %(-@_ adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/]sf] sfg'g ljk/Lt x'Fbf hl/jfgfsf] /sd k'/} ldGxf x'G5 . sfg'gL vr{ ?= $^^).– nfO{ cfodf hf]8]sf] plrt xf]Og eGg] xsdf cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf $!-em_ cg';f/ ;f] /sd cfo cfh{g;+u ;Dalwt gx'Fbf ldGxf glbPsf] o'lQm;+ut g} 5 . cl86 kmL %)).– ldGxf glbPsf] ;DaGwdf log} k'g/fj]bsnfO{ cGo cf=a= x¿df To:tf] vr{ ldGxf lbPsf] b]lvPsf]n] o; cf=a= df dfq ldGxf x'Fb}g eGg' Gofof]lrt gx'Fbf ;f] /sd k'/} ldGxf x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] @)#*.$.@%.! sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf . ^= pk/f]Qm /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt kfpF eGg] ;d]t >L % sf] ;/sf/ -c=d=s/ ljefu s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+_ sf] dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bg . &= /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf k|ToIf sfg'g q'l6k"0f{ x'gfn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-v_ cg';f/ k'g/ fj]bgsf] nflu cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] )#(.!@.@$.% sf] d=If]= cbfnt l;+un a]~hsf] cfb]z . *= /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o dgfl;a 7x5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] d=If]=c=sf] km};nf. (= d=If]=c=sf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g k'g/fj]gsf] cg'dlt kfpF eGg] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bg o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'Fbf :jf:gLaf6 C0f lnPsf] bfloTjnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf]nfO{ ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o dgfl;a 7xof{sO{ d=If]=c= af6 ePsf] lg0f{odf cfos/ P]g, @)#! ;d]tsf] q'6L ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t cfb]z eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] nutdf btf{ ePsf] /x]5 . !)= lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg s/ sfof{notkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg ;xGofolwjQmf >L /fh]G› k|;fb sf]O/fnf / ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L z'lzn s'df/ l;Gxfn] ug{‘ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . !!= ca k|:t't d'2fdf dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntaf6 ePsf] OG;fkm dgfl;a jf a]dgfl;a s] /x]5 eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . !@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df ljkIfL ˆnf]l/ª P08 kmlgl{\;ª ;]G6/sf] ;DaGwdf cf=a+= )#@ a}=r}= sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] df lrQ ga'emL ljkIfLsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 lg0f{o x'Fbf s/bftfsL >LdtL zs'Gtnfb]jLsf] 5'§} cfosf] ;|f]t ePsf]df ;f] cfonfO{ >Ldfgsf] cfodf hf]8L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]df cfkm"n] 5'§} ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] cfo >Ldfgsf] kmd{df nufgL ug{ gkfpg] u/L s'g} sfg'gn] aGb]h u/]sf] gb]lvFbf >LdtLnfO{ ltg{ afFsL bfloTjnfO{ >Ldfgsf] cfo dfgL s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ldn]g egL >LdtLnfO{ ltg{ afFsL /sd ldGxf x'g] / Aofh /sd / cGo ljleGg JolQmnfO{ lt/]sf] Aofhsf] xsdf s/ s§L gu/]sf] gftfn] dfq k'/} /sd ldGxf x'Fb}g eGg' Gofo;+ut gx'g] x'Fbf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd ;f] /sddf nfUg] s/sf] /sd;Dd s§f u/L afFsL /sd ldGxf x'G5 egL lg0f{o eP pk/ s/ sfof{notkm{af6 d=If]=c=df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt kfPsf]df lg0f{o x'Fbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] OG;fkm dgfl;a 7xof{dO{ km};nf ePsf] /x]5 . 4

!#= >LdtLnfO{ ltg{ afFsL bfloTjsf] /sd >Ldfgsf] cfo dfGg' kg]{ afWofTds sfg'gL Joj:yf s]xL b]lvFb}g . >LdtLn] >Ldfgsf] kmd{df nufgL ug{ sfg'gn] k|ltaGw nufPsf] kfOFb}g . >LdtLaf6 lnPsf] /sd bfloTj dxndf :ki6 b]lvPsf] kfOG5 . t;y{ ;f] bfloTj /sd ldGxf kfpg] 7x¥ofO{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] lg0f{o dgfl;a 7xof{/O{ d=If]=c= af6 ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'6L gb]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=?› axfb'/ l;+x Olt;Djt\ )$$ ;fn sflt{s #) ut] /f]h z'ed\ .

5

efuM $*, ;fnM @)^#, dlxgfM sflt{s, c+sM &, km};nf ldlt M@)^@.!@.!$, lg0f{o g+= &&#) ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL dfggLo GofofwLz >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf ;+jt @)%* ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=====@(^^

d'2f M– cfos/ . k'g/fj]bs ÷jfbL cy{ dGqfno, cfGt/Ls /fhZj ljefu, s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ lj?4 k|ToyL{ ÷ ljkIfL lhNnf df]/Ë lj/f6gu/ l:yt x'nf; afo/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= ;+rfns dx]G›s'df/ uf]N5f · s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] sfo{ Goflos sfo{ xf] . s/ clws[t s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|s[ofdf 5fgljg ug{] clws[t x'gsf ;fy} s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] clwsf/L klg x'Fbf lghsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot cf/f]kL Pj+ lg0f{ost{f b'j} x'g] . · s/ ;DjGwL ljjfbdf cd's /sd of] o; sf/0fn] s/of]Uo 5}g egL s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf s/ nufpg rfxg] s/ clws[t of sfof{non] of] o; kl/jGbaf6 s/ nfUg] xf] eGg] b]vfpg kg{] x'G5 . s/ nfUg] cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f k'o{fpg] ef/ s/ sfof{no jf s/ clws[t pk/g} x'g] . · s/;DjGwL ljjfbdf k|df0fsf] ef/sf] cToGt} dxTj / cfjZostf x'Fbf s/bftf pk/ dfq k|df0f k'o{fpg] ef/ g/xg] . -k|s/0f g+=!^_ · s/bftfn] e"naf6 k'/f s§f x'g g;s]sf] eGb} kl5 sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] /sd ;|f]taf6 s§L ul/ j'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvPkl5 s/bftfn] sfg"g pn\n+3g u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] gx'bf ;f] /sdNffO{ v"bcfodf ;dfj]z gug{] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/ 0fsf] km};nf Gofof]lrt b]lvFbf cg'dlt k|bfg ePsf] cfb]z;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . -k|s/0f g+=!&_ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf hgsjxfb'/ clwsf/L k|ToyL{ ljkIfLsf tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L rG8]Zj/ >]i7 cjnlDat ghL/M × cfb]z Gof= kjgs'df/ cf]emfM /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -v_ sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf ;+lIfKt tYo o; k|sf/ 5 M– @= x'nf; jfo/ O{= sf] cf=j= )%).%! sf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] v"b d'gfkmf pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%!.(.! df :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] . #= pQm O08li6«hsf] cf=j= )%).%! sf] sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwdf jf df]xgNffn sf]7f/Ln] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/df u/]sf] aofg . $= ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf]bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd & (;ft) lbgsf] df}sf lbPsf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ sf] ldlt @)%#.%.@^ sf] ;'rgf / ldlt @)%#.#.#) sf] ;f] ;"rgfsf] hjfkm . %= x'nf; bfo/ O{.sf] cf=j= @)%).%! sf ;Dk"0f{ plrt / jf:tljs vr{ ;d]tNffO{ b[li6ut u/L hDdf v"b cfo ?=%#,@#,$(@.$( sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ldlt @)%#.#.#! sf] lg0f{o krf{. ^= pko{‘Qm lx;fj adf]lhd sfod ePsf] hDdf s/ ?=!%,(&,)$&.&% dWo] clu|d bflvnf ?= @,*(,)%@.– s6fO{ af+ls ?=!#,)&,((%.&% / hl/jfgf ?=!,(&,*(^.&! ;d]t hDdf ?=!%,)%,*(@.$^ g]=/f=j}= lj/f6gu/df #% lbgleq bflvnf ug{‘ u/fpg" eGg] ldlt )%#.#.#! sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . &= s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lg0f{o krf{ / cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ x'+bf ab/ u/L sfg"g ljk/Ltsf] s/ / hl/ jfgfaf6 d'Qm x'g] u/L OG;fkm kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ . *= o;df 5nkmn lgldQ c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd k'=;=j=sf= lj/f6gu/NffO{ k]zLsf] ;'rgf lbO{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] /f=Gof= lj/f6gu/sf] cfb]z . (= sd{rf/Lsf] tnj e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d cfos/ s§f gu/L e"Qmflg lbPsf] elg ?=$@,%@$.!& v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf]df pBf]un] krf{df plNnlvt sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ tnj e'Qmflg lb+bf clu|d s/s§f u/L k|ToyL{ sfof{nodf k]z ul/Psf] lyof] / q'6L x'g uPsf] /sd kl5 k'gM s§f u/]sf] x'+bf ;f] vr{ ldGxf x'g' kg{] xf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof] . o;df s/bftf pBf]un] sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds e'Qmflg lb+bf / 5'6 ePsf] /sdsf] s/s§f ul/ ;f] sf] k|df0f ##-$_ sf] 6

;"rgfsf] hjfkm k]z u/]sf] eGg] lhls/ ;d]t b]lvof] . o; Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] cfb]zfg';f/ k'g/fj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] To; ;DalGw sfuh k|df0f x]bf{, ldlt @)%#.#.#) df lu/wf/L zdf{ gfdaf6 ?=^&.%), P]= ldltsf tfk; e§/fO{sf] gfdaf6 ?=^&.%) / P=s]= vGgfsf gfdaf6 ?=!!*$@.$& kfl/>lds s/ s§f u/L g]=/f=a}+sdf hDdf u/]sf] ef}r/ k]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf kfl/>lds e'Qmflg lb+bf s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/s§f u/L ;f] sf] k|df0f ;d]t k]z e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] vr{NffO{ / sfof{non] ldGxf glbO{ v"b cfodf ;dfj]z gx'g] 7x5{ . cfos/ P]g, @)#@ sf] dg;fo jdf]lhd :yfgLo tyf lgof{t Jofkf/ tkm{sf] 5'§f5'§} vftf geP tfklg lgof{t tkm{sf] vr{ 5'6 glbg] k|fjwfg kfngf ug{‘ sfg"g;Ddt x'g] x'bf lgof{t vr{ klg v"b cfo sfod x'g], cfjf; Joj:yf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] pkbfg, jf]g;, sf/vfgfsf] d]l;g dd{t ;+ef/ ;jf/L ;fwg vr{, j}sNffO{ lt/]sf] Aofh vr{ ldGxf lbg ldNg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefjdf s/ sfof{non] ;f] /sd ldGxf lbg gldNg] e} v"bcfodf ;jdf]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] b]lvof] . sDkgLsf] lj/u+h l:yt ;]N; l8kf]n] o; cf=j= df s'g} sf/f]jf/ gu/]sf] ePklg ;]N;l8kf] jGb gePsf] l:yltdf ;fdfGo vr{ x'b}g eGg ldNg] gb]lvbf ;f] /sd v'bcfodf ;jdf]z u/]sf] / sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds tnj e'QmfgL lbbf s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/ s§L u/L ;f] sf] k|df0f ;d]t k]z e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] vr{NffO{ s/ sfof{non] ldGxf glbO{ v"bcfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] b]lvPg . ctM ;f] /sd v'bcfodf ;dfj]z gx'g] 7x5{ . pk/f]Qm plNnlvt jdf]lhd x'g] 7x/L s/ sfo{no lj/f6gu/sf] lg0f{o s]xL pN6L x'G5 eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%&.!@.( sf] km};nf . !)= s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zNffO{ cf+lzs pN6L u/L /fh:j GofofwLs/0f lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] km};nf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] (;+;.) sf]efjgf ljk/Lt ePsf] / a'em\g' kg{] k|df0fga'lem k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ adf]lhd jf:tljs tYotkm{ j]jf:tf u/L ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dltkfpF eGg] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg kq . !!= o;df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf* sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfljBdfg b]lv+bf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] z'? /]s8{ePdf k|df0f ldl;n ;d]t lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg]o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%*.(.@^ sf] cfb]z . !@= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf hgsjxfb'/ clwsf/Ln] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] ljkIfL pBf]usf] s]lx lzif{ssf] /sdNffO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]; ug{‘ kg{]df ;dfj]; gug{] u/L u/]sf] km};nf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] efjgf ljk/Lt ePsf] 5 . pBf]usf] s'g} zLif{ssf] vr{NffO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]; u/] tkm{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ ljkIfL pBf]un] k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . k'g/fj]bg gk/] kl5 ;f] km};NfnfO{ k"0f{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . s/ sfof{nosf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zNffO{ s]lx pN6L ug{] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ab/ x'g' kb{5 elg jx; ug{‘eof] . ljkIfL pBf]u tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L rG8]Zj/ >]i7n] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] ldGxf lbPsf] lzif{s cGtu{tsf vr{x? ldGxf kfpg] elg tYout k|df0fx? k]z u/]sf], To:tf] lzif{s cGtu{tsf vr{ ldGxf kfpg] elg cfos/ P]g, @)#! df Joj:yf ePsf], P]gn] kfpg] ;'ljwf g} pBf]uNffO{ pknJw u/fPsf] x'+bf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g' kb{5 elg ug{‘ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] . !#= k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;nsf] cWoog / ljåfg sfg'g Joj;foLx?sf] jx; lhls/NffO{ dgg\ u/L lg0f{o tkm{ larf/ ubf{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] . !$= o;df ljkIfL x'nf; bfo/ O08li6«h -k|f_ ln=sf ;+rfnsn] cf=j= )%).%! sf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] v'b d'gfkmf pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%!.(.! df :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k]z u/]sf]df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##s-@_ adf]lhd pBf]usf] ;+rfnsNffO{ pQm sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf aofg u/fO{ k|fKt ePsf k|df0f ;"rgf cfbL ;d]tNffO{ larf/ u/L P]glgodn] ldGxf lbg ldNg] /sd ldGxf lbO{, ldGxf lbg gldNg] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]; u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##s-@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo ?=%@,@#,$(@.$( sfod x'g] 7x/ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] u/]sf]df ;jf/L ;fwg dd{t vr{, ;]N; l8kf]df ePsf vr{ / sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj e'QmfgL ubf{ kfl/>lds s/ s§f u/L a}+sdf hDdf u/]sf] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]; u/]sf] ldn]g elg s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z s]lx pN6L u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfdf lrQ ga'lem s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] o; cbfntdf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|fKt e} o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] . !%= o;df ljkIfL pBf]un] pNn]v u/]sf] dd{t ;+ef/ vr{ ?=!,^@,!*$.&#, ;jf/L ;fwg ;+rfng vr{ ?=!,@@,((*. / ;]N;l8kf] lj/u+hsf] gf]S;fgL vr{ / sd{rf/Lsf] tnj e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d cfos/ s§f gu/]sf] /sd ;d]t k'+lhut vr{ dfGg'kg{]df k'+hLut vr{ gdfgL v'b cfodf ;dfj]; gx'g] 7x/ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf ab/ x'g'kg{] eGg] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg lhls/ b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g, (;+.;.) @)#! sf] bkmf ## s -!_ df s/bftf :jo+dn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{sf] lgldQ cfkm\gf] v'b cfo sfod u/L :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] kmf/fddf ljj/0fx? k]z 7

u/L cfkm\gf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] pNn]v b]lvG5 . ljkIfL pBf]un] ;f] P]g adf]lhd cfly{s jif{ @)%).%! sf] cfosf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f / k|df0fx?sf] ;fy} n]vfkl/If0f u/]sf] jf;nft / gfkmf gf]S;fgL ljj/0f ;d]t s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/df @)%!.*.@( df k]z u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] ljj/0fsf] hfFra'em k|of]hgsf] nflu ljkIfL pBf]uNffO{ sfuhkq k|df0fx? bflvn u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd kqfrf/ ePsf] b]lv+5 . ljkIfL pBf]un] cf=j= @)%).%! sf] sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lx;fj lstfj vftfjfxL, aLn e/kfO{ cfbL lnO{ s/ sfof{nodf pkl:yt e} aofg ;d]t )%#.#.^ df u/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . k'gM @)%#.#.#) df cf=j= )%).%! sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf k|df0fx? k]z u/]sf] b]lv+G5 . ljkIfL pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] k|df0fsf] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bs sfof{non] cGoyf elg lhls/ lng ;s]sf] b]lv+b]g . cfos/ P]g, -;+=;=_ @)#! sf] bkmf !@-!_-v_ df oflGqs pks/0f, d]l;g kmlg{r/ tyf cfocfh{g jf k|fKt ug{ k|of]u ePsf cGo ;DklQ jf ;fdfgsf] dd{t /sd vr{x? s§f u/L v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ul/g] pNn]v b]lvG5 . pBf]usf] ;jf/L ;fwg / pBf]u oflGqs ;fwgx? dd{t sfo{ u/]sf] / o:tf] dd{t sfof{noNffO{ k'g/fj]bs sfof{non] k"+lhut vr{sf] ;+1f lbO{ v'b cfos/ ;dfj]z u/]sf] sfg"g cg's"nsf] b]lvg gcfO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] k'g/fj]bs sfof{non] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pN6L u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . !^= pk/f]Qm dd{t vr{x? Po/ sl08zg/, lh=cfO+=;]8 / ;jf/L ;fwg dd{t ubf{ k"hLut k|s[ltsf] vr{ eof] eGg] k'g/fj]bg sfof{non] s] s'g sf/0f jf cfwf/df kF"lhut 7xg{] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/k|df0f ;lxt lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvb}g . dd{t ;+ef/ ;DjGwdf s/bftfn] k|of]u ub{} cfPsf] oflGqs pks/0f, d]l;g kmlg{r/ tyf cfo cfh{g jf k|fKt ug{ k|of]u ePsf] ;DklQ elTs lju|L dd{t ug{‘kb{f ;f] oGq pks/0f, d]l;g kmlg{r/ OToflbsf] Ifdtf, df]n jf cfo' ;fljs ;/x jgfpg nfu]sf] vr{;Dd 5'6 x'g ;Sg] / ;fljs eGbf j9L Ifdtf df]n cfo' jf df}lns cfs[ltdf km/s kg{] u/L jgfpg nfu]sf] vr{NffO{ k"hLut vr{ dfGg] l;4fGt xf] / cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-!_-v_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] ;f] l;4fGtNffO{ sfg"gL ?k lbO{ k|rng u/fO{ cfPsf] 5 . s/bftfsf] egfO{ x]bf{ ;f] dd{t sfo{af6 Po/ slG8;g / lh=cfO+= ;]8 / ;jf/L ;fwg k"j{jt\ cj:yfsf] ;Dd x'g] u/L dd{t ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] sfo{ Goflos sfo{ xf] . s/ clws[t s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|s[ofdf 5fgljg ug{] clws[t x'gsf ;fy} s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] clwsf/L klg x'Fbf lghsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot cf/f]kL Pj+ lg0f{ost{f b'j} /x]sf] 5 . Goflos sfo{ ug{] s/ clws[t h:tf] clwsf/Ln] s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ugsf nflu j:t'ut ?kdf k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg ug{‘ kb{5 eg] lg0f{odf k'u]sf] j:t'ut cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]t lbg'kg{] x'G5 . k'g/fj]bs s/ clws[tn] ljjfb:kb dd{t vr{dWo] k"hLut dfg]/ cfo tkm{ hf]8]sf] /sd s] s'g sf/0fn] ;DjlGwt Po/ sl08zg/, lh=cfO{= ;]8 jf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;fljssf] Ifdtf, cfo' df]n jf cfs[lt eGbf j9L jf km/s ePsf] xf] eGg] b]vfpg' kYo{f], p;sf] Tof] Goflos sfo{ lyof], Goflos lhDd]jf/L lyof] t/ ;f] eP u/]sf] eGg] s/ lgwf{/0f krf{ jf o; cbfnt ;dIf lbPsf] cg'dltsf] lgj]bgdf v'nfPsf] b]vfPsf] kfOPg . k'g/fj]bs sfof{no o; cbfntsf] b[li6df d'2fsf] csf]{ kIf ;/x /x]sf] x'bf cfkm\gf] lg0f{o of] o; sf/0fn] ;lx 5 egL cfkm\gf] lhls/sf] k'i6\ofOsf nflu cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' b]vfpg ;d]t ;Sg' kg{] x'G5 . k'g/fj]bs sfof{non] o; cbfntdf bfo/ u/sf] cg'dltsf] lgj]bgdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] lg0f{o km};nf s] s'g cfwf/df / s;/L q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvbf xr'jf lgj]bg lhls/s} e/df bfjL lhls/ jdf]lhd ug{ x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . s/ ;DjGwL ljjfbdf cd's /sd of] o; sf/0fn] s/of]Uo 5}g egL s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf s/ nufpg rfxg] s/ clws[t of sfof{non] of] o; kl/jGbaf6 s/ nfUg] xf] eGg] b]vfpg kg{] x'G5 . s/ nfUg] cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f k'o{fpg] ef/ s/ sfof{no jf s/ clws[t pk/g} x'G5 . s/ ;DjGwL ljjfbdf k|df0fsf] ef/sf] cToGt} dxTj / cfjZostf x'G5 . s/bftf pk/ dfq k|df0f k'o{fpg] ef/ /xb}g . s/bftfn] ts{;+ut ?kdf s/ nfUg] xf]Og eGb5 eg] s/ nfUg] xf] eg]/ k|df0f k'o{fpg] ef/ s/ clws[t pk/ x'G5 . s/ Gofosf] of] k|fylds s'/f xf] . pk/f]Qm ljj]lrt s'/f / k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs sfof{nosf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ nufotsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ plNnlvt /sd k"hLut vr{ /x]5 eg]/ k'g/fj]bs sfof{non] b]vfpg ;s]sf kfOPg . ctM /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] dd{t ;+ef/ vr{ dfg]/ u/]sf] km};nfdf s'g} q"l6 ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPg . !&= ;]N; l8kf] s/bftf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ug{] zfvf ;/xsf] Ps c•f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s'g} pBf]un] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] ljqmL ljt/0fsf nflu ljleGg dfWodx? h:t} Ph]G;L, l8:6«LJo'6/ h:tf jflx/L JolQmx? lgo'Qm ug{] jf cfk\mg} zfvf k|zfvf jf ;]N; l8kf] vf]Ng] eGg] s'/f ;DjlGwt pBf]un] ug{] lg0f{o xf] o;} u/ eg]/ c?n] eGg ldNb}g t/ olb ;DjlGwt pBf]un] ;]N; l8kf] ;d]t /fv]/ pTkflbt j:t'sf] ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ rfxG5 eg] sfg"gn] To:tf] gu/ eGg x'b}g . ;f] cg';f/ ljqmL ljt/0fsf nflu ;]N; l8kf] vf]nL ljqmL ljt/0fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{] ul/Psf] 5 eg] To:tf] ;]N; l8kf]sf] cfDbfgL vr{ d"n pBf]us} cfDbfgL vr{ cGtu{t cfp5 . s'g} ;]N; l8kf]df sf/f]jf/ ePg eg] klg To;df nfUg] Go"gtd clgjfo{ vr{x? x'g;Sg] x'G5g / To:tf] vr{NffO{ cfo gePsf] eg]/ cgb]vf jf cdfGo ug{ x'b}g . cfo ePdf dfq vr{ lbg ldn\b5 eGg] s'/f plrt x'b}g . sf/f]jf/sf l;nl;nfdf sf/0fj; sf/f]jf/ ePg jf cfo x'g ;s]g eg] klg s'n cfosf] cjwf/0ff cGtu{t s/bftfsf cfo cfh{gsf qmddf ePsf jf:tljs vr{x? s§f ug{ kfpg] 8

g} x'G5 . cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ljqmL ljt/0f ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu v8f u/]sf]\ ;]N; l8kf] sfod /fVg sfg"g jdf]lhd ltg{‘kg{] nfO;]G; gljs/0f / cGo :6]zg/L h:tf s'/fdf ePsf] ;fdfGo vr{x?NffO{ l8kf]af6 sf/f]jf/ gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df vr{ s§f ug{ kfpg ;Sg] xf]Og eGg Gofof]lrt x'b}g . ;]N; l8kf] jL/uGhsf] ;f] cf=j=df gf]S;fgL ?=!),^$*.– sf] /sd b]vfPsf] 5 . pQm cf=j=df pQm l8kf]af6 s'g} vl/b ljqmLsf] sf/f]jf/ gePsf] / sf/f]jf/ geP klg l8kf]sf] nfO;]G; gljs/0f ;lxt cGo :6]zg/L cflb km'6s/ vr{x? e}, ;f] vr{sf] ljn e/kfO{ k]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf To:tf] vr{ ePsf] eGg] k'li6 x'g cfof] . ctM ;f] /sdNffO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]; gug{] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f la/f6gu/sf] OG;fkm ldn]s} b]lvof] . To:t} sd{rf/Lsf] tnjeQf e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d cfos/ s§f gu/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] elg ?=$@,%@$.@& v'bcfodf ;dfj]z gu/]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ tkm{ x]bf{ ljkIfL pBf]un] @)%#.#.#) df lbPsf] hjfkmdf pQm clu|d /sd e"naf6 k"/f s§f ug{ g;lsP klg xfn pQm /sd To; sfof{nosf] vftfdf hDdf u/L lbPsf] 5 elg a}+s ef}r/ ;lxt k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm ef}r/NffO{ k'g/fj]bs sfof{non] gs/f egL lhls/ lng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . cfos/ -;+=;=_ )#! sf] bkmf #^-#_ df 5'6 /sd a'emfpg kfpg] u/L Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] pkbkmf -#_ df :ki6;+u s'g} JolQmn] >f]tdf s/ s§L u/L j'emfpg kg{] lyof] t/ ;f] ug{ g;sL 5'6fP5 jf 3l6j9L x'g] u/L s§f ul/ j'emfP5 eg] s§L ug{ 5'6fPsf] jf 3l6jl9 u/L j'emfPsf] /sd csf]{ k6ssf] e'QmfgLaf6 ldNffO{ s§f ug{ kfpg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvbf ;|f]tdf s/ s§L ubf{ 3l6j9L e} e"nr's x'g ;Sg] / To;NffO{ kl5 ldnfpg ;Sg] sfg"gsf] cf;o /x]sf] b]lvof] . o; cj:yfdf s/bftfn] e"naf6 k'/f s§f x'g g;s]sf] eGb} kl5 sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] /sd ;|f]taf6 s§L ul/ j'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvPkl5 s/bftfn] sfg"g pn\n+3g u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] ePg . ctM ;f] /sdNffO{ v"bcfodf ;dfj]z gug{] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf Gofof]lrt b]lvFbf cg'dlt k|bfg ePsf] cfb]z;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . !(= ctM pk/f]Qm plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0fx? ;d]taf6 s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zNffO{ s]lx pN6L ug{] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j GofofwLs/0f lj/f6gu/sf] @)%&.!@.( km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgod adf]lhd a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemL Olt ;+jt @)^@ ;fn r}q !$ ut] /f]h @ z'ed=============

9

>L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/ k|;fb lu/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L zf/bf >]i7 cfb]z ldlt M @)^#.(.@* ;Djt\ @)%( ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #!&%

D'f2f M cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] cfos/ . $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}+ sf] tkm{af6 k|d'v s/ clws[t dfwj k|;fb 9sfn==========================================================!

k'g/fj]bs ljkIfL

lj?4 Afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q,sf7df08f}+ l:yt g]kfn Uof; O08li6«h k|f=ln= =============! k|ToyL{ lgj]bs cl3 lg0f{o ug]{ M $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}+ M k|d'v s/ clws[t >L OZj/ s'df/ >]i7 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+ M dfggLo cWooIf >L bfdf]b/ k|;fb zdf{ /fh:j ;b:o >L 8Dj/ axfb'/ kGt n]vf ;b:o >L /d]z rGb| cof{n km};nf /fh:j GofofwLs/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)%&.%.@* sf] km};nf pk/ lrQ gj'emL s/ sfof{no af/fsf] tkm{af6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -Vf_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dtL kfp+ egL kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgdf cg'dlt k|bfg e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M k|:t't d'2fdf cfly{s jif{ @)%@.)%# df pBf]uaf6 k|fKt cfodf vr{ s6\6f ubf{ ?=#*,*!,#*$.$! gfkmf pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%#.(.@* df s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}+df k]z u/]sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f kmf/fd . To; k|f=ln=n] :j=s/ lgwf{/0f k|s[of cg';f/ ldlt @)%#.(.@* df k]z u/]sf] cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ lj:t[t cg';f/ ldlt @)%#.(.@* df k]z u/]sf] cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ lj:t[t 5fgljg ;d]taf6 v'b cfo ?=*&,#@,#)%.@& sfod e} ;f]df cfly{s P]g cg';f/ cfos/ ?= @*,*!,^^).&# cfos/ P]g, @)#!-;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ^)-#_ cg';f/ hl/jfgf ? *,)),$)!.($ ;d]tdf clu|d bflvn ePsf] ?=!@,*),*%&.– s§f u/L afFsL ?=@$,)!,@)%.^& P]gsf Dofb leq bfv]n ug'{xf]nf eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%%.#.#) df ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] cfwf/lxg tyf unt k|lqmof ckgfO{ pBf]u / u|fxs jLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg'?kaf6 ;d]t l;ln08/ sDkgLsf] ;DklQ xf] / Uof; l;ln08/ u|fxsn] lkmtf{ lng cfPsf] v08df s'g} x|f; s6\6L gu/L l8kf]lh6 /sd k'/} lkmtf{ lbg] ul/Psf] x'Fbf pBf]usf] ;DklQdf x|f; s6\6L gx'g] egL cfosf ;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf] z'? lg0f{o xr'jf Pj+ sfg"g q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf ljkIfL sfof{non] v'b cfos/df ;dfj]z u/]sf] /sd k'/} ldGxf u/L k'g/fj]bsn] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fdf b]vfPsf] v'b cfo ?=#*,*!,#*$.$! sfod u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bsn] o; Gofolws/0fdf ldlt @)%%.%.@( df r9fPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . o;df z'? sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o ljrf/0fLo x'+bf 5nkmnsf lgldQ c=j+=@)@ g+=adf]lhd ;/sf/L jsLn lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t /fh:j Gofolws/0f sf7df08f}+af6 ePsf] cfb]z . k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] lx;fj lstfjaf6 / ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f Pj+ z'? sfof{nosf] lg0f{oaf6 ;d]t Uof; l;ln08/ u|fxsnfO{ w/f}6L :j?k lbPsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . u|fxsnfO{ l;ln08/ cfjZos gePdf l;ln08/ oyfl:yltdf pBf]udf j'emfO{ w/f}6L :j?k /fv]sf] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg] cj:yf k|df0f :j?k k]z u/]sf] sfuhaf6 b]lvPsf], pBf]usf] :jldTjdf /x]sf] pBf]usf] ;DklQ w/f}6L :j?k u|fxsnfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbPsf] eGg] k|df0f Jojxf/af6 k'li6 ePsf], s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ u7g ePsf] cfof]usf] lg0f{o clGtd e} k'g/fj]bs s/bftf sDkgLn] k|fKt u/L /x]sf] x|f;s6\6Lsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt l;ln08/ nfO{ ljqmL dfgL ;f] sf] x|f;s6\6L ldGxf gu/L cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? lg0f{o ldn]g, pBf]un] k'+lhut ;fdfg l;ln08/ ePkl5 ;f]df ePsf] x|f;s6\6L k|0ffnL cg';f/ cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf !@-!_ -`_ cg';f/ x|f; vr{ ?=$*,%),(@).*^ 10

ldGxf kfpg] x'G5 . hl/jfgfsf] xsdf vr{ ldGxf kfPsf] cg'kftdf dfq hl/jfgf nfUg] x'+bf z'? sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%&.%.@* df ePsf] km};nf . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+af6 o; sfof{non] u/]s]f z'? lg0f{odf s]lx pN6L x'g] u/L u/]sf] km};nf pk/ lrQ a'em]g . s/bftf Uof; pBf]un] Uof; pBf]u / pkef]Qmf jLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf Uof; l;ln08/sf] :jfldTj Uof; pBf]udf /xg] egL ePsf] 5 egL jx;df k]z u/]sf] ;Demf}tf pBf]un] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;dodf lbPsf] ;kmfO{sf] df}sfsf] cjlwdf ;d]t k]z gu/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf ax;df k]z ePsf] k|df0fnfO{ k|df0f nufO{ lg0f{o u/]sf] x'+bf a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'emL u/]sf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . To;}u/L s/ km5\of}6 cfof]un] ldlt @)%#.#.!# df cf=j=@)$).)$! b]lv @)$@.)$#;Ddsf] nflu l;ln08/df x|f;s6\6L lbPsf] eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/ lnPsf] 5 . s/ km5\of}6 cfof]usf] lg0f{o glh/ xf]Og . cfof]un] cfk;L ;Demf}tfaf6 ;d]t s/ tf]Sg] ePsf]n] o;sf] ;Demf}tf To; ljifo;+u dfq l;ldt x'G5 . cfof]usf] lg0f{onfO{ c? lg0f{ox¿df k|df0fsf] ?kdf lng ldNg] xf]Og . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+n] a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'emL k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L s/ sfof{nosf] z'? s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ s]lx pN6fO{ u/]sf] xb;Ddsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] km};nf gldn]sf]n] pN6fO{ z'? lg0f{o ;b/ u/L kfp+ eGg] $ g+=s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k|fKt x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dtL kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg kq . o;df k'g/fj]bg txdf jx;sf] l;nl;nfdf k]z u/]sf] ;Demf}tfsf] k|df0fnfO{ k|df0f u|fx\o gx'g]df a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f ga'em]sf] / pkef]Qmfn] Uof; l;ln08/sf] d"No lt/L lng] ;DklQnfO{ sDkgLsf] ;DklQ eGg] / Uof; l;ln08/nfO{ x|f;s6\6L x'g] d]l;g/L ;fdfg dfgL x|f;vr{ ldGxf x'g] JofVof u/L u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] km};nfdf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod !) cg';"rL % sf] -$_ df ul/Psf] sfg"gsf] JofVofsf] q'6L b]lv+bf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -v_ / -u_ sf] q'6L ljBdfg b]lv+bf o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 egL o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.!@.@! sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs ljkIfL s/ sfof{no af/fsf] tkm{af6 dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 pkl:yt pk GofoflwjQmf4o >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n / Clifs]z jfUn]n] Uof; l;ln08/ pBf]usf] ;DklQ geO{ pkef]Qmfsf] ;DklQ x'g] x'+bf To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ pBf]usf] ;DklQ dfgL x|f;s6\6L ;'ljwf lbPsf] ldn]g . ljkIfL Uof; pBf]un] pkef]QmfnfO{ Uof; l;ln08/ w/f}6Ldf laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sd slx+ st} 5'6\6} w/f}6L vftf vf]nL g/fv]sf], w/f}6L /sdaf6 pkef]QmfnfO{ s'g} Jofh glbPsf], Uof; ;lsPkl5 l;ln08/ lkmtf{ ubf{ x|f:f s6\6f u/]sf] cj:yfdf Uof; l;ln08/ w/f}6Ldf geO{ ljqmL g} u/L lbPsf] s'/f Jojxf/af6 k'i6L eO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf pBf]un] cfkm\gf] pBf]udf /x]sf] crn d]l;g/L ;DklQdf kfpg] x|f;s6\6L ;'ljwf glbg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o dgfl;j x'+bf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf pN6L u/L z'? lg0f{o ;b/ u/L kfp+ egL / k|ToyL{ lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 lj4fg clejQmf >L zDe' yfkfn] Uof; l;ln08/df Uof; pBf]usf] :jfldTj /xg] EfGg] s'/f Uof; pBf]u / pkef]QmfjLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfn] Pjd\ Pn=kL=Uof; cfrf/ ;+lxtf g]kfn u'0f:t/ #&^÷@)%# sf] lgodx¿n] lgod #.!@ df Uof; l;ln08/ pBf]usf] ;DklQ dfg]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'+bf x'+b} z'? s/ sfof{non] l;ln08/nfO{ laqmL u/]sf] dfgL Uof; l;ln08/ k|of]u ug{ lb+bf /fv]s]f w/f}6L /sd d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg], l;ln08/nfO{ pBf]usf] ;DklQ dfgL lbg' kg]{ x|f:fs6\6L glbg] u/L u/]sf] z"? lg0f{o pN6fO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+af6 ePsf] OG;fkm ldn]s} x'+bf ;b/ x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;'lgof] . To;}u/L k|ToyL{ lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 clwjQmf clgn s'df/ l;+xn] Uof; pBf]un] cfkm"n] lsg]sf] cfkm\gf] :jfldTj ePsf] Uof; l;ln08/sf] POSSESSION dfq pkef]ustf{df /x]sf] xf] . cfkm\gf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] xf]Og . Uof; l;ln08/ pkef]ustf{df /x]sf] xf] . cfkm\gf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] xf]Og . Uof; l;ln08/ pkef]u ug{ lbP jfktsf] /sd w/f}6L vftfdf /fVg :ki6 sfg"gsf] cefj ePsf]n] g/fv]sf] dfq xf] . pkef]ustf{ w/f}6L lkmtf{ dfUg cfPdf lkmtf{ lbg] u/]sf] 5 . ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] Uof; l;ln08/nfO{ pBf]usf] ;DklQ gdfgL Uof; pBf]usf] cfodf x|f;s6\6L ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o gldn]sf]n] /fh:j Gofoflwsf/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf dgfl;j x'Fbf pQm Gofoflws/0fsf] OG;fkm ;b/ ul/of]; egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] . To:t} u/L Kf|ToyL{ tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf /fd k|;fb e08f/Ln] g]kfn Uof; pBf]u sfg"g adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] :+f:yf ePsf] x'+bf sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfaf6 pBf]unfO{ jl~rt u/fpg kfO{b}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/ Uof; pBf]usf] cfkm\gf] k"Flhut ;fdfg l;ln08/ ePkl5 ;f]df 36\bf] x|f;s6\6L ;'ljwf kfpg' kb{5 . l;ln08/sf] w/f}6LnfO{ ljqmL dfgL cfo lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNb}g . Uof; l;ln08/sf] w/f}6L /sd pkef]Qmfsf] xf] . of] w/f}6L /sd t s]jn gf;f] w/f}6 dfq ePsf] x'+bf g]kfn Uof; pBf]un] Uof; l;ln08/df x|f;s6\6L ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}af6 ePsf] OG;fkm ldn]sf]n] ;b/ x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] . cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg] tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ Pj+ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf lj4fg pk GofoflwjQmfx¿n] ug'{ ePsf] pNn]lvt ax; lhls/, k|:t't ax; gf]6, z'? /]s8{ / ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿sf] cWoog 11

u/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] OG;fkm ldn] gldn]sf] ;DaGwdf lgDg k|Zgdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfof] . != Uof; l;ln08/ pBf]usf] k"Flhut ;DklQ xf] jf xf]Og, olb pBf]usf] k"+lhut ;DklQ xf] egL cfos/ P]g cg';f/ x|f;s6\6L ;'ljwf kfp5 jf kfp+b}g < eGg] ljifodf . @= k'g/fj]bsn] k'g/fj]bgsf] qmddf a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'emL km};nf u/] eGg] ;DjGwdf ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfof] . klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfn Uof; pBf]u k|f=ln=afnfh'n] ldlt @)%#.(.@* df k]z u/]sf] cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] v'b cfo ?= *&,#@,#)%.@& sfod e} ;f]df cfly{s P]g cg';f/ cfos/ ?= @*,*!,^^).&# cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+;f]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ^)-#_ cg';f/ hl/jfgf ?= *,)),$)!.($ ;d]tdf clu|d bflvn ePsf] ?= !@,*),*%& s6\6f ubf{ afFsL ? =@$,)!,@)%.^& P]gsf Dofb leq bflvn ug'{ xf]nf egL s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] cfb]z pk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ g]kfn Uof; pBf]usf] tkm{af6 /fh:j Gofoflw/0f sf7sf08f}df k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)%&.%.@* df k'g/fj]bs s/bftf g]kfn Uof;sf] cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] v'b cfo sfod ubf{ Uof; pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ Uof; l;ln08/sf] x|f;s6\6L vr{ ;DjGwdf k|df0faf6 l;ln08/ pBf]us} ;DklQ ePsf]n] l;ln08/sf] x|f; vr{ gkfpg] egL v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g . z'? s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%%.#.@) sf] lg0f{o s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/\ofO{ u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k|ToyL{ Uof; pBf]u lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] / ljkIfL k'g/fj]bs s/ sfof{no af/fsf] tkm{af6 ;f] km};nfn] Uof; pBf]un] pkef]QmfnfO{ w/f}6L jfkt egL /sd lnO{ ljqmL u/L lbPsf] Uof;sf] l;ln08/nfO{ pBf]u s} ;DklQ dfgL Uof; l;ln08/ ljqmL gu/L s]jn ;Demf}tf adf]lhd w/f}6L /sd lnO{ k|of]u ug{;Dd lbPsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnO{ Uof; l;ln08/sf] x|f;vr{ s6\6L lbg] u/]]sf] km};nf ldn]g, k|df0f k]z ug{ eg]sf] ;dodf k|df0f k]z gu/L ax;sf] qmddf k]z ePsf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] OG;fkm ldn]g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'em]sf] x'+bf pQm km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . l;ln08/ pBf]usf] ;DklQ dfgL x|f; vr{ s6\6L ;'ljwf lbg] u/L ePsf] km};nf ;du| ?kdf cfrf/ ;+lxtfnfO{ dgg gu/L ePsf] 5 . s/ lgwf{/0f cfof]usf] lg0f{o afWofTds ?kdf kfng ug'{ kg]{ glh/ xf]Og . To; lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ u/]sf] km};nf ;du| ?kdf cfrf/ ;+lxtfnfO{ dgg gu/L ePsf] 5 . s/ lgwf{/0f cfof]usf] lg0f{o afWofTds ?kdf kfng ug'{ kg]{ glh/ xf]Og . To; lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ u/]sf] km};nf ldn]g egL o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{sf] nfuL cg'dlt dfu e} lgj]bg k]z ePsf]df cg'dtL ;d]t k|fKt e} ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . Uof; pBf]un] cfkm\gf] Uof; pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ Uof; ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos l;ln08/ Joj:yf u/L Uof; ljt/0f ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf] 5 . Uof; pBf]un] cfkm\gf u|fxsx¿nfO{ Uof; l;ln08/ ljqmL gu/L s]jn k|of]u ug{ lbP jfkt w/f}6L /sd lng];Dd u/]sf] xf] egL k|ToyL{ Uof; pBf]usf] tkm{af6 ax; ug'{ x'g] sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 cfkm\gf] ax;sf] qmddf JoQm x'g cfPsf] Pn=kL=Uof; / To;sf] ;fdfg laqmL ljt/0f af/] lgod / zt{x¿sf] zt{ g+=@ df sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] l;ln08/df pkef]QmfnfO{ Pn=kL=Uof; a]Rg] 5 . Uof; ;lsPkl5 pkef]Qmfn] l/Qf] l;ln08/ tn lbPsf] tl/sf adf]lhd kmsf{pg' kg]{ 5 eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 klg Uof; pBf]un] l;ln08/ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ 5 eGg] zJbaf6 Uof; l;ln08/sf] :jfldTj Uof; pBf]udf /xg], pkef]Qmfdf s]jn l;ln08/ sf] Possossary right dfq /xg] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL lgod / zt{x¿sf] zt{ g+=% df sDkgLn] Pn=kL= Uof; j]Rg] pkef]QmfnfO{ l;ln08/ gf;f] w/f}6Ldf lbg]5 / of] dfly sDkgLsf] ;Dk"0f{ / ;jf{lwsf/ x'g]5 . o;nfO{ j]Rg' jf aGwsL /fVg' Ps csf{;+u jbNg' cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ?kdf ljufg'{, c? s'g} sfddf k|of]udf Nofpg' c? s;}nfO{ ef8fdf lbg jf j]l7s tl/sfn] k|of]udf Nofpg ;d]t x'b}g eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 klg Uof; l;ln08/sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf g]=u=#&^÷@)%# sf] bkmf #=!@ df l;ln08/ ;DalGwt Uof; eg]{ pBf]usf] lghL ;DklQ ePsf] tyf To;sf] ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj ;DalGwt pBf]udf dfq} lglxt x'g] x'+bf s'g} klg xfntdf csf]{ pBf]usf] l;ln08/df Uof; eg'{ x'+b}g eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #=!$ df Uof; l;ln08/df Uof; eg]{ pBf]u b]lv pkef]Qmfn] Uof; pkef]u ug]{ 7fp+;Dd slx st} s'g} k|sf/ sf] ljikmf]6g b'3{6gf eP/ wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] v08df Uof; eg]{ pBf]un] ;Dk"0f{ IftLsf] pQ/bfloTj jxg u/L lhDd]jf/L lnO{ lkl8t kIfnfO{ plrt dfqfdf Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg ;DjlGwt pBf]un] cfjZos /sdsf] ljdf clgjfo{ ug'{ kg]{ 5 eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 klg Uof; l;ln08/sf] :jfldTj Uof; pBf]un] pkef]QmfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ g;Sg] / gkfOg] x'+bf To;af6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t Uof; pBf]un] lng' kg]{ ePaf6 Uof; l;ln08/ pBf]un] a]r]sf] egL cfwf/ dgfl;j b]lvPg egL pNNf]lvt ljleGg cfwf/x¿af6 Uof; l;ln08/ / pBf]usf] ;DklQ xf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb b]lvPg . Uof; pBf]un] pkef]QmfnfO{ j]Rg rfx]/ klg Uof; l;ln08/ a]Rg / To;sf] hf]lvdaf6 pGd'QmL gkfpg] x'Fbf pBf]un] cfkm\gf pkef]ustf{nfO{ Uof; l;ln08/ k|of]u ug{ lbP jfkt lnPsf] /sd w/f}6L dfq xf] . ljqmL u/L l;ln08/sf] d"No lnPsf] xf]Og eGg] s'/f b]lvg cfPaf6 Uof; l;ln08/ pkef]QmfnfO{ w/f}6L :j?k lbPsf]df ljjfb b]lv+b}g . To;}n] z'? s/ sfof{non] Uof; l;ln08/sf] w/f}6L /sdnfO{ laqmL dfgL cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g . Uof; l;ln08/ pBf]usf] ;DklQ xf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 e} ;s]sf], s/ km5\{of}6 cfof]u P]g, @)## åf/f ul7t cfof]u, 12

@)%! sf] ldlt @)%#.#.!# sf] lg0f{on] ;d]t Uof; l;ln08/ pBf]usf] ;DklQ xf] eGg] dfGotf lbO{ g]kfn Uof; pBf]u afnfh'NffO{ cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( adf]lhd Uof; l;ln08/df x|f; vr{ ldGxf lbPsf] kfO{Paf6 klg g]kfn Uof; pBf]u af/fsf] Uof; l;ln08/ k"Flhut ;fdfg ePkl5 ;f]df 36\bf] x|f;s6\6L k|0ffnL cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-!_ v08 -~f_ cg';f/ x|f; vr{ 5'6 kfpg] g} b]lvg cfpFb5 . o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ ' m Ohnf;af6 k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] km};nfdf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod !) sf] cg';"rL %-$_ df ePsf] sfg"gsf] JofVofTds q'6L ePsf] egL lnPsf] cfwf/ tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -`_ df cfo cfh{g jf k|fKt ug]{ sfddf k|of]u ePsf] cfkm\gf] :jfldTj ePsf] d]l;g tyf cGo ;DklQsf] lsl;d / l6sfpsf] cfwf/df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] b/df gj9fO{ 6'6km'6 -l8k|Ll;o;g_ /sd s6\6f ul/g] 5 eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg] cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod !) sf] pklgod -#_ df of] lgod k|f/De x'g' eGbf cl3 b]lv ;+rfng x'+b} cfPsf / of] lgodfjnL k|f/De ePkl5 ;+rfng ePsf pBf]u, Jofkf/ k]zf jf Joj;fosf] ;dfg ls:tfk|0ffnL jf 36\bf] x|f;s6\6L k|0ffnL ckgfO{ 6'6km'6 s6\6f ug{ kfpg] 5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf Uof; l;ln08/nfO{ pBf]usf] ;DklQ egL x|f;s6\6L ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ egL u/]sf] o; cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dtL lbPsf] cfb]z;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . bf];|f] k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bsn] cfkm\gf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf lgj]bs k|ToyL{sf] tkm{af6 ;j'b k|df0f dfu ubf{ k|df0f k]z gu/L kl5 jx;sf] qmddf k]z ePsf] k|df0fnfO{ k|df0fdf nufO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6, u/]sf] km};nf a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'emL u/]sf] egL lnPsf] lhls/ ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] -3_ df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gbf æcfkm}n] j9L k|df0f a'em\g] / tNnf] c8\8f jf clwsf/Laf6 klg j'em\g nufpg]Æ eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 jx;sf] qmddf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|df0f a'emL Gofo lg/f]k0f a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'emL u/]sf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ eof] eGg] lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . ctM dfly pNn]lvt ljleGg cfwf/ sf/0faf6 pBf]usf] k"Flhut ;fdfg Uof; l;ln08/ ePkl5 ;f] df 36\bf] x|f; s6\6L k|0ffnL cg';f/ cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf !@-!_ -`_ cg';f/ x|f; vr{ ?=$*,%),(@).*^ ldGxf kfpg] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf cGoyf u/L Uof; l;ln08/sf] x|f; vr{ 5'6 gkfpg] egL v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g . ;f] x|f; vr{ ldGxf x'G5 . hl/jfgfsf] xsdf vr{ ldGxf kfPsf] cg'kftdf dfq hl/jfgf nfUg] x'+bf z'? sfof{nosf] lg0f{o s]lx pN6L x'g] 7x/fO{ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)%&.%.@* sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs $ g+= s/ sfof{nosf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nuts6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t –pk ;lrj _ Dff]xg/fh e6\6/fO{ O{lt ;Djt\ @)^# ;fn kf}if @* ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\================================.

13

efuM $(, ;fnM @)^$, dlxgfM c;f]h, c+sM ^, km};nf ldlt M@)^$.)#.@*, lg0f{o g+= &*%( ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf

d'2f M– cfos/ . k'g/fj]bsM n=k'=lh=n=k'=p=d=g=kf= zxLb z'qmdfu{ s'k08f]n l:yt !^÷@)&! xf]6n lxdfno k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt P]=P]= jf8{ g+= ! 3/ e} P] xf]6ndf cy{ lgoGqs kbdf sfo{/t nId0f gf/fo0f >]i7 lj¿4 k|ToyL{M g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/ ;d]t · s'g} s/bftfn] ;fne/ u/]sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fa lstfa ;f] jif{sf] cGtdf sfg"g adf]lhd u0fgf ubf{ gfkmf ePdf To;NffO{ ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf] cfo dflgG5 . To:tf] s/sf] b/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ sf] Joj:yf cfo jif{sf] clGtd lbg sfod /x]sf] s/ b/ cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . 5'6km'6 sf/f]af/ ul/ cfo u/]sf]df afx]s cfos/ hlxn] klg k'/} Ps jif{sf] cfodf nufOg] x'Fbf cfos/sf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL k"0f{ jif{ g} cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfwf/ x'G5 oBlk vf; cj:yf / l:yltsf cfosf] ;Gbe{df h'g a]nf cfo eof] To;}df cfos/ nfUg] nufpg] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] . · cfos/sf] b/ cfojif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] b/ x'g] x'Fbf ;f] cfojif{df k6s k6s sfg"gn] cfos/sf] b/ ;+zf]wg u/] klg cfojif{sf] clGtd lbg cy{ft cfiff9 d;fGtsf lbg sfod /x]sf] b/af6} s/bftfsf] cfos/sf] lgwf{/0f x'gkg{] . · hlxn] klg cfos/ cl3Nnf] jif{el/ u/]sf] sf/f]af/ jf k|fKtL vr{x¿ kl5Nnf] jif{df lx;fa lstfa u/L gfkmf jf gf]S;fg Plsg ug{' kg{] x'Fbf jif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] s/sf] b/ cg';f/ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;d]t k'li6 x'G5 . t;y{ jif{el/ nuftf/ sf/f]af/ ug{] s/bftfsf] xsdf cfos/sf] b/ slxNo} klg Ps eGbf a9L x'g g;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=!@_ k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7L cjnlDjt ghL/M km};nf Gof=kjgs'df/ cf]emfM /fhZj GofofwLs/0f, sf7df8f}sf] ldlt @)%*.^.!^.# sf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bs xf]6nsf] tkm{af6 /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd o; cbfnt ;dIf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt kfpF eGg] lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%(.^.# df cg'dlt e} k'g/fj]bgdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M– @= k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] cfly{s jif{ )%#.%$ df xf]6n pBf]uaf6 cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu v'b cfo ?=^),##,$%%.^! b]vfO{ s/ ?=!@,)^,^(!.!@ dWo] ?=!&,!!,**^.(( clu|d bflvn u/]sf] pNn]v u/L s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/df k]z u/]sf] : jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f . #= k]z ePsf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fNffO{ k|f/lDes 5fgljg adf]lhd cf=j= )%#.%$ df ? !&,!!,**^.(( bflvn u/]sf]df o; cf=a=df nfUg] s/ ?=!^,$),$#*.&@ s6fO{ afFsL a9L ?=&!,$$*.@& cfufdL cf=a=df ldnfg ul/g] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt )%$.!!.@@ sf] s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] lg0f{o . $= cf}Bf]lus Joa;fo P]g, @)$( sf] -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)%$ hf/L ldlt @)%$.@.@^_ sf] bkmf !% -ª_ adf]lhd @) k|ltzt cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg{]df pQm ;+zf]wg hf/L ePsf] ldlt @)%$.@.@^ eGbf cufl8sf] lbgx¿df @) k|ltzt sfod gu/L @* k|ltzt sfod ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g ljk/Lt ePsf] x'Fbf ab/ u/L pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ . %= o;df z'? lg0f{o ljrf/0fLo x'Fbf 5nkmn lgldQ ;/sf/L jsLn lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] cfb]z . ^= v'b cfo sfod u/] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bs ;xdt} ePsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] / k|ltzt nufPsf] ldn] gldn]sf] ;DaGwdf ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhftx¿ x]bf{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( NffO{ -;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo klxnf] 14

;+zf]wg_ cWofb]z, @)%$ ldlt )%$.@.@& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L g]kfn /fhkqdf @)%$.@.@& df ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] / ;f] hf/L cWofb]zdf @) k|ltztn] s/ nufpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] cWofb]z ldlt )%$.@.@& b]lv nfu' x'g] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df ldlt )%$.@.@& eGbf cufl8sf] cjlwsf] nflu ;fljssf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd s} s/sf] OsfO{ b/ nufO{ tTkZrft ldlt )%$.@.@& b]lv afFsL calwsf] nflu )%$.@.@& df k|sflzt ;"rgf adf]lhdsf] s/sf] OsfO{ b/ nufO{{ z'? sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{oNffO{ sfg"g cg'¿k ePg eGg ldNg] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] ldlt )%$.@.@& df k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/ lnO{ ;f] ldlt cufj}sf] cjlwsf] xsdf ;d]t kl5 cfPsf] ;"rgf adf]lhd g} s/sf] OsfO{ b/ nufOg' k5{ egL lnPsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL cfwf/ ;d]t gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=a= @)%).%! sf] nflu z'? sfof{noaf6 v'b cfo sfod ug{] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ cf}=Jo= P]g, @)$( ;+zf]wg ldlt @)%$.@.@^ b]lv cfos/ b/df ;'ljwf lbPsf] b]lvFbf ldlt )%@.%.@% df v8f u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{ / ;f]xL cfwf/df ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z dgfl;j 7x5{ eGg] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f, sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%*.^.!^.# sf] km};nf . &= /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] pQm km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . xf]6nsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fa u/L ?=(#&^#&*.@! gf]S;fg ePsf] egL :jod s/ lgwf{/0fdf ?=^),##,$%%.^! v"b cfo sfod u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, cg';f/ @)Ü nfUg] s/sf] lx;fa u/L ?=!@,)^,^(!.!@ :jod s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/L k]z u/]sf]df ;f] s/ ljj/0fNffO{ cdfGo u/L u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zNffO{ /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+n] k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg g} gu/L ;b/ u/]sf] q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . cf=j= )%#.%$ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ cf=a=sf] cGTodf xfn axfn /x]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd dfq :joDf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg{] Joj:yf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ df 5 . ;f]xL Joj:yf / cf}Bf]lus Aoj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgsf] bkmf !% -ª_ adf]lhd klg lgj]bs pBf]un] :joD s/ lgwf{/0f u/L k]z u/]sf] s/ ljj/0fNffO{ cdfGo u/L ;fljs b]lvsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd g} @*Ü n] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] u/L ePsf] z'? s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o / ;f]NffO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] km};nf ;d]t cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ cf}Bf]lus Aoj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-ª_ tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt e} q'6Lk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . cf=a= )%#.%$ sf] cGTodf axfn /x]sf] P]g cg';f/ @)Ü / ;fljs P]g adf]lhd @)Ü s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg{]df pQm P]g ;+zf]wg eO{ g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ePsf] ldlt @)%$.@.@^ eGbf cufl8sf] ;fljs P]g adf]lhd #@Ü lbgsf] @)Ü sfod gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df @*Ü s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . cWofb]z hf/L x'g' k"j{sf] ldlt @)%$.@.@^ ;Dd #@Ü lbgsf] @*Ü n] ?=!%,!*,!!^.^! / @)%$.@.@& b]lv c;f/ d;fGt ;Dd #& lbgsf] cfos/ @)Ü n] ?=!@@#@@.!! ;d]t hDdf ?=!^,$),$#*.&@ s/ nfUg] egL ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z cg';f/ s/bftfn] ?=!&,!!,**^.(( clu|d s/ bflvnf u/]sf]df ;f] s§f u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?=&!$$*.@& cfufdL cf=j=df ldGxf ug{] egL u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o / ;f]NffO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] km};nf ;d]t ab/ u/L s/bftfn] pQm cf=j=df bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ljj/0f g} sfod ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] xf]6n lxdfno k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt ;f]xL xf]6nsf cy{ lgoGqs nId0fgf/fo0f >]i7sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg kq . *= o;df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( -klxnf] ;+zf]wg hf/L ldlt @)%$.@.@&_ sf] bkmf !% -ª_ adf]lhd @)Ü cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg{]df gu/L @*Ü s/ sfod ug{] u/L ePsf] s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] lg0f{o sfg"g ljk/Lt x'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpmF eGg] lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ df ;fna;fnL jf s'g} Ps ;fnsf] lgldQ cfos/ nufpg] u/L s'g} P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePdf o:tf] cfos/ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd s/bftfn] cl3Nnf] cfojif{ leq cfh{g u/]sf] jf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf o:tf] cfojif{sf] clGtd lbg nfu" /x]sf] cfos/sf] b/ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/L c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ldlt @)%$.@.@& df hf/L ePsf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ cWofb]z, @)%$ sf] bkmf !% -ª_ df r'/f]6, la+8L, l;uf/, vfg];"t{L, v}gL / ;"t{L d'Vo sRrf kbfy{ x'g] o;} k|sf/sf cGo a:t' pTkfbg x'g] pBf]u, dlb/f jf ljo/ pTkfbg ug{] pBf]u afx]s cGo pBf]uaf6 cflh{t cfodf @)Ü eGbf a9L s/ nufOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ / g]=sf=k= @)$^ lg=g+= #()), g]=sf=k= @)%! lg=g+= $(^), g]=sf=k= @)%# lg=g+= ^!%! df k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGtx¿ ;d]tsf] kl/ k|]Iodf /fhZj GofofwLs/0f, sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%*.^.!^ sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.$.^.@ sf] cfb]z . (= lgodfg';f/ k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; O{hnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs xf]6nsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkfn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( NffO{{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os @)%$ ldlt @)%$.@.@& b]lv nfu" eO{ ;f] cWofb]zn] @)Ü s/ nufpg' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd pQm cfojif{ @)%#.)%$ sf] nfuL @)Ü v"b cfos/ nufpg' kg{]df ;f]sf] ljk/Lt ldlt @)%$.@.@& cufl8 ;Dd @*Ü / ;f] ldlt kl5sf] nflu @)Ü s/ lgwf{/0f u/L v"b cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] z'¿ lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g egL / k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no tkm{af6 pkl:yt 15

ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]atL/fh lqkf7Ln] s/bftf xf]6nsf] v"b cfo lgwf{/0f u/]tkm{ s'g} ljjfb g/x]sf], cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( NffO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo klxnf] ;+zf]wg cWofb]z @)%$ ldlt @)%$.@.@& b]lv nfu" ePsf] ;Gbe{df pQm cWofb]z nfu" x'g] ldlt eGbf cufl8;Dd axfn /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd cWofb]z nfu" x'g' eGbf cufl8sf] ldlt ;Ddsf] nflu @*Ü / cWofb]z nfu" ePkl5sf] cjlwsf] nflu ;f]xL cWofb]zn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd @)Ü s/ lgwf{/0f u/L z'? s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] km};nf ldn]sf] x'Fbf ;b/ x'g' k5{ egL ax; ug{‘eof] . !)= pko{‘Qm adf]lhd ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] ax; hLls/ ;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L ljrf/ ubf{ /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < k'g/fj]bg hLls/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ;Gbe{df x]/L lg0f{o lbg' kg{] b]lvof] . !!= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't ljjfbdf cf=j= @)%#.)%$ sf] nflu oL s/bftf xf]6nsf] v"b cfo lgwf{/0f u/] tkm{ k'g/fj]bs ;xdt} /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] ;DaGwdf s]xL ljj]rgf ul//xg' k/]g . ca pQm v"b cfodf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/sf] b/ ldn]g eGg] g} d'Vo k'g/fj]bg hLls/ b]lvg cfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ df ;fn a;fnL jf s'g} Ps ;fnsf] lgldQ cfos/ nufpg] u/L s'g} P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePdf o:tf] cfos/ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd s/bftfn] cl3Nnf] cfojif{ leq cfh{g u/]sf] jf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf o:tf] cfojif{sf] clGtd lbg nfu" /x]sf] cfos/sf] b/ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/L c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)%$ df ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg cWofb]z, @)%$ ldlt @)%$.@.@& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L ;f]xL ldltsf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt ePsf] / pQm cWofb]zsf] bkmf !%-ª_ n] juL{s/0f u/L tf]lsPsf pBf]ux¿sf] nflu @)Ü cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf cf=j= @)%#.)%$ sf] clGtd lbg cy{ft @)%$ cfiff9 d;fGtsf lbg ;f] juL{s/0f leq k/]sf lgj]bs h:tf] pBf]usf] nflu cfos/sf] b/ @)Ü sfod ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . plNnlvt cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ s'g} Ps cfo jif{sf] nflu ;f] cfo jif{ leqsf] v"b cfodf g} To:tf] cfo jif{sf] clGtd lbg nfu" /x]sf] cfos/sf] b/ adf]lhd s/ c;"n pk/ ul/g] eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf b]lvFbf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] k|yd ;+zf]wg cWofb]z, @)%$ sf] bkmf !%-ª_ adf]lhd ;f] P]g cGtu{t cfos/ nfUg] pBf]ux¿sf] nflu cf=j= @)%#.)%$ cfojif{df @)Ü g} s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . k'g/fj]bs xf]6n cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( -k|yd ;+zf]wg cWofb]z, @)%$ ;lxtsf]_ bkmf !%-ª_ cGtu{t cfos/ nfUg] pBf]u /x]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf xf]6nsf] cf=j= @)%#.@)%$ sf] nfUg] cfos/sf] b/ @)Ü g} x'g] b]lvof] . !@= cfos/ aflif{s s/ xf] . s'g} s/bftfn] ;fne/ u/]sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fa lstfa ;f] jif{sf] cGtdf sfg"g adf]lhd u0fgf ubf{ gfkmf ePdf To;NffO{ ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf] cfo dflgG5 . To:tf] s/sf] b/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ sf] Joj:yf dfly pNn]v u/] h:tf] cfo jif{sf] clGtd lbg sfod /x]sf] s/ b/ cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . 5'6km'6 sf/f]af/ ul/ cfo u/]sf]df afx]s cfos/ hlxn] klg k'/} Ps jif{sf] cfodf nufOg] x'Fbf cfos/sf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL k"0f{ jif{ g} cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfwf/ x'G5 oBlk vf; cj:yf / l:yltsf cfosf] ;Gbe{df h'g a]nf cfo eof] To;}df cfos/ nfUg] nufpg] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . cfos/sf] b/ cfojif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] b/ x'g] x'Fbf ;f] cfojif{df k6s k6s sfg"gn] cfos/sf] b/ ;+zf]wg u/] klg cfojif{sf] clGtd lbg cy{ft cfiff9 d;fGtsf lbg sfod /x]sf] b/af6} s/bftfsf] cfos/sf] lgwf{/0f x'g kg{] x'G5 . hlxn] klg cfos/ cl3Nnf] jif{el/ u/]sf] sf/f]af/ jf k|fKtL vr{x¿ kl5Nnf] jif{df lx;fa lstfa u/L gfkmf jf gf]S;fg Plsg ug{‘ kg{] x'Fbf jif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] s/sf] b/ cg';f/ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;d]t k'li6 x'G5 . t;y{ jif{el/ nuftf/ sf/f]af/ ug{] s/bftfsf] xsdf cfos/sf] b/ slxNo} klg Ps eGbf a9L x'g ;Sb}g . !#= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]taf6 Pshgf s/bftfsf] s'g} Ps cfo jif{ leq b'O{j6f km/s km/s b/df cfos/ nfUg g;Sg] x'Fbf k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{nosf s/ clws[tn] ldlt @)%$.@.@& cl3sf] nflu @*Ü sf b/n] / ldlt @)%$.@.@& kl5 @)%$.# d;fGt ;Ddsf] nflu @)Ü sf b/n] cfos/sf] b/ sfod u/L oL k'g/fj]bs xf]6nsf] cfo jif{ @)%#.)%$ sf] cfo s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lg0f{oNffO{{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%*.^.!^.# sf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvPg . !$= t;y{ pko{‘Qm ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/af6 k'g/fj]bs xf]6nsf] cf=j= @)%#.)%$ sf] cfojif{sf] nflu s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ @)% sf] b/n] lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg{]df ldlt @)%$.@.@& cufl8sf] nflu @*% / ;f] ldlt k5fl8 @)% sf] b/ sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] z'? s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{oNffO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+sf] pQm ldlt @)%*.^.!^.^ sf] km};nf @*Ü sf] b/ sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L e} cf=j= @)%#.)%$ cfojif{sf] nflu @)Ü sf b/n] cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g] 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug{‘ . tk;Ln 16

dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvP adf]lhd /fhZj GofofwLs/0f s7df8f}+sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L e} oL k'g/fj]bs xf]6nsf] cf=j= @)%#.)%$ sf] nflu @)Ü sf b/n] cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] ldlt @)%$.@.@^ ;Ddsf] hDdf #@* lbgsf] cfos/ ;d]t @)Ü sf b/n] c;"n ug{‘ kg{] x'Fbf clu|d bflvnf ul/Psf] ?=!&,!!,**^.(( af6 nfUg] s/ s§f u/L afFsL /sd lkmtf{ dfUg cfP sfg"g adf]lhd k'g/fj]bs xf]6nNffO{ s]xL b:t'/ glnO{ lkmtf{ lbg" egL z'? s/ sfof{nodf n]vL k7fO{ lbg' –– ! bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg' ––––@ pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7 Olt ;Dat @)^$ ;fn cfiff9 @* ut] /f]h % z'ed–––––––––

17

efu M ;fn @)^^ dlxgf M sflt{s c+sM & km};nf ldlt M @)^^.#.!%.@, lg0f{o g+=M *!(^ dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#$)* d'2f M cfos/ @)%@.)%# k'g/fj]bs lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf b/jf/dfu{ nfn b/af/ l:yt ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt -nfohf] clkm;/_ dx]G›/fh >]i7 lj?4 k|ToyL{ ljkIfLM @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=! aa/dxn_ z'? lg0f{o ug{]M @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{]M /fh:j Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}+ · xf]6n pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ nufotsf s'/fx¿sf] hfFra'em ug{], lgodg ug{] / Ohfht lbg] af/]df k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g ljefun] hl8t Ifdtf a[l4sf] k|ltzt / o;sf] nflu l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf vr{ /sd / ;f]dWo]af6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ v'b cfoaf6 5'6 kfpg] /sd ;d]t osLg u/]kl5 o;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g} csf]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] pBf]u ljefun] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/ gb]vfO{ cGoyf eGg] / ug{] cj:yf gcfpg] . · pBf]u ljefun] sf/0f / cfwf/ b]vfO{ ;'ljwf gkfpg] jf/]df lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] ;'ljwfaf6 s/bftfnfO{ al~rt ug{' Gofof]lrt gx'g] . · s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] clg0f{o tyf csfo{sf] bf]if jf o;sf] ef/ s/bftfn] jf]Sg' gkg{] . -k|s/0f g+=%_ · cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf ljj/0fnfO{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 d"NofÍg u/]kl5 dfq osLg x'g] jf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6 lbgsf] nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ lng kg{] . · ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug{] s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]af/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf gkg{] . -k|s/0f g+=^_ k'g/fj]bs lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgn l;Gxf k|ToyL{ ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]n cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM · cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%, !%-`_ · >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !&, $!-!_, -#_ · >d lgofdjnL, @)%) sf] lgod %@ · ko{6g P]g, @)#% · xf]6n, nh tyf ky kb{zg lgodfjnL, @)#* · cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ km};nf Gof= e/t/fh pk|]tL M /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^).#.!^ sf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt kfpmF egL lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lgj]bg kqdf o; cbfntaf6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-3_ adf]lhd 18

k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg e} bfo/ e} lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M k|:t't d'2fdf k|:t't s/bftf ofs P08 olt xf]6n ln=sf] cf=a=)%@.)%# df sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] l;nl;nfdf pBf]u ljefu, Psåf/ ;ldltdf sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] / o; cf=j= sf] cfos/ of]Uo /sd, pQm ;'ljwf kfpg] /sd leq} kg{] ePsfn] cf=j= )%@.)%# sf] nflu cfos/ ltg{‘ gkg{] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%#.!).@ df s/bftfn] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+df k]z u/]sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f kmf/d . cf=j= )%@.)%# sf] cfos/ ;DaGwdf cfos/ 5'6;DaGwL sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] / af;:yfg Joj:yf ;DaGwdf klg cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ ldGxf kfpg' kg{] ePsf]n] ;f] cg';f/ cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6 u/L lbg' x'g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] s/bftfn] @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+df lbPsf] kq . k]z ePsf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fpk/ 5fgljg u/L x]bf{ xf]6nsf] dfu cg';f/ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] lg0f{o ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod x'g] ePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf s]xL eGg' kg{] jf ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd clGtd df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf] ldlt @)%$.#.#) sf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] kq . k]z ePsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj Pj+ jf;nftnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ k|:t't cf=j+= )%!.%@ sf] cfo ljj/0fdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g adf]lhd o; ln=n] kfpg] ;'ljwf /sd s§f u/L cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6 ePsf] k|df0f kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ofs P08 olt xf]6n ln=sf] kq . k|:t't s/bftf ofs o08 olt xf]6n ln=sf] cf=j=)%@.%# sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd x'g] v'b cfo ;d]tdf nfUg] s/ / h/Ljfgf /sd bflvnf ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6 u/L lbg'kg{] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] l6Kk0fL / cfb]z kq . :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof adf]lhd k]z ePsf] cfo ljj/0f tyf k|df0f sfuhx¿ cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf ##v adf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{ cf}Bf]us Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd ;'ljwf dfu u/]sf] ;Gbe{df Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ocg';f/ ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% pBf]usf] v'b cfoaf6 Psd'i6 jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{ leq s§f ug{ kfpg] ko{6g ljefusf] r=g+=$^(# ldlt @)%$.!.!( sf] kqfg';f/ xf]6nsf] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fdf cf}=Jo=P]g adf]lhd v'b cfoaf6 ;'ljwf kfpg] /sdsf] ;Ldfleq k/]sf] ?=#,^$,%*,!&&.(% nfO{ s/bftfn] s§f ug{ kfpg] egL b]vfPsf] ?=%,(*,^$,&)#.– s§f u/L af;:yfg Joj:yf u/fPsf] ?=@&,#*,&**.– ;d]t ;dfa]; u/L x'g] afFsL ?=@,^!,$%,#!#.)% k|: t't cf=j=sf] v'b cfo sfod u/L ;f] df s/ ?=&#,@),^*&.^% / h/Ljfgf ?= *,&$,(^%.#@ ;d]t lx;fa ldnfg u/L cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6 u/L 5fgljg ;dfKt ePsf] eGg] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%$.# .#! sf] kq . k'g/fj]bs pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd sfg"gL ?kdf kfpg' kg{] ;'ljwf ;x'lnot / sfdbf/ sd{rf/L jf;:yfg Joj:yf vr{nfO{ sfg"gL bkmfx¿sf] unt JofVof u/L v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? lg0f{o ab/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+df k]z u/]sf] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ . >d P]g @)$* cg'¿ksf] af;:yfgafkt 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6 x'g] egL st} s'g} sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+b}g . vr{ g} gePsf] sDklgsf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] /sdnfO{ hu]8f sf]ifd} /fv]sf] sf/0fn] vr{ eof] eGg ldn]g . cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $!-h_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zaf6 v'b d'gfkmfaf6 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd s§f ug{ k'g/fj]bs ljQLo ;+:yfg gePsf]n] pQm P]g klg cfs[i6 x'g] b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bsn] P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] Dofb leq ljj/0f bflvnf gePsf] l:yltdf bkmf %(-!_ cg'¿k h/Ljfgf ePsf] z'? s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bssf] cfo ljj/0fdf v'b cfodf /sd yk u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]af6 ljj/0fdf plNnlvt v'b cfodf q'l6eO{ s/ /sd 36\g uPsf] l:ylt /x]sf]n] bkmf ^)#_ cg'¿k k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;hfo x'g ;Sg] g} b]lvof] . ctM Pj+ tTsfnLg z'? s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)%$.#.#! df ePsf] v'b cfo lgwf{/0f krf{ / s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)^^.#.!^.@ df ePsf] km};nf . lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f g+=$s sf] km};nf lhsL/sf xsdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo -v_ -u_ / -3_ k|ToIf q'l6 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, )$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd gofF yk l:y/ h]yfsf] rfnL; k|ltzt /sd pBf]usf] v'b cfo Taxable Income af6 s§f ug{ kfpg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( adf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfpg] pBf]usf] xsdf s/ so{fno cfkm}n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ adf]lhd a'emL 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{‘kg{] Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 km};nf ubf{ j]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ n] g} pBf]un] yk gofF l:y/ h]yfdf vr{ u/]afkt ;f]sf] $)% 5'6 lbg] ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt z'? s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .

19

dhb"/ jf;:yfgsf] %% /sd vr{ ldGxf lbOPsf] 5}g . clu|d s/ glt/]sf] xsdf cfos/ sfg"gn] h/Ljfgf x'g] eg]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]us Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] x'Fbf s'g} klg s/ h/Ljfgf ltg{‘kg{] xf]Og . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf pN6L u/L ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] cfb]z kq / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt krf{ ab/ u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ sf] 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fdf pn\n]v ePadf]lhd yk l:y/ h]yfafkt kfpg] ;'ljwf lbO{ a9L nufOPsf] s/ h/Ljfgfsf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] k'g/fj]bg–kq . o;df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf -`_ n] gofF yk l:y/ h]yfsf] $)% /sd pBf]usf] v'b cfoaf6 s§f ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ n] s/ clws[tn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfpg]sf] xsdf s/ sfof{no cfkm}n] a'emL s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] gofF yk u/]sf l:y/ h]yfdf ?=%(,$),!*,)((.#$ vr{ u/]sf]df ljjfb gp7fPsf] cj:yf ;f] /sdsf] $)% n] x'g] /sd s§f ug{ kfpg] s'/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] cj:yf To;sf] ljk/Lt ts{ u/L /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nfdf ;f] P]g sfg"gL k|lts"n ePsf] . >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ df k|lti7fgn] cfkm\gf] s"n gfkmfsf] %% /sd dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] / af]g; P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf %-@_ n] klg af]g;afkt 56\ofpFbf >d P]gadf]lhdsf] dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu s"n d'gfkmfsf] %% n] 5'6\ofPsf] /sd ;lxt s§f u/]/ dfq lx;fa ug{‘kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|To]s cfly{s jif{df s"n d'gfkmfaf6 %% /sd dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg{] xf] / o;/L hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] lgd{f0f x'g] cj:yf /sd klg 5'6\ofpg' kg{] sfg"gL afWotf x'g] t/ To:tf] /sd s§f rfxLF ug{ gkfpg] / To;df s/ ltb{} hfg] xf] eg] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ sf] k|of]hg g} k/f:t x'g]tkm{ ljrf/ ug{‘kg{]df ;f] P]gsf] JofVofsf] k|Zg ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+n] km};nfdf plNnlvt sfg"gsf] k|ToIf q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvFbf /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] k|Zgdf k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ k'g/fj]bgdf btf{ u/L lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ldlt @)^!.*.!^ df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k];L ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgn l;Gxfn] lgj]bs sDkgL Ps pBf]u ePsf]n] o; pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,@)$( adf]lhd yk gofF l:y/ h]yfdf vr{ u/]sf] /sdsf] $)% /sd ?=@#,&^,)&,@#(.*% pBf]usf] v'b cfo Taxable Income af6 s§L x'g'k5{ . Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ lg0f{oaf6 *,$),^!,!(!.(% dfq 5'6 lbg] lg0f{o cfkm}+df sfg"g ljk/Lt 5 . pBf]un] cfkm\gf] s"n d'gfkmfsf] %% /sd dhb'/ jf;:yfgsf] nflu k|jGw ug{‘kg{] Joj: yf /x]sf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd pBf]un] cf=j+=)%@.)%# df ?=@&,#*,&**.– vr{ 5'6fPsf] xf] . g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgLsf] d'2fdf s/ ldGxf lbPsf]df o; d'2fdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] k"j{lg0f{o ljk/Lt km};nf u/L s/ 5'6 lbPsf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] x'Fbf s'g} klg s/ h/Ljfgf ltg{‘kg{] xf]Og . clu|d s/ glt/]df cfos/ sfg"gsf] s'g} klg bkmfn] bkmf %(-!_ adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'g] eg]sf] 5}g . /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf cGofok"0f{ ePsf]n] pN6L u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd kfpg] 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L s/ h/Ljfgfsf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm ul/kfpmF egL ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . k|ToyL{ @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{nosf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o u/]sf] clwsf/If]q jflx/sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( cGtu{tsf] ;'ljwf kfpmF egL pBf]u ljefudf kIf uPsf] 5 . ;f] ljefuaf6 kfpg] ;'ljwf * s/f]8 dfq xf] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !* df ;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ sfd Psåf/ ;ldltnfO{ 5 . * s/f]8 geO{ @# s/f]8 kfpg' kg{] egL lgj]bsn] bfjL lng ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg txaf6 lgj]bs cfpg' ePsf] 5 . pBf]u ljefusf] lg0f{o oyfjt 5 . Psåf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# sf] lg0f{onfO{ k'g/fj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] pk/ ab/tkm{ lgj]bs uPsf] b]lv+b}g . o; d'2faf6 s/ 5'6 x'g ;Sb}g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf cGoyf 5}g ;b/ ul/kfpmF egL ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ ;'gL ca lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug] xf], xf]Og / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ldn], gldn]sf] s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{‘kg{] ePsf] 5 . lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ s/bftf lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8n] cf=j=)%@.%# df sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] l;nl;nfdf pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltdf sf/jfxL eO/x]sf] / o; cf=j= sf] cfos/ of]Uo /sd ;'ljwf kfpg] /sd leq} /x]sf]n] cf=j= )%@.%# sf] nflu s'g} cfos/ ltg{‘ gkg{] egL :jo+s/ 20

lgwf{/0f k|lqmof cGtu{tsf] cfo ljj/0f gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj Pj+ jf;nft k]z ePsf] cfwf/dff @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 s/bftf ofs o08 olt xf]6n ln=sf] cf=j=@)%@.%# sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd x'g] v'b cfo ;d]tdf s/ h/Ljfgf u/L cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6 ul/lbPsf] lg0f{opk/ lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n ln=n] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+df u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf z'? lg0f{o ;b/ e} km};nf ePpk/ lrQ ga'emL /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf pN6L u/L ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpmF egL o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg kqdf d'n ?kdf k'g/fj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6nn] ;t k|ltzt eGbf a9L Ifdtf a[l4 u/]sf] / o;/L Ifdtf al[4 ubf{ l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf nufgLdWo] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ $)% n] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6 s§L ug{ kfpg]df ;f] ;'ljwf glbPsf] / sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/ cf=j=@)%@.%# df 5'6\ofPsf] ?=@&,#*,&**.– nfO{ vr{df cdfGo ug{] jf/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o pN6L ul/kfpmF eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o; af/]df lg0f{o ubf{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $! df ul/Psf] Joj:yf / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] p2]Zo tyf dd{ Pj+ pQm bkmf !% df ul/Psf] ;'ljwfsf] pkef]usf] af/]df pQm P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Psåf/f ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] clgjfo{tfsf af/]df x]g{‘kg{] b]lvG5 . >d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] elgPsf] ?=&,#%,&**.– nfO{ vr{df dfGotf lbg'kg{] eGg] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] egfO{sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ o:tf] /sd lsg 5'6o\ fpg' kg{] / o;sf] p2]Zo s] xf] eGg] s'/f klg x]g{‘ kb{5 . sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu /sd 5'6\ofpg' kg{] jf/]df ul/Psf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] d"n p2]Zo o;/L 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd /f]huf/bftf pBf]un] cfkm\gf] Joj;foLs sf/f]jf/df k|of]u ug{ tyf cfkm"n] ;~rfng ug{ klg gkfpg] tyf o;sf] k|of]u s]jn sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] ;'Joj:yf ldnfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq vr{ ug{‘kg{] eGg] a'lemG5 . of] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{df 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd hDdf ug{ 5'§} sf]if v8f u/L k|To]s jif{sf] sd{rf/Lsf] cfjf;sf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd o:tf] sf]ifdf hDdf ub{} hfg] / of] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng >d P]g tyf >d lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ u7g ePsf] >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ug{‘ kb{5 . o:tf] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sdaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjf;sf] nflu s] s:tf] Joj:yf ug{] eGg] lg0f{o ug{] sfd klg >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 dfq x'g ;Qm5 . o;af6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu ;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ jf sd{rf/Lx¿ jl;cfPsf] cfjf; dd{t ug{ jf cfkm\gf] 3/÷cfjf; gx'g]n] 3/ jxfn ltg{ jf of] /sdaf6 sd{r/Lx¿ cfkm}n] cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ jf 3/ agfpgsf] nflu lgAo{fhL jf ;x'lnot b/sf] Aofhdf C0f lbg] h:tf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjf;;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt k|of]hgsf] nflu klg vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :j:y cfjf;sf] ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] cGo s'g} pko'Qm of]hgf klg x'g ;S5g\ . w]/} ljsNk / of]hgfdWo] s'g ljsNk jf of]hgf cg'¿k >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/ 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd vr{ ug{] eGg] s'/f >d ;DaGw ;ldltn] g} lg0f{o ug{] s'/f xf] . t/ pQm P]gsf] bkmf $!-#_ tyf >d lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgod %@ sf] v08 -3_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd 5'§} sf]ifdf /fVg' kg{] / ;f]sf] ;~rfng >d ;dGjo ;ldltn] ;~rfng ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg kg{]df k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] pQm /sd o:tf] sf]ifdf /fvL ;f]sf] ;~rfng >d ;dGjo ;ldltn] ;~rfng ug{] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] cj:yf b]lvPg . sd{rf/L Joj:yfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] elgPsf] /sd /fVg >d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf $@-#_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] sf]if v8f /fvL >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 ;~rfng x'g] Joj:yfsf] cefjdf pQm /sd k'g/fj]bs sDkgLsf] cfkm\g} sf]ifdf jf cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L sd{rf/L jf;:yfgsf] nflu s/bftfn] 5'6\ofPsf] elgP tfklg pQm /sd k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] OG5fcg';f/ k|of]u / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] pQm ?=@&,#*,&**.– nfO{ vr{df dfGotf glbPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg kg{] eGg] ;DaGwdf lnPsf] bfjLsf] ;DaGwdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o 7Ls 5 jf 5}g eGg] jf/]df lg0f{o ubf{ lgDg lnlvt b'O{ k|Zgx¿ pk/ ljrf/ ug{‘kg{] x'G5M— != cfBf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cg';f/sf] s'g} ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ s'g} pBf]un] k"/f ug{‘kg{] zt{x¿ s] x'g / pQm bkmfdf lgw{fl/t k"j{ zt{x¿ k"/f ug{] pBf]un] ;f] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos 5, jf 5}g < @= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] s'g} ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefusf] Psåf/f ;ldltn] s'g} lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cGtu{t s/ clws[tn] pQm cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dfGotf lbg ;S5 jf ;Sb}g < @= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ tTsfn k|rlnt -cy{ft cfly{s jif{ @)%@.%# sf] cjlwdf nfu" /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus_ Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfx¿sf] k|s[tL / k|sf/x¿ x]g{‘ kb{5 . ;du|df x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] ;d"xdf kg{] ;'ljwfx¿ 21

#=

$=

%=

^=

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bfo/fdf kg{] pBf]ux¿n] :jtM k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . / o; af/]df Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf :jLs[ltsf] cfjZos kb{}g . h:tf] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ cfos/, cGtMz'Ns tyf ljqmL s/ gnfUg], Joj:yf v08 -h_ cg';f/ pBf]usf] l:y/ h]yfdf x|f; s§L ubf{ sfg"gdf plNnlvt b/sf] Ps ltxfO{ yk x|f; s§L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf tyf v08 -0f_ cg';f/ pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+zdf cfos/ gnfUg]df ul/Psf Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwf pQm P]gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf ;'ljwf ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfjZostf kb{}g . of] s'/fnfO{ o;} cbfntsf] ljleGg k"j{ lg0f{ox¿df :ki6 x'G5 . @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=()&^ sf] d'2fdf ldlt @)^^.!.!) df pBf]un] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf cfos/ gnfUg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o pNn]vgLo 5 . pQm bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] bf];|f] ;d"xdf kg{] ;'ljwfx¿sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf bkmf !% sf] v08 -5_,v08 -8_,w_ tyf -k_ cGtu{t k|fKt ;'ljwfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u ljefunfO{ pknAw tYofÍsf] cfwf/df Psåf/ ;ldltn] 5fgljg u/L ;'ljwf lbg] lg0f{o jf l;kmfl/zsf] cfjZostf kb{5 / sltko cj:yfdf Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 dfq pQm ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt x'g ;S5g\ . t];|f] ;d"xdf kg{] ;'ljwfx¿sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf pQm P]gsf bkmf !% sf] v08 -`_, -6_ tyf -7_ df plNnlvt ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu hl8t Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] k|ltzt jf pBf]un] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f jf jftfj/0fdf Go"gtd c;/ ug{] k4ltsf] ljsf; jf pks/0fdf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 pBf]u ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 k|ljlw tyf j:t' ljsf; jf bIftf a[l4 jf pTkfbg Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] k|df0f tyf o;df ePsf] vr{sf] k'li6 ug{] ljn ef}r/x¿ k|:t't ug{‘ ko{fKt x'G5 . pQm hl8t Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ u/]sf] jf k|ljlw ljsf; jf Ifdtf a[l4 u/]sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] hfFr ug{] ;Ifd lgsfo ;a} cj:yfdf pBf]u ljefu jf o;sf] Psåf/ ;ldlt gx'g klg ;Qm5 . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ o;sf] s'/fsf] hfFr ug{] lgsfo cj:yf x]/L lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno jf o; cGtu{tsf] lgsfo jf ko{6g Joj;fosf] lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g ljefu klg x'g;Qm5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf k'g/ fj]bs s/bftf xf]6]n tyf ko{6g pBf]u ePsf] / ko{6g P]g, @)#% tyf pQm P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] xf]6n, nh tyf ky k|b{zg lgodfjnL, @)#* sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ko{6g :t/sf] /]i6'/]G6 tyf xf]6nx¿sf] Ohfht lbg], xf]6nx¿sf] :t/ tyf Ifdtf ;DaGwdf hfFra'em ug{], / cg'dlt tyf :jLs[lt lbg] lgods lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ug{] ;Dk"0f{ clVtof/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ko{6g ljefunfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf ;fljs hl8t Ifdtf !@) sf]7f ePsf]df ;f] df !%) sf]7f yk u/L hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L a[l4 u/]sf] / o;sf] nflu k'g/fj]bs xf]6n pBf]un] s"n l:y/ k"FhLut vr{sf] ?kdf ?=%(,$),!*,!)).– vr{ u/]sf] s'/f ko{6g ljefun] ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df pBf]u ljefu ;'ljwf zfvfnfO{ n]v]sf] k|:tfj kqaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -`_ cg';f/ hl8t Ifdtfdf @%% eGbf a9L a[l4 u/]df o;/L Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] yk ePsf] l:y/ h]yfsf] d"Nosf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd v'b cfo -6\ofS;]jn Ogsd_ af6 Ps d'i6 jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{ leq s§f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 / k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn] cfkm\gf] hl8t Ifdtfdf zt k|ltzt eGbf a9L Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] s'/f ljjfb/lxt 5 . o; ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefun] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g . o;/L hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L a[l4 ePsf] s'/f k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo ko{6g ljefun] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] cj:yfdf hl8t Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ l: y/ h]yfdf ePsf] d"No a[l4sf] d"Nosf] /sddf pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ $)% n] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6 s§f ug{] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu pBf]u ljefun] yk 5fglag ug{‘kg{] sf/0f / cfjZostf b]lvFb}g . xf]6]n pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ nufotsf s'/fx¿sf] hfFra'em ug{], lgodg ug{] / Ohfht lbg] af/]df k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g ljefun] hl8t Ifdtf a[l4sf] k|ltzt / o;sf] nflu l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf vr{ /sd / ;f]dWo]af6 pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ v'b cfoaf6 5'6 kfpg] /sd ;d]t osLg u/] kl5 o;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g} csf]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] pBf]u ljefun] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/ gb]vfO{ cGoyf eGg] / ug{] cj:yf klg cfpFb}g . o;/L pBf]u ljefun] sf/0f / cfwf/ b]vfO{ ;'ljwf gkfpg] jf/]df lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] ;'ljwfaf6 k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{ al~rt ug{‘ Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] clg0f{o tyf csfo{sf] bf]if jf o;sf] ef/ s/bftfn] jf]Sg k5{ eGg] klg xf]Og . o;}n] pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o geO{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] kfpFb}g eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . cj bf];|f] k|Zg cyf{t\ cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] s/ 5'6sf lg0f{o ubf{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o jf l;kmfl/z cfjZos 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf ljZn]if0f ul/Pcg';f/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf 22

ljj/0fnfO{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 d"NofÍg u/] kl5 dfq osLg x'g] jf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6 lbgsf] nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/ P]gs] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ lng kg{] x'G5 t/ pQm P]gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ k"/f ug{ kg{] k"j{ zt{sf] ljifodf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo -h:tf] k|:t't ljjfbdf ko{6g ljefu+_ sf] d"NofÍg tyf l;kmfl/z pknAw ePsf] cj:yfdf / ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug{] s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]af/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ klg s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf kb{}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-s_ 3/]n' pBf]un] kfpg] ;'ljwf ;DalGwt pBf]u k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g cg';f/ 3/]n' pBf]udf btf{ eO{ ;f]xL cg';f/sf] pBf]u ;~rfng u/]sf k|df0f g} ko{fKt x'G5 . o;}u/L pQm P]g bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/ pBf]un] l: y/ h]yfdf x|f;s§Lsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;DalGwt pBf]un] /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ s/ clws[tn] cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;f] yk x|f; s§Lsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ jf k|bfg ug{ lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf s/bftfn] /fv]sf] ljn, e/kfO{ tyf n]vfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g] l:y/ h]yf d"No g} ko{fKt x'G5 . o;df pBf]u ljefusf] :jLs[lt cfjZos kb{}g . of] s'/f s/ clws[tx¿n] g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] dfGo Joj;flos k|rngsf] ?kdf ;d]t ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-0f_ cg';f/ pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+zsf] /sddf cfos/ gnfUg] / of] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u ljefusf] Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf kb{}g . ;DalGwt s/bftf pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] / s/ clws[tn] cdfGo gu/]sf] n]vfn] ;dy{g u/] cg';f/sf] nfef+zdf s/ 5'6 :jt k|fKt x'G5 . o; af/]df o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fx¿df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5 . &= pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 k'g/fj]bs s/bftf ofs P08 olt xf]6n pBf]un] cfkm\gf] hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L lj:tf/ u/]sf] s'/f ko{6g ljefun] ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df pBf]u ljefudf k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] / of] s'/f s/ clws[tn] dfGotf lbPsf] s/bftfsf] cf=j=@)%@.%# sf] n]vf tyf cfo ljj/0faf6 klg :ki6 b]lvg] ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos gkg{] x'gfn] s/ clws[tn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn] hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L lj:tf/ u/]sf]n] o;/L Ifdtf lj:tf/ ubf{ l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] a[l4sf] hDdf /sd cy{ft d"Nosf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6 Ps}k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{;Dd s6fpg kfpg b]lvPsf]n] pQm /sd v'b cfPaf6 s§f ug{ glbPsf]df ;f] xb;Dd s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt )%$.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 / ;f] nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'G5 . *= k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] hl8t Ifdtfdf a[l4 u/L o;af6 l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] a[l4 k"Flhut vr{sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v u/L s/5'6sf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df pBf]u ljefunfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf ;fy ;+nUg k|ltj]bgsf] a'bf g+=!! df lbOPsf] ljj/0fdWo] a'bf g+=-ª_ df plNnlvt cGo ;DklQ zLif{sdf b]vfOPsf] ?=!,#^,(*,(@^.– vr{nfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf -*_ df plNnlvt l:y/ h]yfsf] kl/efiffleq gkg{] b]lvPsf]n] pQm vr{nfO{ l: y/ h]yfdf ePsf] vr{ dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf ePg . t;y{ pQm k|ltj]bgsf] k|:tfjdf l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] elgPsf] hDdf vr{ ?=%(,$),!*,!)).– af6 pQm ?=!,#^,(*,(@^.– s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] ?=%*,)#,!(,!^$.– sf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{ leq v'b cfPaf6 s§f ug{ kfpg] b]lvPsf]n] pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ a}7sn] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] v'b cfPaf6 s§L u/L lng kfpg] eg]sf] ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% ;d]t pQm ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) leq g} ;dfj]z x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xL cfwf/df k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg] 7x5{ . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)^).#.!^.@ ePsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'G5 . c? tkl;n adf]lhd ug{‘ .

23

tkl;n dfly 7x/ v08df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePadf]lhd k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn] Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg aif{leq v'b cfoaf6 s§L u/L lng kfpg] 7x/ ePsf] hDdf ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) dWo]af6 pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ a}7saf6 v'b cfPdf s§f ug{ kfpg] elgPsf] ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] s/ v'b cfoaf6 s§f ul/g;s]sf] eP ;f] afFsL ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] Ifdtf a[l4 ubf{ l:y/ h]yf a[l4 ePsf] d"Noafkt v'b cfPaf6 s§f u/L lng kfpg] 7x/ ePsf] hDdf ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) s/ /sd v'b cfPaf6 s§f u/L lng kfpg] u/L k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{' egL ljkIfL @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=! _ df n]vL k7fOlbg" . ! k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'emfOlbg" . @ pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=an/fd s]=;L= Olt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn c;f/ !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ ======= Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n

24

;fnM @)^^, dlxgf M df3, cÍ !), km};nf ldltM @)^^.$.@).#, lg0f{o g+=*@$( ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk]|tL ;+jt @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=– #$*@

d'2fM– cfos/ . k'g/fj]bs jfbLM c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=b'xjL ;'g;/Lsf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] clwsf/k|fKt k|jGw ;~rfns lhNnf df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ p=d=g=kf=j8f g+=# a:g] lbg]z uf]N5f lj?4 k'g/fj]bsM cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/ z'? cfb]z ug{] sfof{no k|d'v s/ clws[t >L/fd kGt k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{] df=Gof=tkaxfb'/ du/ n]vf ;b:o ;'/]z k|wfg · cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ adf]lhd pBf]un] l:y/ h]yfsf] x|f;sl§ ubf{ k|rlnt cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg"gdf plNnlvt b/df ;f]xL b/sf] Ps ltxfO{ yk u/L s§f ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf cfjlws ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwf geO{ o:tf] ;'ljwf pBf]u ;~rfngdf /x];Dd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwf ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'ljwf Psåf/ ;ldltn] lg0f{o ul//xg' kg{] cfjZostf gb]lvg] -k|s/0f g+=*_ · P]gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf ljj/0fnfO{ d"NofÍg tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ gkg{] / ;DalGwt s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Aofj;flos sf/f]jf/df /fv]sf] clen]v tyf n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g;Sg] ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos kb{}g . t/, k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug{] s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yf x'g gx'g] . · n]vf cdfGo gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g] s/5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZos gkg{] . · pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] n]vf cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s ;f] yk x|f;sl§sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ jf k|bfg ug{ lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf s/bftfn] /fv]sf] lan e/kfO{ tyf n]vfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g] l:y/ h]yfsf] d"No g} ko{fKt x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pBf]u ljefusf] :jLs[lt cfjZos gkg{] . -k|s/0f g+=(_ k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L r08]Zj/ >]i7 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6Mljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM · cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] !%-h_ · cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ km};nf Gof= e/t/fh pk|]tLM /fhZj Gooflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfpk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * cg';f/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg k/L cg'dtL k|bfg eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M– cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq g+=)%.$*!^ ePsf] c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln= n] cfly{s jif{ @)%).)%! sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofåf/f :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ljj/0f e/L ldlt @)%!.!@.#) df cfo Joo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] .

25

c?0f jg:klt pBf]un] cf=j=@)%).)%! df jg:klt £o", l/kmfOg ;f]of cfon, d:68{ / /]kl;8 / jfO k|f]8S6 ;f]k / cfon pTkfbg / laqmL u/]sf] 5 . pBf]unfO{ cfjZos kg{] sRrf kbfy{ t];|f] d'n's / :yfgLo ahf/af6 v/Lb ul/G5 . pBf]usf pTkflbt ;fdfgx¿ ;]N; l8kf]x¿af6 v/Lb laqmL u/L ;f]sf] cfo Joo ljj/0f c?0f jg:kltsf] vftfdf ;d]t /flvG5 . gfkmf gf]S;fgL b]vfPsf] laqmL cfodf laqmL d"Nodf Packing / forwarding sf] d"No ;dfj]z u/L b]vfPsf 5f} cGo s'g} cfDbfgL vr{ ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g . pBun] k]z u/]sf] jf;nftdf ;]N; l8kf]x¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfDbfgL vr{ ;DklQ bfloTj ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . ;]N; l8kf]x¿sf] 5'§} vftf tof/ gu/]sf] / pBf]usf vftfx¿df laqmL ul/Psf] kf6L{ / l8kf]sf] gfddf s] slt /sd 5 ;f] dfq vftfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] / JolQmnfO{ laqmL ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;]N; /lhi6/af6 dfq :ki6 b]lvg] x'Fbf ;f] /lhi6/ agfpg b'O{ dlxgf nfUg] x'Fbf ;do kfpmF . cfos/df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cg';f/sf] cfjlws 5'6 ;'ljwf dfu u/]sf] / ut jif{sf] gf]S;fgL ;d]t o; cf=j= sf] gfkmf;Fu ;dfj]z u/L k]z u/]sf 5f} eGg] ;d]tsf] c?0f jg: klt pBf]u ln=sf] k|ltlglw jf/]; clgns'df/ v08]afnn] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/df u/]sf] aofg . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf Dofbadf]lhd xfdLn] b]vfPsf] k]lsª ;fdfgsf] vktsf] lx;fjdf s'g} km/s gx'g'sf ;fy} a9L vkt klg b]vfOPsf] gx'Fbf a9L v'bcfo sfod ug{] dg;fon] a9L vkt b]vfPsf] eGg] unt cf/f]k nufO{ ?=&,*^,^^#.)! nfO{ v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ug{ vf]Hg' sfg"g;+ut gx'Fbf ;f] /sd v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf cfo ljj/0fdf b]vfOPsf] v'b gf]S;fgL sfod u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f xf]; eGg] ;d]tsf] c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=n] k]z u/]sf] hjfkm . s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0f, kmfF6jf/L, aofg / sfof{nodf k|fKt tYofÍ ;"rgf ;d]tnfO{ 5fgjLg u/L cf=j=@)%).)%! sf] sf/f]jf/df ldGxf / s§L x'g] vr{nfO{ ldGxf lbO{ cjf:tljs / ck|dfl0ft b]vfPsf vr{x¿ ldGxf glbO{ v'bcfo cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ##-s_adf]lhd ?=$),@),!#^.($ sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%#.#. #! sf] lg0f{o . s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] cfos/ P]gsf] dg;foljk/Lt jf:tljs / k|dfl0ft vr{x¿dWo] s'g}df cf+lzs s'g}df ;a} vr{nfO{ cfTdlgi7 eO{ cGofo u/L a}+sdfkm{t e'QmfgL gePsf] /sd egL ?=&,^$,!!^.– 3/ ef8f vr{dWo] ?=!,!),))).– nfO{ cdfGo u/L v'bcfodf ;dfj]z To:t} u/L ;]N; k|df]zg vr{dWo] a9L egL ?=$,&*,#^&.$& / e}k/L vr{ cfo cfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf] egL ?=!,%$,&)%.– ;d]t hDdf ?=^,##,)&@.$& nfO{ v'bcfodf ;dfj]z, To;}u/L x|f; vr{dWo] ?=!!,@*,*!).$^ nfO{ cdfGo u/L v'bcfodf ;dfj]z, k]lsª ;fdfg vkt vr{ ;d]t ?= &,*^,^^#.)! ;d]tnfO{ v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut gx'Fbf tL /sd v'bcfoaf6 s§f u/L s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;f] xb;Dd ab/ u/L Gofo kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/df k]z u/]sf] c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=sf] k'g/fj]bg . o;} nufpsf] k'=g+=&#* sf] d'2fdf k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z eO;s]sf] b]lvFbf k|:t't d'2fdf klg 5nkmn lgldQ c=j+=@)@ g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nonfO{ k];Lsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%&.!).% sf] cfb]z . kf6L{x¿nfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd ?=&,^$,!!^.– cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd a}+sdfkm{t e'QmfgL ug{‘kg{]df ;f] u/]sf] gb]lvFbf ldGxf lbg gldNg] v'bcfodf ;dfj]z ug{], 3/ ef8f vr{dWo] ?=!,!),))).– nfO{ cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL ( bkmf % adf]lhd @% xhf/eGbf a9L e'QmfgL ePsf]df k"/} Psd'i6 b/af6 clu|d s/ s§f ug{‘kg{]df ;f] u/]sf] gb]lvFbf ldGxf ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf v'bcfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf], To;} u/L ;]N; k|df]zg / e}k/L vr{ ;d]t hDdf ?= ^,##,)&@.$& ldGxf lbg gldNg] e} v'bcfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf], x|f; vr{dWo] ?=!!,@*,*!).$^ sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ Psåf/ ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]kZrft dfq k|fKt ug{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df Psåf/ ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] /sd ldGxf glbO{ v'bcfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] / k]lsª ;fdfg vkt vr{ ?=&,*^,^^#. )! lx;fjaf6 a9L vkt vr{ b]vfPsf] x'Fbf ;f] cjf:tljs vr{nfO{ ldGxf lbg gldnL s/ sfof{non] v'bcfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvof] eGg] ;d]tsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.#.% sf] km};nf . cfos/ P]g, @)#! / cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( adf]lhd ldGxf x'g] jf:tljs vr{nfO{ ldGxf glbO{ / v'bcfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( åf/f k|bQ ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt u/L gnfUg] h/Ljfgf nufOPsf] sfo{ sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . c?0f jg:klt pBf]usf n]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f u/L s/ ljefusf clwsf/k|fKt :jLs[t s/ n]vf k/LIf0faf6 :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/fO{ k]z ul/Psf]df klg a9L v'bcfo sfod ug{] dg;fo lnO{ dgf]ut ?kdf cf=j=@)%).)%! sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f ljk/Lt v'bcfo $),@),!#^.($ sfod u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@, $! / $# sf] q'l6 gb]vfO{ ;f] P]gsf] bkmf ^)-#_ sf] kl/lwleq gkg{] ljifodf h/Ljfgf nufPsf]nfO{ ;d]t ab/ gu/L s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug{] u/L ePsf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L pQm vr{ /sdx¿ ldGxf kfpg] / h/Ljfgf 26

gnfUg] u/L Gofo kfpmF eGg] ;d]tsf] c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)%*.#.% df u/]sf] km};nf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-u_ cg';f/ Ps ltxfO{ yk x|f; s§L ;'ljwf lbg] egL Psåf/ ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]sf] gb]lvFbf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] egL Joxf]/f pn\n]v ePsf] b]lvof] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% df pBf]un] cfos/, laqmLs/, cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/ ;DaGwL sfg"g Pj+ cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pBf]un] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf tyf ;'xlnot kfpg] egL Psåf/ ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq kfpg] egL pQm bkmfdf pn\n]v ePsf] gb]lvFbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfdf pQm sfg"gsf] JofVofTds q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sfn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * -u_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]tsf] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^).*.#.$ df ePsf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L r08]Zj/ >]i7 / k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmfn] pBf]un] 3/ef8f e'QmfgL ubf{ ?=@%,))).– k|To]ssf] 5'6 x'g] eO{ afFsLdf dfq s/ nfUg' kg{] xf] Psd'i6 s/ nfUg] xf]Og . ?=#,)(,((,(*$.–sf] % k|ltztn] 5'6 kfpg' kb{5 t/ s/ sfof{non] ? @ s/f]8sf] dfq 5'6 kfpg] eg]sf] 5 ;f] @ s/f]8 sxfFaf6 cfof] pBf]unfO{ yfxf 5}g . cf}Bf]lus sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% -h_ adf]lhd cltl/Qm Ps ltxfO{ yk ;'ljwf kfpg' kb{5 . pQm s/ 5'6 cfjlws ?kdf geO{ k|To]s jif{ 5'6 kfpg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmfn] s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;'ljwf pBf]u ljefusf] Psåf/ ;ldltn] lbg ;Sg] xf] . Ps} ynf]af6 s/ 5'6 lbg] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;f] ;ldltnfO{ ePsf] / pQm ;ldltn] lg0f{o gu/L s/ clws[tn] 5'6 lbg] u/L cfkm} lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}g . s/bftfn] z'¢ ?kdf ?=@%))).– ;Dd 5'6 kfpg] xf] t/ 3/ef8f leGg–leGg JolQm;Fu lnP/ leGg–leGg JolQmnfO{ /sd e'QmfgL lbbf ?=@%))).–gsf6]sf] x'Fbf k|To]sdf 5'6 kfpg] xf] eGg] P]gsf] dg;fo xf]Og . 3/ef8f leGg–leGg JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] /sd PsLs[t u/L ;f] PsLs[t ;Dk"0f{ /sdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] xf] . dflyNnf] bkmfdf h] n]lvP klg ;f] s'/fnfO{ sf6\g] u/L tnsf] bkmfdf ;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] tNnf] bkmf nfu" ug{‘ kb{5 eGg] sfg"g JofVof ePsf] x'Fbf Psåf/ ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f gu/L s/ clws[tn] s/ 5'6 lbg g;Sg] x'Fbf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . o;df k'g/fj]bs tyf k|ToyL{ tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; lhsL/ ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ u/L x]bf{ c?0f jg:klt pBf]u ln=n] cfly{s jif{ @)%).)%! sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofåf/f :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ljj/0f e/L ldlt @)%!.!@.#) df cfo Joo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df cjf:tljs / ck|dfl0ft b]vfPsf vr{x¿ ldGxf glbO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ##-s_-@_ adf]lhd v'bcfo ?=$),@),!#^.($ sfod x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] eGg] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lg0f{o ;b/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt kfpmF egL lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ljleGg pBf]u tyf kf6L{x¿nfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] ?=&,^$,!!^.– vr{nfO{ cdfGo u/L v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf], ljleGg JolQm;Fu lnPsf] 3/ ef8f e'QmfgL ubf{ s/ s§f ug{‘ gkg{] 3/ ef8f vr{dWo] ?=!,!),))). nfO{ cdfGo u/L v'bcfo tkm{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] / z]N; k|df]zg vr{dWo] a9L egL ?$,&*,#^&.$& / e}k/L cfo cfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf] egL ?=!,%$,&)%. ;d]t hDdf ?=^,##,)&@.$& nfO{ cdfGo u/L v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] / x|f; vr{dWo] ?=!!,@*,*!).$^ nfO{ cdfGo u/L v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfcg'¿k Ps ltxfO{ x|f; vr{sf] dfunfO{ cdfGo u/]sf] / k}lsª ;fdfg vkt vr{ a9L b]vfPsf] egL ?=&,*^,^^#.)! nfO{ v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o gldn]sf] x'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpmF egL k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . #= o;df ljleGg pBf]u Pj+ kf6L{x¿nfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd ?=&,^$,!!^. v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g eg] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/tkm{ x]bf{ sf]zL d]6n qmfkm\6\; k|f=ln=, s[i0f d]6n qmfkm\6 k|f=ln=, czf]s c6f]df]jfON;, rfFb :6f];{ / lgt]z OG6/k|fOh]hx¿ cfos/, k|df0fkqafnf / laqmL s/afnf s/bftf /x]sf] / To:tf s/bftfnfO{ /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ ;f] s/sf] /sd cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %!-u_ adf]lhd aL; xhf/ ?k}of eGbf a9L /sdsf] e'QmfgL ug{‘ kb{f a}+s dfkm{t ug{‘kg{] / a}+s dfkm{t e'QmfgL gePsf] /sdnfO{ v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd cfos/ btf{ k|df0f kq k|fKt kmd{ jf kf6L{x¿nfO{ /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ a}+s dfkm{Tf e'QmfgL u/]sf] gb]lv+bf 27

pQm /sdnfO{ v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z u/L ldGxf lbg gldNg] u/L ePsf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvPsf]n] cGoyf ug{ kg{] cj:yf /x]g . $= cj ;]N; k|df]zg tkm{ ?=$,&*,#^&.$& / e}k/L vr{ ?=!,%$,&)%. ;d]t hDdf ? ^,##,)&@.$& v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] lhsL/tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|rf/ k|;f/ lj1fkg vr{jfkt s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] s"n d'gfkmfsf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ldGxf kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ToxL vr{nfO{ e}k/L vr{sf] zLif{s /fvL ldGxf dfu u/]sf] b]lv+bf To;/L ;f]xL ljifodf Psk6s ;'ljwf k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 bf]xf]/f] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ sfg"gt ldNg] gx'Fbf s'n pTkfbgsf] % k|ltzt ldGxf lbO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf ?=^,##,)&@.&& ldGxf lbg gldNg] egL s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvof] . %= Koflsª ;fdfg vkt vr{ ?=&,*^,^^#.)! v'bcfo tkm{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ pBf]un] !% s]=hL=sf] l6g !*@@#* yfg / !% s]=hL=sf] hf/ #$!(* ;d]t hDdf @,!^,$#^ yfg vkt ePsf] egL pBf]un] b]vfPsf] kfOG5 . pTkflbt ;fdfg Koflsª ePsf] !% s]=hL=l6g @)!@*^ yfg / !% s]=hL=hf/ *#^( ;d]t hDdf @,)(,^%% vkt x'g] b]lvPsf]n] b'a}af6 km/s b]lvPsf] ^&*! / % ln6/sf] l6g !()&* yfg, % ln6/ hf/ $&%)# / % s]=hL=hf/ !#!(! ;d]t hDdf &(,&&@ yfg vkt b]vfPsf]df pTkflbt ;fdfg Koflsª ePsf] x]bf{ ^#,%%( yfg l6g / hf/ vkt x'g] b]lvPsf]n] km/s b]lvPsf] l6g / hf/ hDdf !^@!# yfg vkt geO{ a9L b]vfPsf] x'Fbf !% ln6/ tkm{sf] hf/sf] ?=#!)!^@.($ / % ln6/sf] l6gsf] ?=$,&^,%)).)& caf:tljs vr{ b]vfPsf] x'Fbf vr{ g} gePsf] l6g / hf/nfO{ a9L vkt ePsf] b]vfO{ ldGxf dfu u/]sf] pBf]usf] pQm sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] xb;Ddsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg . ^= cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL ( sf] bkmf % df ePsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt 3/ ef8f vr{dWo] ?=!,!),))). nfO{ cdfGo u/L v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ pBf]un] ljleGg kf6L{x¿ ;'/]G› df:s]nfO{ #$%)). , uf]/L b]jL laZjf;nfO{ @^^)).– / uf}tds[i0f aflgofnfO{ !@&,))).– 3/ axfn e'QmfgL u/]sf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . ca cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL ( sf] bkmf % df ePsf] 3/ axfn s/;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ æ?=@%,))).– ;Dd s§f ug{‘ gkg{] ?=@%,))!. b]lv %),))).– ;Dd !) k|ltzt n], ?=%),))! b]lv !,)),))). ;Dd !% k|ltzt n] / ?=!,)),))). eGbf dfly hlt ;'s}df @% k|ltzt 3/ hUuf axfn s/ clu|d cfodf s§f ug{‘kg{] 5Ú eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . 3/ hUufsf] axfn /sd hlt hgf jf kmd{ jf kf6L{nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] 5 ;f] ;a} 3/ axfn Pslqt ?kdf hf]8L ;f]xLaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] eGg] Aoj:yf pQm cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL ( sf] bkmf % df ul/Psf] b]lvPg . pQm Aoj:yf adf]lhd ;'/]G› df:s]nfO{ ?=#$%))., 3/ ef8f e'QmfgL ubf{ ?=@%,))).– afx]s u/L ? (%)).–sf] !) k|ltztn] x'g] s/ ?=(%).– uf]/Lb]jL laZjf;nfO{ @^^)). df ?=@%))).– afx]s u/L ? !^)).–sf] !) k|ltzt n] x'g] s/ ?=!^).– / uf}tds[i0f aflgofnfO{ !@&,))). df ?=@%))).–afx]s u/L klxnf] ?=@%))). b]lv ?=%)))).–;Dd !) k|ltzt n] ?=@%)).–bf];|f] ?=%)))).–b]lv ?=!))))).–;Dd !% k|ltzt n] x'g] ?=&%)).–/ afFsL ?=@&))).–sf] @% k|ltzt ? ^&%).–;d]t hDdf ?=!&*^). 3/axfn s/s§f u/L e'QmfgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 5'§f5'§} AolQmsf] 3/ axfndf lnPsf]df cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL ( sf] bkmf % adf]lhd kfpg] ;'ljwf ;d]t k|bfg gu/L pQm sfg"gL Aoj:yfsf] ljk/Lt 5'§f5'§} AolQmsf] gfddf /x]sf] 3/ axfnsf] /sdnfO{ PsLs[t u/L ?=!,!),))).– nfO{ v'bcfodf ;dfj]z u/L s/sf] bfo/fleq kg{] egL ul/Psf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg . &= k'g/fj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg' kg{] eGg] ;DaGwdf lnPsf] bfjL ;DaGwdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg] af/]df lnPsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf lgDg lnlvt b'O{ k|Zgx¿ pk/ ljrf/ ug{‘kg{] b]lvof]M– -!_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos 5 jf 5}g < -@_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] s'g} ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefusf] Psåf/ ;ldltn] s'g} lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cGtu{t s/ clws[tn] pQm cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dfGotf lbg ;S5 jf ;Sb}g < *= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g ;'ljwfx¿sf] k|s[lt / k|sf/x¿ x]g{‘ kb{5 . ;du|df x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . klxnf] ;d"xdf kg{] ;'ljwfx¿ cjlw ls6fg gul/Psf] ;'ljwfx¿ x'g\ / o:tf ;'ljwf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bfo/fdf kg{] pBf]ux¿n] :jtM k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . o; af/]df Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf :jLs[ltsf] 28

cfjZos kb{}g . h:tf] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ cfos/, cGtz'Ns, tyf laqmL s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf, v08 -h_ cg';f/ pBf]usf] l:y/ h]yfdf x|f; s§L ubf{ sfg"gdf plNnlvt b/sf] Ps ltxfO{ yk x|f; s§L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf tyf v08 -0f_ cg';f/ pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfefz+df cfos/ gnfUg] egL ul/Psf Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwf pQm P]gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf ;'ljwf ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfjZostf kb{}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ adf]lhd pBf]un] l:y/ h]yfsf] x|f;s§L ubf{ k|rlnt cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg"gdf plNnlvt b/df ;f]xL b/sf] Ps ltxfO{ yk u/L s§f ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf cfjlws ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwf geO{ o:tf] ;'ljwf pBf]u ;~rfngdf /x];Dd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwf ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'ljwf Psåf/ ;ldltn] lg0f{o ul//xg' kg{] cfjZostf b]lvPg . (= ca bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{sf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{, cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ df ul/Psf] Aoj:yfsf] k|of]usf] af/]df s;/L x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf s/ clws[tn] s/ 5'6sf] ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o jf l;kmfl/z cfjZos 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf laZn]if0f ul/Pcg';f/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf laj/0fnfO{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 d"NofÍg u/] kl5 dfq osLg x'g] jf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6 lbgsf] nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ lng'kg{] x'G5 . t/ pQm P]gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf ljj/0fnfO{ d"NofÍg tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ gkg{] / ;DalGwt s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Aoj;flos sf/f]jf/df /fv]sf] clen]v tyf n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g ;Sg] ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos kb{}g t/ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug{] s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yf x'g' x'Fb}g . o;/L n]vf cdfGo gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df o;:sLg x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZos kb{}g . o;} ;Gbe{df æcfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ubf{ s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZos gkg{]Ú egL o:t} ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#$)* sf] k'g/fj]bs ofs P08 otL xf]6n / ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}F ePsf] cfos/ d'2fdf o;} cbfntaf6 lg0f{o eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/ pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] n]vf cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s ;f] yk x|f; sl§sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ jf k|bfg ug{ lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf s/bftfn] /fv]sf] lan e/kfO{ tyf n]vfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g] l:y/ h]yfsf] d"No g} ko{fKt x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pBf]u ljefusf] :jLs[lt cfjZos kb{}g . of] s'/f s/ clws[tn] g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] dfGo Joj;folos k|rngsf] ?kdf ;d]t ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . o; af/]df o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fx¿df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg eO;s]sf] ;Gb{edf pBf]u ljefusf] Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus Aoj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] x|f; s§L vr{ k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}g eGg]s'/f sfg"g;Ddt b]lvPg . !)= pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 k'g/fj]bs pBf]un] sfg"gcg';f/ kfpg' kg{] s/ 5'6dWo] ljleGg JolQmx¿;Fu 5'§f5'§} lnPsf] 3/ ef8fsf] e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d s/ s§f gu/]sf] egL ?=!,!),))). v'bcfotkm{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ Psåf/ ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o x'g'kg{] egL ?=!!,@*,*!).$^ Ps ltxfO{ xf; vr{sf] dfunfO{ cdfGo u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf] x'Fbf s]xL pN6L x'G5 . c?df tk;Ln adf]lhd ug{' .

29

tk;Ln dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvP adf]lhd /fh:j GofofwLs/0f km};nfdf x|f;s§L ug{‘kg{]df gu/]sf] / 3/ axfn s/df 5'§f5'§} cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{]df PsLs[t cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xb;Ddsf] km};nf gldn]sf]n] s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] 3/ axfnsf] xsdf cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL ( sf] bkmf % adf]lhd 5'§f 5'§} cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL / dfly lg0f{o v08df pNn]v ePcg';f/ k'g/fj]bs pBf]unfO{ cf}Bf]lus Aoj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/ x|f; s§L ;'ljwf k|fKtx'g] x'Fbf pBf]un] kfpg] ?=!!,@*,*!).$^ Ps ltxfO{ x|f; vr{sf] /sd v'bcfodf ;dfj]z gu/L x|f; s§L ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/df n]vL k7fpg" . ! cf=j=@)%).)%! sf] cfos/sf] cfwf ? %,(&,((%.#& ldlt @)%#.#.#) ut] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] w/f}6L vftfdf hDdf u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] ldGxf kfpg' kg{] /sd s6fO{ c;"n ug{‘kg{] jf lkmtf{ ug{‘kg{] eP lkmtf{ ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/df n]vL k7fpg" . @ k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" ––––# pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/L Olt ;+jt )^^ ;fn ;fpg @) ut] /f]h # z'ed\=== Ohnf; clws[t– bLks 9sfn

30

g]=sf=k=@)^^ cÍ *, km};nf ldltM @)^^.%.@(.@ lg0f{o g+=*@)^ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ ;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!%(

d'2fM cfos/ -@)%$.)%%_ . k'g/fj]bsM ;Ltf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln=sn+sLsf] clwsf/ k|fKt k|jGw ;~rfns ;Ltf/fd ltdlN;gf lj?4 k|ToyL{M $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}F, xfn cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}+ z'? lg0f{o ug{]M $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}F k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{]M cWoIf >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo ;b:o >L k'isnk|;fb pkfWofo · cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;j}eGbf j9L hfgsf/L :jo+ s/bftfnfO{ g} x'G5 eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s/bftfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf j'emfpg] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf] cfosf] :jo+nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lb+bf cfodf kf/bzL{{tf ;d]t b]vfpg ;Sg' kg{] . · s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f em'7f 7xl/g uPdf cy{fTf s/bftfn] em'7f] ljj/0f lbPdf, s/ 5n]df, 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]df eg] ;hfosf] efuLbf/ aGg' kg{] . -k|s/0f g+=$_ k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L j›Laxfb'/ sfsL{ / ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ km};nf Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M /fhZj GofofwLs/0f, sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt @)^).@.! ut]sf] km};nfpk/ /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * -3_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dltsf] nflu k/]sf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5M– k|:t't d'2fdf k|:t't s/bftfsf] cf=j= @)%$.)%% df v'b cfo ;fnfvfnf ?=$,%@,%!%.@$ pNn]v u/L n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;d]t ;fy}/fvL ldlt @)%%.!!.# df s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf k]z u/]sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f . :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f ;fy k]z ePsf] n]vfnfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %*-s_ adf]lhd cdfGo u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ## -@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod ug{‘kg{] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] adf]lhd x'g' gkg{] eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f eGg jf ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd clGtd df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf] ldlt @)%^ .!@.@! sf] kq . k]z ePsf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fnfO{ lj:t[t 5fgjLg u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo ?= *,@),&&(.$! sfod u/L ;f]df s/ ?=@,)%,!($.*% / h/Ljfgf ?=^,*%*.!% dWo] clu|d bfv]n ePsf] ?=!,)*,*^!. s§f u/L jfFsL s/ tyf h/Ljfgf ;d]t of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] #% lbgleq bfv]nf ug{‘ xf]nf eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%^.!@.@( df ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . k|f=ln=n] u/]sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cfjZos sfuhftx¿ ;d]t k|ToyL{ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]nfO{ ljrf/} gu/L jf:tljseGbf j9L sf/f]jf/ b]vfO{ xr'jfsf] e/df ul/Psf] s/ lgw{f0f cfb]z ab/ u/L kfp+m eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ . o;df cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] ldlt @)$@.&.!^ sf] kl/kqdf cfon lgudsf l8n/x¿sf] cfo sfod ubf{ lghx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] sldzgdWo] ?=! nfv;Ddsf] sldzgdf %) k|ltzt, ?=! nfv b]lv @ nfv;Ddsf] cfodf $) k|ltzt / ?=@ nfv eGbf j9L eP hltdf dfq #) k|ltztn] vr{ ldGxf lbg] u/]sf] cfwf/af6 klg s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] sfo{nfO{ dgfl;j} dfGg' kg{] b]lvof] . ctMPj tTsfnLg s/ sfof{no If]q g+=$ af6 ldlt @)%^.!@.@( df ePsf] v'b cfos/ lgwf{/0f krf{ / 31

P] df ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt @)^).@.! ut]sf] km};nf . lgj]bs sDkgLn] cf=j=@)%$.)%% df v'b cfo ?=$,%@,%!%.@$ ePsf] Joxf]/f n]vf k/LIfsn] k|dfl0ft u/L lbPsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 ;d]t k|i6 ePsf]df ljkIfL $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{non] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df v'b cfo ?=*,@),&&($! sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/L nufO{Psf] s/ tyf h/Ljfgf ;d]t cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_, k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ ;d]t ljk/Lt ePsf]n] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * -v_ -u_ / -3_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg u/L /fhZj GofofwLs/0fsf] km};nf ab/ u/L GofokfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l;tf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf lbPsf] lgj]bg . o;df s/bftfsf] lx;fj lstfj cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ## -#_ n] P]gadf]lhd s§f ug{ kfpg] vr{ s§f ug{‘kg{] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] jlv{nfk ckgfO{Psf l;4fGt egL s/ clws[tn] ldlt @)%^.!@.@( df u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z To;nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] km};nfdf pQm P]gsf] q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvFbf /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 . lgodadf]lhd k'g/fj]bgdf btf{ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.$. ^ sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L j›Laxfb'/ sfsL{ Pj+ lj4fg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] lgj]bs sDkgLn] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ljqmL u/L g]kfn cfon lgudaf6 sldzg k|fKt ug{] xf] . k|fKt sldzgaf6 sDkgLn] b}lgs sfo{df vr{ ug{] xf] / To:tf] vr{nfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ n] :jLs[lt lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . sfg"gcg';f/ vr{ s§f ug{ kfpg] ljleGg k|zf;lgs vr{ / x«f; s§L ;d]t ubf{ x'g uPsf] cfosf] ljj/0f clws[t ;dIf k]z u/]sf]df ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} ljj]rgf g} gu/L zt k|ltzt vr{ tyf n]vf ;d]t g} cdfGo u/L ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f xr'jf Pj+ :j}R5frf/L ePsf] k|i6 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ Gofof]lrt cfwf/ sf/0f v'nfpg kg{]df gv'nfO{ ePsf] s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ ul/of]:f eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ## -s_-@_ adf]lhd sDkgLsf] v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] ug{‘ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ /fhZj GofofwLs/ 0f, sf7df8f}Fsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5 ;Sb}g < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvg cfof] . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bs ;Ltf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln=n] cf=j=@)%$.)%% df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ sf/f]jf/sf] cfo ljj/0f ;dodf k]z gu/]sf]n] $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no, s'n]Zj/, sf7df8f}Faf6 r=g+=$)&(, ldlt @)%%.!).!* sf] kq4f/f !% lbgsf] Dofb ;lxtsf] kq k7fOPsf]df k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] cf=j= @)%$.)%% df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ sf/f]jf/sf] cfo ljj/0f e/L :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fdf v'b cfo ?=$,%@,%!%.@$ pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%%.!!.# df s/ sfof{nodf cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df s/ lgwf{/0fsf] kmf/fd;fy cfjZos ljj/0f k]z gu/]sf]n] & lbgsf] ;do lbO{ cfjZos sfuhftx¿ k]z ug{ s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%%.!!.@% sf] ;fy} k'gM ldlt @)%^.!@.@! df ;d]t & lbgsf] clGtd ;do lbO{ kq k7fOPsf]df sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 ;f]xL ldltdf kq j'emL ldlt @)%^.!@.@* df #) lbgsf] ;do dfu u/L s/ clws[t;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf Dofb yk gx'g] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]df k'g/fj]bs sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 cfjZos sfuhft ;lxtsf] ljj/0f s/ sfof{nodf k]z gu/L c6]/ u/L j;]sf] b]lvG5 . #= cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ n] s/bftfn] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf gu/]df jf em"¶f ljj/0f bflvnf u/]df jf sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf g/fv]df jf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] ePdf s/ clws[tn] s/bftfsf] bfloTj, ;DklQ, cfo–Joosf] ;|f]t / ljj/0fx¿ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] e/]sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f kmf/daf6 v'b cfo ?=$,%@,%!%.@$ b]vfPsf]df s/bftf k'g/fj]bsn] ;f]sf] ;Dk"0f{ oyfy{ ljj/0f pn\n]v gu/L lx;fj lstfj kf/bzL{ ?kdf g/fvL xr'jfsf] cfwf/df :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f kmf/d e/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . $= s/bftf :jo+n] cfkm"nfO{ nfUg] s/ cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/L a'emfpg] k|lqmof g} :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f xf] . cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;j} eGbf j9L hfgsf/L :jo+ s/bftfnfO{ g} x'G5 eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s/bftfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf j'emfpg] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 . cfkm\gf] cfosf] :jo+nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lb+bf cfodf kf/blz{tf ;d]t b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f em'7f 7xl/g uPdf eg] s/bftfn] d"No 32

r'sfpg' k5{ cy{ft s/bftfn] em'7f] ljj/0f lbPdf, s/ 5n]df, 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]df eg] ;hfFosf] efuLbf/ aGg' kg{] x'G5 . %= k'g/fj]bs sDkgL :jo+n] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ubf{ cfk\mgf] sf/f]jf/ jf cfo;|f]tsf] lsl;d, jf;nft, gfkmf gf]S;fg, lx;fj lstfj ;d]tsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx;fj lstfj kf/bzL{ ?kdf pNn]v gu/L xr'jfsf] cfwf/df sDkgLsf] v'b cfo ?= $,%@,%!%.@$ ePsf] egL :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f kmf/d e/L s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf]df s/ sfof{noaf6 :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f kmf/ddf pNn]v u/]sf] ljj/0f k'li6 ug{] sfuh k|df0f k]z ug{ k6s k6s ;"rLt ubf{ ;d]t cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 lx;fj lstfj k]z gu/L j;]sf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] ldlt @)$@.&.!^ sf] kl/kqadf]lhd cfon lgudsf l8n/x¿sf] cfo sfod ubf{ lghx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] sldzg dWo] ?=! nfv ;Ddsf] sldzgdf %) k|ltzt ?=! nfvb]lv ?= @ nfv;Ddsf] cfo $) k|ltzt / @ nfv eGbf j9L eP hltdf dfq #) k|ltztn] vr{ ldGxf lbg] eGg] pNn]v ePcg';f/ k'g/fj]bs sDkgLnfO{ $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{noaf6 pk/f]Qm adf]lhd vr{ ldGxf lbO{ hDdf v"b cfo ?= *,@),&&(.$! sfod ug{] u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . ^= ctM k'g/fj]bs ;Ltf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln=sf] cf=j=@)%$.)%% sf] sf/f]jf/df v'b cfo ?=*,@),&&(. $! lgwf{/0f ug{] u/L tTsfnLg $ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no, s'n]Zj/, sf7df8f}Faf6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt @)^).@.! sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf6L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{ Olt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn ebf} @( ut] /f]h @ z'ed ===

33

efuM %!, ;fnM @)^^, dlxgfM kmfu'g, c+sM !!, km};nf ldlt M @)^^.)^.!( k[=^#, lg0f{o g+= *@^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ ;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#@%*

d'2f M– cfos/ . k'g/fj]bsM cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ lj?4 k|ToyL{M zfx pBf]u k|f=ln= lj/f6gu/ z'? km};nf ug{] M >L Nffndl0f hf]zL k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{] M sfg"g ;b:o cWoIf >L /f3jNffn j}B /fh:j ;b:o >L s[i0feQm lji6 n]vf ;b:o >L sdns'df/ >]i7 · Jofj;flostfsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt nfuteGbf sd d"Nodf j:t' laqmL ug{'k/]sf] / nuftf/ gf]S;fgLdf pBf]u ;~rfng ug{'k/]sf] ;DaGwdf pBf]un] tYoo'Qm 7f]; cfwf/ k|df0f k]z u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pBf]usf] egfO{ dfqsf] cfwf/df s/ sfof{non] s/ ldGxf ug{] l:ylt gx'g] . · dgf]ut cfwf/df s/ ldGxf ub{} hfg] xf] eg] s/ tyf /fhZj k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ k|efjxLg eO{ /fi6«sf] /fhZj c;"nL k|lqmof k|efljt x'g k'Ug] . -k|s/0f g+=#_ k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L z+s/axfb'/ /fO{ k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM km};nf Gof= bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M– zfx pBf]u k|f=ln=sf] cf=j=)%#.%$ sf] sf/f]jf/df ?=&%,@@,$)#.*# v'b gf]S;fgL b]vfO{ ldlt @)%$.*.@^ ut] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f e/L k]z u/]sf] . pQm ljj/0fsf] lj:t[t 5fgaLg u/L k]z ePsf alxvftf, lx;fa lstfa tyf lg/LIf0f k/LIf0fsf avt b]lvPsf s}lkmotsf ;DaGwdf s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/df jf/]; s'nz]v/ clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] aofg . ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;ft lbgsf] df}sf lbPsf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ;"rgf / ;f]pk/ lbPsf] hjfkm ldl;n ;+nUg /x]5 . zfx pBf]u k|f=ln=sf] cf=j=)%#.%$ sf] ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/NffO{ b[li6ut u/L x'g;Sg] plrt / jf:tljs vr{;d]tNffO{ ldGxf lbO{ ?=!(,)#,#*#.(* v'b cfo sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ldlt @)%%.#.!% ut]sf] lg0f{o krf{ . pk/f]Qm lx;faadf]lhd sfod ePsf] hDdf s/ ?=!,$(,$@!.@& a}+s bflvnf ug{‘ u/fpg' eGg] ldlt @)%%.#.!% ut]sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/n] o; k|f=ln=sf] cf=j=)%#.%$ sf] v'b cfo ?=!(,)#,#*#.(* sfod u/L s/ ?=%,#@,($&.*! / bkmf ^)-#_ adf]lhd h/Ljfgf ?=@,^^,$&#.)# nufPsf] x'Fbf ;f] q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]n] ab/ u/L sfg"gadf]lhd u/L ;xL xs OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . 5nkmnsf] nflu c.j+.@)@ g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no lj/f6gu/NffO{ k];Lsf] ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug{‘ eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] cfb]z . ;]So'l/6L uf8{x¿NffO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ?=$,@*,^%(.(@ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf x]bf{ tT;DaGwL lx;fa lstfa k]z ug{] cfb]zfg';f/ cfh} ;'gjfO{sf a]nf;d]t ;f] ;DaGwL sfuhft ge]l6Psf] eGg] 34

;DalGwt kIf / ljåfg clwjQmfaf6 ;d]t hfgsf/L x'g cfof] . s] slt ;]So"l/6L uf8{ tTsfn t}gfy ul/Psf] / s] s'g b/n] kfl/>lds tf]sL s] slt /sd a'emfPsf] /x]5 ;f] ;DaGwL e/kfO{ sfuh;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf] l:yltdf s/of]Uo kfl/>lds lyof] lyPg 5fglag ug{ ;lsg] cj:y} gx'Fbf clu|d s/ s§L x'g'kg{] x}g eGg] lhsL/;DaGwL tYok"0f{ k|df0fsf] cefjdf pQm ?=$,@*,^%(.(@ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] z'? s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvof] . a}+ssf] C0f afktsf] Aofh vr{ eg]sf] ?=#,)(,(%*.@% v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ pBf]un] s"n ?=!),@*,^%%.)# jf;nft gfkmf gf]S;fg;Fu ;DalGwt cg';"rL g+=!! sf] kmfF6jf/Lcg';f/ a}+s Aofh lt/]sf] b]lvof] . a}+saf6 shf{ lnPsf]df s'g} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . s] slt wfuf] ;fk6L afkt Aofh 5'6 kfpg] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf tYok"0f{ cfwf/df lg0f{odf af]lnPsf] kfOPg . cGoqaf6 wfuf] ;fk6L lnO{ pTkfbg u/]sf] Jofj;flos sfo{NffO{ cGoyf dfGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . Aofh vr{ n]v]sf]df s/ sfof{non] ljjfb p7fPsf] kfOPg t/ s] slt AofhdWo] s] slt cfwf/ k|df0fn] cGo /sd 5'6 kfpg] ePsf] / of] cÍ 5'6 gkfpg] xf] ;f]sf] tYofË k|df0feGbf dgf]ut cfwf/df pQm /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] ldn]g, ldGxf x'G5 . wfuf] vkttkm{ ?=@,)@,&$).)* v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ x]bf{ laqmL s/ sfof{non] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] wfuf] vkt kl/df0f !$)$#@.$$( s]=hL=eGbf s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] wfuf] vkt !$!&($.!#( e} wfuf] vkt kl/df0f km/s kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] . o;/L s/bftf :jo+n] s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] wfuf] vkt kl/df0f / lghn] g} d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf wfuf] vkt kl/0ffd km/s–km/s b]lvg cfPsf] / o;/L leGgtf x'g'kg{] tYoo'Qm cfwf/ k|df0f k'g/fj]bsaf6 k|:t't x'g gcfPsf] cj:yfdf lx;faaf6 km/s kg{ cfPsf] kl/df0fsf] vkt wfuf] k|lt s]=hL=?=!%#.@( sf b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=@,)@,&$).)* v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf]NffO{ cGoyf dfGg ldn]g pQm lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvof] . :6f]/ P08 :k]o/kf6{; v/Lb k}7f/Ltkm{ ?=^)!^*!.&* v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/tkm{ x]bf{ ef/taf6, k|tLt kqdfkm{t / :yfgLo v/Lbdfkm{t :jo+ / P08:6f]/ ;fdfg v/Lb u/]sf] egL ;f]sf] ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] b]lvof] . ;f] ljj/0fcg';f/ hDdf ?=!$,^#,*^!.@$ sf] ;fdfg v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] ;fdfg v/Lb;DaGwL lan e/kfO{ k]z ug{] cfb]z ePsf]df s/ sfof{non] lg0f{o krf{df v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] /sdsf] lan e/kfO{ k]z u/L k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k|dfl0ft ug{ k'g/fj]bsn] g;s]sf] x'Fbf vr{ ;dly{t x'g] lan e/kfO{sf] cefjdf k]z ePsf] vr{ ljj/0f / k'g/fj]bg lhsL/NffO{ dfq k|df0fdf u|x0f ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf o;tkm{sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ lg/y{s e} k'Ug ;Qm}g . ut jif{sf] :jo+ s/ ljj/0fdf cw{ tof/L sk8fsf] clGtd df}Hbft / z'? df}Hbftdf km/s k/]sf] egL v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] ?=$),(%,(*@.&* 5'6 x'g'kg{] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ePsf]df ;f] tkm{ x]bf{ k'g/fj]bsn] cfkm"n] ut jif{sf] :jo+ s/ ljj/0fdf cw{ tof/L sk8fsf] clGtd df}Hbft ?=*(,#*,@$*.%$ b]vfPsf] xf]Og eGg] k|df0f sfuhft k]z bflvn ug{ ;d]t ;s]sf] kfOPg . lx;fasf] sf/0fn] km/s kg{ uPsf] xf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ eP tfklg s] s:tf] lx;fan] ;f] km/s b]lvg cfPsf] xf] k'li6 ug{ ;d]t ;s]sf] gkfOFbf pQm ?=$),(%,(*@.&* v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{oNffO{ cGoyf ug{‘kg{] cj:yf b]lvPg . ;f] /sd ldGxf kfpg' kg{] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . kf]6{ lSnol/ª vr{ ?=^),%$*.– v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ x]bf{ k'g/fj]bsaf6 lx;fa lstfa dfu ug{] ePsf cfb]zfg';f/ tT;DaGwL zLif{ssf] vr{;DaGwL lan ekfO{x¿åf/f vr{ k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf k'i6\ofO{ ug{ g;s]sf] pQm /sd ldGxf kfpmF eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvg cfPg . pQm /sd ldGxf glbO{ k|ToyL{ sfof{non] v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvof] . 8fOh s]ldsn v/Lb vr{ ?=!!,%$,(#@.!* v'b cfos/ ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ x]bf{ k'g/fj]bsn] ;f] ;fdfg v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] ljj/0f;Dd k|:t't u/]sf] kfOof] . ;f] ljj/0f k|dfl0ft x'g] v/Lb lan e/kfO{ k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg . k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o krf{df lnPsf cfwf/x¿ pk/ lrQ ga'emL k'g/fj]bsn] ljjfb p7fPsf] zLif{s cGtu{tsf] vr{ ;dly{t x'g] ljn e/kfO{ nufotsf Supporting documents k|:t't u/L s/sf] ef/af6 d'Qm x'g] bfloTj k'g/fj]bsaf6 axg x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf gb]lvFbf cfjZos k|df0f sfuhaf6 k'i6\ofO{ x'g g;s]sf] pQm /sd ldGxf kfpmF eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . pQm /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]s} b]lvof] . k|ToIf pTkfbg vr{ / ck|ToIf vr{dWo]sf] ;DalGwt s]xL vr{;d]t ;dfj]z u/L sfod x'g] sf/vfgfsf] k|lt OsfO{ nfut d"No ?=%(.#& b]lvPsf] t/ k|f=ln=n] sfod u/]sf] ;/x laqmL d"No k|lt OsfO{ ?=%#.*( b]lvPsf]n] o;/L Go"g km/s b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ k|lt OsfO{ nfuteGbf Go"g d"Nodf laqmL u/]sf] l:yltdf To:tf] Go"g x'g] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] jf ldNg] s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] ePsf] b]lvFb}g . s/bftfn] pTkfbgsf] laqmL tTsfnsf] ahf/sf] l:ylt / k|ltikw{fsf cfwf/df ug{] x'G5 . o:tf]df s/ sfof{non] lx;fa u/] h:tf] nfut d"NoeGbf 36fP/ laqmL u/]sf] cj:yfNffO{ s/ bftfsf] clxtdf pkof]u ul/g' Gofok"0f{ x'Fb}g . pBf]usf] pTkfbg tyf laqmLsf] lx;fa lstfa d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{noaf6 k|dfl0ft e}/x]sf] lg/LIf0faf6 b]lvof] . o;/L pBf]un] ;f] k|dfl0ft 35

ljj/0f b]vfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf laqmL s/ tyf d"No clej[l4 s/sf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;d]t yk -cfk/flws_ bfloTj kg{ hfg] u/L s/ sfof{non] k|dfl0ft pQm lx;fa lstfa ljj/0fNffO{ cGoyf ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . nfut d"No / laqmL d"Nol:y/ e} /xg' kg{] jf Go"g x'g gx'g] s'g} Joj;flos l;4fGtsf] sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] cg'dfgNffO{ v'b laqmLsf] lx;fan] Gofok"0f{ dfGg ldn]g . pTkflbt j:t'x¿ d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] k|dfl0ft ljnåf/f laqmL e} lx;fa ldnfg b'?:t /flvPsf]df laqmL d"No nfut d"NoeGbf Go"g ePsf] sf/0f bz{fO{ ;f] d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] lan k|dfl0fs/0fsf] pTkfbgsf] / laqmL k|dfl0fs/0f;d]tsf ;|]:tfsf] j}wtf lg/y{s x'g] u/L pQm ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]g, pQm /sd ldGxf x'G5 . pk/f]Qm n]lvPadf]lhd ldGxf x'g] 7x/]sf] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] xb;Dd s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%%.#.!% sf] lg0f{o krf{ / s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f]xL xb;Dd s]lx pN6L x'G5 . cGo zLif{sdf k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!) sf] km};nf . ;fdfGo Jofj;flos dfGotfcg';f/ j:t'sf] nfut vr{df pBf]usf] ;d'lrt d'gfkmf;d]t hf]8L ul/g] ul/G5 . d'gfkmfsf] Joj;flos p2]Zo /fvL :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]un] j:t'sf] d"No lglZrt ubf{ ;j{k|yd cfkm\gf] pTkfbg nfut slt xf], ;f]tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg{] x'G5 . s/bftf pBf]un] cfkm\gf] pTkflbt j:t'sf] nfut d"No s] slt xf] / ;f]df s] slt d'gfkmf yk u/L laqmL d"No tf]s]sf] xf] eGg] ljifodf sfof{noNffO{ :ki6 u/fPsf] 5}g . s/bftfn] s] s'g sf/0faf6 gf]S;fgLdf pBf]u ;~rfng ug{‘ k/]sf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf n]vf;DaGwL l6Kk0fLdf ;d]t s'g} pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . ctM nfuteGbf 36L d"Nodf laqmL ug{‘kg{] 7f]; sf/0f / cfwf/ k|df0f a]u/ b]vfOPsf] Go"g laqmL /sdNffO{ :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] pQm /sd ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/L ePsf] z'? lg0f{o pN6L u/L ;f] /sd ldGxf u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . To:t} ;fk6L lbPsf] wfuf]df nfu]sf] Aofh vr{ pBf]usf] k|:t't cf=j=sf] cfodf cfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf]n] ldGxf glbO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o;d]t ldn]sf] x'Fbf a}+s C0fafktsf] Aofh ?=#,)(,(%*.@% v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g, ldGxf x'G5 egL ePsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *v_ tyf -u_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg kq . s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 ldlt @)%%.#.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{sf] k|s/0f g+=* df plNnlvt k|ToIf pTkfbg vr{ / ck|ToIf vr{x¿dWo]sf] ;DalGwt s]xL vr{;d]t ;dfj]z u/L sfod x'g] sf/vfgfsf] k|lt OsfO{ nfut d"No ?=%(.#& b]lvPsf] t/ k|f=ln=n] sfod u/]sf] ;/b/ laqmL d"No k|lt OsfO{ ?=%#.*( b]lvPsf] egL o;/L Go"g km/s b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ NffO{ v'b cfotkm{ ;dfj]z u/]sf]df /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] To: tf] Go"g b/df laqmL ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/L To:tf] nfut d"NoeGbf 36fP/ laqmL u/]sf] cj:yfNffO{ s/bftfsf] clxtdf pkof]u ul/g' Gofok"0f{ x'Fb}g eGg];d]tsf] cfwf/ lnO{ To:tf] /sd v'b cfotkm{ ;dfj]z ug{ ldn]g egL ;f] /sd ldGxf u/]sf] b]lvof] . cfkm\gf] nfuteGbf Go"g b/df laqmL u/]sf] cj:yfNffO{ :jLsf/ u/]kl5 To:tf] Go"g b/df lsg laqmL ug{‘ ko{f]n jf d'n\o clej[l4 s/sf] n]vf k/LIf0f;d]tdf clGtd ?kdf ;f] d"No sfod ePsf] xf], xf]Og < ;f];d]t s]xL ga'emL /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)^).#.!) df u/]sf] km};nfdf a'em\g'kg{] k|df0f ga'emL lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvFbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -v_ sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.%.#) sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L z+s/axfb'/ /fO{n] nfuteGbf sd d"Nodf j:t' laqmL ug{‘k/]sf] / nuftf/ 3f6fdf pBf]u ;~rfng ug{‘k/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ pBf]un] ;a"b k|df0fåf/f k'li6 u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{sf] ;f] s'/f dfgL nfuteGbf sd d"Nodf laqmL u/]sf] /sd;d]t v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGb} pQm /sd ldGxf x'g] 7xof{Psf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 egL ax; ug{‘eof] . plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] pQm km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg] k|Zgdf lg0f{o lbg'k/]sf] 5. @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, k|ToyL{ pBf]un] nfut d"NoeGbf 36L d"Nodf laqmL u/]sf] /sd ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ / ;fk6L lnPsf] wfuf]df a}+s Aofh afktsf] ?=#,)(,(%*.@% v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o s]xL pN6L u/L pQm /sdx¿ ldGxf x'g] 7xof{Psf] xb;Dd /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfpk/ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvof] . k|ToyL{n] ldlt @)^#.&.#) ut]b]lvsf] tf/]v u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvG5 . ca, ;j{k|yd nfuteGbf 36L d"Nodf laqmL u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] Go"g laqmL /sdNffO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? lg0f{o pN6L u/L ;f] /sd ldGxf x'g] 7xof{Psf] /fhZj 36

Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/tkm{ x]bf{, s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 ldlt @)%%.#.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{sf] k|s/0f * df k|ToIf pTkfbg vr{ / ck|ToIf vr{x¿dWo]sf] ;DalGwt s]xL vr{;d]t ;dfj]z u/L sfod x'g] sf/vfgfsf] k|lt OsfO{ nfut d"No ?=%(.#& b]lvPsf] t/ k|f=ln= n] sfod u/]sf] ;/b/ laqmL d"No k|lt OsfO{ ?=%#.*( b]lvPsf]n] o;/L Go"g km/s b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ NffO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/af6 km};nf x'Fbf To:tf] Go"g b/df laqmL ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/L To:tf] nfut d"NoeGbf 36fP/ laqmL u/]sf] cj:yfNffO{ s/bftfsf] clxtdf pkof]u ul/g' Gofok"0f{ x'Fb}g eGg] cfwf/ lnO{ To: tf] /sd v'b cfotkm{ ;dfj]z ug{ ldn]g egL ;f] /sd ldGxf ug{] u/]sf] kfOof] . #= k|ToyL{ pBf]u gfkmfd"ns Jofj;flos sDkgL ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . d'gfkmfsf] Joj;flos p2]Zo /fvL :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]un] pTkflbt j:t'sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ubf{ pTkfbg nfut;d]tNffO{ ljrf/ u/L clwstd d'gfkmf xfl;n x'g] u/L d"No lgwf{/0f ug{] ub{5g . of] Jofj;flostfsf] l;4fGt g} xf] . o;sf] ljk/Lt nfuteGbf sd d"Nodf j:t' laqmL ug{‘kg{] cj:yfNffO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf lng ;lsFb}g . sfa"eGbf aflx/sf] kl/l:yltsf sf/0f ckjfbsf] ?kdf slxn]sflxF o;/L nfuteGbf sd d"Nodf ;fdfg laqmL ug{‘ k/L pBf]u 3f6fdf hfg;Sg] cj:yf kg{;S5 t/ To:tf] cj:yfdf pBf]un] ;f]sf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/ k|df0f ;DalGwt s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/L cfkm\gf] bfjL k|dfl0ft u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5 . k|: t't ljjfbdf k|ToyL{ pBf]un] nfuteGbf sd laqmL d"No sfod ug{‘k/]sf] ;DaGwdf tYoo'Qm cfwf/ k|df0f k]z u/L cfkm\gf] bfjL k|dfl0ft ug{;s]sf] kfOFb}g . k|ToyL{ pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf k|:t't cf=j=sf] dfq s"n gf]S;fgL ?=$*,&(,&$!.^# /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t} jf;nftaf6 k|:t't cf=j=;Ddsf] ;l~rt gf]S;fgL @ s/f]8 !@ nfv k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L Joj;flostfsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtljk/Lt nfuteGbf sd d"Nodf j:t' laqmL ug{‘k/]sf] / nuftf/ gf]S;fgLdf pBf]u ;~rfng ug{‘k/]sf] ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ pBf]un] tYoo'Qm 7f]; cfwf/ k|df0f k]z u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{ pBf]usf] egfO{ dfqsf] cfwf/df s/ sfof{non] k|ToyL{ pBf]uNffO{ s/ ldGxf ug{] l:ylt x'Fb}g . o;/L dgf]ut cfwf/df s/ ldGxf ub{} hfg] xf] eg] s/ tyf /fhZj k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ k|efjxLg eO{ /fi6«sf] /fhZj c;"nL k|lqmof k|efljt x'g k'Ub5 . t;y{ nfuteGbf sd laqmL d"No b]vfPsf] ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ k|ToyL{ pBf]usf] v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pN6L u/L pQm /sd ldGxf u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt b]lvPg . $= ca, ;fk6L lbPsf] wfuf]df a}+s Aofh afktsf] ?=#,)(,(%*.@% v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pN6L u/L pQm /sd ldGxf u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] k'g/fj]bssf] csf]{ k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%%.#.!% sf] pQm lg0f{o krf{sf] k|s/0f @ df sk8f pTkfbg ug{ wfuf] v/Lb k}7f/L ubf{ a}+saf6 C0f lnO{ ;f] C0fsf] Aofh vr{ n]lvPsf] ;fy} k|f=ln=n] cGoqaf6 wfuf] ;fk6L k|fKt u/L pTkfbg sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] o;/L k|of]u x'g] ;fk6L wfuf]df Aofh vr{ ;dfj]z x'g sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DalGwt geO{ s"n Aofh vr{dWo] ?=#,)(,(%*.@% cfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . k|ToyL{ pBf]un] a}+saf6 C0f lnPsf] s'/fdf ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvFb}g / Aofh vr{ n]v]sf] s'/fdf klg z'? s/ sfof{non] lg0f{odf ljjfb p7fPsf] kfOFb}g t/ s] slt AofhdWo] s] slt cfwf/ sf/0faf6 cGo /sd 5'6kfpg] / k|:t't /sd ?= #)(,(%*.@% 5'6 gkfpg] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;f] lg0f{odf s'g} ljj]rgf ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . o;/L lagf ljZn]if0f / lagf cfwf/ sf/0f dgf]ut ?kdf pQm /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvFbf ;f] lg0f{o pN6L u/L pQm /sd ldGxf lbg] 7xo{fsPsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf cGoyf b]lvPg . %= ctM nfuteGbf sd laqmL d"No b]vfPsf] ?=@%,^%,@*%.*@ k|ToyL{ pBf]usf] v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o tyf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pN6L u/L pQm /sd ldGxf u/]sf] xb;Dd /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f] xb;Dd pQm km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . cGo s'/fdf k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{ Olt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn c;f]h !( ut] /f]h @ z'ed– Ohnf; clws[tM dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{

37

efu M %!, ;fnM @)^^ dlxgfM df3, c+s !), km};nf ldltM @)^^.&.!).#, lg0f{o g+=*@%# ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=##(#

d'2f M cfos/ . k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbLM kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6 la/f6gu/sf] tkm{af6 k|f]k|fO6/ czf]ss'df/ d'/f/sf la?4 k|ToyL{÷jfbLM s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] gfd kl/jt{g eO{ sfod /x]sf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, la/f6gu/ z'? lg0f{o ug{] M s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{] M df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ df=Gof=>L s[i0feQm >]i7 · s'g} klg s/bftfn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu k]z ug{] ljj/0fdf cfkm"åf/f ;~rflnt ;a} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf Joj;foaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfe ;d]tsf ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug{'kg{] . · s/ 5'6 kfPsf s/bftfx¿n] klg cfosf] ljj/0f k]z ug{'kg{] / To:tf] ljj/0fsf ;fydf ;f] ljj/0fnfO{ k'li6 ug{] vfnsf ;a} k|df0fx¿ bflvn ug{'kg{] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ 5'6 kfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df s'g} klg ljj/0f k]z ug{' gkg{] eGg] ts{sf] sfg"gL cfwf/ gb]lvg] . · lg0f{o e} g;s]sf] ljifodf cg'dfgsf cfwf/df cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] egL bfjL lng g;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=#_ · s'g} JolQmsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] cfo jif{leq s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfesf cfwf/df cfo lgwf{/0f ul/g] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf & sf] Joj:yfaf6 s/bftfn] cfkm"åf/f ;~rflnt ;a} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf Joj;fosf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{'kg{] . · s'g} ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfo k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf bafPsf] lqmofnfO{ klg em"7f ljj/0f dflgg] . -k|s/0f g+=$_ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf ;Ltf/fd cu|jfn k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z yfkf cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_, v08 -s_ b]lv -5_, %^-@_, %* /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * km};nf Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM /fhZj GofofwLs/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfpk/ /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#!sf] bkmf *sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo o; k|sf/ 5 M kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6\; tkm{sf] cf=j=@)%@.)%# sf] sf/f]jf/df v'bcfo ?=#,(#,@&).#) b]vfO{ kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6;\n] s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/df ldlt @)%#.(.@( df k]z u/]sf] cf=j=@)%#.)%$ sf] cfoJoosf] ljj/0f . ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd & lbgsf] df}sf lbPsf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%$.!).!% sf] ;"rgf . kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6\;sf] cf=a=@)%@.)%# sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ plrt / jf:tljs vr{ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L hDdf v'bcfo ?=$&,#),$^^ sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%$.!).@& sf] lg0f{o krf{ . sfod ePsf] hDdf s/ ?=!!,!^,*^#.@% / h/Ljfgf ?=#&,$&*.*$ ;d]t u/L hDdf ?=!!,%$,#&@.)( g]kfn /fi6« a}+s lj/f6gu/df bflvnf ug{‘ u/fpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . 38

s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / lg0f{o krf{ q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] ab/ u/L d]/f] n]vfnfO{ dfGo x'g]u/L n]vfsf] cfwf/df v'bcfo sfod u/L To;df dfq s/ nfUg] u/L OG;fkm lbnfO kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ . o;df n]vfnfO{ cdfGo u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf ;Gbe{df 5nkmn ug{ c=j+=@)@ g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nonfO{ k];Lsf] hfgsf/L lbO{ lemsfO{ k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.@.( sf] cfb]z . sfod ul/Psf] v'bcfonfO{ k'g/fj]bsn] v08g ug{ / ;k|df0f s]xL eGg ;d]t g;s]sf] l:ylt ePsf] / k'g/fj]bssf] bfjL k'li6 x'g] 7f]; cfwf/ ;d]t gb]lvFbf k'g/fj]bssf] lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvPg . k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] cj:yf ePg . t;y{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/ 0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.^.! sf] km};nf cfo;|f]t n'sfO{ bjfO{ l5kfO{ cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/ / k|df0fsf ?kdf kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]u yfgsf]6sf] lx;fj gb]vfO{Psf] eGg] /x]sf] 5, t/ kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]u yfgsf]6n] ;~rfng ldlt @)%@.$.!% b]lv % jif{sf nflu cfos/ gnfUg] u/L 5'6 kfPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] pBf]usf] sf/f]jf/ ;dfj]z gul/Psf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ lx;fa n'sfPsf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . plNnlvt cj:yftkm{ ljrf/ g} gu/L lx;fj lstfj cdfGo u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 . dfu ul/Psf] kmfF6jf/L k]z gul/Psf] eGg] cfwf/ :jo+df lg/fwf/ 5, dfu ePsf] ljj/0f oyf;dod} k]z ul/Psf] oyfy{nfO{ ljrf/ ul/g' k5{ . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %* df n]vfnfO{ cdfGo ug{;Sg] cfwf/x¿ pNn]v ePsf] eP tfklg s/ sfof{non] tL cfwf/x¿ gb]vfO{ n]vfnfO{ cdfGo ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ s/ sfof{noaf6 ul/Psf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf klg q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] ;f] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg u/L ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L d]/f] n]vfnfO{ dfGo x'g] u/L n]vfs} cfwf/df dfq s/ nfUg] u/L 7x/ km};nf u/L OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bgkq . o;df v'bcfo sfodubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#!sf] bkmf ## sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Ddsf] cfwf/ lng'kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/af6 lgj]bs kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6\;sf] lx;fjlstfj cdfGo u/L v'bcfo sfod ubf{ plNnlvt P]gsf] s'g cfwf/df To:tf] v'bcfo sfod ul/Psf] xf] < v'n]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfn] ;d]t To;}nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ## sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] uDeL/ sfg"gL T?l6u/L v'bcfo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvFbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] cfwf/df /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] pQm km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.*.@# sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbL kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6\; ;d]tsf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf ;Ltf/fd cu|jfnn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgfsf] hjfkm g} glbPsf] eGg] dfq cfwf/df lx;fa cdfGo ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;dfly klg sfof{noaf6 dfu ePadf]lhdsf] hjfkm oyf;dodf lbOPsf] cj:yf 5, :6f]g qm;/ pBf]un] 5'6 kfPsf] calwsf] s/ k|of]hgsf nflu lx;fa lbg'kg{] afWotf x'Fb}g, t;y{ s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] pN6L x'g'k5{ egL / k|ToyL{÷jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z yfkfn] kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]u / kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6\;sf k|f]k|fO6/ Pp6} e} Pp6} s/bftf ePsf] sf/0fn] yk ljj/0f k]z ug{ elgPsf]df To;sf] hjfkm g} glbO{ a;]sf] cj:yfdf lx;fa cdfGo ul/Psf] xf] . s/ 5'6 kfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df ljj/0f g} a'emfpg' gkg{] u/L pGd'lQm kfpg] x'Fb}g, To;}n] s/ sfof{no / /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5}g egL ax; ug{‘eof] . k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgx¿sf] lg?k0f u/L /fhZj Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] 5 < eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] M != Pp6} JolQm cy{ft s/bftfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf b'O{j6f k|fOe]6 kmd{x¿ dWo] Pp6f kmd{ cy{ft pBf]un] ;~rfng ldltb]lv % jif{sf nflu cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] cj:yfdf s/bftfn] k]z ug{] cfos/ ljj/0fdf To:tf] pBf]uaf6 ePsf] cfosf] ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] afWotf /xG5 jf /xFb}g < @= pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] cf=j= @)%@ . )%# sf] cfoJoosf] lx;fj ljj/0f cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^-@_ adf]lhd em"¶f ljj/0f leq kg{] xf] jf xf]Og < #= pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] cfosf] ljj/0f cdfGo ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g < @= dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|Zgx¿df k|j]z ug{‘cl3 k|:t't d'2fsf] tYosf] ljZn]if0f ug{‘ ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 . kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6\;sf k|f]=czf]ss'df/ d'/f/sfn] cfly{s jif{ @)%#.)%$ df ;f] pBf]un] u/]sf] sf/f]af/sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] 39

/ ;f] ;DaGwdf s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] kmfF6jf/L dfu u/]sf]df Dofbleq kmfF6jf/L k]z u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . To;}u/L lgh czf]ss'df/ d'/f/sfs} k|f]k|fO6/;Lkdf btf{ ePsf] kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]u ;~rfngdf cfPsf] / cfo ljj/0fdf ;f] pBf]usf] sf/f]af/nfO{ ;dfj]z gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df P]gsf] bkmf %* adf]lhd lghåf/f k]z ePsf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ cdfGo u/L bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'bcfo sfod ul/g] Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L ;lxt k'gM k|df0f k]z ug{sf nflu df}sf lbOPsf]df tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq pkl:yt e} k|df0f k]z u/]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g . To;/L k|df0f k]z ug{ k6s–k6s df}sf lbOPsf] ePklg pBf]usf tkm{af6 k|df0f k]z gul/Psf] sf/0faf6 sf/f]jf/ n'sfOl5kfO{ n]vfdf gb]vfPsf] / ;~rfngdf cfPsf] csf{] pBf]usf] sf/f]jf/ ;d]t gb]vfPsf] eGg] ;d]tsf cfwf/df P]gsf] bkmf %* adf]lhd sf/f]af/sf] lx;fa lstfa -n]vf_ df b]vfOPsf] laqmLcÍ ?=$,&#,)$,^%).@$ sf] n]vfnfO{ cdfGo u/L k|rlnt l;4fGtadf]lhd egL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 v'bcfo ?=$&,#),$^%.)@ sfod x'g] 7xof{OPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{opk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/df k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;f] Gofoflws/0faf6 ;d]t s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf]df ;f] pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg e} k|:t't d'2f o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ s/ sfof{non] v'bcfo sfod ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ## sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Ddsf] cfwf/ lng'kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df plNnlvt P]gsf] s'g cfwf/df To:tf] v'bcfo sfod ul/Psf] xf] eGg] v'n]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] q'l6 ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . #= plNnlvt tYo /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf ca dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|Zgx¿ dWo]sf] klxnf] k|Zg Pp6} JolQm cy{ft s/bftfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf b'O{j6f k|fOe]6 kmd{x¿ dWo] Pp6f kmd{ cy{ft pBf]un] ;~rfng ldltb]lv % jif{sf nflu cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] cj:yfdf s/bftfn] k]z ug{] cfos/ ljj/0fdf To:tf] pBf]uaf6 ePsf] cfosf] ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] afWotf /xG5 jf /xFb}g < eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{, cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @ sf] kl/efiff v08 cGtu{t v08 -u_ df s/bftfsf] kl/efiff k|:t't ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . h;cg';f/ s/bftf eGgfn] of] P]g jf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd cfos/ ltg{‘kg{] st{Jo ePsf] JolQm eGg] a'lemG5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf & n] s'g} JolQmsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] cfo jif{leq s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfe ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt b'a} sfg"gL Joj:yfn] s'g} klg s/bftfn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu k]z ug{] ljj/0fdf cfkm"åf/f ;~rflnt ;a} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf Joj;foaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfe ;d]tsf ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] afWotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@-@_ df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kn] cfos/ gnfUg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd cf}Bf]lus cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g]5 . o;/L s/ 5'6 ePsf] tf]lsPsf] pBf]usf] cf}Bf]lus cfosf] xsdf s/ clws[tn] 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f u/L To:tf] 5'6 lbg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 klg s/ bftfn] ljj/0f k]z ug{‘kg{] afWotf sfg"gn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:tf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f kl5 dfq 5'6sf] lg0f{o ul/g] x'Fbf cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{} gkg{] vfnsf] pGd'lQm glbOPsf] eGg] s'/f To;af6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . To;}u/L bkmf $@ sf] pkbkmf -$_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ adf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfPsf JolQmx¿n] klg of] P]gadf]lhd bflvn ug{‘kg{] cfosf] ljj/0f / To;sf] k'i6\ofO{+sf] lgldQ rflxg] ;a} k|df0f s/ clws[t;dIf bflvn ug{‘kg{]5 egL s/ 5'6 kfPsf s/bftfsf] bfloTj :ki6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] s/ 5'6 kfPsf s/bftfx¿n] klg cfosf] ljj/0f k]z ug{‘kg{] / To:tf] ljj/0fsf ;fydf ;f] ljj/0fnfO{ k'li6 ug{] vfnsf ;a} k|df0fx¿ bflvn ug{‘kg{] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ 5'6 kfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df s'g} klg ljj/0f k]z ug{‘ gkg{] eGg] ts{sf] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf s/bftfsf ?kdf /x]sf czf]ss'df/ d'/f/sfn] k]z u/]sf] cfo jif{ @)%@.)%# sf] cfo ljj/0fdf cfkm\g} k|f]k|fO6/;Lkdf ;~rflnt kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]usf] ljj/0f ;dfj]z gu/]sf] ;Gbe{df s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] To: tf] n]vfnfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %* adf]lhd cdfGo u/L bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'bcfo sfod ul/g] ;d]tsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf ;a"b k|df0f eP k]z ug{‘ egL # lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ ldlt @)%$.!).!) df kqfrf/ ul/Psf] / ;f] kq ;f]xL ldltdf g} a'em]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] kqsf] s'g} hjfkm ;d]t glbO{ k|df0f ;d]t k]z gu/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ Joxf]/f v'nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ldlt @)%$.!).!% df k'gM & lbgsf] df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf] eP tfklg ;f] Dofbleq ;d]t s'g} hjfkm lbPsf] cj:yf ldl;naf6 b]lvFbg} . k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgdf oyf;dodf hjfkm k]z u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] eP tfklg To;/L sfof{no;dIf pkl:yt ePsf] jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z u/]sf] eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿af6 v'Nb}g . kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]u ldlt @)%@.$.!% b]lv g} ;~rfngdf cfPsf] / ;f] pBf]usf nflu % jif{sf] cfos/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ldlt @)%$.#.!* df dfq ePsf] eGg] s'/f k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bgaf6 b]lvG5 . cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] ldlt cy{ft @)%#.(.@( ;Dd ;f] pBf]un] cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] eGg] lg0f{o e};s]sf] klg b]lvFb}g . lg0f{o e} g;s]sf] ljifodf cg'dfgsf cfwf/df cfos/ 5'6 40

kfPsf] egL bfjL lng;Sg] ca:yf x'Fb}g . To;}n] cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] sf/0faf6 ljj/0f k]z gul/Psf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] lhsL/;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]un] cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] u/L cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 lg0f{o gx'Fbf;Dd ;f] pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 ePsf] pBf]usf] >]0fLdf /fVgldNg] cj:yf gx'g] x'Fbf s/bftfn] cfkm\gf] cfo ljj/0fdf ;f] pBf]unfO{ afx]s ug{ kfpg] eGg ;lsFb}g . To;dfly klg cfos/ lgwf{/0f kl5 dfq cfos/ 5'6sf] 5'§} lg0f{o ug{‘kg{] P]gsf] bkmf $@-@_ / s/ 5'6 kfPsf s/bftfn] ;d]t cfosf] ljj/0f k]z ug{‘kg{] bkmf $@-$_ sf] afWofTds Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf ljj/0f k]z ug{ gkg{] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] s'g} klg ts{ / lhsL/ u|fXo x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . t;y{ s/bftfn] ldlt @)%#.(.@( df k]z u/]sf] cfo jif{ @)%@.)%# sf] cfo ljj/0fdf kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]usf] ljj/0f ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{‘ clgjfo{ x'g] b]lvG5 . $= ca, pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] cf=j= @)%@.)%# sf] cfoJoosf] lx;fj ljj/0f cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^-@_ adf]lhd em"¶f ljj/0f leq kg{] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] k|Zgdf k|j]z ubf{ o; cl3sf] k|Zgdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfpg' kg{] b]lvG5 . s/bftfn] ldlt @)%#.(.@( df k]z ul/Psf] cfo ljj/0fdf cfkm\g} k|f]k|fO6/;Lkdf ;~rflnt kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]usf] ljj/0f ;+nUg gu/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ca ljjfbsf] cj:yf 5}g . s'g} JolQmsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] cfo jif{leq s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfesf cfwf/df cfo lgwf{/0f ul/g] P]gsf] bkmf & sf] Joj:yfaf6 s/bftfn] cfkm"åf/f ;~rflnt ;a} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf Joj;fosf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{‘kg{] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . t/ k|:t't ljjfbdf oL s/bftf czf]ss'df/ d'/f/sfn] Pp6f pBf]usf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ k"/} n'sfO{ ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] / k6s–k6s ;a"b k|df0f;lxt ljj/0f k]z ug{] df}sf lbFbf ;d]t To;sf] j]jf:tf u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf lghåf/f ldlt @)%#.(.@( df k]z ePsf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ x]g{‘kg{] cj:yf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . t/ ;f] ljj/0f ck"/f], cw'/f] / cf+lzs dfq e} To;n] lgh s/bftfsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfosf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ g;Sg] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfg"gdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] /x]5 eGg]tkm{ x]bf{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %^-@_ n] em"7f ljj/0fsf ;DaGwdf pn\n]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf %^-@_-v_ df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfo k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf bafPsf] lqmofnfO{ klg em"7f ljj/0f dflgg] / k|:t't d'2fdf oL s/bftfn] Pp6f pBf]usf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f bafPsf] k'li6 e}/x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ljj/0f em"7f ljj/0f cGtu{t g} kg{] b]lvof] . %= ca, pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] cfosf] ljj/0f cdfGo ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg] clGtd k|Zgdf ljrf/ ubf{, oL s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f em"7f /x]5 eGg] :ki6 e};s]sf] ;Gbe{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f em"7f 7xl/Psf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ljj/0fnfO{ cdfGo ug{ ;lsg] g;lsg] eGg] g} oxfF ljrf/0fLo x'g cfpF5 . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %* df n]vf cdfGo x'g] s]xL cfwf/x¿ tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf %*-ª_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ bkmf %^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df tf]lsPsf] s'g} jf ;a} cj:yfsf] n]vfnfO{ cdfGo ug{ ;lsg] k|fawfg ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf %^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ df s'g} ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfo k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf bafPdf To: tf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ em"¶f dflgg] :ki6 Joj:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't d'2fdf k]z ePsf] cfo ljj/0f ;f]xL k|fawfgsf cfwf/df em"7f b]lvPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf To:tf] em"¶f ljj/0fnfO{ bkmf %* adf]lhd cdfGo ug{ g;lsg] egL sfg"gn] s/ clws[tnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/df ;+s'rg ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . ^= t;y{ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf cfwf/df s/bftf czf]ss'df/ d'/f/sfn] cfo jif{ @)%@.)%# sf nflu k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fdf kz'klt :6f]g qm;/ pBf]utkm{sf] cfo ljj/0f ;dfj]z gu/]sf] sf/0f ;d]t hgfO{ ;f] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %* adf]lhd cdfGo u/L P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'bcfo sfod u/]sf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.^.! sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . of] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=k|]d zdf{ Olt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn sflQs !) ut] /f]h # z'ed=== Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf

41

efuM %$, ;fnM @)^(, dlxgfM kmfu'g, c+sM !!, km};nf ldlt M @)^(.)&.@^, lg0f{o g+= *(!$ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;+jt @)^^ ;fnsf] @)^^–CR–))@*

d'2fM cfos/ -cf=j= @)%&÷)%*_ k'g/fj]bs jfbLM 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no xl/x/ejg nlntk'/sf tkm{af6 P]= sf k|d'v s/ k|zf;s v'd/fh k'~hfnL lj?4 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! l:yt k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= sf] tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt k|jGw ;~rfns dbgs[i0f >]i7 . z'? km};nf ug{]M s/ clws[tM >L /fds'df/ >]i7 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f km};nf ug{]M df=Gof=cWoIf >L s]z/L/fh kl08t n]vf ;b:o >L elu/fh OËgfd sd{rf/Lx¿n] dfl;s ¿kdf e'QmfgL kfpg] kfl/>lds /sd cfos/ P]gadf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] ;Ldf (Ceiling) eGbf a9L x'g uPdf :jtM To:tf] kfl/>ldsdf klg s/ nfUg] ePsf]n] sDkgLn] cfjZostfcg';f/ cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ tnjL e/kfO{df n]vL kfl/>ldssf] ¿kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'ljwf lbg;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=$_ cfkm"n] ltg{] Aofh cfoaf6 s§f ug{ bfjL ug{] kIfn] cfkm"n] p7fpg' kg{] pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df klg afFsL /x]sf] /sdsf] ToxL cg'kftdf Aofh c;"npk/ u/L cfodf b]vfpg' jf~5gLo x'g] . ltg{ÿkg{] /sdsf] Aofh lt/]sf] egL cfoaf6 s§f ug{], t/ lng'kg{] /sd nfdf] ;do;Dd c;"n gu/L k|ltkmn k|fKt gug{] sfo{af6 cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-u_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} s/ bfloTj sd ug{] jf s/ bfloTj 5Ng] ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ;f] bkmfsf] Joj:yf k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvg] . s'g} cfo jif{df k|fKt x'g'kg{] /sd k|fKt eO{ g;s]sf] ePklg To;} aif{sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] ePsf]n] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{] clwsf/ l;h{gf ePkl5 e'QmfgL k|fKt gePtfklg e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL cfo u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ÿkg{] . -k|s/0f g+=&_ k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]zs'df/ yfkf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf dx]z yfkf cjnlDat ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM · cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf &, !@, !@-u_, -ª_, -6_ km};nf Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-u_ adf]lhd cg'dtL k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] ¿kdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M– s/bftf k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* sf] sf/f]jf/df v'b gf]S;fgL ?=@!,^$,@*@.&( b]vfO{ ldlt @)%*.(.@^ df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}+ If]q g+= ! df cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] . bflvn ePsf] cf=j= @)%&.)%* sf] cfo ljj/0fsf] hfFra'emsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cfjZos sfuhft jf ljj/0f lnO{ !% lbgleq o; sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g' xf]nf egL P]gsf] bkmf $% cg';f/ ldlt @)%(.!.!@ df 7"nf s/bftf sfof{noaf6 s/bftfNffO{ ;"rgf hf/L ePsf] . To; k|f=ln=af6 k]z ePsf] cf=j= @)%&.)%* sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f cfo ljj/0fsf] lj:t[t 5fgaLg u/L P]gsf] bkmf ##s-@_ adf]lhd !$,(@,!@^.@# v'b cfo sfod u/L clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{] ePsf]n] ;f] ug{‘ gkg{] s'g} 7f]; ;a"b k|df0f eP & lbgleq k]z ug{‘xf]nf egL P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bs 7"nf s/bftf sfof{noaf6 s/bftfNffO{ ldlt @)^@.@.!# df ;"rgf hf/L ePsf] . 42

ldlt @)^@.@.!# sf] kqsf] ;DaGwdf o; sDkgLaf6 vr{ bfjL ul/Psf sltko sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DalGwt vr{x¿NffO{ s§f ug{ glbO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{ nfluPsf] x'Fbf ;f]cg';f/ x'g' gkg{] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lhsL/ lnO{ s/bftfsf] tkm{af6 ldlt @)^@.#.% df k'g/fj]bs sfo{fndf hjfkm k]z ePsf] . v'b cfo ?=!$,(@,!@^.@# sfod ug{] u/L k'g/fj]bs sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^@.#.!# df s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o krf{ v8f ePsf] . ldlt @)^@.#.!@ df v8f ePsf] lg0f{o krf{sf] cfwf/df v'b cfo ?=!$,(@,!@^.@# sfod u/L ldlt @)^@.#.#! df cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ePsf] . sDkgLsf] cfo cfh{g;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt vr{NffO{ ljkIfLn] v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘sf ;fy} :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f kmf/fddf b]vfPsf] gf]S;fgLNffO{ dfGotf glbO{ s/sf] bfloTj af]sfpg] p2]Zon] ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^@.#.!# df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{ / ldlt @)^@.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhsL/ lnO{ oL k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+df k'g/fj]bg kq k]z ePsf] . ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;jf/L s/ lt/]sf] /sdNffO{ k"FhLut k|s[ltsf] vr{ egL cdfGo u/]sf]af6 z'? lg0f{o km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf 5nkmnsf] nflu 5nkmnsf] nflu ;/sf/L jsLn cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuNffO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ egL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)^$.&.@! df cfb]z ePsf] . pwf/f] ljqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g] Aofhafktsf] /sd, ljn ljhsaf6 ;dly{t vr{ /sd / vfhf vr{afktsf] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o / @)^@.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z;d]t ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd pQm lg0f{o / cfb]z s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf . s/bftf ljkIfL k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* df cGo Jofkfl/s kmd{x¿;Fu u/]sf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df afFsL /xg] /sdsf] ! dlxgf kl5 Aofh;d]t ykL e'QmfgL lng] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf]df To;/L lng'kg{] Aofh /sdNffO{ cfodf ;dfj]z gug{] u/]sf] tyf cfoaf6 s§f ug{ gldNg] ljgf ljhssf] vr{ /sd / sd{rf/LNffO{ lbPsf] vfhf vr{ /sd cfoaf6 s6fO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g] egL ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL z'? lg0f{o / cfb]z ;b/ sfod /flvkfpmF eGg] ;d]t 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . o;df s/bftfn] d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod !& sf] cg';"rL % cg';f/sf] ljn ljhs x'g'kg{]df gePsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf pQm lgodsf] pNn]v s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf gePsf] cfwf/df dfq s/bftfn] 5"6 kfpg g;Sg] x'gfn] pQm lgodsf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nfdf pk/f]Qm lgodsf] q'l6 ePsf] b]lvFbf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -u_ sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dtL k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf ;lxtsf] /]s8{ ldl;n;d]t lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.$.$ sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]zs'df/ yfkfn] oL k|ToyL{n] pwf/f] v/Lb u/L n}hfg] cGo Jofkfl/s kf6L{;Fu nu]sf] j:t'sf] /sd Ps dlxgfleq e'QmfgL gu/] To:tf] kIfn] /fv]sf] a}+s Uof/]G6Laf6 Aofh ;d]t c;"n u/L lng kfpg] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf 5g . ;Demf}tfcg'¿k Aofh c;"n ug{] bfloTj k|ToyL{sf] xf] . p7fpg g;Sg] cj:yf eP sf/0f;lxt 3f6f (Loss) df b]vfpg' kb{5 . b}lgs sf/f]jf/ x'g] kf6L{;Fu Aofh p7fpg ;lsPg eGg ldNb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf Aofh p7fpg g;s]sf] egL cfodf 36fpg kfOg] x'Fb}g . ;fy} /Ltk"j{ssf] ljhs j]u/ vr{ ePsf] egL bfjL u/]sf] /sdNffO{ cfoaf6 36fpg gldNg'sf ;fy} sd{rf/LNffO{ vfhf vr{ egL k]/f]n eGbf aflx/ /fvL vr{ bfjL u/]sf] /sd;d]t cfoaf6 36fpg gkfpg]df ;f] 36fO{ 5"6 lbg] u/L ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L z'? 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o / ldlt @)^@.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;b/ sfod x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; ug{‘eof] . k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= tkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmf dx]z yfkfn] k|:t't cfo s/;DaGwL ljjfb cf=j= @)%&÷%* sf] ePsf]n] o;df tTsfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf % / ^ cfslif{t x'G5 . pQm P]gcg';f/ s/bftfsf] v'b (Actual) cfodf dfq s/ nfUg] xf] . d]/f] kIfn] cGo Jofkfl/s kf6L{;Fu afFsL nu]sf] j:t'sf] ljncg'¿ksf] /sd ! dlxgfleq e'QmfgL gu/] To:tf] kf6L{n] /fv]sf] a}Fs Uof/]G6Laf6 !# k|ltzt Aofh ;lxt c;"n u/L lng ;lsg] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] ePklg e'QmfgL lng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] AofhNffO{ cfodf u0fgf ug{ ldNb}g . Aofh glnPsf] eGg] s'/fNffO{ k'g/fj]bsaf6 klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf k|fKt gePsf] AofhNffO{ cfodf u0fgf ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . ;fgf]ltgf] k|zf;sLo vr{sf] ljhs /fVg ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] To:tf] vr{ ljn e/kfO{sf] cfwf/df klg cfodf 36fpg kfOG5 . ;fy} sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ l6lkmg tyf vfhfsf] ¿kdf lbPsf] e'QmfgL kfl/>lds h:t} x'Fbf ;f] klg cfodf s§f u/L v'b cfo 43

lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{] ePsf]n] ;f] cg'¿k vr{ s6fO{ cfo lgwf{/0f ug{] u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf ;b/ sfod /xg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; ug{‘eof] . @= k'g/fj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L b'j} kIfsf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] ug{‘ ePsf] jx; lhsL/;d]t ;'gL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < k'g/fj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug] xf] xf]Og < ;f] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] eO{ OG;fkm tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=n] cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* df u/]sf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt cfodf cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd ltg{‘ a'emfpg' kg{] cfos/ ;DaGwdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf k|d'v s/ k|zf;saf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o cg'¿k ;f]xL sfof{nosf s/ clws[taf6 ldlt @)^@.#.#! df pQm k|f=ln= sf] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* sf] v'b cfo ?=!$,(@,!@^.@# sfod u/L h/Ljfgf ;d]t ?=%,%(,%$*.– ltg{‘ a'emfpg' kg{] u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bs 7"nfs/bftf sfof{non] pQm s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o ubf{ k|ToyL{ sDkgLsf] cfo cfh{g;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt vr{ :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f km/fddf b]vfP cg'¿k cfoaf6 36fO{ v'b cfo sfod ug{‘kg{]df kmf/fddf b]vfPsf] To:tf] vr{ / gf]S;fgLNffO{ dfGotf glbO{ s/sf] bfloTj a9fpg] u/]sf] egL k|ToyL{ k|f=ln= tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 pwf/f] ljqmLdf e'QmfgL ;dodf gePsf] sf/0f ;f]afkt c;"n ug{‘kg{] Aofh /sd, ljn ljhs ;dly{t vr{ /sd / sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ lbPsf] vfhfafktsf] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o / ldlt @)^@.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z s]xL pN6L x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf] kfOof] . #= /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] pQm km};nfpk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] Jofkfl/s kf6L{x¿;Fu u/]sf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ pwf/f] ljqmLdf ! dlxgfleq e'QmfgL gePsf] /sdsf] !#% n] x'g] Aofh /sd cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] ljhs ljgfsf vr{ / vfhf vr{afktsf] /sd ;d]t cfodf ;dfj]z x'g'kg{] eGg];d]t lhsL/ lnO{ 7"nfs/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . $= k|:t't ljjfb cf=j= @)%&÷%* sf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DalGwt cfos/;DaGwL b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;dodf k|rngdf /x]sf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! k|:t't d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g] eGg]df ljjfb b]lvFb}g . pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^ df s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] cfo jif{df pQm P]gsf] bkmf % df tf]lsPsf] s'g} jf ;a} ;|f]tx¿af6 g]kfn leq jf g]kfnaf6 sf/f]jf/ ubf{ ljb]zdf cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf pQm P]g adf]lhd kfpg] vr{x¿ s§f u/L v'b cfos/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|ToyL{sf] cf=j= @)%&÷%* sf] cfoaf6 s] s:tf vr{x¿ s6fpg kfO{g] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ k|ToyL{ sDkgL Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ug{] k|fO{j]6 lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ¿kdf btf{ ePsf] eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] pQm cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf ljleGg zLif{sdf ePsf vr{x¿ s§f u/L sDkgLsf] v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{] b]lvof] . pQm P]gsf] bkmf !@-ª_ adf]lhd k|ToyL{ h:tf Jofkfl/s sDkgLn] sfddf nufPsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ lbPsf] kfl/>lds /sd ;f] cf=j= sf] sDkgLsf] s'n cfoaf6 s§f ug{ kfpg] b]lvG5 . o;/L lbOg] kfl/>lds /sd leq s] s:tf] vr{ /sd ;dfj]z x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf pQm bkmfdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvPklg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnjL e/kfO{ (Pay Roll) df pNn]v eO{ dfl;s ¿kdf e'QmfgL kfpg] tnj, eQf, kl/jxg vr{ Pj+ vfhf vr{ h:tf /sdx¿ kfl/>lds /sdleq} kg{] ;fdfGo k|rng /xL cfPsf] 5 . o;/L sd{rf/Lx¿n] dfl;s ¿kdf e'QmfgL kfpg] kfl/>lds /sd cfos/ P]gadf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] ;Ldf (Ceiling) eGbf a9L x'g uPdf :jtM To: tf] kfl/>ldsdf klg s/ nfUg] cj:yf x'g] ePsf]n] sDkgLn] cfjZostfcg';f/ cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ tnjL e/ kfO{df n]vL kfl/>ldssf] ¿kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'ljwf lbg ;Sg] g} x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ vfhf vr{afkt egL tnjL e/kfO{df pNn]v u/L lbPsf] /sd pQm cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ª_ adf]lhd cfoaf6 s§f x'g'kg{] b]lvPsf]n] To:tf] vfhf vr{afkt sd{rf/Lx¿NffO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd klg cfodf ;dfj]z x'g'kg{] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvg cfpFb}g . %= To:t} plNnlvt cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-6_ adf]lhd k|ToyL{ h:tf Jofkfl/s sDkgLn] cfo cfh{g k|fKt ug{sf] nflu u/]sf cGo jf:tljs vr{x¿ ;d]t cfodf s§f u/L v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] 86k]g, 6\ o'jNffO{6, sfuh v/Lb h:tf ljifodf ePsf vr{x¿sf] ljn e/kfO{ ;+nUg /fvL To:tf] vr{x¿ cfoaf6 s§f x'g'kg{] egL bfjL u/]sf]df To:tf] vr{NffO{ jf:tljs vr{df ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] b]lvFbf To:tf] vr{NffO{ klg v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ dgfl;j gb]lvPsf]n] To:tf] ljnadf]lhdsf] vr{ s§f x'g'kg{] u/L ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf cGoyf b]lvPg . ^= hxfF;Dd k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] u/]sf] pwf/f] ljqmLdf #) lbgleq e'QmfgL gePdf To:tf] pwf/f] Jofkfl/s v/Lb sf/f]jf/ ug{] kIfaf6 ;f] ;do kl5 e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sdsf] !# k|ltzt Aofh ;lxt a}+Í Uof/]G6L /sdaf6 c;"npk/ ul/lng ;Sg] ;Demf}tf ePsf]n] To:tf ;Demf}tfadf]lhd e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sdsf] Aofh ;d]tNffO{ k|ToyL{ sDkgLsf] cfosf] 44

¿kdf u0fgf u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g'kg{]df To:tf] AofhNffO{ cfo u0fgf gug{] u/L ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=n] cf=j= @)%&÷%* sf] ljleGg ldltdf cGo Jofkfl/s kIf;Fu Jofkfl/s ;Demf}tf u/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tfkqdf k|ToyL{ sDkgLaf6 pwf/f] sf/f]jf/ ug{] Jofkfl/s kIfn] To;/L pwf/f] sf/f]jf/af6 e'QmfgL lbg afFsL /x]sf] /sd #) lbgleq e'QmfgL gu/]df ;f] ;dokl5 afFsL /sdsf] !# k|ltzt Aofh ;d]t yk u/L To:tf Jofkfl/s kf6L{n] /fv]sf] a}+Í Uof/]G6L /sdaf6 k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] c;"npk/ u/L lng ;Sg] eGg] zt{ pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . &= Jofkfl/s kIfx¿ aLr x'g] ;Demf}tfdf Aofh;d]t ykL lng kfpg] zt{x¿ /fVg'sf] sf/0f pwf/f] lbg] kIfn] ljQLo ;+: yfx¿af6 cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf gk'u x'g] /sd C0fsf] ¿kdf lng] / r'Qmf ug{ afFsL To:tf] C0fsf] Aofh cfkm"n] a'emfpg' kg{] ePsf]n] xf] . ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] r'Qmf ug{ afFsL C0fdf lt/]sf] Aofh /sd To:tf] pwf/f] laqmL ug{] Jofkfl/s sDkgLn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-u_ adf]lhd ;DalGwt cfojif{sf] cfodf s6fO{ v'b cfo sfod ug{ bfjL ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] To;/L cfkm"n] ltg{] Aofh cfoaf6 s§f ug{ bfjL ug{] kIfn] cfkm"n] p7fpg' kg{] pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df klg afFsL /x]sf] /sdsf] ToxL cg'kftdf Aofh c;"npk/ u/L cfodf b]vfpg' jf~5gLo x'G5 . ltg{‘kg{] /sdsf] Aofh lt/]sf] egL cfoaf6 s§f ug{] t/ lng'kg{] /sd nfdf] ;do;Dd c;"n gu/L k|ltkmn k|fKt gug{] sfo{af6 pQm P]gsf] bkmf !@-u_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg'sf ;fy} s/ bfloTj sd ug{] jf s/ bfloTj 5Ng] ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf pQm bkmf !@-u_ sf] Joj:yf k|of]u u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg hfG5 . n]vfsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ s'g} cfo jif{df k|fKt x'g'kg{] /sd k|fKt eO{ g;s]sf] ePklg To;} aif{sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] ePsf]n] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{] clwsf/ l;h{gf ePkl5 e'QmfgL k|fKt gePtf klg e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL cfo u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* df ePsf ;Demf}tfcg'¿k pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df cGo kIfaf6 e'QmfgL lng afFsL /sdsf] Aofh ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt Dofbkl5 :jtM k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg'kg{] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt Dofb kl5 e'QmfgL kfpg afFsL /sdsf] Aofh :jtM k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg'kg{] ePsf]n] To:tf] Aofh /sd :jtM k|ToyL{sf] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] x'G5 . ;fy} cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf & n] s'g} JolQmsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] JolQmsf] cfojif{ leq s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfe ;dfj]z u/L cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{] eGg] sfg"gL Joj: yf u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df e'QmfgL lng afFsL /sdsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] Aofh klg sDkgLsf] cfoleq} kg{] b]lvof] . To:t} ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f lnO{ ltg{‘kg{] Aofh ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{sf] cfoaf6 s6fO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ rfxg] s/bftfn] cGo s'g} JolQm jf kmd{NffO{ lbPsf] ;fk6L, clws jif{ ;'ljwf jf pwf/f]df ;fdfg ljqmL u/]sf] jf pwf/f] ljqmL (Credit Limit) lbPsf] cj:yfdf To;/L lbPsf] ;fk6L jf pwf/f] /sd a/fa/sf] x'g] Aofh /sdNffO{ To:tf] s/bftfsf] cfo dfGg'kg{] cyjf To:tf] s/bftfn] cfoaf6 5"6 kfpg] /sddf To:tf] ;fk6L jf pwf/f] lbPsf] /sdsf] Aofh a/fa/sf] /sd ;dfj]z ug{ gldNg] egL o; cbfntaf6 @)^$–CR–)%@( sf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no Nflntk'/ lj?4 dN6L kmfO{j;{ ln= ePsf] d'2fdf l;4fGt sfod e};s]sf] b]lvFbf oL k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/ g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* df cGo ljleGg Jofkfl/s kmd{NffO{ ljqmL u/]sf] pwf/f] sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt x'g'kg{] Aofh;d]t sDkgLsf] ;f] cf=j= sf] s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] b]lvof] . t;y{ k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] cGo kmd{;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df #) lbg gf3]kl5 e'QmfgL kfpg afFsL /sdsf] !# k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh ;d]t ykL lng kfpg] u/L pNn]v ePsf] zt{adf]lhd k|fKt x'g] Aofh /sd ?=@%,!&,##!.&( k|ToyL{ sDkgLsf] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bs 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] lg0f{o cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] sfg"gL Joj: yfcg'¿k g} eP u/]sf] b]lvPsf]df To:tf] pwf/f] afFsLaf6 k|fKt x'g] AofhNffO{ k|ToyL{sf] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* sf] cfodf ;dfj]z gug{] u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg . *= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* df cGo Jofkfl/s kmd{NffO{ pwf/f]df ;fdfg ljqmL u/]sf]df e'QmfgL kfpg afFsL /sddf #) lbg gf3]kl5 !# k|ltzt Aofh;d]t yk u/L lng kfpg] zt{ pNn]v eO{ ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg'¿k lng'kg{] Aofh /sd ?=@%,!&,##!.&( NffO{ plNnlvt cf=j= @)%&÷)%* sf] s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/L ePsf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o / ;f] cg'¿k s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] u/L ePsf] @)^@.#.#! sf] cfb]z ;b/ ug{‘kg{]df s]xL pN6L ug{] u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . c? tkl;n adf]lhd ug{' .

45

tkl;n dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/]sf]n] k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&÷)%* df cGo Jofkfl/s kmd{NffO{ pwf/f] ;fdfg ljqmL u/]sf] sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt x'g] Aofh /sd ?=@%,!&,##!.&( ;f] k|f=ln=sf] pQm cf=j= @)%&÷)%* sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘kg{] x'Fbf To;NffO{ s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z u/L sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ c;"n ug{‘ egL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -xfn Nflntk'/_ df n]vL k7fpg' ======= ! k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" ======= @ pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tL Olt ;+jt @)^( sflQs @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed=== Ohnf; clws[tM /fdk|;fb zdf{

46

>L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLaz >L ts{/fh e6\6 km};nf ldlt M @)^*.$.@# )^$–CR–)##*

d'2f M cfos/-cf=j=@)%^.)%&_ lhNnf dsjfgk'/,x]6f}+8f cf}Bf]lus If]ql:yt dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] clwsf/ k|fKt Psfp06]06 sf7df08f}+ lhNnf, sf7df08f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=#! a:g] kjg s'df/ zdf{==============! lj?4 ;fljs s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8f xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8f================!

k'g/fj]bs jfbL k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL

z'? txdf lg0f{o ug]{ sfof{no M s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8f k'g/fj]bg txdf km};nf ug]{ M cWoIf >L s]z/L /fh kl08t n]vf ;b:o M >L lzjx/L pkfWofo -/fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+_ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+af6 ldlt @)^#.^.@. Dff ePsf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt kfp+ egL o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.^.@! Dff k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5. cf=j=@)%^.)%& sf] dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6h k|f=ln= n] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu v'b cfo ?=^#,^@,!(&.)% pNn]v u/L s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fdf btf{ u/fPsf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f kmf/d . cfos/ P]g lgod tyf cfly{s P]g Pj+ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g adf]lhd ldGxf lbg gldNg] vr{ b]lvg cfPsf vr{ / sdx¿ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] pQm /sd ;dfj]z x'g gkg]{ ;DaGwdf ;a"b k|df0f eP & lbg leqdf k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no dsjfgk'/n] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd s/bftf dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 O{=k|f=ln=nfO{ k|]lift u/]sf] ;"rgf . ;f] ;"rgfsf ;DjGwdf cfkm\gf] egfO{ tyf lhls/x¿ pNn]v ub]{ pQm vr{ /sdx¿ k"0f{?kn] ldGxf x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O{=k|f=ln=n] s/ sfof{no x]6}+f8fdf btf{ u/fPsf] hjfkm kq . cf=j=@)%^.)%& sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fNffO{ lj:t[t 5fgljg u/L v'b cfo ?=**,$(,*)).&% sfod u/L ;f]df s/ ?=!&,^(,(^).%), hl/jfgf ?=@,$*,&^).#& / z'Ns ?=!,&),)!*.!# dWo] clu|d bflvnf ePsf] ?=!@,&@,$#(.$! s6\6f u/L afFsL ?=(,!^,@((.@$ cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] #% lbgleq bflvnf ug'{xf]nf eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%*.#.#! sf] s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8fsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . ldlt @)%*.#.#! sf] s/ sfof{no x]6f}8fsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf ;f]xL ldltsf] cfos/ lg0f{o krf{ u}/sfg"gL x'Fbf ab/ u/L xfd|f] k|f=ln=n] k]z u/]sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f adf]lhd v'bcfo sfod u/L a9L nufPsf] s/, hl/jfgf / z'Nssf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm u/L Gofo kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%*.!!.@& sf] k'g/fj]bgkq . Z'f? cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] lg0f{o ljrf/0fLo x'+bf 5nkmnsf] lgldQ c=j+=@)@ g+=adf]lhd ;/sf/L jsLn lemsfpg' eGg] ldlt @)%(.$.@& sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] cfb]z . X|f;s6\6L /sd, sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if -Hofnfbf/L tkm{sf]_ sd{rf/L sNof0f vr{, cltly ;Tsf/ vr{, k"hf vr{, sfof{no SofG6Lg vr{ / Jofkf/ ljsf; vr{nfO{ k|ToIf vr{df ;dfj]z u/L s'n cfo sfod u/]sf] / ;f] cfwf/df lj1fkg, cltly ;Tsf/ / Joj;fo k|j4{g vr{sf] 5'6 sfod u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)%*.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{o / s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^#.^.@ sf] km};nf ljkIfLn] Jofh ?=(,(@,@#%.#) nfO{ vr{ ldGxf glbO{ cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf]df pQm ul/Psf] ;dfj]znfO{ dgfl;j sfod ug]{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . pQm Aofh vr{ ldGxf x'g'kg]{ xf] . Aofh vr{nfO{ cfotkm{ ;dfj]z ug{ ldNb}g . 47

lan e/kfO{af6 k|dfl0ft /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ Aofh vr{ a}+snfO{ lt/]sf] Aofh vr{ ePsf]n] ldgfxf x'g' k5{ . o; sDkgLn] k'hf ;f]k P08 xfp;xf]N8 k|f]8S6 k|f=ln=sf] ?=&%,)),))). sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ?=&%,)),))). sf] nufgLnfO{ ljkIfLn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] 5}gg\ . k'hf ;f]k P08 xfp;xf]N8 k|f]8S6 k|f=ln= af6 nfef+; /sd k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] cfly{s jif{ @)%&.)%* sf] o; sDkgLsf] n]vf jf;nftdf cfDbfgL hlgPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.)%* df klg ljkIfLn] o:t} lsl;dsf] Jofh vr{ cdfGo u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^(.(.( df km};nf eO{ ljkIfLsf] lgwf{/0f q'l6k"0f{ 7x/ e} clGtd cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] c? sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] g} xf] . z]o/ vl/b sf/f]jf/df ePsf] cfDbfgL sDkgLsf] cfDbfgL x'g] x'+bf ;f] z]o/ v/Lbdf ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ lsl;dsf] vr{ sDkgLn] ldGxf kfpg' kg]{ xf] . o; ;Gbe{df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ / ab/efuL /x]sf]n] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^#.^.@ sf] km};nfnfO{ jb/ u/L ljkIfL sfof{nosf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z lg0f{o ;d]t cg';f/sf] clgoldt / u}/sfg"gL s/ ;d]tsf] s'g} /sd bflvnf ug{ gkg]{ km};nf 7x/ ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . o;df lgj]bs sDkgLn] cf=j=@)%^.)%& df ?=&%,)),))). sf] k'hf ;f]k P08 xfp;xf]N8 k|f]8S6 k|f=ln=sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . z]o/ v/Lbaf6 k|fKt nfef+z cfDbfgL elgPkl5 z]o/ vl/b ePsf] /sd cf};t b/df x'g cfpg] a}+s Jofh /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofows/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^#.^.@ sf] km};nfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * -v_ -u_/ -3_ sf] q'6L b]lv+bf k'g/ fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.^.@! sf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bgsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmfx¿ >L l;tf/fd cu|jfn / >L dw's/ kf7sn] ljkIfLn] Jofh /sdnfO{ vr{ ldgfxf lbg'kg]{df cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] k"hf ;f]k P08 xfp;xf]N8 k|f]8S6 k|f=ln=sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] k|dfl0ft /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ ldgfxf kfpg' kg]{df ;f] /sd ldgfxf glbO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f sf] ljkIfLn] u/]sf] cfb]z cfos/ P]g,@)#! eGbf aflx/ uO{ ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o pN6L x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; lhls/ k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L s[i0f k|;fb kf}8]nn] /fh:j sfof{non] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfo / cfos/ lgwf{/0f s'g sfg"g ljkl/t eof] egL ljkIfLn] k'g/fj]bgdf :ki6 lhls/ lng ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! Nf] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd g} s/ sfof{non] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/]sf] xf] . sfg"g ljkl/t eof] egL lhls/ lnOPsf] km};nf jf cfb]z ;DjlGwt sfg"gsf] of] bkmf ljkl/t eof] egL lhls/ lnOPsf] km};nf jf cfb]z ;DjlGwt sfg"gsf] of] bkmf ljkl/t eof] eGg] lhls/ g} glnPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] lhls/sf] j}Btf kl/If0f ug{ g;lsg] x'+bf ljkIfLsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bgaf6 z'? / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf gx'+bf pQm lg0f{o ;b/ x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; lhls/ k|:t't ug'{ eof] . ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fsf] cWoog u/L b'j} tkm{af6 pkl:yt sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;'gL ljrf/ ubf{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^#.^.@ sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;S5 ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ oL k'g/fj]bsn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-v_-u_ / -3_ sf] cfwf/df lgj]bg lnO{ k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 / o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ klg /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-v_-u_ / -3_sf] q'6L ePsf] egL cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf *-v_-u_ / -3_ sf] cj:yf s;/L / s'g cfwf/af6 b]lvG5 ;f] s'/f k'g/fj]bssf] cg'dltsf] lgj]bgdf / o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ ePsf] cfb]z ;d]tdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+b}g . bkmf *-v_ cg';f/ a'em\g kg]{ s'g k|df0f ga'em]sf] xf] < ;f] lgj]bg / cg'dltsf] cfb]z b'j}df k|i6 elgPsf] 5}g . To:t} u/L bkmf *-u_ cg';f/ afWofTds ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL s'g sfg"gsf] s;/L pNn+3g eof] Tof] klg g tM k'g/fj]bgsf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bsn] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 g tM o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ g} elgPsf] 5 . clGtd cfwf/ bkmf *-3_ cg'?k uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 s'g sfg"gsf] ePsf] 5 Tof] klg k'g/fj]bssf] cg'dltsf] dfu ul/Psf] lgj]bgdf lhls/ lng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g / o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt lb+bf klg ;f] pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+b}g . k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] lgj]bg lnO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf * n] Joj:yf u/] cg'?ksf] k|Zgdf q'l6 ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|fKt eO{ ;f] k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 x'g] xf] . t;y{, cg'dltsf] lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg]n] s'g s'g sfg"g jf sfo{ljlwsf] q'6L ePsf] xf] ;f] :ki6 lhls/ lng' clgjfo{ x'G5 . /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfdf bkmf *-v_-u_ / -3_ sf] q'l6 eof] egL lgj]bs cfp+bf ;f] s;/L s'g P]gsf] s'g bkmf jf sfo{ljlwsf] q'l6 ePsf] xf] ;f] pNn]v gu/]sf] / o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ klg ;f] pNn]v gu/]sf] x'+bf o; Ohnf;af6 cfkm}+n] ljjfb g} gu/]sf] cd's sfg"g jf sfo{ljlwsf] uDeL/ q'l6 ePsf] eGg] cj:yf x'+b}g . /fh:j 48

Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf lj?4 cg'dltsf] lgj]bg cfp+bf lgj]bsn] bkmf * df al0f{t k|Zg dWo] of] k|Zgsf] q'l6 eof] egL cfPsf] cj:yfdf pQm k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 x'g] xf] . t/ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zg v8f ug{ gx'g] / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfaf6 s'g sfg"g / sfo{ljlwsf] q'l6 ePsf] xf] k'g/fj]bsn] g} lhls/ lng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ eGg ldn]g . t;y{, plNnlvt ljj]lrt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^#.^.@ sf] km};nf ldn]s} x'+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L sf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' . Gofoflwz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gofoflwz O{lt ;Djt\ @)^* ;fn ;fpg dlxgf @# ut] /f]h @ z'ed\==========================. Ohnf; clws[t M >L k|sfz pk|]tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n

49

50

d"No clej[l4 s/

51

52

efu M %! ;fnM @)^^ dlxgf M c;f]h c+s M ^, km};nf ldlt M @)^%.!@.!).#, lg0f{o g+=*!&# ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;+jTf @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=––– #&@^

d'2fM d"No clej[l4 s/ . k'g/fj]bs M lhNnf emfkf, e›k'/ g=kf=j8f g+=$ l:yt ldQn l6=O08l:6«h k|f=nL=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf clwsf/ k|fKt ;~rfns dx]zs'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 k|ToyL{ M ;fljs d'No clej[l4 s/ ljefu, xfn cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu, sf7df8f}F · s'g} d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] s'g} s/bftfn] j:t' vl/b ubf{ lt/]sf] s/sf] /sd pQm j:t' laqmL ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] /sdaf6 s§f u/fO{ lkmtf{ lng] t/ o;/L s/ s§f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] laqmL u/]sf] clen]v klg gb]vfpg] / :6sdf /x]sf] klg b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf vl/b ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] s/ pQm j:t'sf] laqmLaf6 ;+sng u/]sf] s/sf] / sdaf6 s§f u/L lkmtf{ lng kfpg] ;DaGwdf d"No clej[l4 lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod #(-!_ / #(-#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] . · s/sl§ ul/lnPsf] j:t'sf] laqmL / :6sdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] kl/0ffdsf] aLrdf leGgtf b]lvPdf ;f] leGgtfsf] xb;Ddsf] kl/df0fsf j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] dflgg] s'/f ts{;Fut / Gofo;Fut klg 5 . t/ of] Joj:yf s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'sf] xsdf eg] nfu" x'g g;Sg] . · s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{ / laqmLsf] nflu vl/b ul/Psf ;fdfGo vl/b laqmLsf ;fdfgx¿sf] vl/b, laqmL tyf k|of]usf] ;Gbe{nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ x]g{' kg{] . · pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf htL{ hfg ;Sg] k|s[lt / kl/df0fsf] sRrf kbfy{nfO{ lgoldt Jofkfl/s k|lqmofdf laqmL ug{sf] nflu vl/b u/L s/s§f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] ;dsIfdf /fvL htL{ uPsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] xsdf klg d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ sf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{' pQm lgodsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg ljk/Lt x'g] . · sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]u u/L pTkfbg ubf{ sRrf kbfy{df s]xL ;6{]h x'G5 egL dfg]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;6{]h ePsf] j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] x'G5 egL dfGg ;lsFb}g / laqmL ePsf] dfGg klg g;lsg] lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM · d"No clej[l4 lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod #(-!_, -#_, $)-!_, %(-!_, -#_, · d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# · g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *( cfb]z df=Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tL M /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] cfb]z adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ cGt{ut k'g/fj]bg;/x btf{ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M– o;df k|:t't s/bftfn] d'=c=s/ cjlw @)%% ;fn ;fpg dlxgf !, P]=@)%% ;fn d+l;/ dlxgf b]lv P]=r}t dlxgf;Dd dlxgf %, @)%^ ;fn c;f/ dlxgf !, P]=@)%^ ;fn d+l;/ dlxgf b]lv @)%& ;fn c;f/ dlxgf *-cf7_ u/L hDdf !% dlxgf cjlwe/sf] d'=c=s/ ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] ljefuaf6 ldlt @)%*.!.# df s/ k/LIf0f u/L ldlt @)%*.@.!* df a'emL lnPsf]df lghn] @)%*.#.! df d'=c=s/ P]g s} Dofbleq hjfkm k]z u/]sf]df lghaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bg cWoog ubf{ k"j{ s/ lgwf{/0fdf kl/jt{g ug{‘kg{] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;} k|ltj]bgnfO{ d"n k|ltj]bgsf] cleGg cË dfgL clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f hf/L ug{‘kg{] b]vL k]z u/]sf] / x'g cfpg] s/ yk b:t"/ Aofh h/Ljfgf ;d]t hDdf ?=$,%$,^#!.– sf] pNn]v u/]sf], ;fy} lghsf] sDKo'6/ clen]v nufot sfof{nosf] clen]v ;d]tsf] cWofjlws u/fpg d'=c=s/ sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg dgfl;j b]lv k]z u/]sf] 5' eGg] ;d]tsf] ldlt @)%*.#.!! sf] s/ clws[tsf] l6Kk0fL ;b/ egL d'=c=s/ ljefuaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . 53

s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] hjfkm tyf k|df0fx¿ ;d]tsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ ltg{‘kg{] b]lvg cfPsf] s/ h/Ljfgf, yk b:t"/ / Aofh ;d]t hDdfhDdL s/ ?=$,%$,^#!.– of] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] ldltn] !% lbg leq ;DalGwt sf]ifdf bfv]n ug{‘xf]nf ga'emfPdf h/Ljfgf yk b:t"/ tyf Aofh ;d]t nfUg]5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%*.#.!@ df tLg j6f 5'§f5'§} d'=c=s/ ljefuaf6 ePsf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . k|ToyL{n] lgwf{l/t s/ /sddf yk b:t"/ / h/Ljfgf ;d]t nufpg' ePsf] 5 t/ ;f] s] s'g b/df s;/L lx;fj ul/Psf] xf] k|i6 5}g . To:t} s'g cleof]usf] nflu s'g sfg"gsf] s'g bkmf cg';f/ h/Ljfgf ul/Psf] xf] eGg] k|i6 5}g / h/Ljfgfsf] lx;fj klg k|ltztdf ul/Psf] / k6s] sfod ul/Psf] 5 . Ps} k|s[ltsf] sfo{sf] nflu klg km/s b/ nufOPsf] t/ s'g} klg h/Ljfgfsf] nflu sfg"gL cfwf/ gv'nfPsf] x'Fbf sfg"g jflx/ h/Ljfgf ul/Psf] eGg] k|i6x'G5 . lrof ;6{]hsf] ;DaGwdf cfGtl/s df+u{bz{g cg';f/ h/Ljfgf ul/Psf] egL pNn]v 5 . s] s:tf] cfGtl/s dfu{bz{g k|fKt ePsf] / To:tf] dfu{bz{g lbg] JolQm jf lgsfo sf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf s]xL v'Nb}g . sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] kl/lw jflx/ u} dfu{bz{g lbg kfpg] clwsf/ s;}nfO{ klg gePsf] / u}/sfg"gL dfu{bz{gnfO{ kfngf ug{‘ klg u}/sfg"gL x'g] ePsf]n] h/Ljfgf ul/Psf] :jtM u}/sfg"gL 5 . ctM dfly plNnlvt bfjL lhsL/ adf]lhd s'g}klg ljjflbt s/ tyf h/Ljfgf ;d]tsf] /sd ltg{ a'emfpg] gkg{] :ki6 ePsf]n] ldlt @)%*.#.!@ sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / s/ k/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffd ljj/0f ;d]t ab/ u/L ;f] adf]lhdsf] s'g} klg ljjflbt s/ yk b:t'/ h/Ljfgf / Aofhsf] /sd ltg{ a'emfpg gkg{] u/L lg0f{o km};nf u/L Gofo kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ . o;df z'? cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] lg0f{o larf/0fLo x'Fbf 5nkmn lgldQ c=j+=@)@ g+=adf]lhd ;/sf/L jlsn lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]tsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] cfb]z . d'=c=s/ lgodfjnL @)%# sf] lgod !&-#_ n] krf; xhf/;Ddsf] lrh j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] aLhsdf lghsf] gfd 7]ufgf / :yfoL n]vf gDj/ pNn]v u/]sf] eP s/ sl§ ;'ljwf kfpg] egL s/sl§sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ zt{d'Qm agfPsf] kfOof] . s/sl§sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] zt{df gfd 7]ufgf / :yfoL n]vfgDj/ clgjfo{ ?kn] aLhsdf /fVg' kg{] o:tf] cj:yfdf gfd pNn]v gePsf] aLhssf] xsdf qm]l86 bfjL ug{ gkfpg] x'G5 . ;6{]hdf d'=c=s/ nfUg] gnfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf d'=c=s/ P]g lgoddf u/]sf] kfOb}g . d'=c=s/ lgdfojnL @)%# sf] lgod $)-!_ df :6sdf /xg' kg{] a:t' :6sdf /x]sf] gkfOPsf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nodf laqmL ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOof] . :6sdf /xg' kg{] dfn :6sdf g/x]df ;6{]h egL dfGg] geO{ laqmL ePsf] cg'dfg ug{‘kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . @% h/Ljfgf ug{‘sf] cf}lrTo / sfg"gsf] pNn]vg u/L s/ lgwf{/0fdf ePsf] b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ?=$!$*.– h/Ljfgf u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg, eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}sf] km};nf . d"No clej[l4s/ cg'dflgt laqmLdf nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g . sfg"gadf]lhd lrof afktsf] ;6{]hnfO{ laqmL dfGg ldNb}g . d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL @)%# sf] lgod $)-!_ sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] s/sl§ ul/Psf] j:t'x¿ :6sdf /x]sf] 5 eg] To:tf j:t'x¿ s/ clws[tn] x]g{ rfx] jf u0fgf ug{ rfx]df s/bftfn] b]vfpg' jf u0fgf ug{ lbg'k5{ . s/ clws[tn] u0fgf ubf{ sf/f]jf/df k|of]u ePsf] gkfPdf jf :6sdf /xg' kg{]df :6sdf /x]sf] gkfPdf To:tf j:t'x¿ k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nodf laqmL ePsf] dflgg] eGg] xf] . s/bftfn] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ laqmL dfGg] eGg] lgod $)-!_ sf] Joj:yf xf]Og . aLhsdf qm]tfsf] gfd n]Vg 5'6fpg] uNtL lgj]bsaf6 ePsf] geO{ cfk"lt{stf{af6 ePsf]n] lghn] u/]sf] uNtLsf] ;hfosf] eflubf/ xfdLnfO{ agfpg ldNb}g . aLhs adf]lhd d"No clej[l4s/ c;"n eO{ P]g]sf] p2]Zo k"/f eO;s]sf]df k'gM s/ dfu ug{‘ cGoflos ;d[l4sf] l;4fGt ;d]tn] gldNg] x'Fbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}af6 ePsf] km};nfdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_ sf] k|ToIf q'l6 ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg u/L s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zkq /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ab/ u/L u}/sfg"gL s/ tyf h/Ljfgf yk b:t"/ tyf Aofhsf] bfloTjaf6 d'lQm ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^ .(.!& sf] lgj]bgkq . o;df pTkfbg ubf{ ;l6{h g} x'Fb}g eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfn] eGg ;s]sf] b]lvg gcfpg'sf ;fy} pQm km};nfdf ;6{]hdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] gnfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g / lgoddf u/]sf] kfOb}g egL km};nfdf pNn]v u/]kl5 ha sfg"gdf g} ;6{]hdf g} d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] Joj:yf 5}g eg] s/ eg]sf] ;f/jfg sfg"gn] nfUg] / sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s/ gnfUg] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"g g} 5}g egL dfg]sf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ sf] :6ssf] cj:yfnfO{ cufFnL ;6{]hdf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nfU5 egL lg0f{o ubf{ plNnlvt sfg"gsf] q'l6 x'g'sf ;fy} /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 u/]sf] k|Zgdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ k'g/fj]bgdf btf{df u/L ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^@.@.%.% df ePsf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf ;dfj]z eO{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g cg';f/ d"No clej[l4 s/ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]udf 54

nfUg] s/ xf], ;6{]hdf nufpg ldNb}g . d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ sf] Joj:yf ;6{]hdf nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf s/ nfUg] egL geg]sf] s'/fdf s/ clws[tsf] :j]R5frf/L lg0f{oaf6 s/ nufpg gldNg] x'Fbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf pN6L eO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kaf6 nufOPsf] s/ tyf h/Ljfgf nufpg] lg0f{o ab/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug{‘eof] . cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] pBf]un] vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfg laqmL u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ cg';f/ laqmL;/x dfgL d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ldn]s} x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug{‘eof] . kIf ljkIfaf6 pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfx¿sf] ax; ;'gL k]z ePsf ldl;n sfuhftx¿ cWoog u/L x]bf{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g< k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5 ;Sb}g eGg] ljifodf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] . @= lg0f{otkm{ larf/ ubf{ s/ bftfn] d"No clej[l4 s/ cjlw )%% ;fn ;fpg dlxgf ! P] )%% ;fn d+l;/ dlxgf b]vL P] r}t dlxgf;Dd dlxgf %,)%^ ;fn c;f/ dlxgf !, P] @)%^ ;fn d+l;/ dlxgf b]lv @)%& c;f/ ;Dd *-cf7_ dlxgf u/L hDdf !% dlxgf cjlwsf] s/sf] ;DaGwdf k"j{ s/ lgwf{/0fdf kl/jt{g u/L yk b:t"/, Aofh, h/Ljfgf ;d]t ?=$,%$,^#!.– s/ d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefuaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}af6 km};nf x'Fbf k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ?=$,!$*.– h/Ljfgf u/]sf] xb;Ddsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] lg0f{o s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bsn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] cfb]zdf lrQ ga'emfO{ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg u/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6 @)^@.@.%.% df k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ o; cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg bfo/Ldf btf{ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] /x]5 . #= o;df d'Vo u/]/ d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL @)%# sf] lgod !&-#_ n] ?=krf; xhf/;Ddsf] lrh j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] aLhsdf lghsf] gfd, 7]ufgf / :yfoL n]vf gDj/ pNn]v u/]sf] eP s/sl§ ug{ kfpg]df gfd pNn]v gePsf] aLhssf] xsdf qm]l86 bfjL ug{ gkfpg] / ;f]xL d"=c=s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ df :6sdf /xg' kg{] j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] gkfOPsf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nodf laqmL ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df :6sdf /xg' kg{] dfn :6sdf g/x]df ;6{]h egL dfGg] geO{ laqmL ePsf] cg'dfg ug{‘kg{] eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOof] . $= krf; xhf/ ?k}of ;Ddsf] j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] aLhsdf lghsf] gfd 7]ufgf / :yfoL n]vf gDj/ pNn]v gePsf] s/sl§sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'G5 x'Fb}g eGg] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL @)%# sf] lgod !&-#_ df v'›f laqm]tfn] :yfoL n]vf gDj/ gePsf JolQmnfO{ hlt;'s} /sdsf] j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ubf{ nfUg] s/ ;d]t gb]vfO{ d"Nodf ufeL cg';"rL %s adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf Psd'i6 s/ aLhs hf/L ug{‘kg{] 5 . :yfoL n]vf gDj/ ePsf k|To]sn] krf; xhf/ ?k}of ;Ddsf] j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] aLhsdf lghsf] gfd 7]ufgf :yfoL n]vf gDj/ pNn]v u/]sf] eP s/sl§ ;'ljwf kfpg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / To:tf] gfd 7]ufgf / :yfoL n]vf gDj/ pNn]v gePsf] aLhssf] ;DaGwdf ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod !&-$_ df s/ nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{] ;a} laqm]tfn] cfkm\gf] tyf k|fkssf] gfd 7]ufgf, :yfoL n]vf gDj/, ldlt / l;nl;nfjf/ / gDj/ tyf ;fdfgsf] :ki6 ljj/0f ;lxtsf] aLhs hf/L ug{‘kg{] 5 . pTkfbs tyf cfoftstf{n] k|fkssf] gfd, :yfoL n]vf gDj/ / 7]ufgf :ki6 pNn]v gu/L aLhs hf/L u/]df To:tf] laqmLnfO{ k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nodf v'›f laqmL ;/x dflgg]5Ú eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 k|:t't lgodfjnLn] d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] vl/b stf{ / btf{ gePsf] vl/bstf{nfO{ hf/L ul/g] aLhs km/s km/s u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ j:t' jf ;]jf laqmLsf] k|To]s txsf] d"No clej[l4df s/ nufOg] x'Fbf ;f]sf] aLhs hf/L ug{‘kg{] x'G5 . ;fy} To:tf] s/ k|To]s txsf] d"No clej[l4df dfq nufOg] x'Fbf d'No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd s§L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ pkef]QmfnfO{ laqmL u/Lg] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf / d"No clej[l4df btf{ gePsf] laqm]tfnfO{ ;fdfg laqmL ubf{ lghx¿n] cfkm"n] a'emfPsf] s/sf] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg] g;Sg] x'Fbf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !&-#_ df s/ /sd ;d]tnfO{ d"Nodf ufeL s/ aLhs hf/L ug{‘kg{] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} u/L ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod !&-$_ n] k|fkssf] gfd, 7]ufgf / :yfoL n]vf gDj/ gv'n]sf] laqmLnfO{ v'›f laqmL;/x dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . %= k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/df aLhsdf qm]tfsf] gfd n]Vg 5'6fpg] uNtL lgj]bsaf6 ePsf] geO{ cfk"lt{stf{af6 ePsf]n] lghn] u/]sf] ulNtsf] ;hfosf] eflubf/ agfpg ldNb}g eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvP tfklg d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf !$ cg';f/ cfk"lt{stf{n] aLhs hf/L ug{‘kg{] / aLhs lng' k|fkssf] st{Jo x'g] b]lvG5 . o;df klg d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] laqm]tfn] cfkm"n] vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] l/t k"j{s aLhs lng' lghsf] sfg"gL st{Jo

55

x'G5 . lghn] cfkm"n] lt/]sf] s/sl§ u/L lkmtf{ lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu /Ltk"j{ssf] aLhs x'g' sfg"gtM clgjfo{ x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvb}g . ^= sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf ePsf] ;6{]h ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ;f] ;DaGwdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf :ki6 Joj: yfsf] cefj b]lvG5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 km};nf x'Fbf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $)-!_ :6sdf /xg' kg{] j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] gkfOPsf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nodf laqmL ePsf] dflgg] eGg] 7x/ ePsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $)-!_ df s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 / pQm Joj:yfsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg s] xf] eGg] s'/f tkm{ klg larf/ ug{]'kg{] x'g cfof] . pQmlgodsf] $)-!_lgDgfg';f/ 5 M– …s/sl§ ul/Psf] j:t'x¿ :6sdf /x]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] j:t'x¿ s/ clws[tn] x]g{ rfx]df jf u0fgf ug{ rfx]df s/bftfn] b]vfpg' jf u0fgf ug{ lbg'kg{]5 . s/ clws[tn] To:tf a:t'x¿ x]bf{ jf u0fgf ubf{ To:tf] j:t'x¿ s/ nfUg] sf/f]jf/df k|of]u ePsf] gkfPdf jf :6sdf /xg' kg{]df :6sdf /x]sf] gkfPdf To:tf j:t'x¿ k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nodf laqmL ePsf] dflgg] 5Ú . &= d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $)-!_ sf] p2]Zo / k|of]hgsf] jf/]df larf/ ubf{ pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod #(-!_ tyf %(-#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf ;d]t x]g{‘ kb{5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod #(-#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg';f/ d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] JolQmn] k|To]s s/ cjlwsf] s/ ljj/0f k]z ubf{ lghn] j:t' laqmL ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] s/af6 j:t' vl/b tyf cfoft ubf{ lt/]sf] s/ s6fO{ afFsL /x]sf] /sd s/ ljj/0f dfly s/ sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{‘kb{5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ lgod %(-!_ tyf %(-#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf;Fu t'ngf u/L x]bf{ lgod %(-!_ tyf %(-#_ cg';f/ s'g} j:t' vl/b ubf{ vl/b stf{n] e'QmfgL u/]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ sf] /sd lghn] o:tf] j:t' laqmL ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] s/sf] /sd s§f u/L lnPsf] j:t'x¿sf] :6ssf] ;DaGwdf dfq nfu" x'g] b]lvG5 . s'g} d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] s'g} s/bftfn] j:t' vl/b ubf{ lt/]sf] s/sf] /sd pQm j:t' laqmL ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] /sdaf6 s§f u/fO{ lkmtf{ lng] t/ o;/L s/ s§f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] laqmL u/]sf] clen]v klg gb]vfpg] / o:tf] j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] klg b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf vl/b ubf{ ;+sng u/]sf] s/ pQm j:t'sf] laqmLaf6 ;+sng u/]sf] s/sf] /sdaf6 s§f u/L lkmtf{ lng kfpg] ;DaGwdf d"No clej[l4 lgodfjnLsf] lgod #(-!_ / #(-#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] b'?kof]u x'g;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . o;} sf/0fn] g} s/ s§L u/L lnPsf] j:t'sf] laqmL / :6sdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] kl/0ffdsf] aLrdf leGgtf b]lvPdf ;f] leGgtfsf] xb;Ddsf] kl/df0fsf j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] dflgg] s'/f ts{;Fut / Gofo;Fut klg 5 . t/ of] Joj:yf s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'sf] xsdf nfu' x'g ;Sb}g . *= o;}u/L s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{sf] ztk|ltzt g} pTkflbt j:t'df ;dflxt x'g] jf ldl;P/ cfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] klg ts{;Fut cg'dfg ug{ ;lsb}g . pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf sRrf kbfy{sf] s]xL c+z gi6 x'g], k|of]udf gcfpg] jf sd x'g] jf htL{df hfg] eGg] s'/f ;a} k|sf/sf j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] ;DaGwdf nfu' x'g] s'/f xf] . of] s'/f lrof pTkfbg ug{] pBf]ux¿sf] xsdf lrofsf] pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf !% b]lv @% ;Dd htL{ hfg] eGg] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] /fli6«o lrof tyf skmL ljsf; jf]8{ -Na!onal Tea and Co"ee Development Board_ sf] ldl;n ;+nUg ldlt @)%(.$.@@ sf] kqaf6 klg b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf htL{sf] c+z s'g} cf=j= df !=$% / s'g} cf=j=df !=%% ;Dd dfq /x]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bgsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 / of] tYonfO{ ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] v08g ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvb}g . (= pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{ / laqmLsf] nflu vl/b ul/Psf ;fdfGo vl/b laqmLsf ;fdfgx¿sf] vl/b, laqmL tyf k|of]usf] ;Gbe{nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ x]g{‘ kb{5 . pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf htL{ hfg] kl/df0f / vl/bdf s/ s§f ul/Psf t/ laqmL ePsf] b]vfpg g;lsPsf j:t'x¿ km/s x'g . o;}n] pTkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf htL{ hfg] ;Sg] k|s[lt / kl/df0fsf] sRrf kbfy{nfO{ lgoldt Aofkfl/s k|lqmofdf laqmL ug{sf] nflu vl/b u/L s/s§f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] ;dsIfdf /fvL htL{ uPsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] xsdf klg d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ sf] Joj:yf nfu' ug{‘ pQm lgodsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg ljk/Lt x'g] b]lvG5 . !)= t/ k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bsn] :6sdf /x]sf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ;6{]h ePsf] sf/0fn] 36\g uPsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfaf6 k'g/fj]bsn] lhsL/ lnPsf] ;6{]h ePsf] a:t' ;6{]h geO{ cGoyf ePsf x'g\ eGg] b]vfOPsf] kfOb}g . plNnlvt cfly{s jif{x¿sf] ljjflbt s/ lgwf{/0f lrofsf] w'nf] k'g{pTkfbg u/L Kofs]lhª ug{] O08l:6«hsf] sf/f]af/sf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] / o:tf] j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ubf{ ;6{]h g} x'Fb}g eGg ;lsg] cj:yf klg x'Fb}g . ;6{]hdf s/ nufpg] Joj:yf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ nufot s'g} klg sfg"gdf ePsf] b]lvb}g . sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]u u/L pTkfbg ubf{ sRrf kbfy{df s]xL ;6{]h x'G5 egL dfg]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;6{]h ePsf] j:t' :6sdf /x]sf] x'G5 egL dfGg ;lsb}g / laqmL ePsf] dfGg klg ;lsb}g . ljwflosfn] agfPsf] :ki6 sfg"gsf] cefjdf 56

cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df s/ nufpg gldNg] x'Fbf To:tf] k|i6 sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g egL hfgL hfgL ;6{]hdf s/ nufpg] / c;"n pk/ ug{] sfo{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *( sf] ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] ;d]t ljk/Lt b]lvof] . !!= pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] /Ltk"j{ssf] aLhs gePsf] ;DaGwdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ;b/ x'G5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $)-!_ sf] cfwf/df ;6{]hdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nufPsf]nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf]n] s]xL pN6L x'G5 . cj ;f] ;DaGwdf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/ lx;fj u/L s6fO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ug{‘ egL z'? s/ sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg] 7x5{ . c? tkl;n adf]lhd ug{' . tkl;n o;df k'g/fj]bs ldQn l6 k|=ln=n] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ d'=c=s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)%*.#.!@ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zn] nfUg] 7x/]sf] s/ h/Ljfgf / Aofh;d]t ?=$,%$,^#!.– afktdf k'g/fj]bsn] g]kfn dr{]G6 a}+lsË P08 kmfOgfG; ln=af6 ?=$,%%,))).– sf] a}+s Uof/]l06 kqsf] Dofb cu:6 @#, ;g\ @))@ df ;dfKt eO;s]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] afktsf] /sd c;"n pk/ eO;s]sf] eGg] k|df0f ldl;n ;fd]n gb]lvPsf] tyf dfly OG;fkm v08df 7x/ eP cg';f/ vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] /Ltk"j{s aLhs gePsf] ;DaGwdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf ;b/ ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf nfUg] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] s/ k'g/fj]bsaf6 c;"npk/ ug{‘ egL n]vL k7fpg' . ;6{]hsf] ;DaGwdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPcg';f/ s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/]sf]n] s]xL ul//xg' k/]g . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=sNof0f >]i7 Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt @)^% ;fn r}t !) ut] /f]h @ z'ee\ ––

57

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo )^^–CR–)$(^ km};nf ldltM @)^*.!.%

D'f2f M d'No clej[l4 s/ . lhNnf df]/8= lj/f6gu/ pk dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=@ df sfof{no /x]sf] z+s/ l;d]G6 s+lqm6 pBf]u k|f=ln= sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt k|jGw ;+rfns ltns k|;fb l/hfn==========================! k|ltjfbL lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/==============================================================================! ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu,nflhDkf6,sf7df08f}+====================================================================! jfbL z'? lg0f{o ug]{ k|d'v s/ clws[t M >L lzj s'df/ s6'jfn lg0f{o ldlt M @)^!.%.!^ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/df km};nf ug]{ M df=cWoIf >L ljgf]b k|;fb 9'Ën ] /fh:j ;b:o >L Zofd k|;fb bfxfn n]vf ;b:o >L u0f]z s'df/ sfsL{ km};nf ldlt M @)^%.!.!^ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kqsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o lgDg k|sf/ 5 M ldlt @)%*.(.% ut]sf] n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] . pk/f]Qm lx;fa adf]lhd sfod ePsf] hDdf s/ ?=$,&$,@)&.– a}+s bflvnf ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] @)%*.(.% sf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] pk/ lbPsf] hjfkm ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] . d"=c=s/ lgodfjnL @)%# sf] lgod @(-#_ adf]lhd k"j{ s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z kl/jt{g x'g] u/L 7f]; k|df0f k|:t't ePsf] gb]lvPsfn] k"j{ s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z adf]lhd clGtd s/ lgwf{/0fsf] lgldQ k]z u/]sf] 5' eGg] ldlt @)%*.!).% sf] l6Kk0fL / ;f]xL l6Kk0fLnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] ;f]xL ldltsf] lg0f{o . pk/f]Qm lx;fj adf]lhd sfod ePsf] hDdf s/ ?=$,&$,@)&.– a}+s bflvnf ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] ldlt @)%*.!).% sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . k|ToyL{ sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ x'+bf ab/ u/L sfg'g adf]lhd /lx xs OG;fkm kfp+ eGg] ;dt Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ . k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%*.(.% sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . d'=c=s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @) / lgodfjnLsf] lgod @( adf]lhd s/bftfnfO{ ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ 5'6\6} s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof k'/f u/]/ dfq lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL !@ adf]lhd clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@ sf] km};nf . z+s/ l;d]G6 s+lqm6 pBf]usf] cf=j=@)%$.*.! b]lv @)%&.#.#@ ;Ddsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ?=$,&$,@)& . sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf=/f=sf=lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^!.%.!^ sf] lg0f{o krf{ . pk/f]Qm lx;fj adf]lhd sfod ePsf] s/ ;d]t ?=$,&$,@)&.– a}+s bflvnf ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^!.%.!* sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . o;df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf adf]lhd cf=/f=sf=af6 lg0f{o gePsf]n] Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^).!@.@ sf] km};nf cg';f/ 5fgljg u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] eGg] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] ldlt @)^@.!.!* df u/]sf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg0f{o krf{ . k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ xF'bf ab/ u/L ;lx OG;fkm kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^@.&.! sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ .

58

o;df 5nkmnsf] nflu c=j+=@)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{ sfof{nonfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^#.(.!^ sf] cfb]z . ljqmL s/ lt/] tkm{sf] lhls/df ;f] sf] ljhs g/x]sf] sygsf] cj:yfaf6 qm]l86 /sdsf] k'i6\ofO{{ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . To:t} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k'gM bf]xf]/f] ePsf] eGg] tkm{ ;f] ug{ g;Sg] eGg] k'g/fj]bsn] sfg"gtM j:t'lgi6 tj/n] pNn]v u/L lhls/ lng ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . To:t} df}Hbft 3f]if0ffsf] lhls/sf] ;DaGwdf tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq g/x]sf] tYo k'g/fj]bsn] l:jsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] tkm{ ;d]tsf] lhls/ dgfl;j b]lvPg . To:t} s/ tkm{ k6s k6s a'emfPs} sf/0f,k|ToyL{n] cGoyf glnPs} cfwf/df k|ToyL{n] 5fgljg u/L hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]g} sfg"gtM b]lv+bf ;f] ;DaGwdf ;d]t k'g/fj]bg lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] k|ToyL{ sfof{non] @)%%.!).@& df s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;s]sf] eGg] lhls/ dfq lnPsf] t/ ;f] sf] k|df0f u'hfg{ g;s]sf] df}h'bf cj:yfdf s]jn k'g/fj]bg kqdf bfjL lnPs} e/df, k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{ d2t ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . o;y{ k|ToyL{ sfof{non] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfaf6 d'=c=s/ / hl/jfgf c;'n ug]{ u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.%.!^ sf] lg0f{o @)^!.%.!* sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^@.!.!* sf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] u/]sf] ldlt,@)^%.!.!^ sf] km};nf . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)%%.!).@& ut] lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/L ;s]kl5 k'gM @)^!.%.@& ut] d"=c=s/ sf] lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . of] sfo{ ;/f;/ u}/ sfg"gL / q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ ldlt @)%$ d+l;/ ! ut]af6 nfu' ePsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL sfof{non] @)%$ sflt{s dlxgfsf] x'g] d'=c=s/ / hl/jfgf ;d]t hf]8L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfO{bf d'=c=s/ nfu" x'g'k"j{sf] /sdnfO{ ;d]t xr'jfk"0f{ ?kdf ;dfj]z u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljkIfL sfof{nosf] lg0f{o / o;af6 ePsf] cGo lg0f{o ;d]t sltsf] ljj]sk"0f{ x'g ;S5 :jtMcg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy}, o:tf] u}/ sfg"gL q'6Lk"0f{ lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o ;d]t :jtM unt ab/efuL /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; sDkgL d'=c=s/df btf{ x'Fbf;Dd t}of/L dfn ?=#$,@(,$!%.– sf] df}Hbft /x]sf] lyof] . sDkgLn] ;fdfg pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] vl/b ubf{ l8n/ ;d]tn] >f]tdf g} laqmLs/ ltg]{ u/]sf]n] sDkgLnfO{ ljqmLs/ pNn]v gePsf] ljn lbg] u/]sf]df tTsflng k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sRrf kbfy{ laqmL s/ $(,)(%. D'f=c=s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $# sf] cg';"rL !^ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|df0f ;Ssn ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] s/ kl/If0f 6f]nLn] @)%%.!).!# / @& ut] u/]sf] s/ kl/If0faf6 pQm s/ kl/If0f x'g] ?= $(,)(%.– nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd k|ToyL{ sfof{non] @)%%.!).@& ut] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/L ;f] adf]lhd s/ /sd ;d]t a'emfO{ ;s]k5L ;f]xL ljifodf d'=c=s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ cfwf/ g} ge} k'gM @)^!.%.@& df u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ e} jb/efuL /x]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm cfwf/ sf/0fx¿af6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] ldlt @)^@.!.!* ut] u/]sf] km};nf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@, d'=c=s/ lgodfjnL, @)%$, cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)%^ >fj0f @! Uft]sf] lj1KtL, d'No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)%^.%.# ut]sf] kl/kq adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ljkl/t e} q'6Lk"0f{ x'g'sf] ;fy} tTsflng g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f &#, xfnsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *( / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx¿ Pj+ s/ ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsfn] pQm km};nfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] -v_ -u_ / -3_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] pQm km};nf xfdLnfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf] xsdf ab/ u/L xfdL sDkgLn] k]z u/] adf]lhd x'g] u/L xfd|f] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ adf]lhd lg0f{o cfb]z u/L Gofo OG;fkm u/L kfpF eGg] z+s/ l;d]G6 s+lqm6 pBf]usf] k'g/fj]bgkq . o;df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.!).% df clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z gldn]sf] egL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)^).!@.@ df lg0f{o cfb]z ab/ u/L s/bftf ;d]tnfO{ a'emL k'gMsfg"g adf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ egL ePsf] lg0f{o adf]lhd ldlt @)^!.%.!* df k'gM clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{o pk/ k/]sf] k|zfzsLo k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@ sf] km};nfsf] Le#er and Spirit cg';f/ lg0f{o ePsf] gb]lvPsf] egL 5fgljg u/L, s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] u/L ldlt @)^@.!.!* df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] pk/ s/bftfsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)^%.!.!^ df km};nf ubf{ ldlt @)^!.%.!^ sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^@.!.!* sf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg0f{o ;d]t ldn]sf] egL pQm b'j} lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L z'?af6 ePsf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z 5fgljg u/L k'gMs/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ egL k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 ePsf] k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ ldn]sf] egL ePsf] km};nfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-v_ -u_ / -3_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lv+bf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lgod adf]lhd ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!).!!sf] cfb]z .

59

lgod adf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L /Tg s'df/ v/]nn] ldlt @)^).!@.@ sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfn] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z hf/L u/\of] t/ lgj]bssf] sfg"g adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5, k6s k6s s/ lgwf{/0f x'g' kg]{ xf]Og / cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^!.%.!^ sf] lg0f{o pk/sf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgn] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z ldlt @)^@.!.!* df u/L b'j} km/s lg0f{o ePsf]df b'j}nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L Gofo kfpF eGg] ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] . To:t} u/L ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] klxnf g} s/ lgwf{/0f ul/;s]sf] eGg] bfjL lng]n] ;f]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . k'g/fj]bg kqdf lhls/ lnP/dfq x'b}g . t;y{ ;f]xL cfwf/df ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf sfg"g ;+ut g} x'+bf ;b/ sfod /fvL kfp+ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)%%.!).@& ut] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ul/;s]kl5 k'gM k6s k6s s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ u/L ePsf] sfo{ u}x|sfg"gL x'Fbf ab/ u/L kfpF / cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no / ljefusf] km/s km/s k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o b'j}nfO{ d'gfl;j dfgL ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ ePsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs z+s/ l;d]G6 s+lqm6 pBf]usf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvof] . lj4fg clwjQmfx¿sf] lhls/ ;'gL lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no / cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf cfb]zx¿ k/:k/ lj/f]wfefif ePklg b'j}nfO{ ldn]s} 5 egL /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf gldn]sf] egL cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvof] . ;j{k|ydt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)%*.!).% df u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ k|s[of gk'u]sf] eGg] cfwf/df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@ sf] km};nfn] jb/ u/L a'em\g kg]{ s'/f a'emL k'gM lg0f{osf] nflu lkmtf{ k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . tt\ kZrft ;f] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] ldlt @)^!.%.!* df ;d]t k'gM clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/]sf]df ;f] lg0f{o klg /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)^).!@.@ df ePsf] km};nfsf] efjgf ljkl/t ePsf] eGb} cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] k'gM 5fgljg u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] egL ldlt @)^@.!.!* df k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f] pk/ oL k'g/fj]bs l;d]G6 sf/vfgfsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/af6 @)^%.!.!^ df k'gMkm};nf x'+bf pQm @)^!.%.!* sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] gldn]sf] egL /fh:j ljefun] ldlt @)^@.!.!* df u/]sf] k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{o ;d]t ldn]s} egL b'j} lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] ldl;n sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] cfb]z gldn]sf] egL k'gMs/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z b'a} Ps};fy 7Ls x'g;Sg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . Pp6f cfb]znfO{ gldn]sf] egL ;s]kl5 b'j} cfb]z dWo] csf]{ Ps cfb]z;Dd 7Ls x'g ;S5 . o;/L /fh:j sfof{nosf] cfb]znfO{ gldn]sf] elgPsf] /fh:j ljefusf] cfb]z ;d]t b'j}nfO{ ldn]sf] dfgL ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^%.!.!^ sf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bgdf k6s k6s s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ gldNg] egL lhls/ lnPsf]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] cfb]zaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] k"j{ klg ldlt @)%%.!).@& df lgwf{/0f eO{ ;s]sf] egL lhls/ lnPsf]df ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] lhls/ dfq lnPsf] t/ k|df0f u'hfg{ g;s]sf] egL To;tkm{ s/bftfnfO{ d4t ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g egL lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:tf] @)%%.!).@& df s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;s]sf] k|df0f o; cbfntdf klg k'g/fj]bsn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvg cfPg . To:tf] ldl;n ;+nUg g} g/x]sf] k|df0fnfO{ o:tf] jf p:tf] egL ;lds/0f ug{ jf k|df0fdf lng ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . tyflk cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] ;d]tsf] ;j't k|df0f / cfwf/af6 ljrf/ x'g ;Sg] g} x'Fbf ;j't k|df0fsf] cefjdf @)%%.!).@& df g} s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ clGtd eO{ ;Sof] eGg ldn]g . o;/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@ sf] km};nf adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] ldlt @)^!.%.!* df k'gM clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] cfb]z klg gldn]sf] egL /fh:j ljefun] ldlt @)^@.!.!* df k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ k7fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df, ;f] b'j} k/:k/ ljkl/t k|s[ltsf] lg0f{ox¿nfOg} plrt 7x/\ofPsf] b]lv+bf, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^%.!.!^ sf] km};nf cfkm}df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g k'u]sf] b]lvg cfof] . t;y{ o;df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^@.!.!* sf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{o cg';f/ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{ÿ kg]{ g} x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf @)^!.%.!* sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z /

60

@)^@.!.!* sf] k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{o b'j}nfO{ ;b/ ubf{, lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lg0f{o x'g uPsf]n], pQm ldlt @)^@.!.!* sf] /fh:j ljefusf] k|zf;lgs k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{o;Dd ;b/ x'g] b]lv+bf, cfGtl/s s/ sfof{non] @)^!.%.!^ df u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{ / @)^!.%.!* df u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] xb;Dd gldn]sf] x'+bf ;f] xb;Dd pQm /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^%.!.!^ sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg' . Gofoflwz pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gofoflwz Ohnf; clws[t M a;GthË yfkf sDKo'6/ M dlGb/f /fgfef6 Olt ;Djt\ @)^* ;fn j}zfv % ut] /f]h @ z'ed\==========.

61

>L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/ k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL )^$—CR—)!)! km};nf ldltM @)^*.(.@$

D'f2f M d"No clej[l4 s/ -@)%^.)%&_ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no l;d/f af/fsf tkm{af6 k|d'v s/ clws[t k|]d zfGt dfGfGw/====k'g/fj]bs lj?4 O{i6g{ 6]S;6fO{n O{=ln=5ftflkk/f af/f=====================================================================k|ToyL{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+df km};nf ug]{ M cWooIf df=Gof=>L a}Bgfy pkfWofo /fh:j ;b:o >L ljgf]b s'df/ pkfWofo n]vf clws[t, >L lzjx/L clwsf/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^!.(.@* sf] km};nf pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * cg';f/ o; cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M @)%^ efb| b]lv @)%& c;f/;Ddsf] hDdf :yfgLo ljqmL ? =!),)$,$$,%@*.&* / lgof{t ?=@#,$!,&&&.*) dWo] 8fO{ª ;]jf ljqmL s'n ljqmL sf/f]jf/sf] )=($ k|ltzt /x]sf]n] input tax ?=!*,!*,(!).$# sf] )=($! k|ltztn] hDdf ?=!&,!!%.($ dfq s/ s6\6L ug{ kfpg] ePsf]n] 8fO{ª ;]jf ljqmLaf6 ;+nUg ul/Psf] s/ ?=(^,*!&. af6 s6\6f ug{ kfpg] s/ ?=!&!!^. s6fO{ afFsL s/ ?=&(,&)!. s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L u/L dfu ug'{ kg]{ / s/bftfn] d"=c=s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @)-!_ 3 sf] s;'/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @(-@_ sf] ;Gbe{df ljefuLo kl/kqfg';f/ #) k|ltzt hl/jfgf ?=@#(!).#) ug'{kg]{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%(.#.@! sf] s/ n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k/L ldlt @)%(.#.@$ df :jLs[t ePsf] /x]5 . O{i6g{ 6]S;6fO{n ln=sf] cf=j=@)%^.)%& sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ? &(,&)!. hl/jfgf ?=@#,(!). u/L hDdf ?=!,)#,^!!. ltg'{ gkg]{ cyjf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ s'g} 7f]; k|df0f eP kq k|fKt ePsf] !% lbg leq k]z ug'{ xf]nf eGg] ;d]t sf] ldlt @)%(.#.@^ sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no l;d/fsf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z /x]5 . k=;+=)%*.)%( r=g+=^)@^ ldlt @)%\(.#.@^ sf] k|fKt kqsf ;DaGwdf 8foh s]ldsndf lt/]sf] d'=c=s/nfO{ sk8f pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf afF8\g' x'g eGb} cfkm\gf egfO{ pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%(.$.* df O{i6ag{ 6]S;6fO{n O{=ln=n] cfGtl/s /fHf:j sfof{no l;d/f af/fdf kq btf{ u/fPsf] /x]5 . O{i6g{ 6]S;6fO{n O{=ln= n] cf=j=)%^.)%& sf] 8fO{8= ;]jf ljqmL jfktsf] s/ ?=&(,&)!.–Hl/jfgf ?=@#,(!).– u/L hDdf ? !,)#,^^!. cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] !% lbg leq a}+sdf bflvnf ug'{xf]nf eGg] ;d]tsf] ldlt @)%(.$.!^ sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, l;d/f, af/fsf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z /x]5 . k|ToyL{ sfof{non] ldlt @)%(.$.!^ df u/]]sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{./0f cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ ab/ u/L s/ hl/jfgf ;d]tsf] s'g} /sd ltg{ gkg]{ u/L lg0f{o u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%(.%.@% sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+df k/]s]f ljkIfL Oi6g{ 6]S;6fOnsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . 8fO{ª sfo{ sk8fsf] k"0f{ tof/L cj:yf leq kg]{ gkg]{ ljifo ljrf/l0fo eO{ z'? d'=c=s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'+bf 5nkmnsf] lgldQ c=a+=@)@ g+=cg'?k ;/sf/L jlsn -cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu_ nfO{ k]lzsf] ;"rgf lbg' eGg] ldlt @)^!.&.#) sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] cfb]z . K'fg/fj]bsn] 8fO{ª ;]jf laqmL u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/af6 z'? s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . c?sf] u|] sk8f s]an 8fO8= u/L ;f]sf] Hofnf lnO{ kmsf{pg] sfo{nfO{ 8fOª ;]jf ljqmL sfo{ ePsf] eGg' kg]{ / To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ pBf]unfO{ sk8f pBf]u eGg ldNg] x'+bg} . k'g/fj]bs sk8f pBf]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ wfuf] / cw{ tof/L kbfy{ u|] sk8f vl/b u/L 8fO{ª u/L sk8f laqmL u/]sf] xbdf sk8f pBf]unfO{ cfly{s P]g,@)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @$ cg'?k d"No clej[l4 p7fPsf] s/ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/ c?sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg u/L Hofnf lnO{ ;fdfg kmsf{O{ ;]jf laqmL ePsf] l:yltdf eg] 62

;f] sk8f pBf]usf] sfo{ ePsf] gx'g] eO{ To:tf] cj:yfdf eg] s/ lkmtf{sf] ;'lawf pBf]un] kfpg] x'Fb}g . k'g/fj]bsn] c?sf] u|] sk8f ;d]t vl/b u/L 8fOª u/L 8fOª ljqmL u/]sf] tYo s'g} ljhs jf sf/f]jf/af6 gb]lvO{ c?sf] u|] sk8f ;d]t vl/b u/L 8fOª u/L sk8f g} ljqmL u/]sf] tYo b]lvG5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bsn] cw{ tof/L j:t' u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fO{ u/L sk8f laqmL u/]sf] xsdf pQm cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf @$ sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg gu/L cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no l;d/faf6 ePsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ lgw{f/0f cfb]z ;f] xb;Dd pN6L eO{ To;tkm{ klg pQm P]g cg'?ksf] ;'ljwf k'g/fj]bsn] kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^!.(.@* sf] km};nf . s/bftfn] c?sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] -;]jf laqmL_ xsdf ;d]t pNn]lvt ;'ljwf pkef]u u/L Square off u/L ;+slnt s/sf] lx;fa ldnfg u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] To:tf] ;]jf laqmL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nfuL vl/b ePsf] ;fdfgdf lt/]sf] Input tax d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $)-$_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts lx;fjaf6 s6\6f u/L afFsL s/ /sd lgh s/ bftfaf6 c;'Nf ug'{ kg]{ g} eO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . ;fy} /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ;d]t c?sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg u/L Hofnf lnO{ ;fdfg kmsf{O{ ;]jf ljqmL ePsf] l:ytLdf eg] ;f] sk8f pBf]usf] sfo{ ePsf] gx'g] eO{ To:tf] cj:yfdf eg] s/ lkmtf{sf] ;'ljwf pBf]un] kfpg] x'b}g eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ;d]t ePsf] ;Gbe{df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+af6 sfg"gsf] q'6Lk"0f{ JofVof u/L u/]sf] ;f] xb;Ddsf] km};nf ab/ u/L z'? s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ g} ;b/ u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no l;d/f af/fdf tkm{af6 k|d'v s/ clws[tsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dtL kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bg kq . o;df k|ToyL{n] pTkfbg u/]sf] sk8fdf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] geO{ k|ToyL{n] c?n] pTkfbg u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] d"=c=s/ b/jGbLsf] bkmf @$ sf] Joj:yfdf nfu" gx'g] l:ytLdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf %-!_ -s_ cg';f/ s/ nfUg] eO{ d"=c=s/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod $) -$_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts lx;faaf6 s/ s6\6L ug]{ u/]s]f lg0f{onfO{ plN6 ug]{ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] km};nfdf pk/f]Qm P]gsf] q'6L ePsf] b]lv+bf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.$.( sf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;'rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fx¿sf] cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L s[i0f k|;fb kf}8]nn] ljkIfL pBf]un] c?sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fO{ª ;]jf k|bfg u/L Hofnf lnO{ ;]jf ljqmL u/]sf] x'+bf pQm sfo{ pBf]usf] sfo{ geO{ ;]jf ljqmLsf] sfo{ ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] sfo{df cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @$ cg';f/ sf] ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] x'b}g . pQm s'/fnfO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;f] ;'ljwf 5'6 lbg] u/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf pQm km};nf pN6L u/L z'? cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;b/ sfod u/L kfp+ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; tyf ljkIfL O{i6g{ 6]S;6fOn O=k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd cu|jfnn] O{i6g{ 6]S;6fOn sk8f pBf]u ePsf] sf/0f o:tf pBf]un] cfkm"n] d"No clej[l4df p7fPsf] s/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lkmtf{ kfpg] Joj:yf cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkm @$ n] u/]]sf] x'+bf pQm ;'ljwf Oi6g{ 6]S;6fONfn] kfpg] u/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nfdf s'g} sfg"gL q'6L gx'Fbf pQm km};nf ;b/ sfod u/L kfpF egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . pNn]lvt ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^!.(.@* sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL ;DjGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . o;df >L ljkIfL Oi6g{ 6]S;6fONf O08li6h lnld6]8sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ pQm O08li6«hn] cGo sDkgLsf] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ p7fPsf]df pQm s/ cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @$ cg';f/ lkmtf{ kfpg bfjL u/]sf] cj:yfdf pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ lkmtf{ gx'g] u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no af/fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ Oi6g{ 6]S;6fONfn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+df k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df pNn]lvt cfly{s P]gsf] ;'ljwf glbg] u/L u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pN6L x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o pk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ z'? lg0f{o ;b/ u/L kfp+ egL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no af/fn] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|fKt u/L k|:t't d'2f k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf o; cbfntdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] /x]5 . plNnlvt ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfL Oi6g{ 6]S;6fOn O08li6«h lnld6]8 sk8f pBf]u ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg . pQm pBf]u sk8f pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgL ePsf] ePtfklg k|:t't ljjfbdf ljkIfL Oi6g{ 6]S;6fOnn] cfkm'n] wfuf] NofO{ sk8f pTkfbg ug'{sf] ;fy} c?sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n u/]sf] s'/fdf klg ljjfb b]lvPg . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQm Oi6g{ 6]S;6fOn O08li6«h cfkm}n] wfuf] NofO{ u|] sk8f pTkfbg u/L ljqmL u/]sf]df lghnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] s'/f k|fKt ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0faf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] afx]s oL sk8f pBf]un] c?sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg u/L c;"n u/]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ cfly{s P]g,@)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @$ cg';f/ 63

lkmtf{ kfp+ egL bfjL u/]sf]df ;f] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ gkg]{ u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no af/fn] u/]sf] lg0f{oaf6 k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvof] . pQm cfly{s P]g,@)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ bkmf @$ df æsk8f tyf ;nfO{ -sf7sf] sf+6Ldfq_ pBf]un] cfkm\gf] d"No clej[l4df p7fPsf] s/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd tL pBf]ux¿nfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|;Ëdf x]bf{ sk8f pBf]u eGgfn] wfuf] tyf sRrf kbfy{ NofO{ cfkm}n] sk8f pTkfbgsf] sfo{ ug]{ pBf]u eGg] a'lemG5 . cyf{t sk8f pBf]usf] sfd sRrf kbfy{ NofO{ tof/L sk8f pTkfbg ug'{;Dd kb{5 . c?sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ sk8f pBf]usf] pTkfbg sfo{ cGtu{tsf] sfd eGg gldnL s]jn ;]jf laqmLsf] sfo{;Dd u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L cfkm} sk8f pTkfbg gu/L s]jn ;]jf laqmLsf] sfo{;Dd u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L cfkm} sk8f pTkfbg gu/L s]jn ;]jf ljqmL ug]{ pBf]un]] ;f] ;]jf ljqmL u/]sf]df plNnlvt cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @$ sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] egL cy{ ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . pQm ;'ljwf sk8f pTkfbg ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ sk8f pBf]unfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwf xf] egL j'em\g'kg]{ x'G5 . cyf{t\ sk8f pBf]usf] gfddf pQm pBf]un] sk8f pTkfbg ug]{ afx]s cGo h'g;'s} sfo{ jf ;]jf laqmL u/]sf] cj: yfdf klg pQm ;'ljwf kfpg'kg]{ egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . t;y{, plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0fx¿af6 k|:t't ljjfbdf k|ToyL{ Oi6g{ 6]S;6fO{n O08li6«h lnld6]8n] sRrf kbfy{ NofO{ pTkfbg u/]sf] sk8fdf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] geO{ cGo sDkgLn] pTkfbg u/]sf] u|] sk8f NofO{ 8fOª ;]jf k|bfg u/L ;]jf ljqmL u/]s]f cj:yfdf cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL $ bkmf @$ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf nfu" gx'g] x'Fbf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf %-!_ -s_ cg';f/ s/ nfUg] g} eO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod $)-$_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts lx;fjaf6 s/ s6\6L ug]{ u/]sf] z'? cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no af/fsf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'6Lsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lv+bf pQm lg0f{onfO{ pN6L ug]{ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] km};nfdf pk/f]Qm P]gsf] JofVofTds q'6L ePsf] b]lv+bf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^!.(.@* sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd pN6Lx'g] 7x5{ . ;f] km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x/]sf]n] z'? cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no af/fsf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . z'? cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no af/fsf] lg0f{o ;b/ x'g] 7x/]sf]n] pQm lg0f{o sfg"g adf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug'{ egL k|:t't km};nfsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k'g/fj]bs cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no l;d/f,af/fnfO{ lbg' . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf6L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ ug'{ . GofofwLz pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb| k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/ 6fOKf M dlGhtf 9+'ufgf O{lt ;Djt\ @)^* ;fn kf}if @$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\==================.

64

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn km};nf ldlt M @)^(.!!.^ kmf}=k'=g+=)^^–CR–)%&!

D'f2f M d"No clej[l4 s/ -cf=j=)%* h]i7,cfiff9, @)%( h]i7 tyf )^) h]i7 b]lv df3;Dd . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ ejg, nlntk'/==================================================================! k'g/fj]bs lj?2 sf7df08f}+ lhNnf, sf7df08f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+=@@ l:yt o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8======== ! k|ToyL{ Z"f? lg0f{o ug]{ kbflwsf/L M k|d'v s/ k|zf;s >L /fds'df/ >]i7 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}df lg0f{o ug]{ M dfggLo cWoIf >L s]z/L/fh kl08t M n]vf ;b:o >L elu/fh OËgfd /fh:j Gofolws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd cg'dlt k|fKt eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8sf] cf=j=@)%*.)%( b]lv )^).)^! ;Ddsf] s/ hl/jfgf qmdzM ?=($,&&,@!*. / ?= #^,^^! u/L hDdf ?= (%,!#,%&( ltg'{ gkg]{ cyjf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ s'g} 7f]; k|df0f eP !% lbg leq k]z ug'{xf]nf egL ldlt @)^!.@.@* df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df08f}+ If]q g+=@ af6 hf/L ePsf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . s/bftfn] sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf] r=g+=@$* / @$& ldlt @)^!@.@* sf] kq a'lem pQm kqdf plNnlvt s/ hl/jfgf ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ xf]Og egL cfkm\gf lhsL/x¿ /fvL ldlt @)^!.#.! df k]z u/]sf] hjfkm . k'g/fj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] hjfkm tyf k|df0f sfuhftx¿sf] d"Nofªsg ubf{ @)%*.)%( b]lv )^).)^! ;Dd d"No clej[l4 s/, k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z cg';f/ ?=#^,#^!.– / ? ($,&$,%&$.– u/L hDdf ?=(%,!),(#%.– P]gsf] bkmf @) tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod @(-#_ adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] eGg] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^!.#.@ df hf/L cGtl/d s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^).)^! ;Ddsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ pk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nfUfL lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bsn] NofPsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6x¿ vl/b d"No eGbf sd d"Nodf laqmL u/]sf] ljifodf P]gsf] bkmf !@-!_ adf]lhd s/ nfUg] d"No eGGffn] cfk"lt{stf{n] k|fks;+u lnPsf] d"Nodf dfq s/ nfUg] d"No x'g]5 egL :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] / s/bftfn] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfaf6 s"n Kofs]hsf] d"No k|sfzg u/L u/]sf] laqmLnfO{ Go"g ljhsLs/0f 7x/\ofO{ sfof{non] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] P]gsf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd h8fg vr{, 6]lnkmf]g :jfldTj z'Ns, ;]jf z'Ns cflb s/ nfUg] d"Nodf ;dfj]z u/L s/ lgwf{/0f / c;"n pk/ u/]sf] 5 5}g ;f]nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L k'gMs/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ 7x5{ egL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^(.(.^ df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{ . o; cl3 k'g/fj]bg g+=(&–)^!–))#*% sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bgdf lnOPsf lhsL/x¿ o; d'2fdf klg nufO{ ldlt @)^!.#.@ sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zaf6 nufOPsf] s/ / hl/jfgf tyf ;f];+u ;DalGwt l6Kk0fL cfb]z Pj+ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/ u/L a9L nufOPsf] s/ / hl/jfgf ?= (%,!),(#%. sf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'g] u/L lg0f{o ul/kfp+ egL s/bftfaf6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k]z u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . o;df cfk"lt{sf] ;do k'g/fj]bsn] hf/L u/]sf] ljhs jf u|fsxsn] k|of]u u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] ljj/0f -Statement_ dWo] s'g cfwf/df lgwf{/0f x'g'kg]{ xf] eGg] k|Zgdf ;d]t z'?sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] 5nkmnsf] nflu c=j+=@)@ g+=adf]lhd ;/sf/L jsLn, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefunfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+af6 ldlt @)^$.@.!! Dff ePsf] cfb]z . hf/L ljhs / s/bftfn] sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/]sf] ljj/0fdf laqmL /sd km/s k/]sf] / e}/xjf eG;f/df /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] eGg] kqfg';f/ k|1fkg kqaf6 qm]l86 bfjL u/]sf] egL ;f]df s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df08f}+ If]q g+= @ sf] ldlt @)^!.#.@ sf] lg0f{o / clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf ldlt @)^!.(.^ sf] lg0f{o s]xL pN6L eO{ k'gMs/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ egL ldl;n k7fO{ lbg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^%.#.#! sf] km};nf . 65

s/bftfn] hf/L u/]sf] ljhs / sDKo'6/df ePsf] ljj/0f km/s k/]sf]n] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf @ sf] cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . To:t} s'g} klg /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] jf a'emfPsf] ;Ssn /l;b g} k]z ug'{ kg]{df eG;f/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^).!@.!@ sf] kqaf6 kmf]6f]skL kqsf] cfwf/df 5'6 lbg ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;Ssn} /l;b k]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ lghn] bfjL u/]sf] qm]l86nfO{ dfGotf glbPsf] xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 To:tf] kqnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL s]lx plN6 u/]sf] km};nf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $*-#_ ljk/Lt x'+bf ab/ e} ;fljssf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z sfod /xg] cfwf/ x'Fbf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 x]/L ;fljssf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z sfod /flvkfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] lgj]bg kq . o;df, d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !%-!_ df btf{ gePsf] JolQmn] s/ c;"n u/]sf] b]lvg] s'g} ljhs jf sfuhft hf/L ug{ / s/ p7fpg x'b}g eGg] / P]=sf] pkbkmf -@_ df btf{ gePsf] s'g} JolQmn] s/ p7fPdf To;/L p7fPsf] s/ lgwf{{/0f u/L lghaf6 c;"n pk/ ul/g] 5 eGg] tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod #(-!_ -v_ df cfGtl/s vl/b ul/Psf] eP lgod !& adf]lhdsf] s/ ljhs k|fKt u/]sf] ePdf s/ s6\6L ug{ kfOg] eGg], P]=sf] lgod $$ df btf{ gePsf JolQmx¿;+u vl/b u/]sf] j:t'x¿ / btf{ ePsf] JolQm ePklg P]gsf] bkmf !& df k/]sf] / JolQmut k|of]hgdf ;d]t NofOPsf j:t'x¿sf] vl/bdf lt/]sf] s/ s6\6L ug{ kfOg] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] ljBdfg l:ylt, ljqm]tf B.R Traders pQm cjlwdf d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] s/bftfn] lt/]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ qm]l86 u/L bfjL :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvg gcfO{ qm]l86 bfjL u/L ;f] jfkt s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf], s/bftfn] C.N.C. P.LTD ;+u vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfgdf ;Ssn ljn x/fPsf] egL pQm ljhssf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnkL k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ;Ssn ljhssf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnkL k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ;Ssn ljhs a]u/ s/ s6\6L glbO{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cj: yfdf pQm cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, 7"nf s/bftf sfo{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ s]lx plN6 u/]sf] /fh:j Gofolws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^%.#.#! sf] km};nfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !%,!& tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod #(-!_ -v_ / $$ Pj+ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-3_ ;d]tsf] uDeL/ sfg"gL q'6L /x]sf] b]lv+bf /fh:j Gofolws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!!.!$ sf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L k'g/ fj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf lj4fg ;xGofloflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] ljkIfL u|fxsn] ljn lt/]sf] clen]v /fVg] gu/L s/ 5Ng] k|oTg u/]s]f b]lvPsf]n] ljlnË eP adf]lhd s/ /sd sfod ul/Psf] xf] . ;Ssn ljhs lagf 5'6 lbg g;lsg] ePsfn] s/df 5'6 glbPsf] xf] . sfg"gdf cfwfl/t /x]/ g} 5'6 lbg gldNg] s'/fdf s/ 5'6 glbPsf] x'Fbf sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljk/Lt /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 5'6 lbg kg]{ u/L u/]sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ 5, pQm km};nf ab/ x'g'k5{ egL tyf ljkIfL o'gfO6]8 6]lnsdsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L ljdn 9sfnn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf ^-#_ -^_ df lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] b'/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljlnËsf] af/]df :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . eG;f/df w/f}6L /x]sf] /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] /l;b x/fPsf] eGb}df Toqf] /sdsf] 5'6 gkfpg] eGg ldNb}g, eG;f/n] kq lbPs} 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt ePsfn] ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+af6 sfg"g adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] /sdx¿ 5'6 lbO{ k'gMs/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ egL 7x/ u/]]sf lg0f{o ldn] gldn]sf s] /x]5 ;f]xL :fDaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df ljkIfL s/bftfn] e}/xjf sfof{nodf w/f}6L /fvL ;fdfg cfoft u/]]sf] /sd dWo] ;b/ :ofxf ePsf] /sdsf] /l;b x/fPsf] sf/0f pQm sfof{noaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] kqsf] cfwf/df qm]l86 bfjL u/]sf]df s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ To:tf] /sd 5'6 kfpg] xf] xf]Og / s/bftfn] hf/L u/]]sf] ljhs / s/bftfn] sDKo'6/df /fv]sf] ljj/0f dWo] s'g ljj/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ eGg] g} d'Vo ?kdf ljjfbsf] ljifo /x]sf] kfOof] . klxnf] ljjflbt ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ s/bftf b'/ ;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos /x]sf] / lghn] u|fxsn] ;]jf pkef]u u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] pkef]u u/]sf] dlxgf dlxgfsf] cfwf/df ljhs hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o:tf] /sd c;"n pk/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 5'6\6} ljj/0f sDKo'6/df k|lji6 ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t b]lvg cfof] . o; l:yltdf pkef]usf] cfwf/df hf/L ljhs jf sDKo'6/df kl5 k|lji6 ul/Psf] ljj/0f dWo] s'gnfO{ dfGotf lbg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d"No clej[la4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf ^ nfO{ dgg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pQm bkmfsf] pkbkmf -#_ -s_df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] b'/ ;~rf/ ;]jf jf o:t} cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf] xsdf ljhs hf/L ubf{sf] ;donfO{ cfk"lt{sf] ;do dfGg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]n] cfk"lt{ ePsf] ;]jf cg';f/ hf/L ljhs cg';f/ g} d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] ljhsnfO{ dfGotf glbg'kg]{ 7f]; cfwf/ Pj+ sf/0f x'g' kg]{df k|ToyL{ s/bftfn] ;]jf cfk"lt{ u/L hf/L u/]sf] ljhsnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;Sg] 7f]; cfwf/ / k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] cfwf/ k|df0f ljgf cGoyf ug{ ;lsg] gb]lv+bf s/bftfn] cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s sfdsf] ;lhnf]kgfsf nflu sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/]s]f ljj/0fsf cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . 66

ctMs/bftfn] hf/L u/]sf] ljhs cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd ;f]xL ljhssf cfwf/df dfq s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . To;} u/L s/bftfn] ljleGg j:t' cfoft ubf{ e}/xjf eG;f/ sfof{nodf w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf bflvnf u/]sf] /sd ?=!,@(,^^,@%$. dWo] ?=!,@(,%*,*&^. ;b/ :ofxf ePsf]df ;f] /sdnfO{ qm]l86 bfjL ubf{ ;f] sf] ;Ssn /l;bsf] ;6\6fdf pQm eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] ldlt @)^).!@.!@ sf] kq k]z u/]sf]n] ;f]nfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L lgsfodf bflvnf u/]sf] w/f}6L /sd To:tf] ;/sf/L sfof{non] s/bftfsf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;b/ : ofxf u/]sf] / ;f] sf] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] ;Ssn /l;b s/bftfn] bflvnf ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;b/ :ofxf ug]{ sfof{non] g} k|dfl0ft u/L lbPsf] kqnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsg] x'+b}g . ;Ssn /l;b obfsbf x/fpg jf b}jL k/L gi6 klg x'g ;S5 . o:tf] l:yltdf To:tf] cflwsf/Ls lgsfodf ePsf] clen]vsf cfwf/df hf/L ul/Psf] kqnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg gx'g] 7f]; cfwf/ x'g'k5{ . k'g/fj]bsaf6 To:tf] 7f]; cfwf/ k]z ug{ ;s]sf] klg gx'+bf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ j:t'lgi7 b]lvg cfPg . ctMo:tf] l:yltdf oL s/bftfn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd ;b/ :ofxf ePsf] egL ;DalGwt sfof{non] n]lv lbPsf] kqnfO{ cl:jsf/ u/L To;/L ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] /sdnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' Gofo;+ut b]lvg cfPg . t;y{, pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 s/bftfaf6 hf/L u/]sf] ljhsnfO{ cfwf/ gdfgL cGo ljj/0fsf cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] tyf w/f}6L /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] egL e}/xjf eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 hf/L kqnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^!.(.^ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z gldn]sf] s]xL pN6L x'g] egL u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^%.#.#! sf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'G5 . k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf:f clws[t M– czf]s s'df/ a:g]t sDKo'6/ M–dlGb/f /fgfef6 Olt ;Djt\ @)^( ;fn kmfu'g ^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\=========.

67

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo km};nf ldlt M @)&).!.# @)^(–CR–))&)

d'2f M d"No clej[l4 s/-cf=j=@)%$.)%% / @)%%.)%^_ lhNnf df]/8= lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=!# l:yt s[i0f lu|n P08 OlGhlgol/Ë k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] clwsf/ k|fKt ;~rfns P]=j8f g+=@ a:g] ;+ho >]i7==================! lgj]bs lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/=====================================================================! k|ToyL{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd o; cbfntaf6 cg'dtL k|bfg e} k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M s[i0f lu|n P08 OlGhlgol/Ë k|f=ln=nfO{ s/ ?=*,^(,)^*.– ltg'{ gkg]{ cyjf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ s'g} 7f]; k|df0f eP ;ft lbg leq k]z ug'{ egL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] pk/ lbPsf] ldlt @)%&.!.!! sf] hjfkm ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] . cl3Nnf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zaf6 sfod ePsf] ?=*,%*,%$$.– / hl/jfgf ?=*,)*%.– oyfjt /fvL s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%&.#.( sf] l6Kk0fL / ;f]xL l6Kk0fLnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] ;f]xL ldltsf] cfb]z . pk/f]Qm lx;fa adf]lhd sfod ePsf] s/ hl/jfgf ?=*,^^,^@(.– a}s bflvnf ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)%&.#.( sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . o;df sfg"gL k|s[of gk'uL gk'/\ofO{ ePsf] ldlt @)%&.#.( sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf jb/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf @) tyf lgodfjnL @)%# sf] lgod @( n] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg'?k s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.!!.@$ sf] km};nf . s[i0f lu|n P08 OlGhlgol/Ësf] cf=j=@)%$.)%% / )%%.)%^ df ePsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L s/ ? *,%*,%$$. / hl/jfgf ? *,)*% sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf=/f=sf=lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^$.%.$ sf] lg0f{o krf{ . pk/f]Qm lx;fj adf]lhd sfod ePsf] s/ ;d]t ?=*,^^,^@(. Af+}s bflvnf ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^$.%.$ sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ x'+bf jb/ u/L ;lx xs OG;fkm kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^$.&.@@ sf] k'g/fjb]g lhls/ . sfg"gn] 5'6 lbPsf] j:t' jf ;]jf vl/bdf dfq d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 x'g] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljkl/t s/bftfn] s/ 5'6df ljqmL u/]sf] egL bfjL u/]s} e/df k]N6Ls ;]6 ljqmL jfktsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] u/]sf] k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsg] b]lvPg . ctM k'g/fj]bs s/bftfaf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ / h/Ljfgf ;d]t hDdf ?=*,^^,^@(.– Nfufpg] u/L ePsf] k|ToyL{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^$.%.$ sf] lg0f{o / clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] k'g/fj]bs lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf . /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ cf}Bf]lus d]lzg/Ldf d"No clej[l4 s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] af6/ 6jf{O{g-k]lN6s ;]6_ / ;f] sf] P;f];l/h cf}Bf]lus d]lzg/Lh x'g eGg] s'/fdf cGoyf kl/efiff ug{ / x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] zt k|ltzt :jfldTj ePsf] s[lif ljsf; j}sn] vl/b cfb]z -kr]{h c8{/_ lbO{ vl/b u/]sf] P]=cf}Bf]lus dzLg/Lhdf d"No clej[l4 gnfUg] x'gfn] o; sDkgLn] hf/L u/]sf] ljqmL ljhsdf z'4 sf/vfgf d"No lnO{ ljqmL ul/Psf] x'gfn] tT;DaGwL :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf / cf=/f=sf= lj/f6gu/ / cf=/f=Gof=lj/f6gu/af6 s'g} ljj]rgf / v08g g} gu/L ePsf] lg0f{o / km};nf :ki6tM /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-v_-u_/-3_ sf] q'6Lo'Qm x'Fbf ab/efuL 5 .

68

cfly{s P]g,@)%# sf] cg';"rL # sf] eG;f/ b/jGbLsf] ;+s]t *$=)^ cGtu{tsf] pk ;+s]t *$=)^=*!=)) df $) d]ufaf6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg -output_ x'g] / pk;+s]t *$=)^=*@=)) df $) d]ufaf6 eGbf sd pTkfbg -output_ x'g] af6/ 6af{Og tyf P]=pk;+s]t *$=)^=()=)) df P]=sf] c+ux¿ -parts_ egL cf}Bf]lus d]lzg/Lh egL Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . o; pBf]un] ljqmL u/]sf] 6af{Og $) d]ufaf6 eGbf Go'g ljB't pTkfbg -output_ ePsf] af6/ 6af{O{g -k]lN6s ;]6_ ePsf] / ;f]df P]==k|s/0f #-s_ df pNn]v ePsf] sfg"g cg';f/ d"No clej[l4 s/ gnfUg] :ki6 Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d"No clej[l4 s/ / hl/jfgf nfUg] u/L ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / km};nf ab/efuL 5 . cf=j=@)%$.)%% / )%%.)%^ df ljqmL ul/Psf] af6/ 6af{O{g-k]lN6s ;]6_ Pj+ l9sL kDk ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] s[lif ljsf; j}sn] vl/b u/L $) b]lv %) k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfg -subsidy_ lbO{ ljkGg Pjd\ u/Lj hgtfnfO{ ljqmL u/]s]f xf] . o; sDkgLn] s[lif ljsf; j}snfO{ sf/vfgf d"Nodf aLhs hf/L u/]sf] / pNn]lvt sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿sf] clwgdf /xL pkef]QmfnfO{ laqmL s/ glnO{ s[lif ljsf; a}sn] laqmL u/]sf] x'+bf pkef]Qmfaf6 d"No clej[l4 s/sf] ef/ jxg u/fpg' g} kg]{ ePsf] eP s[lif ljsf; a}sn] c;"n ug'{ kg]{df ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ;+:yfnfO{ o; sDkgLn] aLhs hf/L ubf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n gu/]sf] / pkef]QmfnfO{ ljqmL ug]{ s[lif ljsf; a}s ePsf]df c;fGble{s tj/af6 o; sDkgLaf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ / p7fp+b} gp7fPsf] s/df hl/jfgf ;d]t nufpg] u/L ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfba]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/ f6gu/sf] km};nfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf *-v_,-u_ / -3_ sf] q'6Lk"0f{ ljBdfg ePsf]n] pQm km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ lgldQ cg'dlt k|bfg u/L kfp+ egg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s[i0f lu|n P08 OlGhlgol/Ë k|f=ln=sf] lgj]bgkq . o;df d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] cg';"rL ! sf] cg';"rL ! sf] ;d"x !! sf] v08 !@ df ul/Psf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg k|lts'n s/ nfu" ug]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]t pNn]v gu/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] lg0f{odf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf *-v_ -u_ /-3_ sf] q'6L b]lvPsf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;Ssn ldl;n lemsfO{ ;fy} /fvL lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf rl9 k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg ;x GofoflwQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf /fh:Jf Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . cg'dlt lgj]bg, cfb]z ;lxtsf ldl;n sfuhftsf] cWoog u/L lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] jx:f j'Fbf ;d]t dgg\ u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bs sDkgLaf6 hl/jfgf ;lxt d"No clej[l4 s/ c;"n ug]{ u/L ePsf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] /fh:j GofofwLs/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)%^.^.@& sf] s/fbftfnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] kqdf s/ nfUg] eGg] Joxf]/f ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] / n]vf kl/If0f k|ltj]bgaf6 ;d]t k'li6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;]jf tyf j:t' vl/b / ljqmLdf qm]tfaf6 ljqm]tfn] ;f] s/ p7fpg kfpg] x'G5 . k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] l9sLkDk / ;f]nf/ kfj/ ;DjGwL ;fdfu|L k]lN6s ;]6 ljqmL u/]sf]df d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod $)-#_ / -$_ adf]lhd s/bftfn] ;dfg'kflts tj/n] d"No clej[l4 s/ qm]l86 u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] egL d"No clej[l4 s/ / h/Ljfgf ;d]t nufpg] u/L ePsf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ;b/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g / lgodfjnLsf] kl/kfngf k|To]s s/ bftfn] ug'{ kb{5 . s/ 5'6 tyf ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug]{ xf] eg] To;/L cfkm'n] 5'6 tyf ;'ljwf kfpg] sfg"gL cfwf/ k|:t't ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 ;DaGwdf bfjL ubf{ :ki6 sfg"gn] 5'6 kfpg] k|fjwfg cg's"n bfjL u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] k]lN6s ;]6 / l9sL ljqmL ubf{ s] s;/L s/ 5'6 kfpg] eGg] :ki6 cfwf/ k|:t't\ ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . sfg"gn] 5'6 lbPsf] j:t' jf ;]jf vl/bdf dfq d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 x'g] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljkl/t s/bftfn] s/ 5'6df ljqmL u/]sf] egL bfjL u/]s} e/df 5'6 gkfpg] eGb} plNnlvt ;fdfg laqmL u/]sf] egL bfjL u/]s} e/df 5'6 gkfpg] eGb} plNnlvt ;fdfg laqmL jfktsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ / hl/jfgf k'g/fj]bsaf6 c;'n ug]{ u/L ePsf] k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt g} b]lvg cfof] . t;y{ k'g/fj]bs s/bftfaf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ / hl/jfgf ;d]t hDdf ?=*,^^,^@(.– c;'n ug]{ u/L ePsf] k|ToyL{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^$.%.$ sf] lg0f{o / clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfba]z ;b/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lv+bf ;b/ 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' .

69

GofofwLz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f' k|;fb pkfWofo sDKo'6/ ;]l68= M lgd{nf e6\6 Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn j}zfv # ut] /f]h # df z'ed\=====================================.

70

;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGbs'df/ pkfWofo km};nf M d'2f g+=@)&)—RB—))$$ km};nf ldltM @)&@.!).%

d'2f M d"No clej[l4 s/ -@)^#.)^$,)^$.)^%,)^%.)^^ / )^^.)^&_ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvf tyf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu k'g/fj]bs ;d]tsf tkm{af6 P]=ljefudf dxflgb]{zs 6+sdl0f zdf{========================================jfbL lj?4 sf7df08f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=@$ l:yt rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]hsf k|ToyL{ k|f]kfO6/ ;~ho rf]vfgL================================================================================! k|ltjfbL z'? txdf km};n fug]{ M df=cWooIf >L bLks'df/ sfsL{ df=;b:o >L tf/fb]j hf]zL df=;b:o >L eflu/y OËgfd km};nf ldlt M @)^*.*.@& /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt kfp+ egL k/]sf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&).!).!) df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf * sf] -v_ -u_ / -3_ sf cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pjd\ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M >L rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]hsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ cjlw @)^#.)^$,)^$.)^%,)^%.)^^ / )^^.)^& ;Ddsf] nflu s/, yk b:t'/, hl/jfgf / Aofh;d]t u/L hDdf ?=%!,&&,*^#. ltg'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . pQm /sd ltg'{ gkg]{ s'g} 7f]; ;j"b k|df0f eP kq k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbg leq k]z ug'{ egL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^^.*.* df s/bftfsf gfddf k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ePsf] . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^^.*.* sf] kqsf] ;DjGwdf :6sdf /x]sf] ldlt @)^^.^.@ sf] ;fdfgsf] df}Hbft eGbf df}Hbft u0fgf ubf{ ?=!%,$@,&#!.$@ sf] ;fdfg 36L b]lvg cfPsf] df}Hbft glnPsf] eP/ / sltko ;fdfgsf] gfd ldNbf] h'Nbf] ePsf] sf/0fn] s'g} ;fdfg a9L / s'g} sd df}Hbft u0fgf ePsf] 5 . cf=j=@)^$.)^% df ef6e6]gL l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ afx]s ?=!,%(,)!,%)%.(@ sf] / d"No clej[l4 s/ ;d]t ? !,&(,^*,&)!. sf] ljqmL u/]sf] 5f}+ 36L laqmL b]vfPsf] elgPsf] ?=!@,!*,&*^. Dff d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg' kg]{ xf]Og, ;]nj]h l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ cf=j=@)^#.)^$, )^$.)^% / )^%.)^^ df k}7f/L u/]sf] ;fdfgaf6 ljgf ljn laqmL u/]sf 5}gf}+ . ;Dk"0f{ e'QmfgLnfO{ g} ljqmL dfGg' kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ 5}g eGg] ;d]t j]xf]/f pNn]v ub}{ s/bftfsf tkm{af6 ldlt @)^^.*.@# df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf hjfkm btf{ u/fPsf] /x]5 . s/bftfsf] tkm{af6 k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ s'g} 7f]; ;j"b k|df0f ;+nUg x'g gcfPsf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] s/ cjlw @)^$ cfiff9, @)^% cfiff9,@)^^ cfiff9 / @)^^ cflZjgsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ hl/jfgf, yk b:t'/ / Aofhjfkt hDdf /sd ?=%!,&&,*^#. D"fNo clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf @)-!_ tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL,@)%# sf] lgod @(-#_ jdf]lhd clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, cg';Gwfg zfvfaf6 ldlt @)^^.(.!& df s/ lgwf{/0f lg0f{o krf{ v8f ePsf] / ;f] adf]lhd s/bftfsf gfddf ldlt @)^^.(.@! Dff clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ePsf] . d}n] jf:tljs cfo n'sfPsf] 5}g . 3/ axfn vr{dfq 5'6 x'g uPsf] xf] . cf=j= -@)^#.)^$,)^$.)^% / )^%.)^^ sf] 3/ axfn ;+emf}tf ePsf] hDdf !# k|lt k]z u/]sf] 5' . :6f]/df w]/} ;fdfgx¿ o:t} k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] sltko ;fdfgx¿ csf]{ ;fdfgdf k/]sf] x'g ;S5 . t/ olt w]/} ;fdfgx¿ Kfm/s gkg'{ kg]{ xf] . e'na; km/s k/]sf] klg x'g ;S5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;+ho rf]vfgLn] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvfdf u/]sf] aofg . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] @)^^.(.!& sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'emL s/bftfsf] tkm{af6 cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb]{zs ;dIf ldlt @)^$.!@.@! Dff k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf]df dxflgb]{zsaf6 s/bftfsf] bfjL lhls/ ;DjlGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] /fo k|ltlqmof tyf ;Ssn kmfon ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ cWoog ubf{ cfGtl/s 71

/fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvfaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ b]lvPsf] x'+bf lgj]bssf] lhls/ k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] dxflgb]{zsaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.$ df ePsf] lg0f{o . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvfsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!& sf] lg0f{o / cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf dxflgb]{zsaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.$ df ePsf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ / cGofok"0f{ ePsf] x'+bf pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfp+ egL s/bftfsf] tkm{af6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf ldlt @)^&.@.( df k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq . o;df :6s vftfdf 36L x'g uPsf] ;fdfgnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] egL ;f]df d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] z'? sfof{nosf] lg0f{o km/s kg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] c=j= @)@ g+= adf]lhd 5nkmnsf] nflu ;/sf/L jlsNf, cfGtl/s /fHf:j ljefunfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^&.%.!! sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] cfb]z . Assorted Candies Toffees Hard / Assorted Candies Toffees Pp6} gfd ePsf] sf/0fn] s'g} ;fdfg 36L / s'g}a9L ePklg s'n kl/0ffd ldNg cfpF5 . ;fdfgsf] u0fgf ubf{ k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{ /fvL u0fgf u/]sf] b]lvb}g . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] :6sdf /x]sf] ;fdfgsf] a9L :6s b]lvPsf] egL a9L s/ c;"n ug'{ eg]sf] cfwf/df s/bftfn] :6s zLif{s cGtu{t a9L laqmL u/L laqmL n'sfof] eGg] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df :yflkt x'+b}g . cg'dfgsf cfwf/df laqmL sfod u/L s/bftfaf6 yk s/ lng] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] b]lvb}+g . rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]h / ;fdfg vl/b stf{ ef6e6]gL l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/ kf6L{jfOhn] b]vfPsf] n]vfnfO{ dfq cfwf/ lnO{ cg'dfgdf cfwf/df laqmL n'sfPsf] egL yk s/ hl/jfgf lbg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] b]lvb}g . t;y{ d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvfsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!& sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^&.@.$ sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^*.*.@& sf] km};nf . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] pQm km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g s/bftfsf] :6s df}Hbft u0fgf u/L :6s a's;+u le8fp+bf 36L kfOPsf] / ljleGg ;dfgx¿ :6s a'sdf /x]sf] df}Hbft eGbf a9Ld"Nosf] df}Hbft /x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . s/bftfn] o:t} k|s[ltsf ;fdfgx¿ Ps csf]{df u0fgf eO{ ;+Vof km/s k/]sf] lhls/ lnP klg lgh :jo+sf] pkl:yltdf :6sf df}Hbft u0fgf u/L tof/ ul/Psf] ljj/0fdf ljkIfL :jo+sf] ;lx b:tvt k/]sf] 5 . cfk\mgf] cg'kl:yltdf :6s u0fgf ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] egfO{ lg/fwf/ 5 . ljkIfL s/bftf;+u ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ ef6e6]gL l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/ sf] cf=j=)^$.)^% sf] kf6L{jfOh vl/b ljj/0fdf a9L /sdsf] ;fdfg vl/b u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ljj/0fnfO{ 5n]/ s/bftfn] 36L laqmL b]vfPsf] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k|i6 ePsf] 5 . em'7f ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ yk bfloTj l;h{gf ePsf] s/bftfn] pQm bfloTj axg ug'{k5{ . ljkIfL s/bftfn] ;]nn]h l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ cf=j=@)^#.)^$ / )^%.)^^ df h'g kl/df0fdf ;fdfg laqmL u/]sf] xf] ;f] eGbf 36L ljqmL b]vfPsf] 5 . sf/bftfn] pQm :6f]/af6 j9L /sd e'QmfgL lnPsf] b]lv+bf em'7f ljj/0f k]z u/L s/ 5n]sf] k|i6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf /fh:j Gofoflw/0fsf] km};nf pN6L u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvfsf] ldlt )^^.(.@( sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^&.@.$ sf] lg0f{o ;b/ sfod ul/kfp+ eGg] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvf tyf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bg . ldl;n ;+nUg ldlt @)^^.^.!,@)^^.^.@ / @)^^.^.$ sf df}Hbft ljj/0fsf k|df0faf6 :6]f/df /x]sf] ;fdfgsf] u0fgf ubf{ ljkIfL s/bftf ;+ho rf]vfgLnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL lghn] b:tvt u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] s/bftfnfO{ /f]xj/df g/flvPsf] egL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo -v_-u_ / -3_ sf cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)&).!).!) sf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd k]zLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf lj4fg pkGofoflwjQmf >L xl/z+s/ 1jfnLn] s/bftfsf] :6s df}Hbft u0fgf u/L :6s a's;+u t'ngf ubf{ ;fdfg 36L kfOPsf] / ljleGg ;fdfgx¿ :6s a'sdf /x]sf] df}Hbft eGbf a9L d"Nosf] ;fdfg df}Hbft /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . :6s df}Hbft ;fdfgx¿ s/bftfsf] /f]xj/df u0fgf ul/Psf] xf] ef6e6]gL l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/ ;]nj]h l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/df /x]sf] ;fdfg eGbf 36L ;fdfg lalqm u/]sf] egL s/ 5nL u/]sf] k|i6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf plN6 u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvf tyf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] lg0f{o ;b/ ul/kfp+ egL ax; ug'{eof] . ljkIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L sf]lkn k|;fb clwsf/Ln] :6s df}hbftdf /x]sf] ;fdfgx¿sf] Pp6} gfd ePsf] t/ s'n kl/df0f ldNg cfPsf] 5 . :6sdf /x]sf] ;fdfg u0fgf ubf{ s/bftfnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL u0fgf ul/Psf] 5}g . s/bftfn] ;fdfg a9L laqmL u/L laqmL n'sfO{ s/ 5n]sf] ldl;n k|df0faf6 b]lvb}g . rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]haf6 ;fdfg vl/b stf{ ef6e6]gL l8df6{d]G6n :6f]/n] vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] kf6L{jfOh b]vfPsf] n]vfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg ldNb}g . To;} u/L ;]nj]h l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ a9L;fdfg laqmL u/]sf]df 36L b]vfOPsf] jf ;]nj]h l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/af6 a9L /sd k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df yk /sd k|fKt u/]sf] egL 7x/\ofpg ldNb}g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}af6 ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f / sfg"gsf] ljj]rgf u/L ePsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfp+ egL ax; ug'{ eof] . 72

lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] pko'{Qm adf]lhdsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'gL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}n] u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g, k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf],xf]Og ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu sfof{no sf7df08f}+ @ n] rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]hnfO{ ldlt @)^^.*.* df r=g+=$#! sf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z cg';f/ !% lbg leq ?=%!,&&,*^#. Gf]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;j{;+lrt sf]ifdf bflvnf ug{ kqfrf/ u/]s]f b]lvof] . ;f] cjlwleq pQm /sd bflvnf gePsf]n] k'gM cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] r=g+=%@$ ldlt @)^^.(.@! Dff s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] cjlw @)^#.)^$, )^$.)^%, )^%.)^^ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f P]gsf] bkmf @)-!_ tyf lgodfjnLsf] lgod @(-#_ ;+u ;DjlGwt /xL k]z ug'{ ePsf] hjfkm tyf k|df0f sfuhftx¿sf] d"Nofs+g ubf{ ?=%!,&&,*^#. ltg'{kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . pQm /sd of] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;j{;+lrt sf]ifdf bflvnf x'g] u/L Pe/]i6 a}+s aa/dxndf bflvnf ug'{xf]nf egL clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg kqaf6 b]lvG5 . d}n] jf:tljs cfo n'sfPsf] 5}g . 3/ axfn ;+emf}tf ePsf] hddf !# k|lt k]z u/]sf] 5' . :6f]/df w]/} ;fdfgx¿ P:t} k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] sltko ;fdfgx¿ csf]{ ;fdfgdf k/]sf] x'g ;S5 . t/ olt w]/} ;fdfgx¿ Kfm/s gkg'{ kg]{ xf] . e'njz km/s k/]sf] klg x'g ;S5 egL k|ltjfbL ;+ho rf]vfgLn] aofgsf] ;=h= !) / !! df pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . :6ssf] ljj/0f cg';f/ :6s a'sdf pNn]v ePsf] df}Hbft eGbf ?=(,!%,%**,!# d"Nosf] a9L ;fdfg df}Hbft ePsf] b]lvof] . k|ToyL{ rf]vfgL OG6/ k|fOh]hsf] d'Vo sfof{no nlntf dfGfGw/sf] 3/df /x]sf] / o; OG6/k|fOh]hsf] cGo uf]bfdx¿ sdnkf]v/L l:yt ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] 3/df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm uf]bfddf /x]sf] df}Hbft :6s ;fdfgx¿sf] ldlt @)^^.^.!, ldlt @)^^.^.@ / ldlt @)^^.^.$ df ePsf] u0fgf ljj/0f k|ToyL{ ;+ho rf]vfgLsf] /f]xj/df tof/ ePsf] / lghn] k|To]s u0fgf ljj/0fdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . uf]bfddf sltko ;fdfgx¿ :6s a's eGbf 36L /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] s]lx ;fdfgx¿ Af9L /x]s]f b]lvG5 . cfkm' /f]xj/df /xL df}h'bf ;fdfg u0fgf 7Ls 5 egL ;xL5fk u/]sf] / kl5 cfP/ olt w]/} kl/df0fdf ;fdfgsf] u0fgfdf km/s gkg'{kg]{ xf], p:t} k|s[ltsf ;fdfgx¿ ePsf]n] Pssf] ;fdfg csf]{ k/]sf] x'g ;S5 egL ;fdfgx¿ Km/s k/]sf] tYonfO{ k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . :6s a's eGbf df}h'bf ;fdfgx¿ s] s'g sf/0fn] 3l6a9L ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DjGwdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] j:t'ut k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . k|ToyL{ ;+ho rf]vfgL n] ;=h=# / $ df :yfgLo ahf/af6 ljhs hf/L gu/L sltko ;fdfgx¿ ljqmL ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . bL3{/fh d}gfnLn] ldlt @)^^.*.& df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu nflhDkf6 sf7df08f}df a'emfPsf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf ef6e6]gL l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ cf=j=)^$.)% sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] kf6L{jfOh vl/b ljj/0fdf k|:t't kmd{;+u !,&!,@),@(!.%) vl/b ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cf=j=@)^$.)^% df ef6e6]gL l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ ?= !@,!*,&*^.%@ 36L laqmL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 :ki6 ?kdf vl/b ljqmL sf] tYofÍ g} km/s k/]sf] b]lvPsf] o; cj:yfdf s/bftf rf]vfgL OG6/k|fOh]hsf] lhls/ dgfl;j eGg ldn]g . a}+s :6]6d]G6 cg';f/ ;]nj]h l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/af6 cf=j=@)^#.)^$ df ?=@@,%),))). cf=j=)^$.)^% df ?=^&,)),(^%. / cf=j=@)^%.)^^ df ? !,@%,&@,%!). e'QmfgL lnPsf] / kf6L{jfOh laqmL ljj/0f cg';f/ ;]nj]h l8kf6{d]G6nnfO{ Eof6 ;lxt laqmL cf=j=@)^#.)^$ df !#,)%,%%%.^&, cf=j=)^$.)^% df ?=!(,)),$)).)* b]vfOPsf] 5 . pQm ljj/0f x]bf{ ;]nj]h l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/n] kmd{nfO{ ljleGg cly{s jif{df lbPsf] e'QmfgL ljj/0f / s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] kf6L{jfOg lalqm ljj/0f le8fO{ x]bf{ cf=j=)^#.)^$ df ?=(,$$,$$$.## cf=j=)^$.)^% df ?=%^,^!,)#(.!* / cf=j=@)^%.)^^ df ?=!,)^,&@,!)(.(@ km/s k/]sf] b]lvof] . l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/af6 kmd{n] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL eGbf pQm kmd{n] b]vfPsf] laqmL 36L /x]sf] b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf ;+ho rf]vfgLn] laqmL ljhs 5'6 ePsf] x'g ;Sg] / sltko lagf lahssf :yfgLo vl/baf6 pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] laqmL ePsf] /sd 5'6]sf] x'g ;Sg] egL :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOof] . Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ kIfx¿ aLr ePsf] n]gb]g tyf sf/f]jf/ cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePsf afx]s Joj;foL;+u ;djlGwt /x]sf] egL dfGg' kb{5 . e'QmfgL lnPsf]nfO{ k]ZsL jf ;fk6L xf] egL ;+ho rf]vfgLn] lhls/ lnPklg ;f] lhls/ 7f]; k|df0fåf/f k'li6 ePsf] b]lvb}g . o;af6 ldlt @)^^.*.* df hf/L ePsf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvof] . ctMdfly plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f ;d]taf6 k|f/lDws s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z kl/jt{g ug'{ gkg]{ 7x/\ofPsf] cfGtl/s /fh: j ljefu cg';Gwfg zfvfsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!& sf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^&.@.$ sf] lg0f{o pN6L x'g] 7x/\ofPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^*.*.@& sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L eO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;d]tsf] lg0f{o lb/ x'g] 7x5{ . c? tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .

73

tkl;n dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvP adf]lhd /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] km};nf pN6L eO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;d]tsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7xl/Psf]n] ldlt @)^^.*.* df hf/L ePsf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zfg';f/sf] s/ s/bftfaf6 c;'n ug'{ egL ;'? sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg'====================================! Kf|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Laf6 nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg'======================================! GofofwLz pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t M k|]dk|;fb Gof}kfg] sDKo'6/ 6fO{k ug]{ M dlGb/f /fgfef6 Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn df3 % ut] /f]h # z'ed\==============================================================.

74

cfos/;+u ;DalGwt l/6

75

76

g]=sf=k= @)#*, cÍ !!, lg0f{o g+= !%!&, km};nf ldltM @)#*.!).! l8lehg a]~r dfggLo GofofwLz >L af;'b]j zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg ;Djt\ @)#* ;fnsf] l/=g+= !^^& lgj]bs M sf=lh= sdnkf]v/L l:yt efg efg rfO{lgh /]i6'/]G6 P08 af/sf k|f]= /fh]G›s'df/ >]i7 lj?4 ljkIfL M >L s/ clws[t s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] lx;fj lstfjnfO{ cdfGo 3f]lift gu/L cl3s} lg0f{odf lnPsf cfwf/nfO{ k'gM cfwf/ agfO{ xr'jf lsl;dn] cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] . -k|s/0f g+= &_ -@_ /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ab/ ePkl5 k'gM cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ /fvL lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPg ;fy} h] hlt /sd lgwf{/0f ePsf] lyof] ;f]xL /sd ¿=!&)!). k'gM sfod klg ul/Psf]af6 sfg"gn] lgwf{l/ tu/]sf] k|lqmof gckgfO{ /Lt ;Dd k'of{!pg] p2]Zon] krf{;Dd v8f u/]sf] x'Fbf /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o lg/y{s x'g uPsf] 5 . t;y{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t pkl:yt u/fO{ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbO{ lg0f{o ug{ÿ kg]{df gu/]sf] x'Fbf s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] . -k|s/0f g+= *_ lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}8Lof ljkIfL tkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofo cfb]z Gof= ;'/]G›k|;fb l;+xM ljkIfL s/ clws[tsf] ldlt )#&.!!.#) sf] l6Kk0fL+ / cfb]z krf{ tyf ;f]xL ldltsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ u/L k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF egL g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo tyf lhls/ o; k|sf/ 5g\ . @= lgj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=j=!(&& ck|Ln, h'gsf] v'b cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f k'gM ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; sfof{noaf6 lghsf] /]i6'/fFF P08 af/sf] lx;fa lstfa ;d]t hfFra'em eO;s]sf] / cfjZos aofg cflb ;d]t lnO;s]sf] kmfon ;fy ;+nUg /x]sf] aofgaf6 :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . pQm cf=j=sf] sf/f]af/af6 s] slt v'b d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf] xf]nf egL cWoog ubf{ pQm /]i6'/fFFsf] lx;fa lstfa hfFr u/L aofg u/fpFbf clwsf+z lan e/kfOx¿ k]z ug{ g;Sg] eO{ s'g} s'g} ljn ekf{O{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvg] ePsf] ;fy} vr{sf] /sdx¿ n]vfsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k >]:tf g/x]sf] h:t} :6s Psfp06 k|:t't ug{ g;sL olt g} :6s xf] eGg] cfwf/ gePsf]af6 gfkmfdf k|ToIf c;/ kg{ hfg] :ki6 ePsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf k"FhLut ;fdfg ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] cflb sf/0faf6 cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod u/L ;f] sf] s/bftfnfO{ ;d]t ;"rgf ubf{ s'g} k|ltlqmof ghgfPsf] s/bftf :jodn] o; sfof{noaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd lbOPsf] ;"rgfdf d~h"/L hgfO{ pQm lx;fa lstfadf ePsf] q'l6nfO{ :jLsf/]sf] :ki6 5 . ctM o; /]i6'/fFsf] sf/f]af/ ;DaGwdf s/ lg/LIfsaf6 s/ k]z x'g cfPsf] tYo k"0f{ uf]Ko k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] cfwf/ lnO{ s/bftfsf] cf=j=!(&& ck|Ln b]lv h'g ts tLgdxLgfsf] laqmL ¿=*!,))). dfgL pQm laqmLdf o:t} o:t} sf/f]af/ ug]{ cGo s/ bftfnfO{ sfod u/]sf] k|ltzt ;d]t ljrf/ u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd >L cfos/ km5f}{6 cfof]usf] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cg';f/ pQm cf=j=!(&^.&& ck|Ln, h'gsf] nflu ¿=!&,)!). /]i6'/fF P08 af/ tkm{sf] nflu s'n cfo sfod ug]{ ;fy} pQm af/sf] k|f]=sf] kfl/>lds afktsf] ¿=!%^&). ;d]t hDdf ¿=#@,^*). v'b 77

cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/L k7fpg] u/L of] krf{ v8f u/L lbof}+ egL ldlt )#&.!!.#) sf] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lg0f{o /x]5 . #= lgj]bssf] /]i6'/fF “P08 af/sf] cf=j=!(&&–&* h'nfO{ h'gsf] cfo ljj/0f k]z u/L pQm af/sf] !(&& ck|Ln b]lv !(&* h'nfO{ ;Ddsf] hDdf !^ dxLgfsf] lx;fax¿ ljkIfLsf]df k]z u/]sf] / cfjZos lg/LIf0f u/L d}n] ;f] lx;fa lstfa afkt ;kmfO{ kfO{ pQm !^ dxLgfsf] ljkIfLaf6 )#%.!).!@ df Pp6} lg0f{oaf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;f] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'emL d}n] /fh:j GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+df k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df !(^&–&& ck|Ln b]lv h'g ts # dxLgfsf] / !(&&.&* h'nfO{ b]lv h'nfO{ ts !# dxLgfsf] 5'§f–5'§} krf{ ug{‘ kg]{df Pp6} krf{af6 b'j} cf=j=sf] v'b cfo lglZrt u/]sf] ;f] ubf{ b'j} cf=j=sf] nflu Pp6} ;fd'lxs lgj]bssf] aofg dfq b]lvof] . k]z u/]sf] lx;fa lstfanfO{ dfGotf glbO{ s/ lg/LIfssf] uf]Ko k|ltj]bgdf xr'jf lsl;dsf] Psd'i6 laqmL c+s b]vfPsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ tYok"0f{sf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] egL ldlt )#&.^.(.% sf] km};nfn] )#%.!).!* sf] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0fsf] nflu ljkIfLsxfF k7fOPsf] df lgj]bs;Fu s'g} ;Dks{ g/fvL s'g} yk ;a"t k|df0f ;d]t ga'emL cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ / ##-#_ tyf bkmf %* ;d]tsf] jlv{nfk cl3 ul/Psf] sf/jfxL tyf krf{ cfb]z adf]lhd )#%.!).!@ sf] lg0f{o ;Dk"0f{ cl3 lnPs} cfwf/df cl3 sfod ul/Psf] v'b cfos/ /sdnfO{ g} oyfjt k'gM sfod u/L ldlt )#&.!!.#) df krf{ ul/of] . h'g k'g/fj]bg km};nf / cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ ##-#_ bkmf %* / bkmf ##-$_ ;d]t alv{nfkm 5 . lgj]bsn] cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]5 / To:tf] gfkmf gf]S;fg tyf jf;nft ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfLn] em'¶f eGg] tyf 7x/ ;d]t ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfos/ P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s:tf] n]vf cdfGo gx'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] v08 %* df Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf bkmf ##-@_ df plNnlvt k"j{ Joj:yf k|:t't s]zdf ljBdfg 5}g ;fy} bkmf ##-#_ n] lx;fa lstfas} cfwf/df v'b cfo lglZrt ug{ ljkIfLnfO{ sfg"gn] afWo u/]sf]df ;f] gu/L Gofof]lrt cg'dfgsf] ;+1f lbO{ ul/Psf] pQm krf{ u}/sfg"gL / ab/efuL 5 . lgj]bssf] of] cf=j=tyf cf=j=!(&&.&* cjlwsf] s/ lg/LIfsn] ldlt )#%.!).( df Pp6} k|ltj]bg lbPsf] / ;f] k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf s/ lg/LIfssf] uf]Ko k|ltj]bgdf klg :6s v/Lb laqmLsf] s'g} c+s gv'nfO{ xr'jf lsl;dsf] Psd'i6 laqmL c+s b]vfPsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ tYok"0f{sf] ;+1f lbg ;d]t gldNg] egL lgj]bss} cf=j=!(&&.&* sf] k'g/fj]bgdf ldlt )#&.^.( sf] km};nfdf /fh:j GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+n] km};nf ul/;s]sf]df k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;f]xL k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{ ab/efuL 5 . ctM ljkIfL s/ clws[tHo"sf] ldlt )#&.!!.#) sf] cf=j=!(&^.&& -ck|Ln h'g_ sf] lg0f{o k|ToIf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ tyf u}/sfg"gL l6Kk0fL+ cfb]z krf{ tyf cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]tn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ Pj+ ;+/Ift ;dfgtf tyf ;DklQ ;DaGwL df}lns xsaf6 lgj]bs jl~rt eO{ ljkIfLsf] ldlt )#&.!!.#) sf] l6Kk0fL+ / cfb]z krf{ tyf ;f]xL ldltsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] lx;fa lstfas} cfwf/df v'b cfo lglZrt u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L xs k|rng ul/kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]5 . $= ljkIfLaf6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 k]zug{‘ egL o; cbfntsf] ldlt )#*.#.!&.$sf] l;+un a]~rsf] cfb]z /x]5 . %= cfos/ P]g, )#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf $( sf] pkbkmf % adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] n]vfsf] t/Lsf ;DaGwL g]kfn /fhkqdf ldlt )#$.%.@) df k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ lx;fa lstfadf k/LIf0f ubf{ w]/} q'l6 ePsf] b]lvFbf n]vfnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ Gofof]lrt cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] k"jf{j:yf ljBdfg x'g cfPsf] / P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ / ##-%_ sf] sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L Gofof]lrt cg'dfgsf] cfwf/ lnO{ d"n laqmL c+s ¿=*!,))). df &( k|ltztn] ¿=^#,((). vr{ s§f u/L afFsL @! k|ltztn] ¿=!&)!). ;fy} k|f]=sf] kfl/>lds afktsf] ¿=!%,^&). ;d]t hDdf ¿=#@,^*). dfq v'b cfo sfod ul/Psf] sfg"gadf]lhd g} x'Fbf lgj]bssf] cfos/ / s/ lgwf{/0f sfg"g cg'¿k Gof]lrt cfwf/df ul/Psf] / clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sfg"gadf]lhd ul/Psf] lg0f{o krf{ cfb]zn] lgj]bssf] s'g} xs xgg\ gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] lnlvt hjfkm . ^= cfhsf] b}lgs k]zL ;'rLdf r9L a]~r ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}8Lof / ljkIfL tkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofosf] ax; lhls/ ;'lgof] . o;df lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] /x]5 To;tkm{ x]g{ kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . 78

&= o;df )#%.!).!@ df cfo sfod u/L u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 )#&.^.(.% df ab/ eO{ k'gM cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L )#&.!!.#) df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] lx;fa lstfanfO{ cdfGo 3f]lift gu/L cl3s} )#%.!).!@ sf] lg0f{odf lnPsf cfwf/nfO{ k'gM cfwf/ agfO{ xr'jf lsl;dn] cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f pQm k'gM cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ldlt )#&.!!.#) sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . o:df sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL s/ clws[t s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ kmfOn lgodadf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . *= k|:t't s]zdf /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 @)#%.!).!@ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f )#&.^.( df ab/ ePkl5 k'gM cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ /fvL lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPg ;fy} )#%.!).!@ df h] hlt /sd lgwf{/0f ePsf] lyof] ;f]xL /sd ¿=!&)!).– kg'M sfod klg ul/Psf]af6 sfg"gn] lgwfl/t u/]sf] k|lqmof gckgfO{ /Lt;Dd k'of{/pg] p2]Zon] )#&.!!.#) df krf{ ;Dd v8f u/]sf] x'Fbf /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o lg/y{s x'g uPsf] 5 . t;y{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t pkl:yt u/fO{ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbO{ lg0f{o ug{‘ kg]{df gu/]sf] x'Fbf s/ clws[tsf] )#&.!!.#) sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 . o;/L s/ clws[tsf] pQm lg0f{o ab/ / sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;xof]uL dfggLo GofofwLzHo"sf] /fo;Fu ;xdlt ePsf] x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd ug{‘ . Gof= x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg Olt ;Djt\ @)#* ;fn df3 ! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

79

efuM @(, ;fnM @)$$, dlxgfM a}zfv, c+sM !, km};nf ldlt M@)$#.)(.@%, lg0f{o g+= @(^! ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'/]G›k|;fb l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df ;Djt\ @)$@ ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/ @!^% ljifoM pTk|]if0f lgj]bs M sf7df8f}+ lhNnf b/jf/ dfu{ l:yt olt 6«feN; -k|f=ln=_ sf efO;–r]o/d}g ;xb]j zdz]/ h=a=/f= lj?4 ljkIfL M >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+;d]t >L % sf] ;/sf/ s/ ljefu nflhDkf6,sf7df8f}+ >L % sf] ;/sf/ s/ sfof{no,sf7df8f}+ aa/ dxn . · cfly{s P]g tyf cfos/ P]g ;d]tsf ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfdf AofhnfO{ cGo cfodf ;dfj]z u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] k|s[of /x] ePsf] kfOFb}g . -k|s/0f g+= *_ · cfˆgf] a}+ssf] d'2tL AofhnfO{ ;d]t sfg"g cg'?k cfodf ;dfj]z u/L lx;fa lstfa ;d]t /fvL lbPsf] ljj/0f cfwf/df s/ sfof{non] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] k|s[of ckgfO{ ;f]xL cfo ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;s]sf]df a}+saf6 cfpg] d'2tL AofhnfO{ cfodf ufeL k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ljBdfgtf ePsf] b]lvg gcfPsf] . -k|s/0f g+= *_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dw'k|;fb zdf{ ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg d'Vo GofoflwjQmf >L s]bf/k|;fb zdf{ cfb]z Gof=;'/]G›k|;fb l;+xM– g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f tyf tYo lgDgfg';f/ 5M @= lgj]bs sDkgLn] cf=j= !(*) -h=l8=_ sf] cfo ljj/0f ;lxt s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+df bflvn u/]sf 5f}+ . nfUg] s/ /sd ;d]t a'emfO{ cfPsf] 5f}+ . o; lsl;daf6 lgj]bs sDkgLsf] cf=j= !(*) -h=l8=_ sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f clGtd ?kdf /xL a;L cfPsf]. pk/f]Qm cj:yfdf lgj]bs sDkgLsf] cf=j= !(*) -h=l8=_ df k|fKt u/]sf] Aofh jfktsf] /sd ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$@.*.!) sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{ x'g cfPsf] eGg] cflb Joxf]/fsf] kq ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 @)$@.!).& ut] n]lv lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ ldlt @)$@.!).!# df a'emfO{ of] lgj]bs sDkgL;+u s'g} ;f]wk'5 gu/L ;f]em} ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lgj]bs sDkgLsf] cf=a= !(*) -h=l8=_ sf] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] egL lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] xs clwsf/ s'g} sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . sfg"gsf] clVtof/L aLr Ps kIfLo ePsf] lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt eO{ :jtM ab/ of]Uo 5 . sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufOg] 5}g eGg] / P]gsf] clVtof/L a]u/ s;}sf] ;DklQ lng] 5}g eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5Fbf 5Fb} cfly{s P]g, @)#& sf] bkmf !! cg';f/ k'/} Aofhdf % k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh s/ nufO{ c;"n pk/ u/L ;s]kl5 To:tf] Aofh /sddf k'gM s/ lnOg] P]g sfg"g 5}g . To:tf] sfg"gL l:ylt 5Fbf 5Fb} ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q gePsf] ljifodf u}/sfg"gL tl/sfaf6 If]qflwsf/ u|x0f u/L lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs xsnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ u/L ldlt @)$@.*.!) df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o ;+j}wflgs 5 . c? pk/f]Qm ldltsf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df ljkIfLn] u/]sf] sf/jfxL ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6lgj]bg . #= ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvthjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] l;+una]~rsf] cfb]z . $= a}+saf6 lgIf]kdf k|fKt Aofh cfo s/bftfsf] cGo >f]taf6 ePsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g] cfos/ 80

P]g, )#! df Jojl:yt ePsf dflysf k|s/0fdf lhls/ lnPs} 5 . pQm s'/f cfly{s P]g, )#& sf] bkmf !!-@_ af6 klg :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgIf]k Aofh cfo x'g] s/bftfnfO{ 5'6 lbg] ;DaGwdf ;f] lgIf]k Aofh cfodf s/bftfsf] cGo >f]tsf] cfo eP ;f] ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/kfpF eGg] jfSof+z /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ Aofh s/ lgwf{/0f 5'§} xf] eGg ldNb}g, ;fy} ;f]xL Joj:yf cg';f/ ljkIfLsf] Aofh cGo ;|f]tsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{df pQm Aofh cfo ;dfj]z ug{ 5'6fO{ clgoldt eO{ ljkIfLsf] s/sf] bfloTj 36\g uPsf] b]lvO{ sfg"gåf/f k|bQ clwsf/ cGtu{t >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z x'g k]z eO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z lbg] lg0f{o eO{ o; ljefuaf6 sf/jfxL ePsf] sfg"g;+ut g} ePsf] / ljkIfLsf] lhls/ k'Ug g;Sg] x'Fbf vf/]h x'g cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm . %= ljkIfL lgj]bssf] cf=a= !(*) h=l8=sf] ldlt @)$).!.#) df s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbf Aofh cfo ljkIfLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug{ 5'6 ePsf]df k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf %^ -#_ adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd g} ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm . ^= ljkIfLsf] cfo sfod ubf{ cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf -%_ tyf -!)_ df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljkIfLn] lgIf]kdf cfh{g u/]sf] Aofh ;d]t cGo >f]tsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{df ;f] ;dfj]z ug]{ 5'6 x'g uPsf] x'Fbf ;f] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 cfb]z k|fKt u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0fsf] nflu ljkIfLnfO{ o; sfof{noaf6 lbOPsf] ;"rgf sfg"g;+ut g} x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g cg'/f]w 5, eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] lnlvthjfkm . &= lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf] ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dw'k|;fb zdf{n] / ljkIfL sfof{notkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf] ljåfg ;/sf/L d'Vo GofoflwjQmf >L s]bf/k|;fb zdf{n] ug{‘ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . d'VotM lgj]bssf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]zåf/f ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] /x]5 ;f] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . *= o;df lgj]bssf] cfly{s jif{ !(*) h=l8= eGgfn] ldlt @)#^.(.!* b]lv @)#&.(.!& ;Dd jif{ ! sf] kg{ cfpg] / cfly{s P]g, @)#& ldlt @)#&.$.! b]lv nfu' ePsf]n] ldlt @)#&.$.! nfu' ePsf] ldlt b]lv @)#&.(.!& ;Dddf s] slt lgIf]k Aofh jfkt cfo cfh{g u/]sf] nut bflvn ug{‘ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ldlt @)$@.*.!) sf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o ePsf] eGb} kq n]v]sf]n] ;f] cfly{s P]g adf]lhd Aofh s/ nfuL ;s]sf] lgIf]k Aofh cfodf cfos/ gnfUg] u/L n]vf lx;fa ;d]tsf cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;s]sf]df k'gM ;f]xL lgIf]k Aofhdf k'gM cfo sfod ug]{ u/L u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] d'Vo l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{ ePsf]df To;tkm{ x]bf{ lgj]bsn] cfˆgf] pNn]lvt cf=a= sf] cfo ljj/0f ;lxtsf] gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] lx;fa / jf;nft Dofbd} bflvn u/L To;df sfg"gsf] k|s[of k"/f u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L nfu]sf] s/sf] /sd ;d]t lgj]bsn] bflvn u/L ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsnfO{ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ hfgsf/L;Dd lbPsf] klg b]lvFb}g . cfly{s P]g tyf cfos/ P]g ;d]tsf ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfdf AofhnfO{ cGo cfodf ;dfj]z u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] k|s[of /x] ePsf] klg kfOFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf cfˆgf] a}+ssf] d'2tL AofhnfO{ ;d]t sfg"g cg'?k cfodf ;dfj]z u/L lx;fa lstfa ;d]t /fvL lbPsf] ljj/0f cfwf/df s/ sfof{non] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] k|s[of ckgfO{ ;f]xL cfo ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;s]sf]df a}+saf6 cfpg] d'2tL AofhnfO{ cfodf ufeL k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ljBdfgtf ePsf] b]lvg gcfPsf]n], o:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefjdf lgj]bsnfO{ Aofh jfktsf] /sd ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ egL ldlt @)$@.*.!) df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;d]tsf] ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df Olt ;Djt\ @)$# ;fn kf}if @% ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\========= . 81

efu M#), ;fnM@)$%, dlxgf Md+l;/, c+s M *, km};nf ldlt M@)$%.#.@.!, lg0f{o g+=M #%$$ l8lehg a]~r dfggLo GofofwLz >L k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg ;Djt\ @)$# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !%)) lgj]bsM sf=g=k+=jf=g+=## 8]/f u/L a:g] df]xgs[i0f v/]n lj?4 ljkIfLM >L s/ sfof{no, /fhlj/fh, ;Kt/L ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ lgwf{l/t cfo s/sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lb+bf s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt /sd v'nfOPsf] 5 ;f] sf] lx;fa ;d]t To:tf] ;"rgfdf v'nfOPsf] x'g' kg]{ . -k|s/0f g+= *_ -@_ ;"rgf lb+bf P]gsf] bkmf;Dd pNn]v ubf{ P]gsf] dg;fo k"/f x'Fb}g . P]gsf] dg;fo s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] s'/f ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] v08df ;f] ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] To:tf] cfos/ nfUg kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] s'/f k|i6 /fVg ;sf];\ jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ kfpg ;sf];\ eGg] xf] To;/L s/bftfnfO{ lgwf{l/tcfos/sf] ;DaGwdf lbOg] ;"rgf P]=P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhdsf] cfwf/df v'nfO{ lgwf{l/t cfos/sf] lx;fa ;d]t pNn]v u/L ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ . -k|s/0f g+= *_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L kjg cf]emf ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goft cfb]z Gof=k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo tyf d'Vo lhls/ o;k|sf/ /x]5 . d ;Kt/L lhNnf /fhla/fh If]qdf a;]sf] cj:yfdf u/]sf] d]/f] cfo ljj/0fsf] ;DaGwdf dnfO{ af/Daf/ aofg u/fOPsf] lyof] . ;f] sf] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] lg0f{o eof] dnfO{ s]xL yfxf lbOPg . o:t}df ldlt @)$# cfiff9df d sf7df8f}+df ePsf] cj:yfdf @)@* b]lv @)#@ ;fn;Ddsf] % jif{sf] #*,))).– s/ hl/jfgf a'emfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 tkfOn] pQm /sd a'emfO;s]sf] 5 jf k'g/fj]bgaf6 ga'emfpg' kg]{ b]lvPdf k|df0f k]z ug{‘ gq kq kfPsf] ldltn] & lbgleq s/ /sd bflvn gu/]df klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #& adf]lhd tkfO{sf] gfddf /x]sf] rncrn ;DklQ lnnfd u/L jSof}tf s/ hl/jfgf c;"npk/ ul/g] 5 eGg] kq d]/L >LdtLnfO{ lbOPsf] /x]5 . pQm cfos/sf] lgwf{/0f dgf]dfgL lsl;dn] cfos/ P]gsf] afWofTds sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] alv{nfk ul/Psf] 5 . dnfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] s'g bkmf cGtu{t s/ nufpg vf]h]sf] xf] :ki6 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ s} cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] eP ;f]xL pkbkmfsf] -$_ adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ xf] . dnfO{ ;'gjfO{sf] df}sf klg cfpg] lyof] . ctM cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] alv{nfk ePsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 / v]drG› rf}/l;of lj=s/ ljefu ;d]t d'=pTk|]if0f )$@.!@.$ sf] ghL/ ljk/Lt 5 . @= pQm s/ lgwf{/0f cGo s/ lgodfjnL, )#( sf] lgod !^ sf] alv{nfk 5 . d]/f] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t u'd]sf] eO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ / %& sf] clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLn] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;"rgf k7fpFbf P]gsf] bkmf %@ sf] afWofTds k|s[of k"/f ug{‘ ePsf] 5}g . o;/L a]/Ltsf] ;"rgfaf6 s'g} klg Goflos sf/jfxL ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . ljkIfLn] ug{‘ ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]t b]Vg kfPsf] 5}g gSsn kfPkl5 To;sf q'l6x?sf] v08g ug{;Sg]5' . ljkIfLsf] pk/f]Qm sf/jfxLn] d]/f] ;+ljwfg k|Tofe"t df}lns xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg{ uPsf]n] ljkIfLsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z / ljkIfLn] s/ dfUg] cfb]z ;"rgf nufot ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL pTk|]if0f nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f jf cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L u/L ab/ u/L k'gM sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] ldlt @)$#.$.!^ sf] l/6 lgj]bg /x]5 . #= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . $= ljkIfL lgj]bssf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ljkIfLs} Psf3/sf 5f]/f uf}/Ls[i0f v/]nn] a'lemlng' ePsf] xf] . d'=P]=c=a+=!!) g+=adf]lhd lgh ljkIfLnfO{ /Ltk"j{s ;"rgf tfd]n ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLn] s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] 82

lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg jf lgj]bg ug]{ k|i6 clwsf/ 5Fbf5Fb} lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . ljkIfLnfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf ldlt @)$).!@.& df tfd]n eO{ @)$$.!@.!% df lghn] pQm ;"rgf a'emL lng' eO{ ;f] sf] hjfkm:j?k lghsf] kq @)$).!@.@@ df o; sfof{nodf btf{ /x]sf] 5 . lghn] ltg{‘ kg]{ sfg"g adf]lhdsf] s/ ltg{ tfs]tf ubf{ cfˆgf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf s'g} vf]hL gLlt gu/L lglZrt sfg'gL af6f] ;d]t gckgfO{ k|: t't ug{‘ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg ab/efuL 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ldlt @)$#.&.!) sf] s/ sfof{no /fhlj/fhsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 . %= lgod adf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] kmfon ;d]t cWoog u/L l/6 lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg'ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L kjg cf]emf / ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf tkm{af6 vl6O{ pkl:yt x'g'ePsf] ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goftn] k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . ^= ca lgj]bssf] dfu cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] ;f] sf] lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . &= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df l/6 lgj]bsaf6 cf=a= @)@*.)@( b]lv @)#@.)## ;Dd %-kfFr_ jif{sf] cfos/ tyf hl/ jfgf ;d]t ?=#*,))).– c;"n ug]{ ;DaGwdf ePsf] @)$!.@.# sf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o tyf @)$#.#.^ sf] kq ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] d'Vo l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ b]lvG5 . *= l/6 lgj]bsaf6 c;"n ug{‘ kg]{ elgPsf] pk/f]Qm cfos/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd Gofof]lrt cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] b]lvg cfos/ P]gsf] pQm bkmf adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf ##$_ adf]lhd To:tf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] s'/f eGg jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ s/bftfnfO{ ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ P]=P]gsf] pQm bkmf ## -$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lbOPsf] 5 eGg] s/ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 t/ To;/L lgwf{l/tcfos/sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lb+bf s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt /sd v'nfOPsf] 5 ;f] sf] lx;fa ;d]t To:tf] ;"rgfdf v'nfOPsf] x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;/L ;"rgf lb+bf P]gsf] bkmf;Dd pNn]v ubf{ P]gsf] dg;fo k"/f x'Fb}g . vf; u/L P]gsf] dg;fo s] xf] eg] s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] s'/f ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] v08df ;f] ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] To:tf] cfos/ nfUg kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] s'/f k|i6 /fVg ;sf];\ jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] xf] . To;/L s/bftfnfO{ lgwf{l/tcfos/sf] ;DaGwdf lbOg] ;"rgf P]=P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhdsf] cfwf/ v'nfO{ lgwf{l/tcfos/sf] lx;fa ;d]t pNn]v u/L ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . s/ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf To;/L P]=P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhdsf] cfwf/ Pj+ lgwf{l/tcfos/sf] lx;fa ;d]t pNn]v u/L s/bftf -lgj]bs_ nfO{ ;"rgf lbOPsf] lyof] eGg] pNn]v ug{;s]sf] kfOFb}g . To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf dfGg ;lsGg . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bsaf6 cf=a= @)@*.)@( b]lv @)#@.)## ;Dd hDdf % -kfFr_ jif{sf] cfos/ lng] eGg] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$!.@.# sf] lg0f{o tyf @)$#.#.^ sf] kq ;d]t sfg'gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ca sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{no /fhlj/fh, ;Kt/Lsf] gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . hfgsf/L lgldQ cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLsxfF k7fpFg' . kmfOn lgodfg';f/ ldl;n zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 . Gof=x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg Olt ;Djt\ @)$% ;fn cfiff9 @ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

83

efuM ##, ;fnM @)$*, dlxgfM ef›, km};nf ldlt M@)$*.)%.@^, c+sM %, lg0f{o g+= $@(# ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !)^$ lgj]bs M l;Dsf] O06/g]zgn / l;Dsf] ln=O=l;=O{= xfp; Go" lbNnL tkm{af6 bofs[i0f uf]onsf] jf=chos'df/ 608g lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8f ;d]t ljifoM k|ltif]w ;d]t -!_ k|To]s s/bftfn] s/sf] bfloTj 5 5}g eGg] s'/f cfo ljj/0f bflvn ul/;s]kl5 ljj/0fdf jf ;fy} cfkm"n] kfpg] 5"6 jf pGd'lQmsf] s'/f p7fpg kg]{ / ;f] df ljrf/ u/L s/ sfof{non] s/ nufpg jf gnufpg klg ;Sg] x'Fbf ljj/0f g} bflvnf ug{ kb}{g eGg] egfO{ ldn]g t;y{ o;df l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= *_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L z'l;ns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L an/fd s]=;L= cfb]z Gof=x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg != g]kfnsf] -;fljs k]h g+= @!)_ ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 . @= l;Dsf] O06/g]zgn ef/tLo sfg'g cGtu{t ef/tdf btf{ eO{ lj/fnfgu/ Ujflno/ ef/tdf /lhi68{ clkm; /fvL ef/tdf sfd u/L cfPsf] 5 . s'n]vfgL xfO8«f] On]S6«Ls k|f]h]S6 g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt Unf]an 6]08/ cg';f/ o; l;Dsf] O06/g]zgnn] s'n]vfgL xfO8«f] k|f]h]S6 u]6\; ejg / k]g:6fx? agfpg / ;f] ;DaGwL rflxg] dfn;fdfgx?sf] l8hfOg u/fO{ ljb]zdf agfO{ o; k|f]h]S6nfO{ ;KnfO{ ug{ tyf ljb]zdf ePsf ;a} sfdsf] e'QmfgL ljb]z ef/tdf hfkfgL d'›fdf x'g] zt{ ;Demf}tf g+= %–#%.#^ hgj/L !(&( df ;DkGg eof] . tb\g'?k ljb]zdf eP u/]sf] ;]jf ;KnfO{ ;DaGwL sfdsf] e'QmfgL g]=/f=a}+sn] lgj]bssf] a}+s / ;]06«n a}+s ckm Ol08ofnfO{ 6f]lsof] a}+s ln= dfkm{t hfkfgL P]gsf] e'QmfgL ug]{ Joj:yf cg'?k ljb]zaf6 ;KnfO{ u/]sf] dfn;fdfg / ;]jf afktsf] kfpg] /sd lgj]bsn] ljb]zdf g} kfpg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn clw/fHo leq u/]sf] sfd / ;]jf afktsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd o; sDkgLn] g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf g} k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] k|fKt /sddf nfu]sf] cfos/ ldlt @)$#.*.@# df s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z adf]lhd s/ lt/L a'emfO{ ;s]sf 5f}+ . #= t/ s/ sfof{noaf6 h8fg tkm{af6 dfq cfo sfod eO{ s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ cfPsf]df xfn ;KnfO{ tkm{sf] sf/f]af/df ;d]t v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf pQm ;KnfO{ sfo{ !(*).*!, !(*!.*@ / !(*@.!(*# df ePsf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{ egL ldlt @)$^.@.#! df n]vL k7fpg' eof] lgj]bsn] ;f] ;KnfOsf] sfd ljb]zaf6 cfk"lt{ u/]sf] / ljb]z l:yt sDkgLn] a}+s dfkm{t k|ltt kqåf/f ;f]em} ljb]zdf ljb]zL d'›fdf d"No e'QmfgL kfPsf] x'Fbf cfos/ nfUg gkg]{ eO{ ljj/0f k]z u/L /xg' gkg]{ :ki6 5 . xfd|f] ;f] pNn]lvt sfg'gL lhls/nfO{ v08g gu/L k"jf{u|xn] k|]l/t eO{ s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/g] ePsf] egL k'gM ldlt @)$^.%.@% df ;"rgf ug{‘ ePsf]df k'gM $ cS6'j/ !(*( df lgj]bsn] k7fPsf] hjfkmdf sfg'gn] s/ gnfUg kg]{ Joxf]/f bzf{O{ sfg'g ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf x'Fb} s/ sfof{non] xfd|f] ;KnfO{ tkm{sf] e'QmfgLdf klg s/ nufpg nfUg' ePsf] x'Fbf cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ^ / $@-!_-6_ ljk/Lt x'g] k|i6 5 . ctM ljkIfL s/ clws[tHo"nfO{ :jb]zdf cfh{g jf k|fKt ul/g] cfodf dfq s/ nufpg] clwsf/ 5, ljb]zdf k|fKt /sdnfO{ s/ nufpg] clwsf/ gePsf] / nufpg gkg]{df ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 v"b cfo sfod u/L lgwf{/0f ug{ nfUg' ePsf] cfos/ sfg'g ljk/Ltsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %*, wf/f !%, wf/f (-v_ tyf wf/f !)-!_ ;d]tsf] xs clwsf/df u}/sfg'gL ?kaf6 cf3ft k'of{]pg' ePsf]n] wf/f &! cGtu{t k|ltif]w nufot h'g pko'Qm 5 hf/L u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] gfddf cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ldlt @)$^.!!.@$ sf] l/6lgj]bg . 84

$= ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t ldlt @)$^.!!.@( sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . %= lgj]bsn] tLg cfly{s jif{sf] nflu Pp6} l/6lgj]bgdf lhls/ lng' ePsf] x'Fbf c=a+= &@ g+= ljk/Lt ePsf] o; ljefuaf6 lgj]bssf xs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ s'g} sfd sf/jfxL eP u/]sf] klg 5}g . lgj]bsn] ;KnfO{ tkm{sf] cfo k|fKt ug]{ Joj;fo ;d]t g]kfn clw/fHodf g} u/]sf] k|i6 5 . ;KnfOsf] 9'jfgL -;fljs k]h g+= @!!_ ug{ h8fg ug]{, lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? Ps;fy u/L Psd'i6 e'QmfgL kfPsf] x'Fbf cfos/ nfUg] g} x'G5 . ;KnfO{ tkm{sf] egL 5'6\ofpg ldNb}g . cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-6_ lgj]bssf] xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g t;y{ l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] s/ ljefu nflhDkf6sf] ldlt @)$&.!.^ sf] / s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt )$&.!.^ sf] Ps} ldnfgsf] lnlvthjfkm /x]5 . ^= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf >L z'zLns'df/ l;Gxfn] l;Dsf] O06/g]zgn ef/tLo sDkgL xf], s'n]vfgL xfO8«f]On]S6«Ls k|f]h]S6sf] ;Demf}tfg'?k ljb]zdf u/]sf] sfd ;]jf afktsf] /sd ljb]zL d'›fdf ljb]zdf g} e'QmfgL x'g] / g]kfn leq u/]sf] ;]jf sfd afktsf] /sd g]kfnL d'›fdf g]kfndf g} e'QmfgL x'g] / g]kfndf e'QmfgL ePsf] /sdsf] cfos/ ;d]t lt/L ;s]sf] x'Fbf ljb]zdf e'QmfgL ePsf] /sdsf] cfos/ gnfUg]df ldlt )$^.@.#! df ljkIfLn] s/ nufpg] egL ;"rgf lbPsfn] k|ltif]w ;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] / ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 v6L pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L an/fd s]=;L= n] 6\ofS; P;];d]G6 eO;s]sf] 5}g . ljb]zdf ljb]zL d'›f e'QmfgL u/]sf] ;'ljwf dfq xf] s/ ;DaGwL s]xL s'/f ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v 5}g . lgj]bsnfO{ ;Demf}tfn] s]xL pGd'lQm lbPsf] 5}g t;y{ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]Og vf/]h u/L kfpF egL ug{‘ ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . &= k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] s] /x]5 lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . *= o;df ljb]zdf eP u/]sf] sfd afktsf] /sd ljb]zL d'›fdf ljb]zdf g} e'QmfgL ePsf]df s/ sfof{non] cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/ s/ nufpg gkfpg]df s/ nufpg] ;DaGwL ;"rgf ldlt @)$^.@.#! df lbPsfn] k|ltif]w ;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] d'Vo l/6lgj]bg lhls/ ePsf]df, lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$^.@.#! sf] kqn] s/bftf lgj]bsnfO{ cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{ ;Dd elgPsf]df lgj]bsn] ljleGg sf/0f b]vfO{ s/ gnfUg] egL kqfrf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 s/ ljefusf] df}lvs hjfkm eGb} l/6lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;df k|To]s s/bftfn] s/sf] bfloTj 5 5}g eGg] s'/f cfo ljj/0f bflvn ul/;s]kl5 ljj/0fdf jf ;fy} cfkm"n] kfpg] 5"6 jf pGd'lQmsf] s'/f p7fpg kg]{ / ;f]df ljrf/ u/L s/ sfof{non] s/ nufpg jf gnufpg klg ;Sg] x'Fbf ljj/0f g} bflvnf ug{ kb}{g eGg] egfO{ ldn]g . t;y{ o;df l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfOn lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo Olt;Djt\ @)$* ;fn ef› @^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

85

efuM ##, ;fnM @)$*, dlxgfM kf}if, c+sM (, km};nf ldlt M@)$*.)(.)@, lg0f{o g+= $#%! k"0f{Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L ljZjgfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L nId0fk|;fb cof{n dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fh+u /fodfemL dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=k'=O=g+= #@ lgj]bs M ef/t d]d;{ gy{ ljxf/ sG:6«S;g sDkgLsf k|aGws ls;gnfn uf]N5f lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no w/fg ;d]t ljifoM k|ltif]w -!_ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gåf/f ;dly{t ePsf]df afx]s >L % sf] ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] s'g} ;Demf}tfaf6 s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} xs jf bfloTjsf] ;[hgf ePsf] ;Demg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= !$_ -@_ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-#_ cGtu{tsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n] To:tf] 7]s]bf/sf] cfodf cfos/ gnfUg] egL 5"6 lbPsf] klg gb]lvPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f & cGtu{t cfos/ gnfUg] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ sfg'g;+ut gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !$_ ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]t cfb]z k|=Gof=ljZjgfy pkfWofo != k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 M– @= sf]zL k|f]h]S6sf] ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ;Demf}tf eP cg';f/ sf]zL of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/xb leqaf6 ef/t ;/sf/n] 9'+ufdf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ef/t ;/sf/af6 kfpg] /f]oN6L afx]s c? eG;f/ s/ nufpg gkfpg] Joj:yf 5 . lgj]bs ef/tLo gful/s x'F / ljxf/ -;fljs k]h g+= $^@_ ;/sf/ l;+rfO{ ljefu cGtu{tsf] Snf; ! P= ))^&–*# /lhi6«]zg gDa/sf] ljxf/ ;/sf/ l;+rfO{ ljefu cGtu{tsf] /lhi68{ sG;6«S;g sDkgL xf] . #= d}n] ef/tLo dhb"/nfO{ sfd nufpg nfO;]G; k|fKt u/L 9'+uf cf];fg]{ sfd >L k"jL{o t6aGw k|d08n jL/k'/af6 sf]zL of]hgfsf] nflu 9'+uf cf];fg]{ 7]Ssf k|fKt u/L 9'+uf nfFbf ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf & cg';f/ /f]oN6L dfq >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lng'kg]{ eG;f/ / c? s'g} s/ ltg{‘ gkg]{ :ki6 5 . $= o;/L 9'+uf cf];fg]{ 7]Ssf k|fKt u/]kl5 ;f]sf nflu ljkIfL g+= # sf] sfof{no ;dIf cg'dlt kfpg cg'/f]w ubf{ s/ sfof{no w/fgdf cf];fg]{ 9'+ufsf] x'g] cfos/ clu|d a'emfO{ lg:;f NofPkl5 dfq cg'dlt lbg ldN5 eGg' ePsf]df lrQ ga'emL o:tf] u}/sfg'gL s/ lng gldNg] egL cg'/f]w ubf{ kl5 o; ljifodf lg0f{o x'g] eGg] df}lvs cfZjf;g kfO{ cfkm"n] p7fpg] 9'+ufsf] cfos/ clu|d ljkIfL s/ sfof{nodf a'emfO{ @)$#.#.# df cg'dlt k|fKt u/L 9'+uf cf];fb}{ cfPsf] 5' . >L k"jL{ t6aGw k|d08n jL/k'/sf] kqaf6 k"jL{ t6aGwsf] lh/f] ls=ld=b]lv % ls=ld=;Dd kfFr nfv 3g lkm6 9'+uf ;KnfO{ ug]{ 7]Ssf d}n] k|fKt u/L ;f] dWo] b'O{ nfv 3g lkm6df nfUg] cfos/ ljkIfL s/ sfof{no w/fgdf a'emfPkl5 dfq @)$$.!.!* df ljkIfL ;Dks{ tyf e'cfh{g sfof{non] 9'+uf ;KnfO{ ug{ lbg' ePsf] cg'dltsf] qmd cfh;Dd hf/L 5 . d]/f] sDkgLn] ef/t ;/sf/;+u jL/k'/df k|fKt u/]sf] 7]Ssf sfdsf] e'QmfgL ef/tLo ?k}ofFdf ef/tdf g} k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf] / ef/td} cfos/ a'emfpFb} cfPsf] x'F . o:tf]df Pp6f cfDbfgLdf ef/t / g]kfndf bf]x/f] cfos/ gnfUg' kg]{ s'/f ljkIfL g+= # ;dIf lgj]bg ubf{ sfd g/f]Sg'; kms{g] eP kmls{xfN5 egL cfZjf;g lbPsf] cfwf/df cfos/ a'emfO{ 9'+uf cf];fg]{ sfd u/L cfO/x]sf] 5' . %= d lgj]bs ef/tsf] gful/s ePsf], d]/f] sDkgL ef/t ljxf/df /lhi6{8 ePsf] / o;sf] s'g} zfvf k|zfvf g]kfn leq gvf]n]sf] / ef/td} cfos/ a'emfPsf] x'Fbf d lgj]bs sDkgLsf] pk/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfu" g/xg] :ki6 5 . d 86

lgj]bsn] @)$$.@.# ut] ljkIfL s/ sfof{no uO{ cfos/ egL lnPsf] ?k}ofF kmsf{pg] ;DaGwdf s] sf/jfxL eof] eGbf xfdL o; s'/fdf s]xL hfGb}gf}+ ;fljs cg';f/ a'emfpGh]n ;Dd 9'+uf p7fpg lbG5f}+ egL 7f8f] hjfkm lbg'eof] . ^= ctM d lgj]bsaf6 9'+uf cf];fbf{ u}/sfg'gL tj/af6 cfos/ lnO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_ wf/f !% n] k|bQ clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]sf] x'Fbf k|ltif]w ldl>t k/dfb]z nufot h'g cf1f cfb]z pko'Qm 5 hf/L u/L s/ sfof{no ;'g;/L ljkIfL s/ ljefu nflhDkf6nfO{ d lgj]bsn] a'emfPsf] cfos/ /fhZj /sd ;Dk"0f{ lkmtf{ u/L lbg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L xs ;'/lIft u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6lgj]bg lhls/ . &= o;df ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . *= sf]zL of]hgf sfdsf nflu dfq cfjZos k/]sf] 9'+ufx?sf] Ohfht lbOg' eGbf cufl8 s'g} klg 7]s]bf/n] ;DalGwt s/ sfof{noaf6 cfos/ ;d]t a'emfPsf] k|df0f k]z u/]kl5 dfq Ohfht kfpg] k|s[of adf]lhd lgj]bsaf6 9'+uf ;KnfOsf nflu s/ sfof{nosf] lSno/]G; lnO{ dfq 9'+uf nUg lbg] ul/Psf] x'Fbf o; sfof{no pk/ s'g} l/6 hf/L ug{ gkg]{ x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >L % sf] ;/sf/ hn>f]t dGqfno ;Dks{ -;fljs k]h g+= $^#_ tyf e"cfh{g sfof{no sf]zL of]hgf lj/f6gu/sf] lnlvthjfkm . (= lgj]bsnfO{ cfos/ / 7]Ssf s/ ;d]t nfuL cfPsf]df 7]Ssf s/ gnfUg] lhls/ glnO{ cfos/ dfq gnfUg] lhls/ lnPsf] ldn]g . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] !( l8;Da/, !(^^ sf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf & df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] eG;f/ jf c? s'g} lsl;dsf] 8\o'l6 lng] 5}g eGg] pNn]v 5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf s/ eGg] zAb gkg{‘af6 c? 8\o'l6 eGg] zAbn] s/ c;"n ug]{ s/ sfof{nosf] st{Joaf6 s'g} c;/ gkg]{ k|i6 5 lgj]bs pNn]lvt ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} kIf gePsf] / lghnfO{ ha/h:tL sfddf nufPsf] geO{ lghn] :j]R5fn] o:tf] sfd ;sf/ u/L nfUg] bfloTj bflvnf u/]sf]nfO{ o; sfof{non] ljj; kf/L c;"n u/]sf] eGg sfg'gtM gldNg] . bf]x/f] s/ gnfUg] af/] @)$#.!).$ eGbf cl3 ;Demf}tf g} gePsf]n] sfg'g cg';f/ nfu]sf] s/nfO{ bf]x/f] s/ nfu]sf] egL lkmtf{ kfpF eGg] lhls/ sfg'g ljk/Lt 5 . lghn] e'QmfgL kfpg] hl/of g]kfnsf] 9'+uf ePsf]n] cfo cfh{g x'g] s[ofsnfk g]kfn clw/fHodf ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'Fbf lgh dfly cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfu" x'g] k|i6 5 . !)= pQm k|f]h]S6df ;+nUg ef/tLo 7]s]bf/x?nfO{ cfos/ / 7]Ssf s/ ;d]t nfUg] egL @)## ;fndf g} lg0f{o eO{ ;f] sf] hfgsf/L hn tyf ljB't dGqfnosf] ldlt @)##.@.& sf] kqaf6 ;Dks{ tyf e"cfh{g sfof{no sf]zL of]hgfnfO{ k|i6 n]vL uO;s]sf]n] em'¶f] cfjZjf;g lbO{ lkmtf{ x'g] zt{df cfos/ bflvnf u/] u/fPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ em'¶f x'Fbf sfg'gg\ bflvn ePsf] / /sd lkmtf{ ug{‘ gkg]{ x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/Lsf] lnlvthjfkm . !!= 7]Ssf s/ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf @-s_ tyf 7]Ssf s/ lgodfjnL, @)@$ adf]lhd lgj]bsn] 7]Ssf s/ bflvn ug{‘ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{‘ ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] g]kfnsf] e"ldaf6 9'Ëf ;KnfO{ ug{ k|fKt ug{‘ eO{ 7]Ssfaf6 cfh{g ug{‘ x'g] cfodf ;DalGwt s/ sfof{no, s/ sfof{no w/fgdf cu|Ld cfos/ bflvn u/]kl5 dfq >L ;Dks{ tyf e"cfh{g sfof{non] 9'Ëf ;KnfO{ ug]{ cg'dlt lbPsf] sfg'g cg's"n 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ;g\ !(^^, !( l8;]Da/df sf]zL of]hgf ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f & cg';f/ eG;f/ dx;"n jf o:t} k|sf/sf] dx;"n dfq gnfUg] ePsf] k|i6 5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf s/ gnfUg] eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOFb}g . lgj]bsn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] If]qaf6 sf]zL cfof]hgfsf] nflu egL 9'Ëf ;KnfO{ ug]{ 7]Ssf k|fKt u/L 7]Ssf ;KnfO{ u/]/ cfh{g ug]{ d'gfkmfdf cfos/ nfUg] :ki6 ?kdf b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsn] s/ sfof{no w/fgdf cu|Ld cfos/ bflvn ug{‘ ePkl5 dfq >L ;Dks{ tyf e"cfh{g sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)$$.!.!* df lgj]bsnfO{ 9'Ëf ;KnfO{ ug]{ cg'dlt lbPsf] / pQm qmd hf/L /flvPsf] sfg'g cg's"n ePsf] x'Fbf ;d]t l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ToyL{ s/ ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm . !@= sf]zL k|f]h]S6sf] afFw cfbL agfpg] sfddf k|of]u ul/Psf] 9'Ëf cflb sfddf nufOPsf] s/ gb]lvO{ g]kfn clw/fHoleq /x]sf] 9'Ëfx? ef/t ;/sf/af6 k|fKt 7]Ssf cg';f/ lgj]bsn] p7fO{ nuL ;f]af6 lgj]bsnfO{ ePsf] cfDbfgLdf nfu]sf] cfos/ b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf & df Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf] 9'Ëf cflbdf nfu]sf] of] s/ xf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . of] s'/f sf]zL k|f]h]S6 sf]cl8{g]l6ª sldl6sf] !^ cf}+ a}7sdf cfO6d g+= % df ePsf] lg0f{odf pNn]v ePsf s'/fx?af6 klg k'li6 x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ctM lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g t/ o:t} ljifodf g]=sf=k= @)$$ -lg=g+= #@&) k[i7, !!&)_ df o; cbfnt ;+o'QmOhnf;af6 -;fljs k]h g+= #^$_ l/6 hf/L ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o;+u ?lnª aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;=c=lgodfjnL, @)@! sf] lgod ##-v_ adf]lhd k"0f{Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfnt ;+o'QmOhnf;sf] ldlt @)$%.!@.& sf] lg0f{o . !#= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf k|ToyL{x?sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goftn] sf]zL of]hgf ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;g\ !(^^ sf] ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f & cg';f/ cfos/df 5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg ;lsg] xf]Og . cfos/ 87

P]gn] jf cGo k|rlnt sfg'gn] k|i6 ?kdf 5"6 ;'ljwf glbP;Dd s]jn ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df dfq cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg g;Sg] x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7xof{PPsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'QmOhnf;sf] ldlt @)$%.!@.% sf] lg0f{o ;b/ x'g'kg]{ egL ax; ug{‘ eof] . !$= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df sf]zL k|f]h]S6sf] ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/ sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ;Demf}tf eP cg';f/ sf]zL k|f]h]S6sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfnaf6 ef/t 9'Ëf n}hfFbf /f]oN6L afx]s cGo s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s/ eG;f/ cflb nufpg gkfpg]df ef/t ;/sf/af6 sf]zL k|f]h]S6sf] 9'Ëf cf];fg{sf nflu egL xfd|f] sDkgLn] 7]Ssf lnPsf]df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] cfos/ clu|d e'QmfgL gu/L sfd ug]{ cg'dlt glbPsf] x'Fbf cfos/ cu|Ld bflvnf u/]sf] lyPF . ;f] clu|d a'emfPsf] cfos/ lkmtf{ dfUg hfFbf lkmtf{ glbPsf] x'Fbf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfpF eGg] l/6lgj]bg lhls/ ePsf] kfOG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] of] o; sfg'g cg';f/ cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg] egL :ki6 vf]nL lhls/ lng ;s]sf] kfOGg . sf]zL k|f]h]S6sf] ;DaGwdf ;g\ !(^^ l8;]Da/ !( df >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf & sf] cfwf/df cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg' kg]{ eGg] lgj]bsn] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gåf/f ;dly{t ePsf]df afx]s >L % sf] ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ;/sf/ aLr s'g} ;Demf}tfaf6 s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} xs jf bfloTjsf] ;[hgf ePsf] ;Demg ldNb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! df sf]zL k|f]h]S6af6 9'Ëf 9'jfgL ug]{ 7]Ssfsf] 7]s]bf/n] cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOGg . pQm P]gsf] bkmf $@ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L s'g} JolQm jf vf; lsl;dsf] cfodf nfUg] s/ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kn] 5'6 lbg ;Sg]5" eGg] k|i6 Joj:yf eO/fv]sf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmf $@-#_ cGtu{tsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n] To:tf] 7]s]bf/sf] cfodf cfos/ gnfUg] egL 5"6 lbPsf] klg gb]lvPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f & cGtu{t cfos/ gnfUg] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ sfg'g;+ut b]lvPg . l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'QmOhnf;sf] OG;fkm dgfl;a 7x5{ . ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, Gof=nId0fk|;fb cof{n, Gof=s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, Gof=uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 Olt;Djt\ @)$* ;fn kf}if @ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

88

efu M##, ;fn M@)$*, dlxgf Mdf3, c+s M!), km};nf ldlt M @)$*.(.@(.@M, lg0f{o g+=$#*$ ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'/]G›k|;fb l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !!%) lgj]bs M 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of -sf7df8f}+_ sf] d]g]h/ ;'/]G›kfn cu|jfn lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ;DkGg ug{ÿ kg]{ sfo{, ;Demf}tf ug]{ kIfn] h] h'g tj/af6 u/] u/fPsf] lsg gxf]; ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ÿ kg]{ st{Jo / ;f] afktsf] e'QmfgL ;d]t k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;f]xL kIfsf/df lglxt x'g hfg] . -k|s/0f g+= !^_ -@_ lgj]bs g]kfn a|fGrn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoaf6 s]xL /sd cfˆgf] d'Vo sfof{no -ef/t_ nfO{ lt/] a'emfPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] t/ ;f] /sd g]kfn a|fGrsf] cfo xf]Og eGg] ;a"b k|df0f lgj]bsaf6 k]z x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f] /sd lgj]bs -g]kfn a|fGr_ sf] v"b cfo xf]Og eGg ldNg] gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !&_ -#_ c:yfoL afl;Gbfn] g]kfnsf] kf6L{x?;+u ;Demf}tf u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo dWo] ef/tdf btf{ /x]sf] sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] /sd s§f u/L v"b cfo sfod ug{ÿ kg]{ eGg] lhls/ sfg'g;+ut gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !*_ -$_ lgj]bs 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of -g]kfn a|fGr_ n] g]kfndf g]kfn s} kf6L{x?;+u ;Demf}tf u/L ;Demf}tf adf]lhd dfnj:t' 9'jfgL u/L ;f] afkt g]kfndf g} /sd e'QmfgL kfPsf] b]lvPsf], ;f] cfo g]kfn clw/fHo leq g} cfh{g u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] cfo Joo ljj/0fdf pNn]lvt /sd dWo] jf:tljs vr{ ldGxf lbO{ ldGxf lbg gldNg] vr{x? lgj]bs -g]kfn a|fGr_ sf] v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ bkmf ##-#_ adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f / If]qLo cbfntsf] OG;fkm sfg'g;+ut g} b]lvFbf lgj]bs dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= !(_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L z'zLns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goft cfb]z Gof=;'/]G›k|;fb l;+x != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !^.&! ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)@! adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo lhls/ Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 . @= s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+n] l6=l;=cfO{=ln= -hf] g]kfndf sfd ug{ sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !#* cGtu{t btf{ 5_ sf] cf=j= !(*@.*#, h'g–h'nfOsf] lx;fadf b]vfOPsf] v"b cfo ?= $$,@*^.*% nfO{ gdfgL ?= %,@%,^)(.%$ v"b cfo sfod u/L @)$!.!.!! df v"b cfo lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/]sf], ;f] cfb]zdf ef/tdf btf{ ePsf] d"n sDkgLsf] l6=l;=cfO{=ln=n] g]kfnL kf6L{x?sf] dfn ;fdfg ljb]zaf6 g]kfndf cfoft x'Fbf ef/tLo If]q snsQf nufot ef/tsf] ljleGg 7fpFaf6 / S;f}n;Dd 9'jfgL u/L kfpg] ef8fsf] /sd g]kfn l:yt l6=l;=cfO{=nfO{ k7fPsf] s"n ef8f ?= $@,(#,(^^.() sf] !)% n] x'g] /sd ?= $,@(,#(^.^( lgj]bs g]kfndf sfd ug]{ g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] o; sDkgLsf] v"b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{‘ ePsf] q'l6 x'g'sf] ;fy} ;f] /sd afx]s -;fljs k]h g+= ^!#_ k]z ePsf 9'jfgL sf/f]jf/sf] lx;fa jf;nftsf] vr{sf] k|df0f ;DaGwL s'/fdf ljjfb geP klg, s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf vr{x?sf] cf+lzs /sd sfg'g ljk/Lt cdfGo ul/Psf] 5 ;f] sf] sf/0fdf s'g} sfg'gL cfwf/ gb]vfO{ s'g}df ut jif{ eGbf a9L vr{ ePsf]n] ldGxf lbg gldNg] elgPsf] 5 eg] s'g}df s6f}tL u/L k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf g} glbO{ /sd cdfGo ul/Psf] 5 . o;df /fhZj Gofoflws/0f ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf]df g]kfn clw/fHo aflx/ ef/tLo If]qdf ef/tLo sDkgL l6=l;=cfO{=n] 9'jfgL u/]sf] /sdsf] !)% 89

#=

$=

%=

^=

&= *=

(=

n] x'g] /sd o; sDkgLsf] v"b cfo s/ sfof{non] sfod u/]sf] b]vfPsf] vr{nfO{ cdfGo u/]sf]nfO{ dgfl;a 7x/fO{ )$$.#.!^ df lg0f{o eof] . To; lg0f{o pk/ klg k'g/fj]bgsf] nflu cg'dlt k|fKt u/L dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntaf6 lg0f{o x'Fbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fs} km};nfnfO{ oyfjt /flvof] . o;af6 lgj]bs dfly u}/sfg'gL s/sf] bfloTj a9\g uPsf] 5 . cfos/ -;+zf]wg ;lxtsf]_ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf -^_ df s'g} JolQmn] cfˆgf] cfo jif{df bkmf % df tf]lsPsf] s'g} jf ;a} >f]taf6 g]kfn clw/fHoleq cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf]df P]g adf]lhd vr{ s6fO{ v"b cfodf s/ nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . ljb]zl:yt sDkgLn] 9'jfgLsf] sfdsf] ;|f]taf6 ef/tdf cfh{g ul/Psf] /sd g]kfn leq s;}n] k|fKt u/L k7fpFb}df, s"n /sdsf] !)% n] x'g] /sd k|fKt stf{sf] v"b cfo dfgL s/ nufpg] ;DaGwdf sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] 5}g . g]kfndf cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] kmfF6jf/L k]z ug{‘ kg]{ sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !#(-@_ n] k|i6 x'Fbf ;f] adf]lhd ?= $$,@^*.*% v"b cfo b]vfOPsf]df P]gn] ldGxf lbg gkg]{ /sd dfq s6f}tL u/L v"b cfo tkm{ ;dfj]z ug{‘ kg]{ xf], t/ s/ sfof{non] sfg'gL cfwf/ lagf JolQmut wf/0ffn] tna vr{ ?= @,$)).– ;jf/L dd{t vr{ ?= !%,))).– ljljw vr{ ?= @^,%$$.– sfg'gL vr{ ?= *))).– ;d]tsf] / g]kfndf dfq sfd ubf{ btf{ ePsf] o; sDkgLsf] v"b cfodf ef/tdf sfd ug]{ l6=l;=cfO{=ln=n] ef/tdf g]kfnL kf6L{x?sf] dfn 9'jfgLsf] sfd u/]sf] g]kfnsf] kf6L{sf] sfdsf] ef8fsf] e'QmfgLsf] /sddf !)% n] x'g] /sd hf]8L s/ c;"n ug{‘ sfg'g ljk/Lt 5 . s'g} /sd s;}sf] xsdf k|fKt ub}{df k|flKtsf] cfwf/af6 o; zfvf sDkgL pk/ s/ nfUg] xf]Og . pQm !) k|ltztsf] /sd ?= $,@(,#(^.^( o; g]kfn a|fGr sDkgLsf] cfotkm{ ;dfj]z ePsf], u/]sf] sfg'g;+ut 5}g . k|:t't cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-(_ cGtu{t ePsf] b]lvG5 / pQm bkmf ##-#_ df P]g adf]lhd s§L ug{ kfpg] vr{ s§f ug]{ egL pNn]v ePsf]n] bkmf !@-!_ / b]xfo -*_ adf]lhd lx;faaf6 b]lvg] sf/f]af/;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? ldGxf lbg' gkg]{ eGg] elgPsf]df ;f] sf] sf/0f v'Ng ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . o; sDkgLsf] 9'jfgLsf] ;Demf}tf ?= $@,(#,((^.() ePsf] egL b]vfOPsf] 5}g . ef/tLo If]qdf sfd u/L ef8f cfh{g ug]{ l6=l;=cfO{= -ef/t_ sf] /sdsf] !)% n] x'g] n] x'g] /sd g]kfnsf] If]qdf sfd ug{ btf{ ePsf] o; l6=l;=cfO{=sDkgLsf] v"b cfo dfgL s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ldN5 ldNb}g < Psfn] u/]sf] sfdsf] cfo cfh{gsf] bfloTj csf]{ zfvfdf af]sfpg ldNb}g ctM s/ sfof{non] lgj]bssf] cfodf ef/tLo If]qdf ePsf] 9'jfgL vr{sf] /sdsf] !)% n] x'g] /sd g]kfn leq sfd ug]{ o; sf7df8f}+sf] sDkgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] / sfg'gL cfwf/ gb]vfO{ vr{x?af6 cf+lzs /sd cdfGo ul/Psf] @)$!.!.!! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] cfb]znfO{ sfod} /fVg] egL u/]sf] If]qLo cbfnt ;d]tsf] lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft kg{ uPsf]n] -;fljs k]h g+= ^!$_ pQm km};nfx? ab/ u/L g]kfn l6=l;=cfO{= n] g]kfn leq u/]sf] sfdaf6 cfh{g / k|fKt u/]sf] /sddf sfg'g adf]lhd vr{ ldGxf u/L v"b sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6lgj]bg lhls/ . o;df lgj]bs dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf], ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . lgj]bs 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of, ef/tsf] Ps a|fGrsf] ?kdf g]kfndf btf{ ePsf]df ljjfb g/x]sf], 9'jfgL ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf kf6L{x?;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf x]bf{, ef/tsf] ljleGg efuaf6 g]kfnsf] ljleGg efu;Dd 9'jfgL ug]{ / ;f] sf] e'QmfgL ;d]t lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] Joxf]/f n]vf k/LIf0fsf] s}lkmot k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tf ug]{ kIfsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd 9'jfgL ug]{ sfd h'g;'s} kIfåf/f u/fPsf] lsg gxf]; ;f] sfd ;DkGg ug]{ st{Jo / ;f] sfd u/] afkt e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;Demf}tf ug]{ kIfdf g} lglxt /x] ePsf] x'G5 . o; k|sf/ Psflt/ ef/t b]lv g]kfnsf ljleGg efu;Dd 9'jfgL ug]{ / ;f] sfd u/] afktsf] e'QmfgL lgj]bsn] g} kfpg] lglj{jfb ePkl5, k'g/fj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfo dWo] s]xL /sd Ol08ofdf /x]sf] cfˆg} sG;g{nfO{ k7fPsf] /sddf v"b cfo sfod ug{ gldNg] egL k'g/fj]bsn] lnPsf] lhls/ ts{;u+ t b]lvg cfpFb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf -@_-k_ sf] -u_ cg';f/ g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of ln= g]kfn a|fGr c:yfoL afl;Gbf ePsf], ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf -^_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf, t/ c:yfoL afl;Gbfsf] xsdf lghn] g]kfn clw/fHo leq cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] / ljb]zdf /xL g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] v"b cfodf s/ nfUg] 5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf+lzs vr{ ldGxfsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{, s/bftfsf] k|:t't jif{sf] v"b cfo lx;fa lstfasf] cfwf/df sfod ePsf] / o;/L v"b cfo sfod ubf{, cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-#_ cg';f/ o; P]g adf]lhd s§L ug{ kfpg] vr{ s§f u/L cfos/ ;dfj]z ug{‘ kg]{ cGo /sdx? eP ;f] ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] 5 egL pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !@ / $! adf]lhd jf:tljs /sd ldGxf lbO{ cjf:tljs b]lvPsf /sdx? v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf]nfO{ a]dgfl;a eGg ldNb}g egL ldlt @)$$.#.!^ df /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 km};nf ePsf]

90

5 . o;k|sf/ sfg'g adf]lhd ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} sfg'gL xssf] xgg\ x'g guPsf]n] l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 k|fKt lnlvthjfkm . !)= lgj]bs 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of ln=sf7df8f}+n] g]kfn cfon lgud;+u u/]sf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf ef/t l:yt dy'/f l/kmfOg/Laf6 ;fdfg 9'jfgL u/L g]kfnsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf 8]lne/L lbg] u/L 9'jfgL 7]Ssf lnPsf], 7]Ssf cg';f/sf] sfo{ lgj]bsn] u/]sf] / cfon lgudaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] k"/} 7]Ssf sf/f]af/df 7]Ssf s/ vr{ ljkIfn] cfˆgf] cf=j= !(*@.*# sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf n]v]sf] o:t} cGo kf6L{x?af6 klg ;f]xL cg'?k ;fdfg ljkIfn] a's u/L g]kfnsf] ljleGg :yfgdf 8]lne/L lbO{ ef8f e'QmfgL lnPsf], ljkIfLn] g]kfn cfon lgud;+u u/]sf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ;f] sfd u/] afkt k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL Pj+ ;f] sf/f]jf/df n]v]sf] 7]Ssf s/ vr{ ;d]taf6 :ki6 b]lvFbf b]lvFb} ef/tLo sDkgLn] a's u/L /S;f}n ;Dd 9'jfgL u/]sf] ef8f /sd kf6L{af6 p7fO{ ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/df s'g} klg sfg'gL cfwf/ 5}g . lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] cfon lgud;+usf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfaf6 ef/tLo sDkgLsf] s'g} a'lsª geO{, lgj]bs :jodn] a's u/L e'QmfgL ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm a'lsª ef/tLo sDkgLsf] xf] eGg] s'g} cfwf/ k|df0f g} gePsf] x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;fljs k]h g+= ^!%_ sf] bkmf -%_ cg';f/sf] ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cfo dWo] ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] egL ?= $@,(#,(^^.() df cfos/ P]g ;+zf]wg ;lxtsf] @)#! sf] bkmf -^_ adf]lhd Joj: yfkg tyf cGo vr{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L pQm /sd !)% n] x'g] v"b cfo ?= $,@(,#(^.^( sfod ul/Psf] x'Fbf, sfg'g adf]lhd sfod ePsf] v"b cfodf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0faf6 ljkIfLnfO{ u}/sfg'gL s/sf] bfloTj axg ePsf] eGg] lhls/ sfg'g ;d]t gx'Fbf s'g} ;+j}wflgs xssf] xgg\ gePsf] :ki6 5 . !!= cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -ª_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+z cg';f/ dfl;s ?= #))).– eGbf a9L tna lb+bf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{df lgj]bsn] ;f] adf]lhd gu/L ;f] xb;Ddsf] tna vr{nfO{ 5"6 lbO{ ;f] eGbf a9L v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/L ?= @$)).– ;jf/L ;fwg dd{t vr{ dWo] jf:tljs vr{ ldGxf lbO{ ;f] eGbf a9L v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/L ?= !%,))).– jf:tljs vr{ 5"6 lbO{ a9L b]lvPsf] ?= @^,%$$.– v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] / sfg'gL vr{ ?= *,))).– ;d]tnfO{ v"b cfo sfod u/L o; sfof{noaf6 hDdf ?= %,@%,^)(.%$ df cfly{s P]g, @)#( cg';f/ ldlt @)$!.!.!! df ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z sfg'g;+ut g} x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{noaf6 k|fKt lnlvthjfkm . !@= o;df cf=a= !(*@.*# h'g h'nfOsf] cjlwdf 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of ln=af6 k]z ePsf] ljj/0f tyf lx;fasf] cfwf/df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-#_ cg';f/ ldGxf lbg ldNg] vr{x? ldGxf lbO{ ldGxf lbg gldNg] vr{x? v"b cfodf ;dfj]z ubf{ o; cf=j=sf] nflu v"b cfo ?= %,@%,^)(.%$ sfod ePsf]n] ;f] df nfUg] s/ ?= @,$#,*#%.@$ df clu|d s§L ?= &%#).– s§f u/L afFsL x'g] ?= @,#^,#)%.@$ / cfly{s P]g, )#^ cg';f/ yk s/ ?= !@,!(!.&^ tyf bkmf %(-!_ adf]lhd hl/jfgf ?= %.– ;d]t hDdf ?= @,$*,%)@.– cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] #% lbg leq g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf a'emfpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] )$!.!.!! sf] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ lgj]bsn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg ;b/ eO{ ;f] ;d]tnfO{ ;b/ u/L o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ePsf], sfg'g adf]lhd txut ?kaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfg'g;+ut g} x'Fbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g kg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntaf6 k|fKt lnlvthjfkm . !#= lgod adf]lhd k]z eO{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L z';Lns'df/ l;Gxfn] lgj]bs 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm OlG8of s+=ln=sf] d'Vo sfof{no ef/tdf /x]sf]df ljjfb 5}g ;f]xL sDkgLsf] zfvf sfof{nosf] ?kdf g]kfndf sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !#* cGtu{t ljlwjt lgj]bs sDkgL btf{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn l:yt sDkgLn] g]kfnL kf6L{x?sf] dfn ;fdfg ljb]zaf6 g]kfndf cfoft x'Fbf ef/tLo If]q snsQf nufot ef/tsf] ljleGg 7fpFx?af6 /S;f}n ;Dd 9'jfgL u/L kfpg] ef8fsf] /sd p7fO{ pQm ef/t l:yt l6=l;=cfO{=nfO{ k7fPsf] /sd ;d]t g]kfn l:yt l6=l;=cfO{=sDkgLsf] v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5, ldGxf vr{ lbg' kg]{df ;f] ;d]t glbPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsnfO{ u}/sfg'gL ?kaf6 s/sf] bfloTj nufOPsf]5, of] sfg'g;+ut gx'Fbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 egL ax; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘ eof] eg], ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goftn] lgj]bs sDkgLsf] d'Vo sfof{no ef/tdf /x]sf] elgPsf], lgj]bs sDkgLn] g]kfn cfon lgud;+u u/]sf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ 9'jfgL ubf{sf] /sd ef/tLo -;fljs k]h g+= ^!^_ If]qsf] xsdf pQm sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ k|df0faf6 k'li6 gePsf], ldGxf vr{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] lgj]bs lhls/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! åf/f lgwf{l/tul/Psf] Joj:yf cg'?ksf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bs dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . !$= k|:t't ljifodf lgj]bs dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] xf] xf]Og x]/L lg0f{o lbg kg]{ x'g cfof] .

91

!%= lg0f{otkm{ x]bf{, o;df lgj]bs 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of lnld6]8, sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !#* cGtu{t g]kfndf btf{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] d'Vo sfof{no ef/tdf /x]sf] ;f] zfvfsf] ?kdf g]kfndf btf{ ePsf]df klg ljjfb /x]sf] kfOFb}g . 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of lnld6]8n] cfˆgf] 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of lnld6]8 g]kfn a|fGrnfO{ g]kfndf btf{ u/L g]kfn a|fGrn] g]kfn l:yt kf6L{x?;+u ;Demf}tf u/L ef/t b]lv g]kfnsf] ljleGg efu ;Dd 9'jfgL sf/f]af/ ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 9'jfgL sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfndf btf{ /x]sf] a|fGrn] g]kfn e"–efudf dfq 9'jfgL u/]sf], ef/tLo e"–efudf 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08ofn] 9'jfgL sfo{ u/]sf] ef/tLo e"–efudf 9'jfgL u/]afkt g]kfn a|fGrn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 ef/tl:yt d'Vo sfof{nonfO{ k7fOPsf], ;f] /sdnfO{ ;d]t, g]kfn a|fGrsf] v"b cfo dfgL cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvof] . !^= 6«fG;kf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of -g]kfn a|fGr_ / g]kfnsf] cfon lgud aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfaf6 ef/tsf] ljleGg efuaf6, g]kfnsf] ljleGg efu;Dd dfn ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug]{ / ;f] sf] e'QmfgL g]kfn a|fGr -lgj]bs_ n] g} k|fKt ug]{ eGg] b]lvG5, n]vf k/LIfssf] s}lkmot k|ltj]bgdf klg ;f] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] 9'jfgL sfo{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] h'g;'s} tj/af6 u/] u/fP klg ;f] sf] e'QmfgL lgj]bs sDkgLn] g} k|fKt ug]{ b]lvof] . lsgsL ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ;DkGg ug{‘ kg]{ sfo{, ;Demf}tf sfo{ ug]{ kIfn] h] h'g tj/af6 u/] u/fPsf] lsg gxf]; ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{‘ kg]{ st{Jo / ;f] afktsf] e'QmfgL ;d]t k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;f]xL kIfsf/df lglxt x'g hfG5 . !&= lgj]bsn] ef/t b]lv g]kfnsf] ljleGg efu;Dd ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug]{ ;f] afktsf] e'QmfgL klg lgj]bs g]kfn a|fGrn] g} k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvg gcfPsf], lgj]bs g]kfn a|fGrn] o;/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfoaf6 s]xL /sd cfˆgf] d'Vo sfof{no -ef/t_ nfO{ lt/] a'emfPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf], t/ ;f] /sd, g]kfn a|fGrsf] cfo xf]Og eGg] ;a"b k|df0f lgj]bsaf6 k]z x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f] /sd lgj]bs -g]kfn a|fGr_ sf] v"b cfo xf]Og eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . !*= o; ;DaGwdf ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yf x]bf{ g]kfndf btf{ /x]sf] lgj]bs sDkgL c:yfoL afl;Gbfsf] ?kdf /x]sf], cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @-*_-u_ cg';f/sf] c:yfoL afl;Gbfsf] xsdf lghn] g]kfn clw/fHo leq cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] / ljb]zdf /xL g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] v"b cfodf s/ nfUg] 5 egL ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf -^_ df sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs -g]kfn a|fGr_ g]kfnsf] c:yfoL afl;Gbfsf] ?kdf /x]sf]df ljjfb b]lvg gcfPsf] sfg'gtM c: yfoL afl;Gbfn] g]kfnsf] kf6L{x?;+u ;Demf}tf u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo dWo] ef/tdf btf{ /x]sf] sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] /sd s§f u/L v"b cfo sfod ug{‘kg]{ eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ sfg'g;+ut b]lvg cfPg . -;fljs k]h g+= ^!&_ !(= ctM lgj]bs 6«fGkf]6{ skf]{/]zg ckm Ol08of -g]kfn a|fGr_ n] g]kfndf g]kfn s} kf6L{x?;+u ;Demf}tf u/L ;Demf}tf adf]lhd dfn j:t' 9'jfgL u/L ;f] afkt g]kfndf g} /sd e'QmfgL kfPsf] b]lvPsf], ;f] cfo g]kfn clw/fHo leq g} cfh{g u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] cfo Joo ljj/0fdf pNn]lvt /sd dWo] jf:tljs vr{ ldGxf lbO{ ldGxf lbg gldNg] vr{x? lgj]bs -g]kfn a|fGr_ sf] v"b cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ bkmf ##-#_ adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f / dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntsf] OG;fkm sfg'g;+ut g} b]lvFbf lgj]bs dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfOn lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 Olt ;Djt\ @)$* ;fn kf}if @( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

92

efu M #%, ;fnM @)%), dlxgf M kf}if, cÍ M(, km};nf ldltM @)%).^.&.$, lg0f{o g+= $&*% ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L uh]G›s]z/L af:tf]nf dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGb axfb'/ >]i7 ;Djt @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @)$% lgj]bs M g]kfn sDkgL P]g, @)@! cGtu{t :yflkt sf7df8f}+ l8NnLahf/ l:yt lxdfnog Af|'c/L lnld6]8sf ;+rfns uf]kfn axfb'/ zfxL . lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno sf7df8f}+ ;d]t . ljifoM pTk|]if0f . -!_ s'g} klg pBf]un] cfˆg' pTkfbg k|f/De ePkl5sf] pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] ljqmL ljt/0fsf] kmn:j?k cfo cfh{g ug]{ / ;f] cfodf d'gfkmf ePsf] v08df cfos/ nfUg] x'Fbf cfos/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbg k|f/De ePkl5 g} pBf]usf] cfos/sf] d'Nofs+g x'g' sfg"g;Fut x'G5 . pTkfbg k|f/De gePsf] cjlwdf cfo s/ ltg]{ k|of]hg g} gx'g] x'Fbf pTkfbg k|f/De x'g' cufj}sf] cjlwnfO{ pBf]u :yfkgf ePsf] eGg] / ;f]xL jvtsf] sfg"g nfu" x'G5 eGg' ts{ ;+ut gx'g] . -k|=g+= *_ -@_ cfos/ / cGtz'Ms a]Unf a]Un} ljifo ePsf]n] cGtz'Ns af/] Pp6f lg0f{o eO{ ;'ljwf kfP eGb}df cfos/ klg ;f]xL adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf gb]lvg] . -k|=g+= *_ -#_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* nfu" x'g] ePkl5 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ of] pBf]u cfoft k|lt:yfks xf] jf lgof{td"ns xf] eGg]k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ug{ÿ kg]{ g} l:ylt gcfPsf]n] pBf]usf] pTkfbg k|f/De x'Fbf nfu" /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ sf] -@_ adf]lhd d'No clej[l4sf] dfkb08n] % jif{sf] cfos/ ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o sfg"g lj?4 5 eGg g;lsg] x'Fbf lgj]bg lhls/ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] . -k|=g+= *_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dw' k|;fb zdf{ . ljkIfL tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L l6sf axfb'/ xdfn . cfb]z Gof= uf]ljGb axfb'/ >]i7 != g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf **-@_ cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo o; k|sf/ 5M– @= >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefuaf6 ljo/ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]luo Ohfhtkq ldlt @)#&.(.!* ut]df k|fKt eO{ klAns sDkgLdf btf{ ePsf] xf] . lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfˆgf] klxnf] pTkfbg ldlt @)#(.!).!^ ut] u/L pBf]usf] ;+rfng ;f]xL ldltaf6 k|f/De eO{ cfh;Dd rfn' eO{ /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgdf nfUg cfpg] cGtz'Ns cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_-u_ sf] v08 # cg';f/ ;+rfng ldltb]lv klxnf] jif{sf] nflu zt k|ltzt bf]>f] jif{sf] nflu krxQ/ k|ltzt / t]>f] jif{sf nflu krf; k|ltzt u/L hDdf # jif{;Dd cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 k|fKt u/]sf] xf] . ;f] 5'6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) cGtu{t k|fKt ePaf6 ;f]xL cg';f/ cGo k|sf/sf] 5'6 ;'ljwf ;d]t ;f]xL P]gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ kfpg' kg]{ xf] . s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/af6 k7fPsf] ldlt @)$*.*.@& ut]sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ pBf]u ljeusf] ;'ljwf zfvfkq ;+Vof )$$.)$% u=lj=;= @# -lx=a'=ln=_ @@!&( ldlt @)$$.!@.@* / k=;+= )$&.)$* p=lj=;'= @#– lxdfno A?c/L ldlt @)$&.!).!! sf] kqåf/f ;+rfng ldlt @)#(.!).!( ut]b]lv % jif{ cfos/ 5'6 u/L lbg] n]lvcfPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f cjut eof] . pBf]u ljefusf] klxnf] l;kmfl/;kq cg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ kfFr jif{ ;Ddsf] cfos/ 5'6 lbg' eGg] Joxf]/f egL pBf]u ljefuaf6 ldlt @)$&.!!.@^ ut]df lg0f{o eO{ ;f]xL lg0f{onfO{ dfGotf lbO{ s/ ljefun] s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf gfddf lgb]{zg k7fOof] . Pp6} Ohfhtkqåf/f :yflkt pBf]usf] xs ;'ljwf / ;f}lnotsf] nflu slxn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf nflu cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] / ;f]xL P]gn] tf]lslbPsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwfnfO{ cdfGo u/L cf}Bf]lus 93

#= $=

%=

^=

Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ @-s_ nfUg] egL ePsf] lg0f{o ;Gt'lnt eGg gldNg] . lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf !-3_ adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] cfos/ 5'6sf] xsdf ljjfb p7fpg kfpg] :yfg} 5}g sf/0f ;f]xL P]g cGtu{t k|bfg ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;DaGwL xs ef]u eO{ ;s]sf] 5 of] s'/f ljkIfLx?nfO{ yfxf hgs 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] Ohfhtkq tyf btf{ ;fy} lgdf{0f sfo{x? cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] nfu" x'g' eGbf cufl8 g} ePsf] / To; a]nfdf k|fKt eO{ ;s]sf] sfg"gL xs tyf ;+/If0fnfO{ nfu" ePsf] P]gn] c;/ gug]{ JofVof ;DalGwt P]gn] :ki6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL cg'?k >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 cGtMz'Ns ldGxf k|fKt eO{ ;s]sf] pkef]u u/L ;s]sf] s'/f :ki6 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf ljkIfLx?n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ / -s_ adf]lhd ;+rfng ldltb]lv % jif{ cfos/ 5'6 lbg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o / tTkZrftsf] sf/jfxLx? ;d]t cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf !$@ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ sf] k|lts"n ePsf] :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] cf=a= @)#(.)$) sf] cjlwdf l:yt k"FhL ?= @,&^,$#,@)%.%% k};f / rfn" k"FhL ?= ^^,)!,$)! u/L hDdf ?= #,$#,%$,^)^.%% nufgL / /f]huf/Lsf] xsdf g]kfnL !$% ePsf] / To; kl5sf cf=j= )$).$!, )$!.)$@, )$@.)$#, )$#.)$$, )$$.)$% sf] cjlw leq qmdzM kF'hL nufgL ?= $,@%,#*,^@@, %,)),*$,)#) %,@*,%!,*)) %,%*,^!,)*^ / ^#),%%,*() /f]huf/L hjfg @!), #!*, $@%, $%), $%) ePsf] k|df0f lgj]bs sDkgLsf] n]vf kl/If0f ePsf] af;nftaf6 ;d]taf6 k|dfl0ft 5 . o; cj:yf cg';f/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf (-!_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] b]xfo -!_ cg';f/ kF'hL nufgL / /f]huf/Lsf] cg'kftdf ;f] P]gsf] cg';"lr @ cGtu{t kfOg] clwstdx? !) jif{ ;Ddsf] nflu cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] sfg"gL xs lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ k|fKt 5 . o; s'/fnfO{ lnP/ lgj]bs sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 pBf]u ljefudf lgj]bg u/]sf] / s/ ljefu ;d]taf6 olsg lg0f{osf] dfu pBf]u ljefu;Fu ePsf] x'Fbf x'Fb} klg cGtdf pBf]u ljefusf] kq pNn]lvt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-@_ sf] lgj]bs sDkgLsf] nflu nfu" g} gx'g] To:tf] bkmfnfO{ sd jif{sf] nflu cfos/ 5'6 ldGxf x'g] egL pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)$$.!@.@* ut]sf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ nfu" u/L ldlt @)$&.!).!! ut]sf] kq / ;f]xL kqsf] cfwf/df s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)$*.(.!% ut]sf] kqaf6 cfos/ 5'6 cjlwsf] klg clu|d s/ dfu u/L k7fPsf] kq tyf kfFr jif{sf] nflu dfq cfos/ 5'6 x'g] egL u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL ab/ u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf (-u_-!_ cGtu{t cg';"lr @ sf] -u_ cGtu{t nufgL tyf /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/df kfpg] ;Sg] clwstd xb !) jif{sf] nflu lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5, egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L lgj]bs sDkgLsf] xs k|rng u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg–kq . ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm lemsfO{ cfP kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; ;jf]{Rr cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt @)$*.!@.@ sf] cfb]z . pBf]usf] lhls/ cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf (-!_ -u_ sf] b]xfo ! cg';f/ ;'ljwf dfu ePsf] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o; bkmfsf] cfoft k|lt:yfks jf lgof{td"ns pBf]unfO{ dfq of] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] / o; pBf]u ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo -u_ cg';f/ cfoft k|lt:yfks jf lgof{t d"ns pBf]usf] JofVof / kl/efiff;Fu o; pBf]usf] pTkfbgsf nflu k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{ clwsFfz :jb]zL gx'g] x'Fbf of] pBf]u cfoft k|lt:yfks jf lgof{t d'ns jifl{\eq gk/]sf] x'Fbf Ohfht k|bfg x'Fbf of] ju{df gk/]sf] ljj/0f :jod pBf]unfO{ klg hfgsf/L ePs} ljifo 5 . ctM cfkm" eGbf leGb} ju{df kg]{ pBf]un] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf] bfjL sfg"g;Fut eGg ldn]g . k|:t't lgj]bgdf n]lvP cg';f/ cGt z'Nsdf 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] lg0f{o o; ljefuaf6 ePsf] gb]lv+bf ;f] 5"6 ;DaGwdf cGtMz'Ns ljefuaf6 lg0f{o lnObf lnPsf] sfg"gL cfwf/sf af/]df ;f]xL ljefuaf6 :ki6 u/fpg kg]{x'g cfpF5 . pko'Qm cg';f/ sfg"gn] kfpg] egL tf]s]sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg eO{ g} ;s]sf] / cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !$-!_ sf] clwgdf /xFbf pBf]usf] bfjL sfg"g ;DdtM gx'g] x'Fbf pQm ;Dk"0f{ bfjL vf/]h efuL 5, eGg] ;d]t pBf]u ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bs k|f=ln= cf}=Jo=P]= @)#) adf]lhd btf{ ePklg cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* nfu" eP kl5 dfq pTkfbg z'? u/]sf]n] cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] dfq ;'ljwf ;x'lnot / ;+/If0f k|fKt ug]{ x'Fbf pQm k|f=ln= sf] d'No clej[l4 #(*@ b]lvPsf] ;f]xL P]gsf] ;fljs bkmf !)-s_ @-s_ adf]lhd % jif{sf] nflucfos/ 5'6 lbg pBf]u ljefuaf6 lg0f{o eO{ cfP adf]lhd o; ljefuaf6 ;d]t ;f]xL cg';f/ d"No clej[l4sf] cg'kftdf lgj]bs k|f=ln= nfO{ % jif{sf] nflu cfos/ 5"6 lbg] u/L ldlt @)$(.!.& df lg0f{o ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /xL ul/Psf] b]lv+bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg–kq vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t cy{ dGqfno / s/ ljefu, sf7df8f}+sf] ;d]t 5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm . o; sfof{nosf] If]qflwsf/leq cfos/ 5"6 k|bfg ug{ gug]{ ljifo kg{ gcfpg] / 5"6 k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 ePsf lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L ;Dd ;DalGwt kmd{ sDkgL / s/bftfx?nfO{ ldNg] x'Fbf o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ /xg' gkg]{ cj:yfdf ljkIfL agfOPsf] / k|:t't kmd{nfO{ cfos/ 5"6sf] ;'ljwfsf] kq k|bfg ug]{ >L cy{ dGqfno s/ ljefu ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] g} x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf >L cy{ dGqfno s/ ljefuaf6 lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't x'g] ePsf]n] >L 94

cy{ dGqfno s/ ljefuaf6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm :j?k x'g] a'Fbfx? ;DaGwdf o; sfof{no ;d]tsf] ;xdlt ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL lgj]bssf l/6 lgj]bg–kq vf/]h x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . &= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs shlni6df r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dw' k|;fb zdf{n] xfd|f sDkgL ldlt @)#&.(.!* df klAns sDkgL btf{ eO{ k|df0f kq k|fKt u/]sf] / ldlt @)#(.!).!^ ut]df klxnf] pTkfbg z'? u/L pBf]u ;+rfng ePsf] cGtMz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] xfd|f pBf]u cfoft k|lt:yfks / lgof{t d"ns x'gfn] klg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf (-u_ sf] v08 ! cGtu{t cg';"rL @ sf] v08 -u_ cg';f/ nufgL tyf /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/df kfpg ;Sg] clwstd xb !) jif{sf] nflu cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg'k5{ eGg] jx; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . s/ sfof{no tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L l6sf axfb'/ xdfnn] lgj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cfpg' cl3 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] ;'ljwf kfO{ g;s]sf] / @)#( ;fndf dfq pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !$-#_ adf]lhd k|rlnt /x]sf] P]gn] ;'ljwf dfq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg kq vf/]h x'g' k5{ eGg ;d]t jx; ug{‘eof] . *= ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] jx; ;'gL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gx'g] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ :jod lgj]bssf] lgj]bg lhls/ af6 lxdfno A?c/L sDkgL ldlt @)#&.!.!* df klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePsf t/ pTkfbg eg] ldlt @)#(.!).!^ ut]df dfq k|f/De ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !$-#_ df of] P]g k|f/De x'g' cl3 cg'dlt k|fKt u/]tfklg of] P]g k|f/De eO{ ;s]kl5 dfq :yfkgf ePsf] jf pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] pBf]un] o;} P]g adf]lhd ;'ljwf ;x'lnot / ;+/If0f dfq pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 5g\ eGg] sfg"g Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bs tkm{af6 xfd|f] pBf]usf pTkfbg ldlt @)#(.!).!^ df k|f/De ePklg :yfkgf, @)#& df g} eO{ ;s]sf]n] cl3Nnf] P]g adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfpg' k5{ eGg] ax; lhls/sf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ s'g}klg pBf]un] cfˆg' pTkfbg k|f/De ePkl5sf] pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] ljqmL ljt/0fsf] kmn:j?k cfo cfh{g ug{ / ;f] cfodf d'gfkmf ePsf] v08df cfos/ nfUg] x'Fbf cfos/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbg k|f/De ePkl5 g} pBf]usf] cfos/sf] d"Nof+sg x'g' sfg"g;Fut x'G5 . pTkfbg k|f/De gePsf] cjlwdf cfos/ ltg]{ k|of]hg g} gx'g] x'Fbf pTkfbg k|f/De x'g' cufj}sf] cjlwnfO{ pBf]u :yfkgf ePsf] eGg / ;f]xL avtsf] sfg"g nfu" x'G5 eGg' ts{;Fut x'Fb}g . lgj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) adf]lhd ;'ljwf pkef]u u/L ;s]sf] klg b]lv+b}+g . cl3Nnf] P]g adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns 5'6 kfO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf cfos/sf] ;'ljwf klg cl3Nnf] P]g adf]lhd g} kfpg'k5{ eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ tkm{ x]bf{ cfos/ / cGtMz'Ns a]Unfa]Un} ljifo ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns af/] Pp6f lg0f{o eO{ ;'ljwf kfP eGb}df cfos/ klg ;f]xL adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf b]lvb}+g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !$-#_ df ls6fgL ;fy of] P]g nfu" x'g' cl3 cg'dlt k|fKt u/]tfklg of] P]g k|f/De ePkl5 :yfkgf jf pTkfbg z'? ePsf] pBf]un] o;} P]g adf]lhd ;'ljwf ;x'lnot kfpF5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L ;s]kl5 cl3Nnf] P]gsf] ;'ljwf kfpF eGg] lhls/ dfGg' kg]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . lgj]bsn] k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf glh/x? o; l/6sf] ljifo;Fu d]n vfFb}g . o; ;DaGwdf @)$^ sf] l/6 g+= (*% lgj]bs gf/fo0f sf]O/fnf ;d]t lj?4 s/ ljefu ;d]t ePsf] k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf cyf{t cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* k|f/De x'g' cl3 cg'dlt k|fKt u/L :yflkt ePsf] t/ ;f] cl3Nnf] P]g cg';f/ s'g} ;'ljwf k|fKt u/L g;s]sf] b]lv+bf lgj]bssf ;DaGwdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !$-@_ cfslif{t x'g] egL ldlt @)$(.!.!).$ df o; ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 glh/ sfod ePsf] 5 . ;fy} cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ of] pBf]u cfoftk|lt:yfks xf] jf lgof{td"ns xf] eGg] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ug{‘kg]{ g} l:ylt gcfPsf]n] pBf]usf] pTkfbg k|f/De x'Fbf nfu" /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ sf] -@_ adf]lhd d"No clej[l4sf] dfkb08sf] % jif{sf] cfos/ ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o sfg"g lj?4 5 eGg g;lsg] x'Fbf lgj]bg lhls/ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sb}g . l/6 lgj]bgkq vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfOn lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof= uh]G›s]z/L jf:tf]nf Olt ;Djt @)%) ;fn c;f]h @& ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

95

efuM #%, ;fnM @)%), dlxgfM df3, c+sM !), km};nf ldlt M@)%).!).@&, lg0f{o g+= $*!@ ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L hf]u]G› k|;fb >Ljf:tj dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/ k|;fb zdf{ ;Djt @)%) ;fnsf] l/6 g+=– #)#@ lgj]bs M n'lDagL c~rn ?kGb]xL lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( 3/ e} xfn sf=lh= l8NnLahf/ vf]/df y'gfdf /x]sf r]tgf/fo0f v/]n . lj?4 ljkIfLM >L # g+= If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ aa/dxn ;d]t . ljifo M– aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f . -!_ lgj]bssf] s/ sfof{nodf ePsf] jofg / cfos/ ;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf] sfuhftaf6 ;d]t lgj]bs 3'DtL /]i6'/fFsf] k|yd ;~rfns eO{ s/ ltg{ÿ kg{] bfloTj ePsf P]g adf]lhdsf s/bfbf x'g'sf ;fy} s/ glt/L lanDa u/]sf]df Ifdfofrgf dfuL bfloTj :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . laaflbt /]i6'/fFdf cfkm\gf] xs x:tfGt/0f ;d]t u/]sf]af6 lghn] s/ ltg{ÿkg{] bfloTj k"/f gub{] cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ cGo JolQmNffO{ k|bfg u/L ;s]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 lgj]bs ;kmf xft lnP/ o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvPg . t;y{ pk/f]Qm tYox?sf] cfwf/df lgj]bsn] @)$$ ;fn b]lv @)%) ;fn;Ddsf] cfos/ bflvnf gub{} cfos/ bflvnf ug{ÿkg{] sf/f]jf/ ;d]t c?NffO{ lbPsf] ;Gbe{df sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf k/]sf]NffO{ cglws[t sf/jfxL eGg ldn]g . To; sf/0f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . -k|=g+= (_ lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L e"ld k|;fb v/]n ljkIfL tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L g/]G› s'df/ >]i7 cfb]z Gof= xl/ k|;fb zdf{ != tkfO{sf] Psf3/sf] ;uf]nsL kTgL >LdtL OlGb/f v/]n ;d]tsf] k|f]k|fO{6/l;kdf sf7df8f}+sf] Go"|f]8df ldlt @)$$.&.# ut]b]lv @)%) ef› !% ut];Dd ;~rfng ePsf] 6k Og 6fpg /]i6'/fF P08 af/ / 3'DtL /]i6'/fF P08 af/sf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! tyf xf]6n s/ P]g, @)!* adf]lhd nfUg] cfos/ tyf xf]6n s/ / ;f]sf] hl/jfgf ;d]t hDdf ?= *,#(,$)&.@% k};f bflvnf gu/];Dd cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf #& -s_ df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)%).&.@$ ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ tkfO{NffO{ v. >]0fLsf] l;wf vfg kfpg] u/L y'g'jf k"h{L lbPsfn] k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt sfg"g / ;}j}wflgs xsflwsf/ ;d]taf6 jl~rt eO{ d lgj]bs u}/ sfg"gL ?kaf6 y'gfdf a:g' k/]sf]n] gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ tyf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!, !@ / !$ / gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/Lsf] cGt/{fli6«o cg'aGw ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #^ sf] v08 s, v / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#.**-@_ sf cfwf/df oyflz3| y'gfaf6 d'Qm u/L df}lns xsflwsf/sf] k|rng u/L kfpF eGg] r]tgf/fo0f v/]nsf xsdf Hof]tL jfgLofsf] ldlt @)%) / ( / !% / @ df kg{ uPsf] lgj]bg–kq . @= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s ;ft lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] o;} cbfntsf Ps GofofwLzsf] ldlt @)%) / (/ !* ut]sf] cfb]z . #= ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsNffO{ >L # g+= If]q s/ sfof{no aa/dxnsf] kqfg';f/ o; ;b/ vf]/ zfvfdf y'gfdf /fv]sf]n] jGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;b/ vf]/zfvf l8n\nLahf/af6 ldlt @)%).(.@^ ut]df k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . $= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& cGtu{t ag]sf] xf]6n s/ P]g, @)!* -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ adf]lhd s/bftfdf k|dfl0ft eO{ P]gsf] bkmf ! adf]lhd ;hfosf] eflubf/ k|i6 ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxtsf]_ bkmf #&-s_ cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt )%).&@$ ut]sf] cfb]zfg';f/ y'gfdf /flvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] l/6 vf/]h x''g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] # g+= If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)%).!).!@ ut]df k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . %= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf] ljåfg clwjQmf >L e"ld k|;fb v/]nn] d]/f] kIf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @-u_ sf] kl/efiffg';f/ s/bftf leq kb{}g ;fy} pQm P]gsf] bkmf !(, @! df bDklQ kl/jf/sf] kl/efiffg';f/ ;d]t s/bftf sfod x'g gcfPsf] / pQm 6k O{g 6fpg 96

/]i6'/]06 P08 af/ nIdL kf08], ;flns/fd v/]n / OlGb/f v/]nsf] gfdaf6 rn]sf]n] d]/f] kifNffO{ ljkIfLx?n] y'gfdf /fv]sf] ldn]g eGg] / ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf g/]G› s'df/ >]i7n] >LdtLsf] gfddf ePsf] sf/f]jf/df nfu]sf] s/ d ltg{ tof/ 5' egL s/ sfof{nodf u/]sf] jofgaf6 s/ a'emfpg] bfloTj lghdf g} lglxt ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgh ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsNffO{ u}/ sfg"gL ?kaf6 y'gfdf /fv]sf] eGg ldn]g . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg kq vf/]h of]Uo 5, eGg] k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] jx; lhls/ ;'lgof] . ^= o;df lgj]bs / ljkIfL ;d]t b'j} kIfsf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] pk/f]Qm ax;sf] ;Gbe{df ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx? / ;/sf/L jlsnaf6 k|fkt sf/jfxL kmfOn cWoog u/L lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' dgfl;j 5 5}g egL lg0f{o lbg' kg{] x'g cfPsf] 5 . &= t;y{ lgj]bsNffO{ lghsf] Psf3/ ;uf]nsL >LdtL OlGb/f v/]n ;d]tsf] k|f]k|fO{6/l;kdf sf7df8f}+df /x]sf] 6k O{g 6fpg /]i6'/fF P08 af/ / 3'DtL /]i6'/fF P08 af/sf] cfos/ tyf xf]6n s/ / hl/jfgf ;d]t ?= *,#(,$)&.@% bflvnf gu/];Dd cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-s_ adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)%)/&/@$ ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ y'gfdf /fvL y'g'jf k"h{L lbPsf] u}/ sfg"gL / xr'jf ePsf] 5 . clwsf/ If]q ljkl/t ePsf]n] c=j+= #% g+= adf]lhd ab/ x'g' k5{ . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ lgj]sNffO{ s/bftf eGg ldNb}g . t;y{M sfg"gL tyf ;+j}wflgs df}lns xsflwsf/ ljkl/tsf] sf/jfxL jb/ u/L u}/ sfg"gL y'gfaf6 d'Qm u/L df}lns xs k|rng u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]5 . *= t;y{ pk/f]Qm lgj]bg lhls/sf ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg tkm{ x]bf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @-s_ v08 -u_ adf]lhd s/bftf x'gNffO{ ;f] P]gdf jf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd cfos/ ltg{‘ kg{] st{Jo ePsf] JolQm x'g' kg{] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #&-s_ adf]lhd s'g} s/bftfn] s/ 5Ng] lgotn] cfo ljj/0f bflvn u/] kl5 jf bflvn gub{} jf s/ lgwf{/0f ePkl5 jf gx'Fb} cfkm\gf] ;DklQ jf sf/f]jf/ c? s;}NffO{ s'g} tj/n] x:tfGt/0f u/]df / lghn] bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ df n]lvPsf] Dofbleq lgw{fl/t s/ bflvn gu/]df To:tf] s/bftfNffO{ lghn] o; P]g adf]lhd bflnv ug{‘kg{] s/ bflvn gu/];Dd >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfb]zn] y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOof] . To; sf/0f lgj]bs pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhdsf] s/bftf xf] xf]Og / eP lghNffO{ y'gfdf /fVg' kg{] cj:yf 5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx? x]bf{ 6k O{g 6fpg /]i6'/fF P08 jf/sf] k|f]k|fO{6/x?df nIdL kf08], ;flns/fd v/]n tyf OlGb/f v/]n ;d]t b]lvPsf] / 3'DtL /]i6'/fF P08 jf/sf] k|f]kfO{6/df r]t gf/fo0f v/]n k|yd ;~rfns ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm /]i6'/fFx?sf] cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] /fhZj cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf / s/ sfof{nodf ;d]t ldlt @)%).&.# df aofg u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f] aofgdf lghn] 3'DtL /]i6'/fFsf] s/ a'emfpg] bfloTj lghsf] ePsf] Joxf]/f :jLsf/ u/L ;do kfPdf s/ a'emfpg] 5', egL pNn]v ub{} s/ a'emfpg 9Lnf] ePsf]df Ifdfofrgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L >LdtLsf] gfddf /]i6'/fF btf{ u/L lgj]bs :jo+n] sfd sf/jfxL u/]sf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} s/ ltg{‘ kg{] bfloTj :jLsf/ u/]kl5 klg lghn] s/ a'emfPsf] b]lvFb}g . s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zx?af6 lghn] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq s/ ga'emfPsf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} pQm /]i6'/fFsf] cfos/ ;DaGwL kmfOnaf6 ;f] /]i6'/fFsf] sf/f]jf/ s/ clws[taf6 /f]Ssf /fv]sf] d'r'Nsf b]lvg'sf ;fy} 6+s e§/fO{NffO{ /]i6'/fF ljqmL eO;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvg cfof] . (= ctM lgj]bssf] s/ sfof{nodf ePsf] jofg / cfos/ ;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf] sfuhftaf6 ;d]t lgj]bs 3'DtL /]i6'/fFsf] k|yd ;~rfns eO{ s/ ltg{‘ kg{] bfloTj ePsf P]g adf]lhdsf s/bftf x'g'sf ;fy} s/ glt/L lanDa u/]sf]df Ifdfofrgf dfyL bfloTj :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . laaflbt /]i6'/fFdf cfkm\gf] xs x:tfGt/0f ;d]t u/]sf]af6 lghn] s/ ltg{‘kg{] bfloTj k"/f gub{] cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ cGo JolQmNffO{ k|bfg u/L ;s]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 lgj]bs ;kmf xft lnP/ o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvPg . t;y{ pk/f]Qm tYox?sf] cfwf/df lgj]bsn] @)$$ ;fn b]lv @)%) ;fn;Ddsf] cfos/ bflvnf gub{} cfos/ bflvnf ug{‘kg{] sf/f]jf/ ;d]t c?NffO{ lbPsf] ;Gbe{df sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf k/]sf]NffO{ cglws[t sf/jfxL eGg ldn]g . To; sf/0f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ ldl;n lgod adf]lhd a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 . Gof= hf]u]G› k|;fb >Ljf:tj Olt ;Djt @)%) ;fn df3 @& ut] /f]h $ z'ed====== .

97

efu M#*, ;fnM@)%#, dlxgf Mc;f/, c+s M#, km};nf ldlt M@)%#.!.@*.^, lg0f{o g+=^!^& ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/ZrG› k|;fb pkfWofo ;Djt\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #^^( ljifoM pTk|]if0f . lgj]bsM lhNnf df]/Ë, lj/f6gu/ ^ w/fg /f]8 l:yt u0fklt Knfli6s O08li6«hsf] k|f]k|fO{6/ >LdtL ljdnf b]jL cu|jfn . lj?4 ljkIfL M >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefu . dxflgb]{zs, pBf]u ljefu, ;+of]hs Psåf/ ;ldlt, pBf]u ljefu sf7df8f}+ . · lgj]bssf] pBf]u cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd btf{ e} @)$%.#.^ b]lv pTkfbg ePsf] / pTkfbgd'ns ;fgf] pBf]u ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !) sf] v08 -s_ sf] -@_ -s_ df @) b]lv %) k|ltzt;Dd d'No clej[l4 ug]{ pBf]unfO{ kfFr aif{ ;Dd ztk|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 lbg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf adf]lhd pBf]usf] pTkfbg vr{sf] lx;fj ;d]t b]vfO{ cfos/ 5'6sf] nflu sf/jfxL rnfPsf]df k'gM d'No clej[l4 u0fgf ubf{ ;fljs em} !!=(^ k|ltzt dfq d"No clej[l4 u0fgf ePsf] x'Fbf cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] gb]lvPsf] Joxf]/f @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;'rgf ul/G5 eGg] pBf]u ljefusf] @)%).!!.( sf] kqdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ k|ToyL{ pBf]u ljefun] lgj]bsn] b]vfPsf] snsQfdf Sn]/Lª Ph]G6nfO{ lt/]sf] /sd lk|ck/]zg nfutdf b]vfPsf] /sd / ljb]zaf6 cfofltt sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf b]vfPsf] /sd d'No clej[l4sf] k|ltzt sfod ubf{ 3l6 c+sdf u0fgf u/]sf] s'g} sf/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] ;d]t b]lvPg . ;fy} lgh lgj]bsn] d'No clej[l4sf] k|ltzt sfod ug]{ l;nl;nfdf pNn]v u/]sf] cGo vr{ h:t} eG;f/ s/ b:t'/ ;DaGwdf klg ;f] u0fgf ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] pQm lg0f{odf gaf]lnPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] l/t k'of{/O{ eP ul/Psf] gb]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . sfg"g adf]lhdsf cfwf/o'Qm lg0f{o ug{' egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/Lx'g] . lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf]l8of ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L ;Togf/fo0f k|hfklt cjnlDat ghL/ M × cfb]z Gof= s]bf/gfy pkfWofo M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5M– @= pBf]u ljefuaf6 lgj]bsn] @)$$.#.!@ df kf]nL k|f]klng l;6\; Jofu pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] Ohfht k|fKt u/L @)$%.#.^ b]lv pTkfbg z'? ePsf] pBf]u xf] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] nflu @)$^.$.@& b]lv k6s k6s lgj]bg u/]sf]df s'g} hfgsf/L gkfPsf]n] ;Dks{ /fVbf d'No clej[l4 @) k|ltzt gk'usf] cfos/ 5'6 gkfpg] Joxf]/f @)$&.!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;'rgf ul/Psf] eGg] hfgsf/L ePsf]n] To;df lrQ ga'emL l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf]df @)$&.!.^ sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ P]g lgod adf]lhd ug{‘ eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t ldlt @)%).@.@) df ePsf]df k'gM d"No clej[l4 u0fgf ePsf] x'Fbf cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;d]t gb]lvPsf] Joxf]/f @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ;"rgf ul/G5 eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf]n] @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{osf] gSsn lbg gldNg] egL hjfkm lbPsf]n] k'gM of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . #= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf @-em_ df d"No clej[l4sf] kl/efiff ul/Psf]n] lgj]bssf] pBf]un] ljb]zaf6 k}7f/L u/]sf] sf]/f dfnsf] nfut lgsfNbf NofPsf] d"No e'QmfgL /sd, ;f] dfndf nfu]sf] eG;f/ dx;'n lalqm s/ :yfgLo s/, cfot Ohfht kq b:t'/ / lk|ldod /sd tyf ;f] dfnsf] k|lttkq vftfdf a}+sn] lnPsf] Aofh ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{‘ kg]{df ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ug]{ sn'lift p2]Zon] k|ToyL{ g+= ! n] d"No clej[l4sf] unt cy{ u/L ;a} vr{nfO{ ?= @#()(.&( ;dfj]z gu/L cf+lzs /sd @#().&( dfq pNn]v u/L d"No clej[l4 ul/Psf] u0fgf u}/ sfg"gL 5 . o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o e} ;s]kl5 klg ;fljs em} !!=(^ k|ltzt dfq d"No clej[l4 u0fgf ePsf] egL @)%).!!.^ df 98

$= %=

^=

&=

*=

u/]sf] lg0f{o ;f] cfwf/df k7fPsf] kq ;d]t u}/ sfg"gL tyf k'jf{u|xL ePsf]n] ab/ efuL 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* df @)$$.&.! df bf]>f] ;+zf]wgaf6 bkmf !)-@_ adf]lhd klg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !)-s_-@_-s_ cg';f/ ;+rfng ldlt @)$%.#.^ b]lv o; pBf]un] % aif{sf] zt k|ltzt cfos/sf] 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg] s'/f pQm ;+zf]lwt bkmf !)-@_ sf] cjnf]sgaf6 k|i6 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( ldlt @)$(.&.@& b]lv g} nfu" e} ;f] P]gsf] bkmf #) n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* nfO{ vf/]h u/L ;s]sf] / ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !& df Psåf/ ;ldltsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf eP klg ;f]xL bkmf !&-!_ adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfpg] ge} cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd g} cfos/sf] 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg] ePsf]n] lgj]bssf] o; pBf]usf] xsdf k|ToyL{ g+= @ nfO{ g} s'g} clwsf/ gePsf]n] k|ToyL{ g+= @ sf] ;xof]uaf6 k|ToyL{ g+= ! n] u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/ sfg"gL e} ab/ efuL 5 . k|ToyL{n] u/]sf] pQm lg0f{o ;]s/]6 ge} lgj]bssf] pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] To;sf] gSsn ;d]t glbPsf]n] lgj]bsnfO{ To;sf] gSsn lbg' eGg] cfb]z ;d]t u/L kfpF . ctM ldlt @)%).!.!^ sf] lg0f{o tyf kqaf6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* Pj+ @)%).@.@) sf] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] cfb]z ;d]taf6 k|fKt xssf] cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ xs ;d]t s'l07t tyf cj/f]w x'g uPsf]n] @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{o / ;f] cfwf/df n]v]sf] @)%).!!.( sf] kq pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bssf] pBf]unfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6sf] nflu s/ ljefu tyf ;DalGwt s/ sfof{nodf ;d]t l;kmfl/; k7fpg' egL k|ToyL{ g+= ! sf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg /x]5 . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < k|ToyL{af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfO{ ;s]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 @)%!.$.!! df ePsf] cfb]z . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg k'j{_ cg';f/ d"No clej[l4 u0fgfsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df dfq cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] jf g;Sg] lg0f{o ug{‘ kg]{ x'G5 . d"No clej[l4sf] k|ltzt @) jf ;f] eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-@_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] x'Fbf ;f] eGbf sd d"No clej[l4 k|ltzt ePsf]df dfu adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf gkfpg] x'G5 . ctM o; ljefuaf6 ljkIfLsf] s'g} xs xgg gePaf6 l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg Go"gtd @) k|ltzt d"No clej[l4 x'g' kg]{ / k|:t't pBf]usf] d"No clej[l4 !!=(^ ePsf] sf/0fn] cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] bfo/f leq kg]{ b]lvFb}g . ctM cfos/sf] ;'ljwf glbg] u/L pBf]u ljefuaf6 u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} b]lvFbf l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] Psåf/ ;ldlt pBf]u ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}l8ofn] lgj]bssf] pBf]u pTkfbgd'ns ;fgf] pBf]u ePsf] To:tf] pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd % aif{ ;Dd zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]df d"No clej[l4 u0fgf ubf{ ;fljs em} !!=(^ k|ltzt dfq d"No clej[l4 u0fgf ePsf] x'Fbf cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg gug]{ u/L u/]sf @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{o cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] ljk/Lt x'Fbf pQm lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] / k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L ;Togf/fo0f k|hfkltn] lgj]bssf] pBf]u @) k|ltzt eGbf sd d'No clej[l4 ePsf] pBf]u ePsf]n] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf glbg] u/]sf] pBf]u ljefusf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] 5 . o;df dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] xf]Og egL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf] pBf]u cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd btf{ e} @)$%.#.^ b]lv pTkfbg ePsf] / pTkfbgd'ns ;fgf] pBf]u ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !) sf] v08 s sf] @-s_ df @) b]lv %) k|ltzt;Dd d"No clej[l4 ug]{ pBf]unfO{ kfFr aif{;Dd zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 lbO{g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf adf]lhd pBf]usf] pTkfbg vr{sf] lx;fj ;d]t b]vfO{ cfos/ 5'6sf] nflu sf/jfxL rnfPsf]df k'gM d"No clej[l4 u0fgf ubf{ ;fljs em} !!=(^ k|ltzt dfq d"No clej[4L u0fgf ePsf] x'Fbf cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] gb]lvPsf] Joxf]/f @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;"rgf ul/G5 eGg] pBf]u ljefusf] @)%).!!.( sf] kqdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ k|ToyL{ pBf]u ljefun] lgj]bsn] b]vfPsf] snsQfdf Sn]l/ª Ph]06nfO{ lt/]sf] /sd, lk|ck/]zg nfutdf b]vfPsf] /sd / ljb]zaf6 cfofltt sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf b]vfPsf] /sd d"No clej[l4sf] k|ltzt sfod ubf{ 36L c+sdf u0fgf u/]sf] s'g} sf/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] ;d]t b]lvFb}g . ;fy} lgh lgj]bsn] d"No clej[l4sf] k|ltzt sfod ug]{ l;nl;nfdf pNn]v u/]sf] cGo vr{ h:t} eG;f/ s/ b:t'/ ;DaGwdf klg ;f] u0fgf ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] pQm lg0f{odf gaf]lnPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)%).!!.^ sf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] l/t k'of{@O{ eP ul/Psf] gb]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . sfg"g adf]lhdsf] cfwf/o'Qm lg0f{o ug{‘ egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . hfgsf/Lsf] lgldQ cfb]zsf] 99

k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k7fO{ ldl;n lgod adf]lhd a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof= xl/ZrG› k|;fb pkfWofo Olt ;Djt @)%# j}zfv @* ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\============= .

100

efu M $&, ;fnM @)^@, dlxgfM sflt{s, cÍ &, k}m;nf ldlt M @)^!.(.@#.^, lg0f{o g+=&%^@ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fn dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{ @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ––––––– #!*! ljifo M– pTk|]if0f ;d]t . lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= !! jj/dxn kFlhs[t sfof{no ePsf] u0fklt /f]lhg P08 6k{]G6fO{g O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] clwsf/k|fKt cWoIf ljZjgfy kf]2f/ lj?å ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ @ g+= If]q cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ;d]t · cfos/sf] ;DjGwdf cfslif{t x'g] d"n P]gn] g} s'g} pBf]usf] cfos/ gnfUg] s'/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf pNn]v 5 eg] To:tf]df cfos/ gnfUg] . · % jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 sDkgL xf] eGg]df ljjfb gePsf] cj:yfdf s/ nfUg] sDkgL / cfos/ 5'6 /x]sf] sDkgLsf] xsdf ;d]t cfly{s P]gdf plNnlvt sDkgLn] d'gfkmfaf6 cfos/ glt/L nfefFz jf d'gfkmfsf] lx:;f ljt/0f ubf{ !) k|ltzt nfefFz s/ s§L u/L bflvn ug{kg{] eGg] s'/f cfslif{t x'g] egL dfGg] xf] eg] cfos/ nfUg] / gnfUg] sDkgL jLr s'g} lje]b g/xg] . · cfos/ 5'6 k|fKt pBf]un] jf8\g] d'gfkmfsf] lx:;fdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kn] s/ nufpg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=(_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M lj4fg clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf; ljkIfL tkm{af6M lj4fg pkGofoflwjQmf >L Clifs]z jfUn] cjnlDjt ghL/M cfb]z Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#, **-@_ cGtu{t k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M– @= >L % sf] ;/sf/ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf ldlt @)%#.#.@% sf lbg k|f=ln=sDkgLsf] ?kdf / ldlt @)%#.$.! sf lbg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefudf pBf]u btf{ eO{ o; sDkgLn] ldlt @)%#.&.@& b]lv cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] lyof] . >L % sf] ;/sf/ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)%$.!).* sf] kqåf/f P]gsf] bkmf !% -v_ cGtu{t cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] ldlt @)%#.&.@& b]lv % jif{sf nflu ;t k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfPsf] lyof] . cf=j= @)%%.%^ sf] :joF s/ lgwf{/0f kmf/d k|=g+= ! ;dIf bflvn ubf{ cfos/ 5'6 cjlw ePsf]n] sDkgLsf] z]o/jfnfx?NffO{ ?=$,%),))). nfefF; ljt/0f ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;+nUg ePsf]df k|=g+= ! n] ;f] /sddf !) k|ltzt nfefF; s/ bflvn ug{ lgldQ lgb{]zg lbPsf] x'gfn] ldlt @)%^.!@.!% df ef}.g+= $%%!&& åf/f ?= $%,))). bflvn ul/Pklg cfos/ 5'6 cjlwdf nfefFz s/ gnfUg] x'gfn] ;f] lkmtf{ kfpg lgldQ k|=g+= ! ;dIf ldlt @)%&.&.@* / ldlt @)%&.!@.@ df lgj]bg r9fPsf]df P] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%*.!.^ sf] kqåf/f lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] egL hfgsf/L u/fO{of] . ;f] sfg"g ljkl/t s/ lbg jfWo t'n\ofOPsf] x'gfn] k|=g+= ! sf] P] kq / tT;DjGwL lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] ;f]NffO{ c=j+= !& g+= cGtu{t jb/ u/L P] /sd lbNffO{ kfpF egL k|=g+= % ;dIf lgj]bg r9fpFbf k|=g+= ! ;+u s}lkmot tnj u/L ldlt @)%*.^.@%.% sf lbg sfg"g adf]lhd ug{‘ egL cfb]z eof] . lgj]bs pBf]un] ldlt @)%#.&.@& b]lv cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf]n] ldlt @)%*.&.@^ ;ddsf nflu cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfPsf] x'gfn] cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] plNnlvt bkmf $^ o; cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|fKt pBf]usf] xsdf cfslif{t g} gx'g] x'Fbf cfos/ ltg{‘ kg{] bfloTj ePsf] pBf]usf] lgldQ jgfOPsf] plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfNffO{ cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|fKt pBf]usf] xsdf nfu' u/L sfg"gn] s/ ltg{‘ g} gkg{] pBf]u / ;f] sf] nufgLst{faf6 sfg"g ljkl/t nfefFz s/ bflvn u/fOPsf] sfo{, cfb]z / tT;DjGwL lg0f{o tyf kq ;d]t jb/ efuL 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] lzif{sdf cfos/, ljlqms/, cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/ ;DjGwL sfg"g x? Pj+ cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg pBf]un] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot kfpg] egL tTsfn nfu' /x]sf] bkmf !% sf] b]xfo -0f_ df pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfefFzdf cfos/ nfUg] 5}g egL Joj:yf u/]sf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ df cf}=Jo=;DjGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf k"0f{ jf cfFlzs ?kn] 101

#=

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

cfos/ gnfUg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] pBf]ux?NffO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd cf}Bf]lus cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . P]gsf] tTsfn nfu' /x]sf] bkmf !%-v_ / -0f_ cGtu{t o; cf=j=df cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|fKt eO{ /x]sf] / ;f] 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] k|ltkmn pBf]uL ;d]t ;Dd k'Ug] s'/f zf:jt ;To /x]sf]n] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] k|ltkmn pBf]uLn] gkfpg] xf] eg] 5'6sf] s'g} cy{ g} g/xg] x'gfn] ljkIfLsf sfo{ sfg"gsf] dg;fo ljkl/t ePsf] lg0f{o cfb]z, kqfrf/;d]t jb/ ul/kfpF eGg] lgj]bg . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6f]sf] Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq ;DjlGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx?NffO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] jf]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]tsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.!).!@ sf] sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z . ljkIfLn] z'? cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no If]q g+= ! sf7df8f}+NffO{ ljkIfL jgfO{ o; GofofwLs/0fdf c=j+= !& g+= cGtu{tsf] lgj]bg r9fPsf]df o; GofofwLs/0faf6 s}lkmot k|ltj]bg dfu u/L cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] s}lkmot k|ltj]bg o; GofofwLs/0fsf] Ohnfz ;dIf k]z x'Fbf cfkm\gf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ubf{ To;/L clu|d nfefF; s/ bfv]n u/]sf] /sdNffO{ lt'g{ kg{] /sdaf6 s§L ug{ kfpg] g} ePsf] eGg] s}lkmot k|ltj]bgsf] Joxf]/f b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't lgj]bgdf s]xL jf]nL /xg' k/]g sfg"g adf]lhd ug{‘ eGg] z'? sfof{nosf] gfddf ldlt @)%*.^.@% df ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g cg'?k g} ePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsn] o; GofofwLs/0fNffO{ ;d]t ljkIfL jgfO{ ;Ddflgt cbfntdf r9fPsf] lgj]bg lg/y{s x'Fbf v/f]h u/L kfpFg ;gd| cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] ;d]tsf] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+sf] lnlvt hjfkm . cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf qmdzM $& n] ;fem]bf/L kmd{, sDkgL jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] d"gfkmfaf6 cfos/ glt/L nfefF; jf d"gfkmfsf] lx:;f ljt/0f ubf{, vr{ n]Vbf jf 5'§ofpFbf o:tf] nfefF; jf d'gfkmfsf] lx:;fsf] !) k|ltzt b/n] nfefFz s/ s§L s/ sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{‘ kg{] 5 . nfefF; jf d"gfkmsf] lx:;f k|fKt ug{] JolQmn] o:tf] cfo ;d]t b]vfO{ cfkm\gf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ubf{ To;/L clu|d nfefF; s/ bflvnf u/]sf] /sdNffO{ ltg{‘ kg{] s/af6 s§L ug{ kfpg] 5 eGg] ePaf6 lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] ;"rgf u/]sf] . l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no If]q g+= ! sf] lnlvt hjfkm . cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL ^ df sDkgLn] d'gfkmfaf6 nfefFz jf d'gfkmfsf] lx:;f ljt/0f ubf{, vr{ n]Vbf jf 5'§ofpFbf o:tf] nfefFz jf d'gfkmfsf] !) k|ltzt nfefFz s/ s§L u/L bflvnf ug{‘ kg{] tTsflng sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljkIfL u0fklt /f]lhg P08 6k{]G6fO{g O08li6«h k|f=ln= cfkm}n] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L bflvnf u/]sf] ljj/0f cg';f/sf] !) k|ltzt nfefFz s/ ;DjlGwt s/ sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]sf] /sd kl5 cfP/ lkmtf{ kfpF egL s/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' / cfly{s P]g cg';f/ ltg{‘, j'emfpg' kg{] cfos/ jfktsf] /fhZj /sd lkmtf{ kfpF egL ljkIfLn] l/6 lgj]bg lbg' sfg"g ;Ddt bfjL b]lvFb}g . ctM o:tf] lg/y{s bfjLsf] cfwf/df lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h of]Uo 5, vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] tf]ls lbPsf] ;'ljwfNffO{ k|bfg ug{ ;f]xL P]gdf Pp6f 5'§} lsl;dsf] Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] / ;f]xL ;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df ;DjlGwt lgsfox?n] sfo{fGjog ug{ Joj:yf P]gåf/f /xL cfPsf] t/ lgj]bs pBf]un] bfjL u/]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-0f_ adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwfsf] xsdf lgj]bs o; ljefu tyf Ps4f/ ;ldltdf o; k"j{ k|j]z u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / cfly{s P]g tyf tyf cfos/ P]g adf]lhd c;'n ug{] s/x?sf] ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt lgsfox?g} clwsf/ ;DkGg ePsf] b]lvFbf lgj]bs pBf]u pQm bkmf adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf dfu u/L o; ljefu tyf Ps4f/ ;ldlt ;dIf pkl:yt gePsf]n] lgj]bsn] o; ljefu tyf ;ldltNffO{ ljkIfL jgfpg'sf] s'g} cy{ g} g/xg] ePsf] b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; eGg] ;d]tsf] pBf]u ljefusf] tyf P] sf Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] leGbfleGb} t/ Ps}ldnfgsf] lnlvthjfkm lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg;+u ;DjlGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog ul/ lgj]bsx?sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;n] @)%#.$.! df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf btf{ ePsf] lgj]bs sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-v_ adf]lhd % jif{ ;Dd cfos/ 5'6 ;"ljwf kfpg]df sDkgLn] ;f] cjlw leqsf] cfly{s jif{df u/]sf] d'gfkmfsf] lx:;faf6 ljt/0f x'g] nfefFzdf ;d]t s/ nfUg ;Sb}g ;f] df ;d]t s/ nufpg] u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;d]t jb/ u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] / ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg pkGofoflwjQmf >L Clifs]z jfUn]n] cfly{s P]gn] sDkgLn] d'gfkmfaf6 cfos/ glt/L nfefFz jf d'gfkmfsf] lx:;f ljt/0f ubf{ s/ s§L ug{‘ kg{] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ljkl/t nfefFzsf] s/;Dd bflvn ug{ nufPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]tsf] jx; ug{‘ eof] . k|:t't l/6 hf/L x'g ;S5 , ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lbg' kg{] b]lvg cfof] . 102

(= l g0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ sfg"g cg';f/ sDkgL :yfkgf ePsf] % jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] pBf]un] cf=j= @)%%.%^ sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf bflvn u/]sf] ljj/0fdf z]o/jfNffnfO{ ?=$%),))). ljt/0f u/]sf] b]vfPsf]df ;f] /sddf ;d]t !) k|ltzt nfefF; s/ nfUg] egL lgb{]zg lbPaf6 ?=$%,))). bflvn u/] klg ;f] sf] lj?4 ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ;dIf ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg u/]sf]df lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] hfgsf/L lbO{of] / c=j+= !& g+= cg';f/ /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7d8f}+df lgj]bg ubf{ ;d]t P] sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ ePsf]n] ljkIfLx?sf] ;f] lg0f{ox? ;d]t jb/ ug{ u/fpg k|:t't lgj]bg k/]sf] kfO{of] . cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $& n] nfefFzdf !) k|ltzt s/ nfUg] u/]sf] /sd Ps k6s sDkgL :jo+n] j'emfO{ ;]ssf]df lkmtf{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bkmf !% -v_ / -0f_ cg';f/ klg ;f] s/ j'emfpg kg{] xf]Og eGg] ;d]tsf] lgj]bg Joxf]/f kfO{G5 . lgj]bsn] bflvn u/]sf] pQm nfefFz jfktsf] s/ ljkIfLx?n] bflvn u/fpg ;Sg] xf], xf]O{g cy{ft lgj]bs sDkgLn] bflvn u/L ;s]sf] ;f] s/ /sd lkmtf{ kfpg kg{] xf], xf]Og eGg] ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ug{‘ kg{] b]lvof] . lgj]bs sDkgLn] @)%#.&.@& b]lv pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] tTsfn k|rlnt bkmf !%-v_ cg';f/ o:tf pBf]un] % jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o:tf] sfg"gg cfos/ 5'6 kfO{ /fv]sf] sDkgLn] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfefFzdf s/ nfUg] xf], xf]O{g eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ug{‘ kg{] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] cf=j= @)%%.%^ sf] cfo ;DjGwdf tTsfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf k|fjwfgx? nfu' x'g]df s'g} ljjfb 5}g . sDkgL jf pBf]usf] xsdf ;d]t cfos/sf] ;DjGwdf nfu' x'g] of] P]g d"n P]g xf] / o; P]gdf plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj: yfsf] lj?4 cfos/ nufpg jf gnufpg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@ n] cfos/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf u/L P] sf] $@-@_ n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo;DjGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf k"0f{ jf cfFlzs ?kn] cfos/ gnfUg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] pBf]ux?NffO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd cf}Bf]lus cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf cfos/sf] ;DjGwdf cfslif{t x'g] d"n cy{ft P]gn] g} s'g} pBf]usf] cfos/ gnfUg] s'/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf pNn]v 5 eg] To:tf]df cfos/ nfUb}g eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf plNnlvt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] tTsfn k|rlnt bkmf !%-v_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfO{ /x]sf] pBf]u jf sDkgLsf] cfodf s/sf] bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . hxf+;Dd cfly{s P]g, @)%^ cg';f/ d'gfkmfsf] lx:;fdf dfq s/ nufPsf] xf] eGg] ljkIfLx?sf] egfO{ 5 ;f] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs sDkgL % jif{ ;Dd cfos/ 5'6 sDkgL xf] eGg]df ljjfb gePsf] cj:yfdf s/ nfUg] sDkgL / cfos/ 5'6 /x]sf] sDkgLsf] xsdf ;d]t cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $^ df plNnlvt sDkgLn] d'gfkmfaf6 cfos/ glt/L nfefFz jf d'gfkmfsf] lx:;f ljt/0f ubf{ To;sf] !) k|ltzt nfefFz s/ s§L u/L bflvn ug{ kg{] eGg] s'/f cfslif{t x'g] xf] egL dfGg] xf] eg] cfos/ nfUg] / gnfUg] sDkgL jLr s'g} lje]b /xg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] tTsfn k|rlnt bkmf !% n] cfos/ ljlqms/, cGtz'Ns eG;f/ ;DjGwL sfg"gx? Pj+ cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg pBf]un] b]xfo adf]lhd ;"ljwf tyf ;x'lnot kfpg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L dfly pNn]v u/] cg';f/ P] !% -v_ cg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgLNffO{ % jif{ cfos/ 5'6 ePsf] P] P] sf] tTsfn k|rlnt bkmf !%-0f_ n] pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfefFzdf cfos/ nfUg] 5}g eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf x'Fbf cfos/ 5'6k|fKt pBf]un] jf8g] d'gfkmfsf] lx:;fdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kn] s/ nufpg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . o:tf] 5'6 k|fKt pBf]un] u/]sf] cfoaf6 ljt/0f ug{] d'gfkmfsf] lx:;fdf s/ nufpg gldNg] egL ;Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/= g+= @#*) df pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfefFzdf s/ gnfUg] u/L lg0f{o eO{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L e} /x]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;d]t cGoyf ug{kg{] b]lvPg . !)= ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/, sf/0f ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf o; cbfntsf] k"j{ lg0f{o ;d]tNffO{ b[li6ut ubf{ lgj]bg bfjL cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 cjlwsf] cfoaf6 k|fKt nfefF;df s/ gnfUg] x'Fbf ;f]df ;d]t s/ nufpg] u/]sf] ljkIfL @ g+= If]q, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ;d]tsf cfb]zx? jb/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . cj lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd ;f] nfefFz jfkt bflvn u/fpg nufPsf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg' egL ljkIfL @ g+= If]q, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] gfddf of] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5'+ . Gof=e}/jk|;fb nD;fn Olt ;Djt @)^! ;fn kf}if @# ut] /f]h ^ /f]h z'ed=========.

103

;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj cfb]zM ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=)$&* km};nf ldltM @)^^.$.#@ d'2f M k"jf{b]zsf] lg0f{o jb/ u/L kfp+ . sf7df08f} lhNnf sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=# nflhDkf6 l:yt Pe/]i6 a}s k'g/fj]bs lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 P] sf] clwsf/ k|fKt ;xfos dxfk|jGws P] j:g] x'dgfy u'?Ë=====! k|ltjfbL lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu,nflhDkf6=========================================================! ljkIfL P]=df dxflgb]{zs===============================================================================! jfbL Z'f? lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/L M dxflgb]{zs, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+df km};nf ug]{ M dfggLo cWoIf >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo /fh:j ;b:o >L ljgf]b s'df/ pkfWofo /fh:j ;b:o >L lzjx/L pkfWofo /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf * cg';f/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+sf] ldlt @)^@.#.@! sf] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg k/L cg'dlt k|bfg e} k]z x'g cPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5 M Pe/]i6 a}s ln=n] k"jf{b]zsf nflu cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df s'g} hfgsf/L k|fKt gePsf]n] k"jf{b]zsf nflu cg'/f]w eGb} ldlt @)^).!.!& df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, dxflgb]{zsdf lgj]bg lbPsf] /x]5 . ;f] lgj]bg k"jf{b]z ;ldltsf] a}7sdf /fVg' kg]{ ePsf]n] ;f] a}7ssf] ldlt to ug]{ ;DjGwdf ldlt @)^).$.@^ df cf=/f= ljefuaf6 l6Kk0fL p7L P]=$.@( df ;b/ ePsf] /x]5 . lk|km/]G; z]o/ xf]N8/nfO{ ( k|ltztsf b/n] lbg'kg]{ nfef+z ePsf]n] j}saf6 ljt/0f x'g] o:tf] nfefz+nfO{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ dfGg gldNg] o:tf] Joj;flos vr{ 5'6 lbg gldNg] eGg] ;d]tsf] l6Kk0fL ldlt @)^).%.#) df p7L @)^).^.!$ df ;b/ ePsf] k"jf{b]zsf] lg0f{o /x]5 . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] u/]sf] k"jf{b]zsf] lg0f{o ;d]t jb/ u/L lk|km/]G; z]o/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|To]s jif{ 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ ( k|ltzt k|ltkmnsf] /sdnfO{ k'g/fj]bssf] Joj;foLs vr{sf] ?kdf v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ s6\6L ug{ kfpg] lg0f{o u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfp+ eGg] ;d]tsf] ldlt @)^).!!.! sf] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ . z]o/sf] ( k|ltzt /sd gfkmf jf 3f6f h] eP klg a'emfpg'kg]{ eO{ z'? d} ;f] vr{ x'g] /sd ldGxf kfpg kg]{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ ePsf]df ;f] /sd Joj;flos vr{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ljifodf ljrf/0fLo eO{ dxflgb]{zs cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] k"jf{b]z km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'+bf c=j=@)@ g+=cg'?k ;/sf/L jlsn cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefunfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbg'eGg] ldlt @)^!.^.! /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] cfb]z . Preference share egL hf/L ePsf] Instrument z]o/ xf] jf Debenture xf] egL olsg ug{ Preference share s] xf] / Debenture s] xf] eGg] s'/f hf/L ePsf] Instrument ;+u t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f u/L x]g'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . sDkgLdf gfkmf jf 3f6f h] ePklg aflif{s lglZrt /sd nfefG; kfpg] cu|flwsf/ z]o/sf] l:ytL / Debenture sf] xsdf klg sDkgL gfkmf jf 3f6f h]df ePklg lglZrt Jofh jflif{s ?kdf kfpg] l:ylt ;;{lt{ x]bf{ p:t} p:t} b]lvG5g . k'g/fj]bsn] ( k|ltzt Jofh nfefz+ lbg] u/L Irredeemable preferential share hf/L ug{ :jLs[lt dfu]sf]df ( k|ltzt nfefz+ ljt/0f ug]{ u/L Face Value !% s/f]8 j/fj/sf] Irredeemable preferential share hf/L ug{ :jLs[tL k|bfg u/]sf] / ;f] :jLs[lt k|bfg ubf{ Go"gtd k"+hL ?=%) s/f]8 gk'u];Dd Redeem ug{ gkfOg] hf/L ePsf] z]o/ x¿nfO{ g]kfn lwtf]kq ljlgdo jhf/ df ;"lrs[t ug'{kg]{ egL b'O{j6f zt{x? /fv]sf] tYo /fi6« a}Fssf] ldlt @)%*.*.!* sf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bsn] Preference share nfO{ l8j]Gr/ eGbf ( k|ltzt Jofh kfpg] lhls/ lnPsf] ljrf/ ubf{ 104

Jofh nfef+; b'j} pNn]v u/L k'g/fj]bsn] :jLs[lt dfu u/]sf] nfefz+ dfqdf :jLs[lt /fi6« a}Fsaf6 kfPsf] tYo pQm kqsf] bf]>f] k|s/0faf6 b]lvg cfof] . t/ Jofh egL ( k|ltzt a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg] k'g/fj]bs lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g g;sL ( k|ltzt nfefz+ a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg] tYo /x]sf] egL dfGg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . pQm zt{x¿sf] cnfjf kqsf] k|lt k|s/0fsf] bf]>f] clGtd / clGtd x/kmdf j}ssf] k"+hL ? %) s/f]8 gk'u];Dd nfefz+ 3f]if0ff ug{ / ljt/0f ug{ gkfOg] Joxf]/f /fv]sf] kfOof] . sDkgLsf] ljj/0fkq k|sflzt ubf{ klg sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @! sf] -6_ / -7_ n] l8j]Gr/sf] nflu / -d_ n] cu|flwsf/ z]o/sf] nflu vf]Ng' kg]{ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} s'/fx¿ pnn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/ l8j]Gr/ / cu|flwsf/ z]o/ lgsfNg] k|s[of / sDkgLsf b:tfj]hx¿df pNn]v x'g] :yfgx¿ g} km/s km/s 5g . k'g/fj]bsn] cu|flwsf/ z]o/ hf/L ug'{sf] p2]Zo jf sf/0f s] lyof] egL x]bf{ sDkgLsf] Go"gtd k"+hL ?= %) s/f]8 k'/\ ofpg' kg]{ lyof] eGg] tYo k'g/fj]bsn] cfk\mgf] k'g/fj]bgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ jgfO{ k]z u/]sf] g]kfn /fi6« a}Fsn] k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)%*.*.!* df n]v]sf] kqsf] 5f+ofk|ltaf6 b]lvG5 . sDkgLnfO{ k'Flhsf] h?/t kbf{ z]o/ hf/L u/L jf Debenture hf/L u/L k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . sDkgLn] cfk\mgf] cj:yf x]/L s] hf/L ug]{ eGg] /0fgLlt lng kg]{ x'G5 / tbg'?k k'g/fj]bsn] Irredeemable Preferential Share hf/L ug]{ :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fwf/0f z]o/x¿sf] nfef+; sDkgL gfkmfdf uPsf] cj:yfdf dfq z]o/ wgLx¿n] k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g . t/ sDkgLsf] k"+hL j9fpg Preferential Share hf/L ug]{ lgotn] o; k|sf/ Jofh e'QmfgL lbg] gegL nfef+; e'QmfgL lbg] egL hf/L ePsf] Preferential Share Cumulative ePsf]n] d'gfkmfaf6 g} e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] / l8j]Gr/ hf/L x'g] sfg"gL k|lqmof cg'?k gePsf] s]jn ( k|ltzt jflif{s kfpg] eGg] cfwf/ dfq Preferential Share sf] b:tfj]hnfO{ Debenture eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . ljjfbsf] Instrument nfO{ Debenture eGg gldnL Preferential z]o/ egL dfGg' kg]{ ePsf] / z]o/jfnf sDkgLs} ;b:o x'g] / nfefz+ nfe ePdf kfpg] cu|flwsf/ lbO+bf sDkgL gfkmf 3f6fdf h] eP klg ( k|ltzt /sd kfpg] elgPsf]n] kfpg] /sd gfkmf gf]S;fg;+u lg/]k]If eP klg lglZrt /sd nfefz+ Cumulative x'g] ePsf]n] 3f6fdf /x+bfsf] cj:yfsf] ;d]t nfefz+ klg kl5 sDkgL gfkmfdf uPsf] jvt jf gfkmfdf geP klg sDkgL Liquidation uPsf] cj:yfdf ;DklQ jfF8kmfF8 x'+bf k|fKt ug]{ x+'bf Preferential Share sf] nfef+ZfnfO{ gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] lx;fjdf vr{ s6\6f ug]{ kFlQm leq Above the line /fvL vr{ s6\6f ug{ ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ nfef+zsf] /sdnfO{ C0fsf] Jofh ;/x dfgL vr{ s6\6f ug{ glbg] u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^).^.!$ df ePsf] k"jf{b]z ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j GofofwLs/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^@.#.@! sf] km};nf . ;fwf/0f z]o/jfnfx¿nfO{ gfkmf sdfPsf] cj:yfdf cfos/sf] /sd 56\ofO{ afFsL /x]sf] ljt/0fof]Uo d'gfkmf ePdf ;f]xL d'gfkmfsf] cfwf/df ;+rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b//]6df gj9\g] u/L ;fwf/0f ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] b//]6 cg';f/ nfef+z ljt/0f x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf] ljt/0f x'g] nfefz+nfO{ Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6f ug{ gkfpg' :jefljs xf] . ;fwf/0f z]o/jfnfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f x'g] To:tf] nfefz+ s/bftfn] Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljt/0f x'g] ePsf] / To:tf] hf]lvd Joxf]g{ dGh'/ u/L ;fwf/0f z]o/ lng] z]o/jfnfn] kfpg] d'gfkmfsf] c+z s/bftfsf] Joj;flos vr{ cGtu{t kb}{g . t/ k'g/fj]bsn] cu|flwsf/ z]o/jfnfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ k|ltkmn jflif{s ( k|ltztsf] b/n] lx;fj u/L ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ / sDkgL gfkmfdf jf 3f6fdf uPsf] sf/0fn] dfq o;n] ljt/0f ug]{ k|ltkmnsf /sddf tflTjs km/s gkg]{ ePsf]n] nfgLstf{x¿n] d'gfkmfsf] hf]lvd Joxf]g{ gk/]sf] cj:yfdf nfef+z eGg] zJb k|of]u ePsf] sf/0fn] ljifonfO{ ;fdflGjs/0f u/L Joj;foL vr{ 5'6 lbg gldNg] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . cu|flwsf/ z]o/jfnfx¿nfO{ lbOg] o:tf] lglZrt /sdsf] k|ltkmnnfO{ sfg"gtM Joj;flos vr{ cGtu{t s6\6L ug{ kfpg] :ki6 5 . k|rlnt sfg"gdf o:tf] k|ltkmn vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6f ug{df k|ltjGw 5}g . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] k"jf{b]zsf] lg0f{o ubf{ cGo s'g} cfwf/ gb]vfO{ ;fdfGo zfJbLs lx;fjn] ( k|ltztsf] lx;fjn] lbg'kg]{ nfefz+ ePsf]n] Joj;flos vr{ gdfGg] eg]tfklg nfesf] c+z;+u ;/f]sf/ g/fvL gfkmf gf]S;fg h] ePklg k'j{ lglZrt ( k|ltztn] k|ltkmn kfpg] /sdnfO{ sDkgLsf] Joj;flos vr{ xf]Og eGg ldNb}g . k|:t't z]o/ sDkgL P]gn] kl/efiff u/]sf] C0fkqsf] rl/q lgj]bsn] hf/L u/]sf] lnvtdf kfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf lnvtdf cu|flwsf/ z]o/ egL pNn]v ePsf] Psdfq cfwf/ lnO{ ;f] lnvtnfO{ cu|flwsf/ z]o/ g} egL 7f]s'jf u/L xr'jf ?kdf lnvtsf] rl/qnfO{ s'g} klg ?kdf ljj]rgf gu/L ePsf] km};nf ljns'n q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/efuL 5 . lgj]bsn] ljjfb hgfPsf] ljifod df}g /xL ljjfb ghgfPsf] ljifo cu|flwsf/ z]o/ gfdfs/0fdf ljj]rgf eO{ km};nf ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx¿sf] ;d]t k|lts'n ePsf]n] vf/]hefuL 5 . ctM dfly n]lvPsf] cfwf/ lhls/ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lgj]bsn] hf/L u/]sf] cu|flwsf/ z]o/ gfdfs/0f:fDd ul/Psf] nufgLsf] ;fwg -Instrument_ jfkt z]o/jfnfx¿nfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ jflif{s ( k|ltzt /sd lgj]bssf] sf/f]jf/df gfkmf 105

jf gf]S;fgL h] ePklg 5'6\ofO{ e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ / To:tf] e'QmfgL /sd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# adf]lhd lgj]bssf] vr{sf] ?kdf /xg] :ki6 x'+bf o:tf] Joj;flos vr{ 5'6 lbg gkg]{ eGg] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^).^.@@ sf] hfgsf/L kq tyf ;f] kqdf plNnlvt ldlt @)^).%.* / @)^).^.!$ df lgof{ox¿ q'6Lk"0f{ ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ;b/ ug]{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^@.#.@! sf] km};nfdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-u_ / -3_ df plNnlvt q'6L ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug]{ cgdlt k|bfg u/L o;} lgj]bgnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] ?kdf btf{ u/L q'6Lk"0f{ ePsf] ljkIfLsf ldlt @)^).%.* / @)^).^.!$ sf] lg0f{ox¿ / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ /fh:j Gofoflw/s0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^@.#.@! sf] km};nf ;d]t jb/ u/L lgj]bsn] e'QmfgL ug]{ k|ltkmn /sdnfO{ Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6L ug{ kfpg] lg0f{o km};nf u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg kq . o;df lgj]bsn] hf/L u/]sf Instrument sf] rl/q af/]sf] ljjfb geO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}ssf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd k'Flh j[l4 ubf{ hf/L ul/Psf] ( k|ltzt k|ltkmn kfpg] / ;f] k|ltkmn k|To]s jif{ lbg} kg]{ u/L cu|flwsf/ z]o/ hf/L u/]sf] cj:yf To:tf] cu|flwsf/ z]o/df ( k|ltzt nfefz+ lbObf To:tf] nfef+znfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# cg';f/ vr{ n]Vg kfpg] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ljjfb tkm{ s'g} lg0f{oaf6 cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf !# sf] ulDe/ sfg"gL k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf]n] /fh:j GofofwLs/0f P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] k|Zgdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.(.( sf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLd r9L Ohnf; ;kIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]x? / k'g/fj]bg ldl;n ;d]t cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf clgns'df/ l;Gxf, zDe' yfkf tyf /d]z /fhynfn] k|:t't ljjfb a}ssf] k"+hL j[l4 ug]{ ;DjGwdf p7]sf] ljjfb xf] . /fi6« j}Fssf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ k"+hL j'l4 ug{ Irredeemable Preferential Share hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . of] z]o/ C0ffTds k|s[ltsf] xf] . To;nfO{ nfefz+ lb+bf vr{ n]vL lbOG5 . To:tf] vr{ n]vL ljt/0f ul/g] nfef+zdf s/ nufpg ldNb}g, ldGxf x'g'kb{5 . nfefz+ slt x'g] eGg] s'/f klg ls6fg ug{ ;lsb}g . Aofh klxn] g} ls6fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . lnvtsf] gfdfs/0f h:tf] ;'s} ePklg vr{sf] k|s[lt x]/L JofVof u/L k'g/fj]bsn] e'QmfgL ug]{ k|ltkmn /sdnfO{ Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6L ug{ kfpg] u/L km};nf e} z'? cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lg0f{o / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf jb/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] / ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg pk GofoflwjQmf s[i0f k|;fb kf}8]nn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &^ n] k"jf{b]zsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^% / g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] kl/ R5]b ( sf] bkmf &^ b]lv **;Dd / vf;u/L bkmf &( df cu|flwsf/ z]o/sf] lgodg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 eGg] z]o/sf] gfd kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] s'g} Jo:yf ;f] P]gn] u/]sf] 5}g . Irredeemable yKg] clwsf/ /fi6« a}FsnfO{ 5}g . olb pQm nfef+znfO{ Aofhsf] ?kdf dfGg] xf] eGg] Debenture x'g]5 . z]o/ x'b}g . gfdn] g} of] cu|flwsf/ z]o/ -Preferential Share_ xf], ;f] z]o/wgLn] sDkgL gfkmf jf 3f6f h] h:tf] cj:yfdf /x] klg nfef+z jfkt ( k|ltzt kfpg] x'G5 eg] nfef+zdf s/ nfUg' :jfefljs} 5 . pQm nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ Aoj;flos vr{df s6\6L u/]sf] b]vfO{ s/ 5Ng sbfkL ldNg] xf]Og . t;y{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] km};nf ;b/ x'gkb{5 egL k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] . b'j} kIfsf] jx; ;gL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 ;f]xL ;DjGwdf lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lk|km/]G; z]o/ xf]N8/nfO{ ( k|ltztsf b/n] lbg'kg]{ nfef+z ePsf]n] j}+saf6 ljt/0f x'g] o:tf] nfef+znfO{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ dfGg gldNg] o:tf] Joj;flos vr{ 5'6 lbg gldNg] eGg] cfgtl/s /fh:Jf ljefudf dxflgb]{zssf] lg0f{o ePsf] ;f] pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}df k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df z'? ;b/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg o; cbfntdf k/L cg'dlt k|fKt e} lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] /x]5 . lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] hf/L u/]sf] z]o/ Irredeemable Preference Share eGg] b]lvP klg cGttf]uTjf Preference Share g} x'g] b]lvG5 . sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @-6_ n] cu|flwsf/ z]o/ eGgfn] nfef+z jf+8\bf / sDkgL vf/]h x'+bf x'g] e'QmfgLdf ;fwf/0f z]o/eGbf cu|flwsf/ kfpg] z]o/ ;Demg' kg]{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ klg k|:t't z]o/ Preference share xf] egL sfg"gn] g} :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . /fi6« a}Fs P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &( n] /fi6« a}FsnfO{ jfl0fHo j}s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfsf] sfd sf/jfxL lgodg ug]{;Dd clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]df z]o/sf] k|s[lt jbNg] jf p:fn] tf]s]sf zt{ cGo sfg"gL Joj:yf / sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ cj:yf gx'g] / ;f] ug{ klg gx'g] g} x'+bf pQm P]gsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ /fi6« a}sn] cu|flwsf/ z]o/sf] lgodg ug{ ;Sg] t/ z]o/sf] gfd kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] s'g} Joj:yf b]lvg cfPg cyf{t\ Irredeemable yKg] clwsf/ /fi6« a}FsnfO{ ePsf] kfOb}g . hxf+;Dd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-*_ sf] C0f bfloTj eGgfn] C0f bfloTj ;/xsf] ;Demg'kb{5 eGg] Joj:yfn] k|:t't ljjfbsf] k|s[lt klg C0f bfloTj ;/x s} 5 eGg] k|Zg 5 < pQm cu|flwsf/ z]o/ C0f gePsf]n] C0f ;/xsf] Jofh e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ge} nfef+z ljt/0f ul/g] 106

x'G5 . C0f ;/xsf] dfGg] xf] eGg] Debenture h:tf] x'g u} nfef+z e'QmfgL ul/g] ge} Debenture hf/L u/LlnPsf] C0fsf] Jofh e'QmfgL ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ Preference Share / To;sf] nfefz+nfO{ C0f / Jofh ;/x dfGg / Jojxf/ ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . g]kfn /fi6« a}ssf] @)%*.*.!* sf] kqdf klg lgj]bsn] nfef+z Aofh lbg] eGg] zt{df :jLs[tL dfu u/]sf]df nfef+z ljt/0f ug]{ u/L :jLs[lt lbPsf] x'+bf nfef+znfO{ Aofh ;/x dfgL tbg'?k Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6f ug{ kfpg] eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b % bkmf !# df ;fdfGo s6\6L x'g] /sdx¿sf] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] cg';f/ klg o:tf] nfef+znfO{ vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6L ug]{ >]0fLdf /fVg ;lsg] b]lvPg . ;fy} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !$ n] sDkgLn] ltg'{ kg]{ JofhnfO{ Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6L ug]{ 5'6\6} Joj:yf u/] ;/x o:tf] k|s[ltsf] nfefz+nfO{ Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf s6\6L x'g] /sdx¿ cGtu{t s'g} Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOPg . o;/L sfg"gn] k|i6 ls6fg ;fy Joj:yf gu/]sf] s'/fnfO{ /fh:j h:tf] /fHo ;+rfngsf] nflu sfg"gn] p7fpg kfpg] /sdnfO{ unt cy{ u/L vr{ s6\6L ug{ kfpg] eGg' sfg"gL k|s[of ljkl/t x'g'sf] ;fy} Gofof]lrt x'g] klg b]lvb}g . t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 z'?sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)^@.#.@! sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf s]xL kl/jt{g ul//xg' k/]g ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/L nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gofoflwz Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]g sDKo'6/ ug]{ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n O{lt ;Djt @)^^ ;fn >fj0f dlxgf #@ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\========================.

107

lg0f{o g+= *#)# j}zfv, @)^& km};nf ldltM @)^^.^.@).# ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&(& d'2fM cfos/ . k'g/fj]bs/ ljkIfLM cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, sf7df8f}F If]q g+= ! aa/dxn lj?4 k|ToyL{÷lgj]bsM ljb]z ?sf] :6fef]kf]n l:yt HjfO{G6 :6s Po/nfOG;sf tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt k|ltlglw ldvfO{n dlns ;d]t · ;Demf}tf ug]{ ljifodf kIfx¿ :jfoQ x'g]x'Fbf ;Demf}tfsf ljleGg zt{x¿ kIfx¿sf] ;xdltdf lgwf{/0f x'g] x'G5 . ls: tfjGbL ?kdf j:t'sf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t d"No e'QmfgL eO;s]kl5 Tof] j:t'sf] :jfldTj v/Lbstf{df x:tfGt/0f x'g] x'G5 . /sd e'QmfgL ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ef8fdf lbg] kIf cyf{t\ j:t'sf] dflnsn] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f gu/]df To:tf] : jfldTjsf] xs x:tfGt/0f u/fO{ kfpg] clwsf/ ef8fdf lng] kIfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof ls:tfjGbLdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd v/Lb /sdsf] lx:;f dfgL e'QmfgL ul/g] x'+bf o:tf] /sd lkmtf{ gx'g] k|s[ltsf] x'g] . -k|s/0f g+=@_ · ;fdfGo ef8f ;+emf}tf -Lease Agreement_ cGtu{t csf]{ JolQmsf] j:t' k|of]u ubf{ Tof] j:t' k|of]u u/]afkt k|of]ustf{n] j:t'sf] :jfdLnfO{ lglZrt /sd e'QmfgL ug]{u/L ;+emf}tf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ef8f ;+emf}tfcGtu{t k|of]u ul/ Psf] j:t'sf] :jfldTj jf:tljs :jfdLdf g} /x]sf] tyf /xg] x'G5 . k|of]ustf{n] ;+emf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] cjlw;Dd Tof] j:t' k|of]u ug{ kfpF5 . ;do JotLt ePkl5 Tof] j:t' :jfldnfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug{ÿkg]{ . · lnh kr]{hsf ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ ls:tf /sd jf ef8fsf] /sd ga'emfO{ pQm lnh kr]{h ;Demf}tf ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf ;dfKt x'g'eGbf klxnf a'emfPsf] /sdnfO{ ef8fdf lnPsf] j:t'sf] d"No gdfgL axfn jf ef8fsf] /sd g} dflgg] . -k|s/0f g+=#_ k'g/fj]bs ljkIfLsf tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkf k|ToyL{ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;ltzs[i0f v/]n cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %, %-v_, ^, $@ cfly{s P]g, @)%% cfly{s P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @%=!=!^ cfly{s P]g, @)%# sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @%=!=!* km};nf Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-v_ adf]lhd o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M xjfO ;]jf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ljb]zaf6 cfoft u/]sf] MI-17 x]lnsK6/ tyf 9N-ADO/9N-ADP ljdfgx¿sf] nflu s] slt /sd e'QmfgL uPsf] 5, ;f]sf] k|To]s cf=j= sf] 5'§f–5'§} e'QmfgL ljj/0f, hxfhx¿sf] v/Lb ;+emf}tfsf] k|ltlnlk Pj+ lgodfg';f/ nfUg] lnh 6]S; ;d]t bflvnf ug{‘x'g egL @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{non] Pe/]i6 Po/ ln= nfO{ n]v]sf] ldlt @)%%.@.& sf] kq . ljb]zL sDkgLx¿;Fu v/Lb u/L g]kfndf NofOPsf hxfhx¿df ;do—;dodf ljb]zL sDkgLn] ug{‘kg]{ dd{t ;+ef/ cflb cfˆgf st{Jo / bfloTjx¿ k"/f gu/]af6 hxfhx¿ ;~rfngdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . v/Lb ;+emf}tfcGtu{t NofOPsf] k"FhLut ;fdfgx¿sf] v/Lb d"Nosf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s/ ltg{‘kg]{ k|fjwfg gePsf] x'Fbf o; k|sf/sf] s/ dfUg' sfg"g;Ddt gePsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 egL Pe/]i6 Po/ ln=n] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{nonfO{ ldlt @)%%.@.@( df n]v]sf] kq . 108

:6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfOG; / s:dLs Po/jLr 9N-ADP / 9N-ADO x]lnsK6/x¿ v/Lb ljqmLsf] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg e};s]sf]n] pQm x]lnsK6/x¿sf] :jfldTj kl/j{tg u/fO{ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos sf/jfxL ul/kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] pQm x]lnsK6/x¿sf] :jfdL :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfOG;n] xjfO{ ljefunfO{ cg'/f]w u/L ldlt !((* ;]K6]Da/ ^ df n]v]sf] kq . /l;of l:yt Stavropol Jiont Stock Airlines-SAAK -:jfdL_ / s:dLs Po/ -k|f=_ ln= ;~rfnsjLr 9N-ADO / 9N-ADP b'O{ x]lnsK6/ v/Lb;DaGwL ePsf] ;+emf}tf kqsf] k|ltlnlk / o;;Fu ;Da4 cGo sfuhft o;} ;fy ;+nUg 5 . :jfldTj kl/jt{g u/fO{ ;~rfng u/fpg txfFsf] ;xdltsf] nflu ljefuLo lg0f{ofg';f/ cg'/f]w ub{5' egL xjfO{ ljefun] ldlt @)%%.%.@! df @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{nonfO{ n]v]sf] kq . o; sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%%.%.@@ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd lnh 6]S;afkt ¿=$!,$%,(%(.%$ / kfl/>lds s/afkt ¿= !),*!,@#&.%) ;d]t u/L hDdf s/ ¿= %@,@&,!(&.)$ o; sfof{nodf bflvn ul/;s]kl5 dfq s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu pQm hxfhx¿sf] :jfldTj kl/j{tg u/fO{ ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt lbg ;lsg] egL @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{non] xjfO{ ljefunfO{ n]vL :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfOG; ;d]tnfO{ af]wfy{ lbPsf] ldlt @)%%.%.@@ sf] kq . k|:t't s/bftfsf] cfly{s jif{ @)%@.%# / @)%#.%$ df lnh 6]S; afkt e'QmfgL lbPsf] o"=P;=8n/ ^),#(@.&! sf] k|lt o"=P;= 8n/ ¿= ^*.^% n] x'g] ¿= %@,@&,!(&.)$ bflvnf u/] kl5 s/ k|of]hgsf] nfuL km's'jf ug]{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%%.%.@@ sf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}F l6Kk0fL cfb]z . :jfdL sDkgL :6fe|f]kf]n HjfO{G6 :6s Po/nfOG;sf] bfloTj g} gePsf] k"j{ ;~rfns sDkgL Pe/]i6 Po/ ln=n] e'QmfgL ug{‘kg]{ bfloTj :6fe|f]kf]n sDkgLnfO{ xflnPsf] sfg"g ;+ut gePsf] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg tTsfn pQm x]lnsK6/ gfd;f/L ug{‘kg]{ cfZostf ePsf]n] ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f lj?4 sfg"gL pkrf/sf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft /fVb} w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf pQm /sd bflvnf ug{ cfPsf] 5' eGg] ;d]t s:dLs Po/ -k|f=_ ln=sf= tkm{af6 ;~rfns /ljG›k|;fb k|wfgsf] ldlt @)%%.%.@@ df @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{nonfO{ n]v]sf] kq . tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lnh 6]S; gnfUg]df cGoyf cy{ u/L z'? s/ sfof{non] lnh 6]S; nufPsf] u}x|sfg"gL x'Fbf ab/ u/L lnh 6]S; gnfUg] u/L OG;fkm kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] :6fe|f]kf]n HjfO{G6 :6s Po/nfO{G; / s:dLs Po/ -k|f=_ ln= sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . k'g/fj]bs s:dLs Po/n] Pe/]i6 Po/ ln=nfO{ c;/ kg]{ hf] h:tf] lhsL/ lnP tfklg x]lnsK6/ v/Lb ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df v/Lb u/L cfˆg} gfpFdf cfoft u/L NofPsf] x]lnsK6/x¿sf] ;~rfngaf6 s'g} lnh 6]S;sf] bfloTj Joxf]g{‘ gkg]{ x'Fbf o; Pe/]i6 Po/ ln= dfly s'g} klg s/sf] bfloTj gkg]{ u/L sfg"gadf]lhd u/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Pe/]i6 Po/ ln=sf]= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fdf k/]sf] lgj]bg . o;df z'? lg0f{o km/s kg{;Sg] x'Fbf c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Faf6 ePsf] cfb]z . cfos/ P]g, @)#! df lnh 6]S;sf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvPg . cfly{s P]g, @)%% df dfq ljb]zaf6 ef8f, /]G6 jf kr]{h lnhdf ljdfg -xjfO hxfh / x]lnsK6/_ NofO{ ;~rfng u/] afktsf] e'QmfgLdf s/ nfUg] Joj:yf b]lv+bf ;f] eGbf cufj}sf cfly{s jif{df lnh 6]S;;DaGwL Joj:yf gePsf]n] To:tf] s/ nfUg] cj:yf gb]lv+Psf]n] s:dLs Po/n] x]lnsK6/x¿ cfˆgf] gfddf gfd;f/L ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljqm]tf sDkgLsf] lgldQ egL lnh 6]S;afkt /fv]sf] /sd ¿=$!,$%,(%(.%$ s:dLs Po/n] lkmtf{ kfpg] 7x5{ . kfl/>lds s/afkt egL nufPsf] ¿=!),*!,@#&.%) sf ;DaGwdf pQm /sd of] o; cfwf/ k|df0faf6 bflvnf ug{‘kg]{ xf]Og egL k'i6\ofO{ ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf pQm /sd dfu u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvof] eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt @)%*.^.@$sf] km};nf . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& adf]lhd s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cj:yf x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf s/ lgwf{/0f g} geO{ t];|f] kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lnO{ ;'g'jfO ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %, ^, #^ cg';f/ cfos/ nfUg] s'g} /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf ;|f]tdf clu|d s/ s§L u/L e'QmfgL ug{‘kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cfly{s P]gdf s/sf] b/ tf]lsG5 . b/ :ki6 tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xLadf]lhd / :ki6 ?kdf gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] jif{sf] nflu h'g;'s} cfosf] e'QmfgL eGg] zLif{s cGtu{t tf]lsPsf] b/n] clu|d s/ s§f ug{‘kg]{ x'G5 . SAAK n] s/ ltg{ d~h"/ ul/;s]sf] tyf SAAK tyf s:dLs Po/aLr ePsf] ;+emf}tf cg';f/ pQm s/sf] bfloTj s:dLs Po/df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ lgj]bsaf6 s/ c;'n ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt kfpmF eGg] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}F If]q g+= ! sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bg kq . o;df @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%%.%.@@ sf] l6Kk0fL cfb]z x]bf{ c=j= )%@.)%# sf] cjlwdf e'QmfgL ePsf] /sddf !)% n] x'g] o"=P;= 8n/ %!,*(^.%! / cf=j= @)%#.)%$ sf] cjlwdf e'QmfgL ePsf] o"=P;= 8n/ !,^(,(@$ sf] 109

% k|ltztn] x'g] lnh 6]S; ;d]tsf] /sd bflvnf ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] b]lv+G5 . ljjfbsf] e'QmfgL Lease Purchase cGtu{t ljb]zLn] e'QmfgL kfPsf] kl/>ldscGtu{t P]= P]gsf] bkmf % adf]lhdsf] ;|f]tnfO{ lnPsf] / bkmf ^ sf] k|l{\tjGwfTds jfSof+zdf “t/ c:yfoL afl;Gbfsf] xsdf lghn] g]kfn clw/fHo leq cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] / ljb]zdf /xL g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] v'b cfodf s/ nfUg] 5" eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljjfbsf] b'Oj6f x]lnsK6/ z'? v/Lb ljqmL geO{ Lease Purchase cGtu{t ls:tf ls:tf e'QmfgL x'Fb} hfg] k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . x]lnsK6/sf] :jfldTj Stavropol Joint Stock Airlines df g} lglxt /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sDkgLn] pQm x]lnsK6/ ;~rfng ug{ lbPafkt kfpg] e'QmfgL cfos/ d'Qm x'G5 egL cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@ n] geg]sf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #^ cg';f/ x]g{‘kg]{ x'G5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fn] dfly plNnlvt sfg"gsf] k[i7e"lddf x]lnsK6/ af/]df ePsf] ;+emf}tfsf] k|fjwfgtkm{ Wofg glbO{ a'‰g' kg]{ k|df0f ga'emL km};nf u/]sf] b]lv+bf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * -v_ cGt/ut k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.@.!# sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] s/ sfof{non] clGtd ?kdf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf]df k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] xf]Og . Lease df ;~rfng u/]sf] x]lnsK6/sf] Lease e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sddf cfos/ nfU5 . x]lnsK6/sf :jfdLn] s/ lt5{‘ egL :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . s:dLs Po/ / SAAK jLr ePsf] ;+emf}tfcg';f/ pQm s/sf] bfloTj s:dLs Po/df sfod ePsf] 5 . s/ lkmtf{ lbg] u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf gldn]sf] x'Fbf pN6L x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug{‘eof] . ljkIfL s:dLs Po/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L ztLzs[i0f v/]nn] Lease Purchase df v/Lb u/]sf] x]lnsK6/df s/ nfUb}g . ef8fafktsf] /sd e'QmfgL ePsf] xf]Og . v/Lbafktsf] /sd g} e'QmfgL ePsf] xf] . cfly{s P]g, @)%% n] dfq Lease Purchase df s/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f] eGbf cufl8sf jif{x¿df s/ nfUg] s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf s/sf] bfloTj axg u/fpg ldNg] x'Fb}g . /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ldn]sf] x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug{‘eof] . o;df 9N-ADP / 9N-ADO b'O{j6f x]lnsK6/x¿ Pe/]i6 Po/ ln=n] ldlt @)%@.^.!^ df :k]zn sfuf]{ Po/ nfOG; /l;ofdfkm{t :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfOG; /l;ofaf6 ls:tfaGbLdf /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L ;+emf}tf u/L lnhdf lnPsf] / pQm ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd x]lnsK6/ ef8fdf lng] kIfn] a'emfPsf] ca:yfdf lghn] ;f] x]lnsK6/ v/Lb ug{;Sg] zt{df g]kfndf NofPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . t/ Pe/]i6 Po/ ln=n] k"/f ls:tf e'Qmfg gub}{sf cj:yfdf ;+emf}tf eË eO{ x]lnsK6/x¿ g]kfnd} u|fpG8]8 ePsf / pQm x]lnsK6/x¿ :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfoG;af6 s:dLs Po/nfoG;n] v/Lb ug]{ ;+Demf}tf u/L :jfldTj kl/j{gsf] l;nl;nfdf @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fn] Pe/]i6 Po/n] cf=j= @)%@.)%# df e'QmfgL u/]sf] o"=P;= 8n/ %,!*,*^%.!) sf] !) k|ltztn] x'g] lnh 6]S; o'=P;= 8n/ %!,*(^.%! / cf=j= @)%#.)%$ df e'QmfgL ePsf] o"=P;= 8n/ !,^(,(@$.!@ sf] kfFr k|ltztn] x'g] *,$(^.@) ;d]t u/L hDdf o"=P;= 8n/ %),#(@.&! sf] g]kfnL ¿= $!,$%,(%(.%$ / :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfoG;sf :6fkmx¿nfO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] kfl/>lds /sdsf] s/ ¿= !),*!,@#&.%) ;d]t hDdf ¿= %@,@&,!(&.)$ bflvnf u/]kl5 dfq x]lnsK6/sf] :jfldTj kl/j{tg x'g] lg0f{o u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm lg0f{opk/ s:dLs Po/ tyf :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfoG;sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df pQm Gofoflws/0faf6 lnh 6]S; gnfUg] ePsf]n] ;f] lkmtf{ lbg] tyf kfl/>lds s/ lkmtf{ gx'g] lg0f{o u/]sf]df ;f] lg0f{opk/ s/ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf lgj]bg k/L k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ lg0f{osf] nflu o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] 5 . /fhZj Gofoflw/0fn] kfl/>lds s/ lkmtf{ gx'g] lg0f{o u/]sf]df ;f] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf s:dLs Po/ tyf :6fe|f]kf]n Po/ nfoG;n] lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] b]lv+bf ;f] tkm{ ljrf/ ul//xg' k/]g . Lease Tax lkmtf{ lbPsf] ;DaGwdf dfq s/ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lv+bf ;f] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfof] . o; ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{‘eGbf klxnf lgDg b'O{ k|Zgx¿sf] lg/f]k0f ug{‘kg]{ b]lvof]M -!_ lnh kr]{h ;+emf}tf -Lease Purchase Agreement_ tyf lnh ;+emf}tf -Lease Agreement_ sf] k|s[lt s] xf] / oL k|To]s ;+emf}tfcGtu{t ul/g] e'QmfgLsf] k|s[ltdf s] km/s x'G5 < -@_ x]lnsK6/ h:tf xjfO ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿sf] lnh ;+emf}tf -Lease Agreement_ cGtu{t e'QmfgL ul/Psf] ef8fafkt ljb]zL kmd{ jf sDkgLn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sddf cfos/ nfUg] xf] xf]Og @= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, cfw'lgs ;dodf lj1fg / k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0faf6 cToflws d"No kg]{ j: t'x¿sf] pTkfbg x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf j:t'x¿sf] d'No cwLs x'g] x'Fbf k/Dk/fut ?kdf h:tf] ;f]em} Psd'i7 ?kdf /sd e'QmfgL u/]/ tL j:t'x¿sf] v/Lb ljqmL ug]{ sfo{ sl7g x'g uPsf] 5 . o:t} sl7gfOaf6 kf/ kfpg tyf jfl0fHo Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ j:t'x¿sf] v/Lb ljqmL tyf k|of]udf ;xhtf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf ljsNkx¿nfO{ k|of]udf NofOPsf] kfOG5 . j:t' v/Lb ljqmL ug]{ ljleGg ljsNkx¿ dWo] lnh kr]{h ;+emf}tfsf] dfWodaf6 j:t' v/Lb 110

ljqmL ug]{ k|rng klg nf]slk|o x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . xjfO{ hxfh h:tf xjfO{ oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ef8fdf lnPsf] hxfhsf] dfl;s jf aflif{s ?kdf k|lt p8fg 306fdf a'emfpg' kg]{ lglZrt /sd a'emfP kl5 ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ ef8fdf lng] kIfn] rfx]df v/Lb ug]{ zt{ /fvL hxfh v/Lb ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/af6 s'g} klg j:t'nfO{ ef8fdf lng] kIfn] v/Lb ug{;Sg] zt{ /fvL ef8fdf lng]u/L ul/Psf] ;+emf}tfnfO{ lnh kr]{h ;+emf}tf elgG5 . ;fdfGotof o:tf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] ca:yfdf a:t'sf] d"NonfO{ ljleGg ls:tfdf laefhg u/L ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf e'QmfgL ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;Demf}tf ug]{ ljifodf kIfx¿ :jfoQ x'g] x'Fbf ;Demf}tfsf ljleGg zt{x¿ kIfx¿sf] ;xdltdf lgwf{/0f x'g] x'G5 . ls:tfjGbL ?kdf j:t'sf] k"j{ lgwf{l/td"No e'QmfgL eO;s]kl5 Tof] j:t'sf] : jfldTj v/Lbstf{df x:tfGt/0f x'g]x'G5 / /sd e'QmfgL ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ef8fdf lbg] kIf cyf{t j:t'sf] dflnsn] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f gu/]df To:tf] :jfldTjsf] xs x:tfGt/0f u/fOkfpg] clwsf/ ef8fdf lng] kIfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof ls:tfjGbLdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd v/Lb /sdsf] lx:;f dfgL e'QmfgL ul/g] x'+bf o:tf] /sd lkmtf{ gx'g] k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . #= ls:tfjGbL ?kdf /sd e'QmfgL ub}{ hfg] qmddf ef8fdf lng]n] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ls:tf jf axfnsf] /sd k"/f e'QmfgL ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] eGg] s'/f kIfx¿sf] ;xdltdf lgwf{/0f x'g] x'G5 . plgx¿n] ;xdlt u/L a'emfpg afFsL /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ cjlw j9fpg] tyf lnh kr]{h ;+emf}tfnfO{ ;fdfGo ef8f ;+emf}tfdf kl/0ft ug{ klg ;Sb5g\ . t/ ;fdfGo ef8f ;+emf}tf -Lease Agreement_ cGtu{t csf]{ JolQmsf] j:t' k|of]u ubf{ Tof] j:t' k|of]u u/]afkt k|of]ustf{n] j:t'sf] :jfdLnfO{ lglZrt /sd e'QmfgL ug]{u/L ;+emf}tf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ef8f ;+emf}tf cGtu{t k|of]u ul/Psf] j:t'sf] :jfldTj jf:tljs :jfdLdf g} /x]sf] tyf /xg] x'G5 . k|of]ustf{n] ;+emf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] cjlw;Dd Tof] j:t' k|of]u ug{ kfpF5 . ;do JotLt ePkl5 Tof] j:t' :jfldnfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug{‘kg]{ x'G5 . t/ lnh kr]{hsf ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ ls:tf /sd jf ef8fsf] /sd ga'emfO{ pQm lnh kr]{h ;Demf}tf ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf ;dfKt x'g' eGbf klxnf a'emfPsf] /sdnfO{ ef8fdf lnPsf] j:t'sf] d"No gdfgL axfn jf ef8fsf] /sd g} dflgG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ef8fdf lnOPsf] x]lnsK6/ ef8f jf ls:tfsf] /sd ;+emf}tf cg';f/e'QmfgL gePsf] sf/0fn] SAAK / Pe/]i6 Po/aLr ePsf] -Lease Purchase Agreement_ ;dfKt eO{ x]lnsK6/sf] :jfldTj SAAK df /x]sf] cj:yfdf Pe/]i6 Po/n] SAAK nfO{ a'emfPsf] /sdnfO{ v/Lb d"No dfGg ;Sg] cj:yf geO{ pQm /sdnfO{ x]lnsK6/sf] axfnafktsf] ef8fsf] /sd g} dfGg'kg]{ b]lvof] . $= ca bf];|f] k|Zg x]lnsK6/ h:tf xjfO ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿sf] lnh ;+emf}tf -Lease Agreement_ cGtu{t ef8fafkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sddf cfos/ nfUg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, cfo s/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^ df “s'g} JolQmn] cfˆgf] cfo jif{df bkmf % df tf]lsPsf] s'g} jf ;j} ;|f]tx¿af6 g]kfn clw/fHoleq cfh{g jf g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 sf/f]jf/ u/L ljb]zdf cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf o; P]gadf]lhd kfpg] vr{x¿ s§f u/L v'b cfodf s/ nfUg]5 t/ c:yfoL jfl;Gbfsf] xsdf lghn] g]kfn clw/fHoleq cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] / ljb]zdf /xL g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] v'b cfodf s/ nfUg]5" eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . x]lnsK6/, xjfOhxfh h:tf xjfO ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿sf] ef8fafkt e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ of]Uo xf] jf s/d'Qm xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ef8fafkt e'QmfgL x'g] /sd cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %-v_ adf]lhdsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, JojzfocGtu{t juL{s[t ul/Psf] cfocGtu{t k/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^ cg';f/ bkmf % df pNn]v ePsf ;|f]taf6 k|fKt v'b cfodf s/ nfUg] eGg] Joj:yf /xg'sf ;fy} ;f] P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] klg To:tf] /sdsf] e'QmfgLdf s/ gnfUg] eGg] s'g} Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf xjfO ;jf/Lsf ;fwgsf] ef8fafkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sddf cfos/ gnfUg] eGg ldn]g . o:tf] /sddf cfos/ nfUg] b]lvof] . %= cj lnh 6]S;afktsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{, s: dLs Po/n] cf= a= @)%@.)%# tyf @)%#.)%$ df x]lnsK6/sf] ls:tfafkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sddf Lease Tax nfUg] Joj:yf lyPg . cfly{s P]g, @)%% cfP kl5 dfq pQm s/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] ;f] cjlwdf e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdsf] s'g} s/ gnfUg] eGg] lhsL/ lnP tfklg dfly k|Zg g+= @ df ul/Psf] lja]rgfcg';f/ o:tf] /sddf cfos/ gnfUg] eGg gldn]sf]n] s/ nfUg] g} b]lvof] . cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/ s/ nfUg] cfo ePkl5 s] slt b/df s/ nfUg] eGg] s'/f ljleGg cfly{s aif{df nfu" ul/g] cfly{s P]g cg';f/ lgwf{/0f x'g] s'/f xf] . cfly{s P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @%=!=!^ df h'g;'s} cfosf] e'QmfgLdf !) k|ltzt cu|Ld cfos/ s§L ug{‘kg]{ Joa:yf /x]sf] / cfly{s P]g @)%# sf] cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf @%=!=!* df ljb]zaf6 ef8f jf lnhdf ljdfg -xjfO hxfh_ NofO ;~rfng u/]afktsf] e'QmfgLdf e'QmfgL /sdsf] % k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ s§L ug{‘kg]{ Joa:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . z'? cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] plNnlvt cfly{s P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ g} s/ c;"n ug]{ ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"gcg's"n g} b]lvof] . 111

^= :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfoG;n] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf ldlt 31 August 1998 df æwe request you

ascertain and inform us about the amount to be paid as tax for such release and transfer. We are in a position to instruct the buyer to deposit the ascertained amountæ egL kq n]vL s/ ltg]{ s'/fnfO{ d~h"/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L x]lnsK6/ v/Lb ug]{ ljifodf :6fe|f]kf]n HjfOG6 :6s Po/nfoG; / s:dLs Po/aLrdf ePsf] 18 July 1988 df ePsf]

;+emf}tfsf] bkmf @=! df ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfnn] nufpg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s/ /sd s:dLs Po/n] ltg{‘ kg]{ eGg] b]lvG5 eg] bkmf $=@ df Purchase party B shall indemnify party A from any taxes and dues for the afore said helicopters imposable in Nepal eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L Stavropol joint Stock Airline nfO{ s:dLs Po/n] pQm x]lnsK6/df ePsf s/;DaGwL sfg"gL bfloTjaf6 5'6\sf/f x'g] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ eGg] s'/faf6 pQm s/sf] bfloTj s:dLs Po/df /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] pQm s/ e'Qmfg ug]{ bfloTjaf6 s:dLs Po/n] 5'6\sf/f kfpg] eGg ldNg] cj: yf b]lvPg . &= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ Lease Tax sf] /sd s:dLs Po/n] ltg{‘kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf]n] s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . c? tk;Ln adf]lhd ug{‘ . tk;Ln /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L eO{ lnh 6]S; afkt gnfUg] xb ;Ddsf] km};nf ab/ eO{ s:dLs Po/ -k|f=_ ln=n]= clu|d e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd ¿= $!,$%,(%(.%$ lkmtf{ gx'g] ePsf]n] ;f] lkmtf{ lbg' egL /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}sf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08 ! df plNnlvt lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] Joxf]/f sfof{Gjog ug{‘ gk/]sf]n] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L s/ sfof{no If]q g+= @ sf7df8f}Fdf k7fOlbg' ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ! bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' ===== ======= ======= ======= ======= ====@ pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=k|]d zdf{ Olt ;jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @) ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ===================. Ohnf; clws[tM lzlz//fh 9sfn

112

;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohnfz dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/ k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0f k|;fb pkfWofo km};nf ldlt M @)^&.#.!& @)^$—WO—)&%% d'2f M pTk|]if0f ;d]t . k;f{ lhNnf jL/u+h pk=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!@ l:yt k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf=clwsf/k|fKt ;+rfns P]=P]=a:g] hulbz cu|jfn=========================! lgj]bs lj?4 7"Nff s/fbftf sfof{no, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/=================================================! cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df08f}+===============================================! g]kfn ;/sf/,cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+===========================================! g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+========! ef/t sf]nsQf,! lj, ANofs ag} n]g sf]nsQf &)))!@ l:yt -sf]=g+=))(!–)##–@@#^)##( km\ofS; g+=))(!–)##–@@!)#%^(_ cf]d]uf e]G;;{ k|f=ln================================! g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln=n] kz'k+IfLsf] nflu rflxg] cfxf/f bfgfdf ld;fpg] kbfy{x¿ pTkfbg u/L :yfgLo ahf/ tyf ljb]zL ahf/df laqmL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;f] cg'?k ef/t nufot ;fs{ If]qsf b]zx¿df cfkm\gf] pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ef/tsf] sf]nsQf l:yt cf]d]uf e]Gr;{ k|f=ln=nfO{ ;+emf}tf u/L lhDdf nufPsf] / lgh cf]d]ufn] ef/td} a;L laqmL ljt/0f u/L sfd u/] jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns ef/tdf g} cf]du] fn] kfpg] u/L lgj]bsn] e'QmfgL ul/cfPsf] 5 . o;/L e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd lgj]bssf] cfDbfgL ge} cf]d]ufsf] ljb]z ef/tdf ePsf] cfDbfgL xf] . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g tyf g]kfn / ef/t jLr ePsf] @)$#.!@.!^ sf] å}w s/fwfg d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w;DaGwL ;+emf}tf adf]lhd g]kfndf s'g} :yfoL ;+:yfkg jf sfof{no gePsf] cf]d]ufn] g} sfg"g adf]lhd ef/td} s/ ltg'{kg]{ bfloTj x'G5 . o:tf] u}/jfl;Gbf JolQmn] ljb]zdf kfPsf] e'QmfgLdf g]kfndf s/sf] bfloTj Joxf]g'{kg]{ Joj:yf cfos/ P]g,@)%* Pj+ lgod @)%( nufot s'g} klg sfg"gdf 5}g . ;f]xL adf]lhd lgj]bsn] @)%(.)^) sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg jf;nft tof/ u/L cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df ljkIfL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] lgj]bssf] gfddf @)^#.$.@# df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] lgwf{/0f ;"rgfsf] tkl;n v08sf] l;=g+=@ df k|f=ln=n] o; cf=j=df ;]N; Ph]G6nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] sales commission ? &!,(),@!^.– df clu|d s/ s6\6L u/L bflvnf u/]sf] gkfOPsf]n] pQm sldzg e'QmfgL /sdsf] !% k|ltztn] x'g] ?=!),&*,%#@. / ;f] df cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf !!( adf]lhdsf] @)^# >fj0f dlxgf;Ddsf] Jofh ?=$,(*,*@!.– ;d]t hDdf ?=!%,&&,#%#. / cGo clu|d s/ s6\6L /sd l9nf bfv]n jfktsf] Jofh ?=@,)!*.– ;d]t s"n hDdf ?=!%,&(,#&!. bflvn ug'{xf]nf egL clu|d s/ dfu u/]sf]df lrQ ga'emL of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ctM ljkIfL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] ljb]z ef/tdf >f]t ePsf] cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd cf]d]ufsf] cfodf ef/tdf s/ ltg'{kg]{ bfloTj lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ af]sfO{ ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ cfb]z cfos/ P]g, @)%*sf] bkmf #,$,%,^,&#,** / ^&-^_-&_ ljk/Lt x'g'sf ;fy} g]kfn tyf ef/t ljr ePsf] å}w s/wfg d'lQm tyf ljlQo 5n lg/f]w ;DaGwL ;+emf}tfsf] wf/f &,@!,@@ g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ tyf >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 s/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt e} cgflwsf/ Pj+ u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] ;f] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@ -#_-r_ wf/f !(,wf/f *( åf/f k|bQ xs clwsf/ cf3fltt xgg\ Pj+ s'l07t ePsf] k|i6 x'Fbf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] cf]d]ufnfO{ ul/Psf] e'QmfgLdf lgj]bs sDkgL;+u clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ xb;Ddsf] ldlt @)^#.$.!$ 113

sf] lg0f{o krf{ cGo sf/jfxLx¿ / ldlt @)^#.$.@# sf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfsf] tkl;n v08sf] l;=g+=@ nfO{ pTk]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 jb/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfp+ eGg] ;d]t @)^$.!!.* sf] lgj]bgkq . +o;d s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf Dofb ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.( sf] cfb]z . jL/u+h l:yt k|f]jfof]6]s O{08li6«h k|f=ln=jf;LGbf JolQm ePsf] / g]kfnsf] pTkfbg ljb]zL jhf/df ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ g]kfnaf6} ;f] pTkfbg k7fO{lbg] / ;f] sfo{df ;]jf k'/\ofP jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns klg g]kfnaf6} k7fOg] ePsf]n] ;f] ;]jf zNs g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] ;]jf z'Ns ePsf]n] To;sf] e'QmfgLdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ** cg';f/ e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6f ug'{kg]{ Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_ df e'QmfgLsf] >f]t g]kfn /x]sf] ljj/0f pNn]v 5 h;df v08 -7_ sf] pkv08 -!_ df g]kfndf axg ug'{kg]{ bfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ;DjGwdf ul/Psf e'QmfgLx¿ / pkv08 -@_ df g]kfndf ;+rflnt s[ofsnfksf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf e'QmfgLx¿ pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cfd]ufn] g]kfndf axg ug'{kg]{ bfloTj eg]sf] k|f]jfof]6]ssf] pTkfbg ljb]zdf ;]N; P08 dfs]{l6ª ;le{; k'/\ofpg' xf] eg] ;f] bfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ;DjGwdf ul/Psf e'QmfgLx¿ Efg]sf] ;f] ;]jf k'/\ofP jfkt g]kfnsf] k|f]jfof]6]saf6 cf]du] fn] ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL k|fKt ug'{ xf] . ;f] jfktsf] e'QmfgL g]kfnaf6} k7fPsf]n] klg ;f] ;]jf z'Ns g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] ;]jf z'Ns ePsf] :ki6 5, t;y{ cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf ** cg';f/ jfl;Gbf JolQm k|f]jfof]6]sn] g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] ;]jf z'Ns cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6f gu/]sf]n] !% k|ltztn] x'g] s/ /sd / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !!( adf]lhd nfUg] Jofh /sd bflvnf ug{ o; sfof{noaf6 lbOPsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt 5 . g]kfn ef/tjLr ePsf] 4}w s/fwfg d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;DjGwdf ePsf] ;+emf}tfsf] wf/f & Jofkf/ d'gfkmf;+u ;DalGwt ePsf] ;f] wf/f ;]jf z'Nssf ;DaGwdf cfslif{t x'+b}g . cf]d]ufn] k'/\ofPsf] ;]jf jfkt k|fKt sldzgsf] cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf ** adf]lhd e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6L x'g] / ;f] s6\6L /sd cf]d]ufn] ef/tdf s/ s6\6L -qm]l86_ lng kfp+5 . ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ pNn]lvt /sd lgj]bssf] vr{sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbOPsf]n] s/of]Uo cfod ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g / s/ lgwf{/0f klg ul/Psf] 5}g . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ** df pNn]lvt e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6f ug'{kg]{ :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf x'Fbf xF'b} lgj]bsn] ;f] sf] kfngf gu/]jfkt >[lht bfloTjaf6 jRg sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / cf]d]ufsf] cfodf cfkm"nfO{ s/ nufPsf] h:tf cfwf/lxg s'/f p7fPsf] b]lvbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . xfdL lnlvt hjfkmstf{ ef/tLo sfg"g adf]lhd ef/tdf :yflkt eO{ ef/td} a;L ;]jf k|bfg u/]jfkt ef/td} k|fKt u/]sf] /sddf g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu' gx'g] s'/f P]=P]gsf] bkmf !-@_ n] k|i6 u/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf] pNn]lvt /sdsf] ef/tdf xfdLn] s/ ltg'{kg]{ / lt/L ;s]sf] x'+bf g]kfn ef/tjLr ePsf] 4}w s/wfg d'lQm tyf ljlQo 5n lg/f]w ;DaGwL ;+emf}tf cg';f/ klg xfdLn] g]kfndf s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'b}g . xfdLn] g]kfndf s'g} sf/f]jf/ grnfPsf] / xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf/L b]z ef/t ePsf]n] ef/tdf dfq s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u}/sfg"gL ePsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t cf]d]uf e]Gr;{ k|f=ln=sf] lnlvt hjfkm . o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] xf] / s] s:tf] xsb}of cGt{utsf] l/6 u/]sf] xf] pNn]v gu/L ljgf cfwf/ ljkIfL agfPsf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!$ adf]lhd s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg x'g;Sg] / k|zf;lso k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ePsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ lrQ ga'em]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] ;d]tsf] j}slNks sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'+bf x'+b} ;f] k|s[of / sfo{ljlwsf] cjnDjg gu/L ;f]em} ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ >f]t cGt{ut lbPsf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . o;sf] ;fy} cf]du] fn] hxfF;'s} j;L h'g;'s} sfo{ u/]sf] ePklg ljkIfL lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]saf6 /sd e'QmfgL lnPsf] b]lv+bf cf]d]ufn] g]kfndf g} cfocfh{g u/]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] cfodf cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd clu|d s/ s6\6f ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z sg"g;Ddt g} ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf sDkgL g} ePsf] / lghn] g]kfndf pTkfbg u/]sf] ;fdfg ljb]zl:yt ef/tdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ g]kfnaf6 g} ;f] pTkflbt ;fdfg k7fpg] u/]sf] / ;f] sfo{df ;]jf k'/\ofP jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns ;d]t g]kfnaf6 g} k7fpg] u/]sf]n] To:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ g]kfndf >f]t gePsf] egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_ 114

adf]lhdsf] e'QmfgL dfgL s/ k|zf;gn] o; ;DjGwdf u/]sf] cfb]z k"0f{tM sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg];d]t cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . l/6 lgj]bsn] s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.$.@# sf] pQms/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ o; ljefudf @)^#.%.@* df k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg bfo/ u/L ;s]sf]df pQm tYonfO{ u'd/fxdf /fvL cbfntnfO{ e'mSofpgsf] nflu unt tYox¿sf] pNn]v u/L lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lv+bf k|yd b[li6df g} vf/]hefuL 5 . ;fy} cf]d]ufsf] cfosf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] geO{ cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd lgj]bs afl;Gbf sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ljb]zdf laqmL ljt/0fsf] nflu dfs]{l6ª ;]jf k|bfg u/L lbP jfkt k|bfg u/LPsf]] ;]jf z'Nssf] e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d s6\6f ug'{kg]{ s/ s6\6L ul/Psf] dfgL pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbOPsf] xf] . cf]d]ufsf] cfwf/df lgj]bs;+u s/ dfu ul/Psf] xf]Og . lgj]bs sDkgLn] g]kfnd} pTkfbg u/L g]kfnaf6} pTkflbt ;fdfg k7fO{ ;f] sfo{df ;]jf k'/\ofP jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns klg g]kfnaf6} k7fOg] ePsf]n] ;f] e'QmfgLnfO{ g]kfnd} >f]t ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf]df clu|d s/ s6\6f ug{ ldNg] g} x'G5 . cf]d]ufn] bf]xf]/f] s/ nufpg gldNg] egL l/6df cfPsf] xf]Og . o;/L cf=j=@)%(.^) sf] xsdf sfof{noaf6 @)^#.$.@# df ul/Psf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg bfo/ u/L ;s]kl5 ;f]xL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] Pp6f j'Fbfsf] xsdf ;Ddflgt cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf] 5' egL unt tYosf] pNn]v u/L sl/a ! aif{ ^ dlxgf kl5 ljnDj u/L bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 vf/]hefuL 5 . o;sf] ;fy} l/6 lgj]bsn] cf=j=@)%*.)%( df o:t} k|sf/sf] Sales commission sf] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d s/ s6\6f u/L sfof{nodf s/ /sd bflvnf ;d]t ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf cf=j=@)%(.^) b]lv cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ** adf]lhd clu|d s/ s6\6L ug'{kg]{ gkg]{, ;GwL P]g ljkkl/t x'g] egL ljljw lhls/ lnO{ ljnDj u/L bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf clgn s'df/ l;Gxfn] lgj]bs k|f]jfof]a6]s k|f=ln= n] kz'k+lIfsf] bfgfdf ld;fO{g] kf}li6s kbfy{x¿sf] pTkfbg u/L g]kfn / ljb]zdf ;d]t lalqm ub}{ cfPsf]df ljb]z ef/t / ;fs{ If]qsf /fi6«x¿sf cfkm\gf] pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ef/tsf] sf]nsQf l:yt cf]d]uf k|f=ln=nfO{ ;+emf}tf u/L lhDdf nufPsf] / lgh cf]d]uf k|f=ln=n] ef/td} a;L laqmL ljt/0f u/L sfo{ u/] jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns ef/tdf g} cf]d]uf k|f=ln=n] ef/td} a;L laqmL ljt/0f u/L sfo{ u/]jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns ef/tdf g} cf]d]ufn] kfpg] u/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] e'QmfgL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;} cg'?k e'QmfgL u/L cf=j=@)%(.)^) sf] jf;nft lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf]df ljkIfL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] Sales Agent nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] Sales Commission /sdsf] !% k|ltzt /sd / Jofh ;d]tsf] /sd bflvn ug'{xf]nf egL clu|d s/ dfu u/]sf]df pQm ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z cfos/ P]g, @)%* g]kfn ef/t jLr ePsf] 4}w s/fwfg d'lQm tyf ljlQo 5n lg/f]w;DjGwL ;+emf}tf ;GwL P]g, @)$& ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 s/ ;DjGwL d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljkl/t e} lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf]n] pQm s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]z ab/ ul//g' kb{5 egL tyf ljkIfL ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf ;/f]h k|;fb uf}tdn] s/ clws[tsf] cfb]z pk/ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf lgj]bs lgj]bg ug{ u};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL ljifodf ;Ddflgt cbfntdf l/6 If]qaf6 cfPsf] x'+bf j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]z ePkl5 ljgf cfwf/ sf/0f em08} 8]9 jif{kl5 ljnDj u/L l/6df cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bsn] g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf] ;fdfu|L ljqmL ul/ lbP jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns klg g]kfnaf6} ljb]z e'QmfgL k7fPsf] cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_ adf]lhd To:tf] e'QmfgLdf cfb]z s/ s6\6f ug{ ldNg] cj:yfdf To:tf] /sd l/6 lgj]bsn] bfv]n gu/]sf]n] bflvn ug{ elgPsf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt g} 5 . cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] ;]jf z'Nssf g]kfndf clu|d s/ s6\6f e};s]kl5 ef/tdf p;n] Tolt /sd qm]l86 lng kfpg] g]kfn ef/t jLr 4}ws/fwfg d'lQm tyf ljlQo 5n lg/f]w ;DaGwL ;+emf}tfn] ldNg] g} x'+bf s/ sfof{nosf] s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]zn] lgj]bsnfO{ s'g} c;/ kg]{ gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF egL ug'{ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . pNn]lvt lj4fgx¿sf] jx; lhls/ lnlvt ax; gf]6 ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L k|:t't d'2fdf lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]s k|f=ln= jL/u+h g]kfndf :yflkt ePsf] / ;f] sDkgLn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] pTkfbgsf] ljb]zdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ Sales Agent sf] ?kdf ef/tsf] sf]nsQfl:yt cf]d]uf e]Gr;{ k|f=ln= ;+u ;+emf}tf u/]sf] / ;f] ;]jf u/] jfkt lgh cf]d]uf k|f=ln=n] k|fKt ug]{ Sales Commission jfkt lgj]bsaf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sdsf] clu|d s/ s6\6f ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] eGg] tkm{ x]bf{ lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln= g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf] / ;f] sDkgLn] g]kfndf ptkflbt ePsf] ;fdfgsf] 115

ljb]zdf laqmL ljt/0f u/] jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns lgj]bs sDkgLn] g]kfnaf6} cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ df jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] Jofh, k|fs[lts >f]t, ef8f, /f]oN6L ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ubf{ s"n e'QmfgL /sdsf] !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ s6\6L ug'{kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^&-^_ df afl;Gbf lgsfoaf6 lbOPsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ e'QmfgLsf] >f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dfg]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @ cg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgL jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] kl/efiff leq ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . pNn]lvt tYo / sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]taf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] pTkflbt ;fdfu|L laqmL ljt/0f u/] jfktsf] ;]jf z"Ns klg g]kfns} >f]taf6 cf]d]uf k|f=ln=nfO{ e'QmfgL k7fPsf] /sddf s/ s6\6L ug{ kfpg] g} b]lv+bf ljkIf 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] pQm s/ ;+zf]wg lg0f{o sfg"g cg's'ns} b]lvof] . g]kfn / ef/t jLr ePsf] 4}w s/wfg d'QmL tyf ljlQo 5n lg/f]w ;DjGwL ;+emf}tfdf ;d]t g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf] ;fdfu|L ef/t ;d]tdf laqmL ljt/0f ubf{ ef/tdf /x]sf] sDkgLn] k|fKt ug]{ sales commission sf] /sd g]kfnaf6} e'QmfgL k7fPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] pQm e'QmfgL /sdsf] s/ g]kfnn] lng gkfpg] eGg] Joj:yf g/x]sf] / To:tf] /sddf g]kfndf s/ lt/L;s]kl5 ;f] j/fj/sf] /sd ef/tdf lghn] s/ 5'6 -qm]l86_ lng kfpg] g} /x]sf] x'+bf bf]xf]/f] s/ ltg'kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvb}g / lgj]bsn] ef/tdf g]kfndf lt/]sf] s/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5}g / cfkm'n] ltg{ k/]sf] 5 egL lhsL/ lng / k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] klg 5}g . b]zdf ljBdfg oxL s/ sfg"g cg'?k lgj]bsnfO{ cl3Nnf] jif{ klg o;/L g} s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] / ;f] lgoldt ;d]t e} /x]sf] kfOG5 . csf]{ tkm{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] cf]d]uf sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sddf s/ s6\6f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] eP cf]d]uf k|f=ln= n] ph'/ ug{ kg]{df ;f] k|f=ln=sf] ph'/ k/]sf] geO{ lgj]bssf] ph'/ k/]sf] b]lvPsf] / lgj]bsn] e'QmfgL u/L ;s]sf] /sddf s/ nfu]sf] s'/fn] lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ ;DklQ ;DaGwL xs clwsf/df s'g} cf3ft k/]sf] b]lvPg . t;y{ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/sf] s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]z pk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]tsf] sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|s[ofdf lgj]bs k|j]z u/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg u/]sf], g]kfndf :yflkt ePsf] lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ef/tdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] Agent nfO{ g]kfns} >f]taf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sddf cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/ s6\6f ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvPsf] / lgj]bs sDkgLn] Sales Commission jfkt e'QmfgL u/L ;s]sf] /sddf s/ s6\6f u/]sf]n] lgj]bsnfO{ To;af6 k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] gb]lvPsf], k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ cj:yfsf] cf]d]uf e]Gr;{ k|f=ln=sf] ph'/L gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] oxL cfly{s jif{sf] cGo s/ e'QmfgL ;DaGwdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg u/L To;} ljifosf] Ps snddf l/6 lgj]bg If]qaf6 lbPsf] lgj]bg lhls/ ;d]t dfGo x'g] cj:yfsf] gx'Fbf pQm s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg dfubfjL adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf / l:ylt gb]lv+bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fod d ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f k|;fb bfxfn sDKo'6/ ug]{ M ;'lbk k+1g] L Olt ;Djt\ @)^& ;fn cfiff9 dlxgf !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\\===================================.

116

efuM %^, ;fnM @)&!, dlxgfM >fj0f, c+sM $, km};nf ldlt M @)&).)(.)# ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo sf=d'= k|wfgGofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL )^(-WO-)*@( ljifo M pTk|]if0f÷k/dfb]z . lgj]bsM ljsf; cfof]hgf ;]jf s]G› -l8k|f]S;–g]kfn_ sf tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt Pj+ cfk\mg} xsdf ;d]t P]=sf ;+:yfks cWoIf tyf sfof{nosf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs lktfDa/k|;fb cfrfo{ lj¿4 ljkIfL M g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t · ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhdsf cfodf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd lbg ;lsg] s/ 5'6 h:tf sfg"gL k|lqmofut sfo{ k"/f gu/L ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoNffO{ s/of]Uo cfo sfod u/L !@ jif{sf] cfo Ps} rf]6L lgwf{/0f x'g] egL eP u/]sf To:tf lg0f{ox¿NffO{ sfg"g;Ddtsf] lg0f{o dfGg gldNg] . · s'g cfo s/of]Uo cfo xf] / s'g cfo s/5'6of]Uo cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;DalGwt clwsf/L;Ifd 5 t/ sfg"g ljk/Lt uP/ lg0f{o ul/G5 / lg0f{oflwsf/Lsf lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgdf ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] To:tf] sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f l/6 If]qaf6 gx'g] eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= &_ · lgj]bs ;+:yf d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt eP klg lgh ;+:yfn] bft[ lgsfoaf6 cg'bfg:j¿k rGbf, pkxf/, k|ltkmn / cGo of]ubfgx¿ k|fKt ug{'sf] ;fy ;fy} ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ;f] ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]lvFbf d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yfkgf eP klg Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ u/]sf] To:tf] cj:yfdf d'gfkmf/lxt eGg] lalQs} ;Dk"0f{ cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] eGg gx'g] . · s/ 5'6sf cfkm\g} ;Ldf x'G5Gf . Tof] ;LdfeGbf aflx/ uP/ g t /fHon] s/ nufpg ;Sb5 g tM cfo k|fKt ug{] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] OGsf/ ug{ g} . s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq hf/L x'Fb}df s/d'Qm x'g g;Sg] ljz'¢ Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoNffO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' x'Fb} x'Fb}g eGg] ts{ ug{' s/sf d"No dfGotf / l;¢fGt ljk/Lt x'g hfg] . · d'gfkmfl/xt ;:yf eGg] lalQs} Jofkf/ Joj;foNffO{ 5'6 eg]sf] xf]Og . ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{' ljz'¢ ;]jfd"ns dfq geO{ gfkmfd"ns Jofkf/ Joj;fo klg xf] . d'gfkmf klg Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 x'G5 eg] To:tf] /sd s//lxt x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt cfodf ;Dk"0f{ s/ 5'6sf] bfjL ug{ / 5'6 lbg ldNg] gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !$_ · dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf #! adf]lhd s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] t/ To:tf] /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs¿kdf cfos/ 5'6 lbg ;Sg]df ;f] eP u/]sf] b]lvg gcfpg] . · g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s/ 5'6 kfPsf] afx]s cGo s'g} ljz'¢ Jofkfl/s jf ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ;f] dfWodaf6 cfo cfh{g u/L v"b d'gfkmf u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] v'b d'gfkmf /sd s//lxt x'g g;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+= !&_ · lgj]bs s/ gnfUg] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf btf{ ePsf] k|df0fkq cfkm}Fn] hf/L u/]sf] k|df0fkq gx]/L d'gfkmf/lxt xf] xf]Og, ;+: yfn] u/]sf] cfodWo] s'g s'g /sd s/of]Uo cfo xf] / s'g s'g cfo s/ gnfUg] cfo xf] eGg] s'/ftkm{ ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{'kg{]df ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ gu/L gnfUg] /sddf ;d]t s/ nufpg] u/L ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh: j sfof{noaf6 hf/L ul/Psf lg0f{o Pj+ s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z Pjd kqx¿ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . -k|s/0f g+= !*_ lgj]bssf tkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfqo a›L axfb'/ sfsL{, zDe' yfkf / sf]dn k|sfz l3ld/], ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L j]bk|;fb lzjfsf]6L / >L aNne a:g]t ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]zs'df/ yfkf cjnlDat ghL/ M ;Da4 sfg"g M 117

· · · ·

;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@(!-r_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_ -!_ sf] v08 -s_, bkmf !)-5_ ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%%

cfb]z ;=sf=d'=k|=Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;ª\lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M lgj]bs ljsf; cfof]hgf ;]jf s]G› -l8k|f]S;–g]kfn_ ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t ldlt @)%).^.!) df btf{ eO{ :yflkt ePsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . of] ;+:yf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltcg'¿k sfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt ePsf]n] :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Dd ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ dfkm{t To;sf nflu lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zoadf]lhd sfo{ ug{] qmddf g]kfnsf &% lhNnfdWo] %$ lhNnfdf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ljleGg ljsf; tyf ;]jfd"ns sfo{x¿ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bs ;+:yfn] g]kfnsf b'O{ nfv krf; xhf/ 3/w'/Lsf t]x| nfv krf; xhf/eGbf a9L hgtfNffO{ k|ToIf¿kn] nfeflGjt x'g] ljleGg sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . To;qmddf ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 -$%)) j6f ;fgf tyf demf}nf_ l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgd{f0f u/L !%))) x]S6/eGbf a9L hldgdf l;+rfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 eg] *$) j6f vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx¿af6 !#** j6feGbf a9L wf/f h8fg u/L vfg]kfgL ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] If]qdf o; ;+:yfn] @@ j6f pk:jf:Yo rf}sLsf] ejg lgd{f0f ug{‘sf ;fy} #*! j6f ljBfno ejgx¿sf] lgd{f0f, dd{t / k'glg{d{f0f u/L z}lIfs If]qsf] ;'wf/sf nflu of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 *!) ls=dL= u|fdL0f s[lif ;8ssf] lgd{f0f u/L u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] ahf/;Ddsf] kx'Frdf ;xhtf k'¥ofpg of]ubfg ug{‘sf ;fy} #* j6f emf]n'Ë] k'n, !( j6f ;fd'bflos ejg, @ j6f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿;d]t u/L xfn;Dd hDdf &^$& cfof]hgfx¿ lgd{f0f / dd{t u/L hgtfNffO{ ;'lDkO{ rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf 5Gf . plNnlvt ljsf; lgd{f0fsf kl/of]hgfx¿ ;+:yfsf] sf]lz; / cu|;/tfaf6 ;DkGg e} ;~rflnt /x]sf 5g eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf b"/b/fhsf u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf ljkGg ju{sf] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu ;+:yfåf/f g]kfn /fi6« a}Íaf6 cg'dlt lnO{ n3'ljQ (Microfinance) sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L o;cGtu{t xfn krf; xhf/eGbf a9L u/La tyf ljkGg dlxnfx¿ ;b:o /x]sf 5Gf . o; sfo{qmdaf6 u|fdL0f e]usf u/La tyf ljkGg dlxnfx¿NffO{ art ug{] afgL a;L ;f]xL artaf6 cfkm\gf ;Gtltsf] lzIff / :jf:Yodf x'g] vr{df ;xof]u k'Ug'sf ;fy} v]tLsf] ;dodf dn, aLp uf]? nufotsf sfo{df ;fgf] ltgf] ;fk6L cfbfg k|bfg x'g] / ;f]af6 k]zf Joj;fodf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug] k'¥ofpg] sfo{ u/L cfPsf] 5 . lgj]bs ;+:yf ;fj{hlgs lxt tyf k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt eO{ d'gfkmf/lxt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ePsf] / tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@ -!_-r_ n] o:tf ;+:yfx¿ :jtM cfos/ 5'6 k|fKt ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift eO{ cfos/ gnfUg'sf] ;fy} xfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_sf] v08 -s_ n] ;d]t lgj]bs h:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ cfos/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ePsfn] lgj]bs ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] sfof{no /x]sf] If]qsf] s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^!.%.! df cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o;/L cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug{‘cl3 cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq dfu ug{] ;+:yfsf] ljwfg / ljwfgdf plNnlvt p2]Zox¿ x]/L hfFrL dfq cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq hf/L ePsf] 5 . k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf tyf d'gfkmf glng] u/L btf{ ePsf sDkgLx¿NffO{ ;d]t o;} u/L cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg e} ;~rflnt /x]sf 5Gf . k|ToyL{ dWo]sf] s/ sfof{noaf6 hf/L u/]sf] cfos/ Ohfht k|df0fkq xfn klg oyfjt sfg"gL cl:tTjdf 5 / lgis[o 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5}g . lgj]bs ;+:yf ;fljssf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@ -!_-r_ n] :jtM cfos/ 5'6 ;+:yf ePsf] / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_-s_ n];d]t lgj]bs ;+:yfsf] ultljlw tyf sfd sf/f]af/NffO{ cfos/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/L lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ cfos/ 5'6 k|df0fkq k|bfg e} cfos/ ltg{‘ gkg{] ePsf]n] k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{noNffO{ k|To]s jif{ cfkm\gf] cfo Joosf] jflif{s n]vf ljj/0f a'emfO{ cfPsf] 5 . s/ sfof{no;dIf cfly{s jif{ @)%^÷)%& b]lv g} cfo Joo ljj/0fsf] jflif{s n]vf k|ltj]bg a'emfO{ s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq k|bfg u/L cfos/ nfUg] egL bfjL tyf kqfrf/ u/]sf] lyPg . :yfkgfsfn b]lv s/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfO{ k"0f{ pT;fxsf ;fy cfkm\gf] nIo xfl;n ug{ lqmofzLn /x]sf]df s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^(.#.@$ df sfuhft, k|df0f, ljj/0f tyf k'i6\ofOF pknAw u/fpg] zLif{ssf] * a'Fb] kq k|]lift u/]sf] x'Fbf s/ sfof{nodf ;dodf g} ljj/0f k]z u/]sf lyof}+ . k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{noaf6 PSsf;L ldlt @)^(.!).!! df cf=j= )%^÷)%& sf] ¿=@*,#*,*!^.^% Pj+ ;f]xL ldltdf cf=j= )%&÷)%* sf] ¿= #(,%(,(@$.$% / cf=j=)%*÷)%( b]lv cf=j= )^& ÷)^* ;Ddsf] s"n ¿=@!,^^,)(,)@(.$# /sdNffO{ v'b cfo sfod u/L ;+zf]lwt cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{] eGg] Joxf]/fsf 118

kqx¿ k|fKt e} pQm lg0f{opk/ ab/ u/L kfp+g cGo j}slNks / k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] dfu{sf] cefj ePsf]n] ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf %-@_ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd of] l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_-s_ sf] v08 -s_ sf] k|lts"n gfkmf sdfpg] sfd sf/jfxL u/L gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf] ;d]t 5}g . o;/L o; ;+:yfNffO{ P]gsf] bkmf @-w_-!_-s_ sf] v08 -s_ leq s} ;+:yf dfg]sf] x'Fbf sfg"gL Joj:yfn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] æs/ 5'6Æ sf] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt cfos/ lgw{fl/t ug{] u/L ePsf sfd sf/jfxL k|yd b[li6df g} ab/efuL 5 . o; ;+:yfNffO{ ldlt @)^!.%.! df :jo+ k|ToyL{ sfof{noaf6 ljlwjt hf/L ul/Psf] k|df0fkq /2 jf lgliqmo 3f]lift geP;Dd k|:t't sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{o ug{] sfo{ :jtM u}/sfg"gL eO{ ab/efuL 5 . pQm hf/L ul/Psf] s/ 5'6 k|df0f kqdf ;+:yfsf] p2]ZoeGbf aflx/ uO{ ul/Psf] sf/f]af/af6 ePsf] cfodf dfq} s/ nfUg] zt{ pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xfd|f] ljQLo ljj/0fdf pNn]v ePsf] /sd ;+:yfsf] p2]Zoaflx/ uO{ k|fKt u/]sf] /sd ge} ;+:yfsf] p2]Zoleq /x]/ k|fKt ePsf] /sd xf] . cfkm}Fn] hf/L u/]sf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt zt{sf cfwf/df o;cl3 jiff}{+;Dd s/ 5'6 k|bfg ePsf] /sd xfn cfP/ s/of]Uo x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f] n]vf ljj/0fdf plNnlvt /sd ljwfgdf plNnlvt p2]Zo afx]ssf] ultljlw / sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt /sd eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{non] tf]s]sf] zt{aflx/ uPsf] eGg] cf/f]k nufPsf] ;d]t 5}g . h'g zt{ / kl/lw ls6fg u/]sf] xf] ;f] zt{ tyf kl/lwleq /x]sf] sfo{ s/of]Uo x'g ;Sb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf % df s/of]Uo cfo / cfosf zLif{ssf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 / To;df ;f] zLif{sx¿af6 ePsf] cfoNffO{ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/of]Uo cfo dfGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] bkmf ^ df lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;df s'g} Joj;fo /f]huf/L jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfoNffO{ lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo dflgPsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifodf lgj]bs ;+:yfn] k]z u/]sf] cf=j= @)%*÷)%( b]lv cf=j= @)^&÷)^* ;Ddsf] jf;nft tyf cfly{s ljj/0faf6 To;df vr{eGbf art a9L egL pNn]v u/]sf] /sdNffO{ k|ToyL{ sfof{noaf6 :jo+ 3f]lift d'gfkmf egL zAbsf] ckJofVof u/L cfkm"n] 5'6 lbPsf] s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq / P]gsf] Joj:yf lj¿4 s/of]Uo cfo sfod u/L s/ nufpg ldNg] xf]Og . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)!-#_ cg';f/ $ jif{leq s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;Sg'kg{] eGg] k|fjwfg;d]tsf] ljk/Lt !) cfly{s jif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f Pp6} lg0f{o / krf{af6 ug{ vf]Hg' P]gsf] k|fjwfgljk/Lt 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )%(* lg=g+= *&*% df k|ltkfbg ePsf] Goflos l;4fGt adf]lhd ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yfNffO{ s/ 5'6 gx'g] eGg gldNg] egL To:t} p2]Zo lnP/ :yflkt ePsf] d'gfkmf/lxt sDkgLn] ;d]t s/ 5'6 kfpg] egL o; ;DaGwdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu;d]tNffO{ lgb{]zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ug{] egL ldlt @)^*.#.!@ df cfb]z ePsf] kfOG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f k|ltkflbt ghL/sf] pNnªwg x'g] u/L s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq kfO;s]sf] ;+:yfNffO{;d]t s/ nufpg vf]Hg' u}/;+j}wflgs sfo{ xf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *(-!_ n] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{non] cfos/ c;"npk/ ug{] jf cfos/ lng] k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ¿kdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* / ;fljssf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! /x]sf] / pQm b'a} P]gx¿n] gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs ;+:yfNffO{ cfos/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf u/L cfos/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]df k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{non] ljut !$ jif{ cl3b]lvsf] /sdNffO{ v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ c;'npk/ ug{] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o tyf sf/jfxL u}/sfg"gL 5 . ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf !$ n] lgj]bs ;+:yf lj36g ePdf ;+:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{ hfoh]yf g]kfn ;/sf/df ;g{] Joj: yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+:yfsf] lj36g x'Fbf ;+:yfsf] hfoh]yf g]kfn ;/sf/df ;g{] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] lgj]bs ;+:yf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_-s_ adf]lhdsf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf xf] eGg] k|i6 5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd lgj]bs h:tf sl/a #%))) u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ /x]sf 5Gf . ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fj{hlgs / k/f]ksf/L sfd ug{] o:tf ;+:yfx¿NffO{ cfos/ gnfUg] ePsf]n] cGo ;+:yfx¿NffO{ s/ gnufO{ o; ;+:yfNffO{ dfq s/ nufpg] u/L lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . Ps} sfg"gsf] k|of]udf leGgleGg lsl;dsf] dfkb08 / Jojxf/ u/L lng gldNg] s/ lng] u/L ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_ sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! Pj+ @)%* / ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 lbOPsf] kq;d]tsf cfwf/df s/ gnfUg] cfwf/df lgj]bs ;+:yf ;~rflnt ePsf] xf] . !@ jif{cl3b]lv s/ gnfUg] egL ;f]xL ljZjf;df ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] sfd sf/f]af/ tyf ultljlw ;~rfng u/L cfPsf]df xfn cfP/ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ nufpFbf ;+:yfsf] cl:tTj g} vt/fdf kg{] cj:yf 5 . ctM pk/f]Qm k|s/0fx¿df jl0f{t tYo tyf sfg"g ljk/Lt o; ;+:yfNffO{ cfos/ nufpg] u/L ljkIfLx¿af6 ePsf sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{ox¿ u}/sfg"gL Pj+ u}/;+j}wflgs e} pQm lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-3_, !#-!_, *(-!_ sf] ;+j}wflgs xs tyf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-r_ / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_ -!_-s_ sf ;fy} ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf %-@_;d]tsf sfg"gL xsx¿ cj¿4 / cf3fltt ePsf]n] k|ToyL{ 119

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}+ If]q g+= @ af6 s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] u/L ldlt @)^(.!).!! / @)^(.!).!$ sf] kq tyf pQm kqx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o Pj+ sfd sf/jfxLx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ cfos/ gnufpg' egL k|ltif]w k/dfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"h{L hf/L ul/kfpmF . lgj]bs ;+:yf gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt tyf ;~rflnt ;fdflhs tyf k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug{] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf x'g'sf ;fy} s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] sfd sf/jfxL ug{] k|ToyL{x¿af6 g} s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq k|fKt u/L jif{}lkR5] cfoJoo ljj/0f a'emL cfos/ gnufPsf] /sddf xfn cfP/ !@ jif{sf] cjlwsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ nfu]sf] / k|]lift kqdf plNnlvt v'b cfo egL pNn]v ul/Psf] /sd sd{rf/Lsf] pkbfg, labf, cf}iflw pkrf/;d]t;Fu ;DalGwt /sd ePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd pQm s/ lgwf{/0f sfo{ u/]df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt x'g] ePsf]n] ;'ljwf ;Gt'ng Pj+ Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t ldlt @)^(.!).!! df / ldlt @)^(.!).!$ df k|]lift ul/Psf] kqfg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ lng];DaGwL s'g} klg sfd sf/jfxLcuf8L ga9fpg' egL k|ToyL{x¿sf] gfpFdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/f . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{‘ egL of] cfb]z / l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf Dofb ;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{‘ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z;d]tsf] dfu ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ b'a} kIfaLr 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'Ug'kg{] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf nflu tf/]v tf]sL ljkIfLx¿NffO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.!).@^ sf] cfb]z . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ lgj]bsNffO{ lrQ ga'em]df cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf k|fjwfgadf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb{]zs ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] / ;f] ljefusf dxflgb{]zssf] lg0f{odf klg lrQ ga'em]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] j}slNks / ;fwf/0f sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbfx'Fb} ;f] af6f] cjnDag gu/L c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . s/ lgwf{/0f nufotsf s/ z'Ns cflbsf] k|zf;g cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu / cGtu{tsf lgsfosf] sfo{If]q ljifo ePsf] x'Fbf s/ lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf k|fjwfg cg'¿k cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+= @ af6 eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt 5Gf / ;f] sfof{nosf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf o; dGqfnosf] s'g} e"ldsf gx'g] x'Fbf o; dGqfno;d]tNffO{ ljkIfL agfpg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g . ;fy} o; dGqfnosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLNffO{ cGofo kg{ uPsf] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] lhsL/ lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] l/6 lgj]bgdf sxLF st} pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf o; dGqfno;d]tNffO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . g]kfnsf] cfos/, d"No clej[l4 s/ :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . s/bftfn] oL s/ sfg"gx¿sf] cfwf/df :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L lgw{fl/t s/ /sd ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L s/bftfx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf ljj/0fdWo] tf]lsPsf ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 hf]lvdo'Qm s/bftf klxrfg u/L 5gf}6 eO{ 5gf}6df k/]sf jf sfof{noaf6 5gf}6 ePsf] jf s'g} lsl;dsf] ph"/L÷;"rgf k|fKt ePsf s/bftfx¿sf] dfq k"0f{s/ k/LIf0f jf cg';GwfgfTds s/ k/LIf0f ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . k"0f{ s/ k/LIf0f jf cg';Gwfgd"ns s/ k/LIf0f gePsf] cj:yf;Dd s/ bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f g} dfGo x'G5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ sf] -w_ -!_ df 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf egL v08 -s_ df gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf egL pNn]v u/]sf] eP tfklg k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf æt/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] p2]Zocg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg x'Fbf jf s'g} JolQmåf/f ;f] ;+:yfNffO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ;DklQ jf ;]jf afktsf] s'g} e'QmfgL ubf{ afx]s ;f] ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g} JolQmNffO{ s'g} kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfNffO{ s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}gÆ egL ;zt{ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug{‘ ePsf] ;+:yf cfos/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yf ePsf] eGg] bfjL 5 ;f] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ lgj]bs ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkqdf g} ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo afx]s cGo ultljlw ;~rfng u/L s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]df To:tf] cfodf s/ 5'6 x'Fb}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsn] zt{ ;lxtsf] s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq ePs} cfwf/df dfq To:tf ;+:yfx¿n] cfh{g u/]sf] s/of]Uo cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] xf]Og . To:tf ;+:yfx¿n] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)-5_ adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf] xb;Dd dfq s/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)! adf]lhd ul/Psf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ lrQ ga'em]df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !!% adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ljkIfL 120

lgj]bs ;+:yfsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg kg{ ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] pQm lgj]bg k/]sf] cj:yfdf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] /f]xdf dxflgb{]zssf] x}l;otn] sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn] gldn]sf] hfFr u/L lg0f{o lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ lglxt /x]sf] / To;/L lgj]bg k/]sf] avt x]/L lg0f{o ug{‘kg{] x'Fbf xfnsf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+= @ af6 ePsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] tYodf k|j]z u/L ljefusf] wf/0ff;lxtsf] hjfkm k]z ug{ plrt b]lvPg . ctM sfg"gdf ;xh¿kdf Joj:yf ePsf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] k|lqmof cjnDag gu/L pQm Joj:yfNffO{ a]jf:yf u/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hefuL 5 . ctM pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf plNnlvt tYout tyf sfg"gL cfwf/;d]taf6 cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)! df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf], ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em]df cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] cj:yfdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bs ;+:yfn] Joj;flos tyf ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ljleGg a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 C0f shf{ lnO{ nufgL u/]sf], n3'ljQ sfo{qmd cGtu{t u|fxs ;b:ox¿df C0f nufgL tyf c;'nL sfo{af6 Aofh cfDbfgL u/]sf], k/fdz{ ;]jfaf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf], a}Í l8kf]lh6af6 Aofh cfh{g u/]sf] ;fy} ljleGg sDkgLdf z]o/ / OlSj6Ldf nufgL u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] Joxf]/f ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg / sfuhft ljj/0faf6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm ;+:yfn] k"0f{¿kdf Jojxfl/s sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 . bft[ lgsfox¿af6 cg'bfg k|fKt ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lng'kg{] :jLs[lt glnPsf] ;fy} af]nsaf]n k|lqmofcg';f/ k|lt:kw{f u/L sfd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ k|fKt u/L pQm kl/of]hgfx¿af6 d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] ;+:yf, ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t btf{ e} ;~rfng ePsf], ljQLo ljj/0f lgoldt¿kdf a'emfpFb} cfPsf] / s/ 5'6 k|fKt ;+:yfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . t/ pQm ;+:yfsf] o; sfof{noaf6 5fglag u/L s/ k/LIf0f x'Fbf pQm ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zoljk/Lt Joj;flos sf/f]af/ u/L s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf cf=j=@)%^÷%& / @)%&÷%* sf] cfosf] ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ## -!_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf] s'g} k|ltlqmof eP & lbgleq hjfkm k7fpg P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;"rgf lbPsf]df lghn] s/ nfUg] sf/f]af/ gu/]sf] eGg] k|df0f k]z u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ldlt @)^(.!).@* df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] lg0f{o ldlt @)^(.!!.@ df kq a'emfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)! adf]lhd cf=j= @)%*÷)%( b]lv cf=j= @)^&÷^* ;Ddsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f / d"No clej[l¢s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @) adf]lhd d"No clej[l¢ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;+zf]lwt tyf clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ldlt @)^(.!!.$ df lg0f{o cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] x'Fbf pQm lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df ;f] lg0f{o cfb]zpk/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% / d"No clej[l¢ s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #!-s_ adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} ;f] j}slNks af6f] cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg k|yd b[li6df g} vf/]h efuL 5 . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] ;+:yf ;fj{hlgs lxt tyf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cg';f/ btf{ ePsf] d'gfkmf /lxt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! / cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/ gnfUg] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-r_ df ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / d'gfkmfsf] p2]Zon] u7g ePsf] b]lv afx]ssf] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] jf :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] cfodf dfq cfos/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] t/ lgj]bs ;+:yfsf] ljwfgdf d'gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvPsf] / pQm ;+:yfn] Joj;flos sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] s'/f lghn] u/]sf] sf/f]af/af6} k'li6 ePsf] x'Fbf pQm sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt cfodf cfos/ nfUg] :ki6 5 . To;} u/L cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ sf] -w_-!_ sf] -s_ df s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf egL gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf egL pNn]v ePsf] ;fy} k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf “t/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] p2]Zocg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg x'Fbf jf s'g} JolQmåf/f ;f] ;+:yfNffO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ;DklQ jf ;]jfafktsf] s'g} e'QmfgL ubf{ afx]s ;f] ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g} JolQmNffO{ s'g} kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfNffO{ s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}g" egL ;zt{ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ lgb{]lzsf, @)^^ n] klg P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfNffO{ k|i6 kfb{} “pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ P]gdf s/ 5'6 k|fKt x'g] b'O{ k|sf/sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yf / s/ 5'6sf] cfo x'g] ;+:yf . klxnf] cj:yf s/ 5'6 ;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf kg{] lalQs} :jtM s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] / bf];|f] cj:yf, s/ 5'6 ;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf k/] klg ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf btf{ ePkl5 jf ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] xf] . t/ s/ 5'6 x'g] jf s/ 5'6 kfPsf] s'g} ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ / cfkm"n] k|fKt 121

u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g} JolQm ljz]ifNffO{ s'g} JolQmut kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfn] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . s'g} klg ;+:yfNffO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq lgMzt{ geO{ ;zt{ ¿kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ ldlt @)^!.%.! ut] s/ 5'6sf] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf lbOPsf] cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq klg lgMzt{ geO{ ;zt{ /x]sf] 5 . lgh ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs ;]jf sfo{qmdx¿sf cnfjf cfkm\gf] p2]Zo ljk/Lt Joj;flos tyf ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] k'li6 ePsf] x'Fbf lghn] u/]sf] ;f] Joj;flos sf/f]af/df cfos/ 5'6 gx'g] :ki6 5 . hxfF;Dd l/6 lgj]bsn] k|To]s jif{ cfkm\gf] cfo Joosf] ljQLo ljj/0f a'emfO{ cfP klg sfof{noaf6 cfos/ nfUg] egL slxNo} klg bfjL / kqfrf/ gu/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lng'ePsf] 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf lghn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf cfkm"n] u/]sf] Joj;flos tyf ljQLo sf/f]af/sf] ljj/0f glbO{ sf/f]af/ n'sfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf cwfl/t cfos/ Joj:yfadf]lhd s/bftfn] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L lgw{fl/t s/ /sd ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L s/bftfx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf ljj/0fdWo] tf]lsPsf ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 hf]lvdo'Qm s/bftf klxrfg u/L 5gf}6df k/]sf jf sfof{noaf6 5gf}6 ePsf jf s'g} lsl;dsf] ph"/L ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf s/bftfx¿sf] dfq k"0f{s/ k/LIf0f jf cg';GwfgfTds s/ k/LIf0f ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . k"0f{ s/ k/LIf0f jf cg';Gwfgd"ns s/ k/LIf0f gePsf] cj:yf;Dd s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f g} dfGo x'G5 . o;} Joj:yf cg';f/ lgh s/bftfn] cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ n'sfO{ cfo Joo ljj/0f k]z gu/L s/ 5nL u/]sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkZrfTf 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg ;'¿ u/L lghNffO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ d"No clej[l¢ s/tkm{ k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / cfos/tkm{ ;kmfO{sf] ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{] df}sf lbO{ ;f] sf] k|ltlqmof;d]t k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf u}/sfg"gL¿kdf s/ nufPsf] egL lng' ePsf] lhsL/ lg/y{s /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)-5_ df 5'6 x'g] /sdcGtu{t 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] rGbf, pkxf/cGtu{tsf /sddf dfq s/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yfdf eg] ;fdflhs k/f]ksf/L h'g;'s} ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'bfg, rGbf / pkxf/;d]t s/of]Uo cfo x'G5 . lgj]bs ;+:yfn] Joj;flos sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] : ki6 ePsf]n] o;/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq lnPsf] ePtf klg cfos/ 5'6sf] bfo/fdf gkg{] :ki6 5 . cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ;+:yfx¿n] k|To]s jif{ s/ 5'6sf] p2]ZocGtu{t dfq sfo{ u/]sf] eP ljQLo ljj/0f dfq / s/nfUg] p2]Zo;d]tsf] sfd u/]sf] eP cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf (^ adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{‘kg{] Joj:yf 5 . ljkIfL lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug{‘ePsf] ;+:yfn] ljQLo ljj/0f k]z ug{] u/]sf] ePtf klg cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] s/bftf :jo+NffO{ s/ clws[t ;/x dfg]sf] kfOG5 . cfkm\gf] cfo s/bftf cfkm}Fn] osLg u/L cfo ljj/0f tof/ u/L s/ ltg{‘kg{] bfloTj eP bflvnf ub{} hfg' kg{]df ljkIfL lgj]bsn] ;f] gu/L s/ 5'6 k|fKt ;+:yf egL ljQLo ljj/0f dfq k]z u/]sf] x'Fbf lghn] s/ 5Ng] lgotn] hfn;fhLk"0f{ sfo{ u/L cfkm"n] u/]sf] Joj;flos sf/f]af/ n'sfPsf] :ki6 5 . o;/L hfn;fhLk"0f{ sfo{ u/L s/ 5n]sf] kfOPdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)!-$_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf u}/sfg"gL tyf u}/;+j}wflgs lsl;dn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ vf]h]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lg/y{s 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/ 5'6 k|fKt ug{] ;+:yf, gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf x'g'kg{], s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] kfPsf] rGbf, pkxf/ jf pQm ;+:yfaf6 k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{] jf k|ltkmnsf] cfz gu/L To;n] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;Fu k|ToIf¿kn] ;DalGwt cGo of]ubfgx¿ dfq s/ 5'6sf nflu of]Uo x'G5 . ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg /sd k|fKt ug{ klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng'kg{] x'G5 . s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfn] klg af]nsaf]n k|lqmofcg';f/ tyf 7]Ssf k|lt:kwf{ u/L s'g} sfd k|fKt u/L sf/f]af/ u/]df s/ ltg{‘kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . t/ ljkIfL ;+:yfn] pQm bkmf @-w_ sf] p2]Zoljk/Lt s/of]Uo Joj;flos sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd s/of]Uo sf/f]af/ u/]sf] pQm ;+:yfn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sf/f]af/ n'sfO{ xfn;Dd klg /fHoNffO{ ltg{‘ a'emfpg'kg{] s/ glt/L sfg"g pNn‹g u/]sf] sf/0fn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! / @)%* ;fy} d"No clej[l¢ s/ P]g, @)%@ ;d]tn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f sfg"g;Ddt ePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . ctM pk/f]Qm plNnlvt tYout tyf sfg"gL cfwf/;d]taf6 cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/ 5'6 ePsf] jf 5nL ePsf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg 5fglag u/L ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ePsf], ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ubf{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtcg'¿k ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbO{ cfos/ P]g tyf d"No clej[l¢ s/ P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] dfu{ cjnDag gu/L c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/L bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L j]bk|;fb lzjfsf]6L / >L jNne a:g]tn] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf ljkGg ju{ / u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] pTyfg ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt o; ;+:yfNffO{ n3'ljQ 122

;~rfng ug{ /fi6« a}+sn] Ohfht lbPsf] 5 . n3'ljQ sfo{qmd b'u{d 7fpFdf ;~rflnt 5g . n3'ljQ sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 b"/b/fhdf /x]sf ljkGg ju{ / u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] nufgL u/L k|fKt cfo;d]t pQm :yfgdf g} k|of]u x'g] x'Fbf d'gfkmf jf s/of]Uo cfodf u0fgf x'g] k|s[ltsf] cfo xf]Og . Surplus cfo gePsf]n] o;df s/ nufpg ldNb}g . cfos/ 5'6 x'g] k|df0fkq hf/L ul/of] t/ To;sf] ljk/Lt s/ nufOof] of] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq hf/L ubf{ rf/ zt{ pNn]v ul/of] tL zt{ljk/Lt x'g] u/L o; ;+:yfn] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g . lgj]bs ;/xsf cGo ;]jfd"ns ;+:yfNffO{ s/ 5'6 lbO{ lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ dfq s/sf] bfo/fdf n\ofOPsf] 5, of] ;dfgtfsf] xs lj¿¢sf] sfo{ xf] . ;]jfd"ns ;+:yfn] cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf s/ 5'6 kfpg] u/L g]sfk @)^(, c;f/, lg=g+=*&*%, k[i7 $!# df l;¢fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] x'Fbf pQm l;¢fGt o; l/6 lgj]bgdf klg cfslif{t x'G5 . P]gdf g} s/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf s'g s'g cfodf s/ nufpg] eGg]tkm{ gx]/L ;Dk"0f{ cfodf g} s/ nufOof] of] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . s/ gnfUg] cfodf ;d]t s/ nufOPsf] x'Fbf l/6 hf/L u/L s/ nufpg] u/L ePsf lg0f{o ab/ x'g'kb{5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . o;} u/L lgj]bstkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfqo >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{, >L zDe' yfkf / >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/]n] ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf #! n] klg gfkmf/lxt ;]jfd"ns ;+:yfNffO{ cfos/ 5'6 x'g] egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zoljk/Lt sfo{ u/]df ;+:yf g} vf/]h x'G5 t/ o; ;+:yfn] sfg"g ljk/Lt / cfkm\gf] ljwfgsf] p2]Zoljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g . Surplus / Profit df km/s 5 . k|To]s cfh{g s/of]Uo x'Fb}g . v'b d'gfkmfdf s/ nfUb5 ;Dk"0f{ artdf xf]Og t/ ;Dk"0f{ artdf s/ nufOof] of] sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . s/ 5'6 kfpg] clwsf/ lgj]bsdf /x]sf] x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ artdf s/ nufpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L ca pk|fGt s/ gnufpg' eGg] k|ltif]w nufot k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . ;/sf/L lgsfosf] tkm{af6 ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]zs'df/ yfkfn] ljwfgdf ;]jfd"ns egL pNn]v u/L ;f]xLadf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 ljQLo ;+:yf;d]t vf]nL ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ;f]af6 d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf] x'Fbf s/sf] l;¢fGtaflx/ uPsf] k|i6 5 . s/ 5'6sf] gfddf Jofkf/ ug{ kfOFb}g . Jofkf/ ug{ s/ 5'6 lbPsf] xf]Og ;]jfd"ns sfo{sf] nflu 5'6 lbPsf] xf] . t/ s/ 5'6 ;'ljwf b'¿kof]u u/L ljQLo sf/f]af/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . s] s:tf] k|s[ltsf sfo{sf s/ 5'6 x'g] egL hf/L ul/Psf] k|df0fkqdf g} zt{ pNn]v 5 . lgj]bsn] ljj/0f dfq k]z u/] s/of]Uo /sd b]vfPg . t;y{ lgj]bs ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ljwfg / p2]Zoljk/Lt ljQLo sf/f]af/ ;~rfng u/L d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] d'gfkmfdf s/ nufpg] u/L ePsf lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt eO{ u}/j}wflgs Pj+ u}/;+j}wflgs gb]lvPsf]n] l/6 vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . b'a}tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foL Pj+ ;xGofoflwjQmfn] k|:t't ug{‘ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{‘kg{] xf] xf]Og ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvg cfof] . @= o;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltcg'¿k ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf sfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt o; ;+:yfn] g]kfnsf &% lhNnfdWo] %$ lhNnf cGt/utsf ljkGg hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ljleGg ljsf; tyf ;]jfd"ns sfo{x¿ ug{] qmddf $%)) j6f ;fgf tyf demf}nf l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgd{f0f, *$) j6f vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx¿ ;DkGg u/]sf], @@ j6f pk:jf:Yo rf}sLsf] ejg lgd{f0f, #*! j6f ljBfno ejgx¿sf] lgd{f0f, dd{t / k'glg{d{f0f, *!) ls.dL. u|fdL0f s[lif ;8ssf] lgd{f0f, #* j6f emf]n'Ë] k'n, !( j6f ;fd'bflos ejg, @ j6f n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿;d]t u/L xfn;Dd hDdf &^$& cfof]hgfx¿ lgd{f0f / dd{t u/L hgtfNffO{ ;'lDkO{ rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g . cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf b"/b/fhsf u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf ljkGg ju{sf] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}Íaf6 cg'dlt lnO{ n3'ljQ (Microfinance) sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L u|fdL0f e]usf u/La tyf ljkGg dlxnfx¿sf] tkm{af6 art ePsf] /sdaf6 lghx¿sf ;Gtltsf] lzIff / :jf:Yodf vr{ ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L lgj]bs ;+:yf ;fj{hlgs lxt tyf k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt eO{ d'gfkmf/lxt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ePsf] / tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_ -r_ xfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_ -!_sf] v08 -s_ n] cfos/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf @)^!.%.! df cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o;/L s/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfO{ sfo{ ;~rfng u/L cfPsf]df cf=j= )%^/)%& sf] ¿=@*,#*,*!^.^% Pj+ ;f]xL ldltdf cf=j= )%&/)%* sf] ¿= #(,%(,(@$.$% / cf=j= )%*/)%( b]lv cf=j= )^&/)^* ;Ddsf] s"n ¿=@!,^^,)(,)@(.$# /sdNffO{ v"b cfo sfod u/L ;+zf]lwt cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{] eGg] ldlt @)^(.!).!! / @)^(.!).!$ sf kqx¿ k|fKt x'g cfPsf] t/ pQm lg0f{o ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)!-#_ cg';f/ $ jif{leq s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;Sg'kg{]df !@ jif{sf] Psd'i6 s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yfNffO{ s/ nufpg] tyf k|]lift kqdf plNnlvt v"b cfo egL pNn]v ul/Psf] /sd sd{rf/Lsf] pkbfg, labf, cf}iflw pkrf/;d]t;Fu ;DalGwt x'Fbf To:tf] /sdNffO{;d]t v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ nufpg] u/L ePsf lg0f{oaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-3_, !#-!_, *(-!_ sf] ;+j}wflgs xs tyf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-r_ / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ -w_ -!_-s_ sf ;fy} ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf %123

#=

$=

%=

^=

@_;d]tsf sfg"gL xsx¿ xgG x'g uPsf]n] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}+ If]q g+= @ af6 s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] u/L ldlt @)^(.!).!! / @)^(.!).!$ sf] kq tyf pQm kqx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o Pj+ sfd sf/jfxLx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ cfos/ gnufpg' egL k|ltif]w k/dfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"h{L hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] lgj]bg Joxf]/f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf lgj]bsn] zt{;lxtsf] s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] xf] lgMzt{ xf]Og . s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq ePs} cfwf/df dfq To:tf ;+:yfx¿n] cfh{g u/]sf] s/of]Uo cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] xf]Og . To:tf ;+:yfx¿n] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)-5_ adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf] xb;Dd dfq s/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bs ;+: yfn] Joj;flos tyf ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ljleGg a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 C0f shf{ lnO{ nufgL u/]sf], n3'ljQ sfo{qmdcGtu{t u|fxs ;b:ox¿df C0f nufgL tyf c;'nL sfo{af6 Aofh cfDbfgL u/]sf], k/fdz{ ;]jfaf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf], a}Í l8kf]lh6af6 Aofh cfh{g u/]sf] ;fy} ljleGg sDkgLdf z]o/ / OlSj6Ldf nufgL u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] s'/f n]vf k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg / sfuhft ljj/0faf6 b]lvPsf], bft[ lgsfox¿af6 cg'bfg k|fKt ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt glnPsf] ;fy} af]nsaf]n k|lqmofcg';f/ k|lt:kw{f u/L sfd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ k|fKt u/L pQm kl/of]hgfx¿af6 d'gfkmf cfh{g u/L pQm ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zoljk/Lt Joj;flos sf/f]af/ u/L s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf cf=j= @)%^÷%& / @)%&÷%* sf] cfosf] ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-!_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf] s'g} k|ltlqmof eP & lbgleq hjfkm k7fpg P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_adf]lhd ;"rgf lbPsf]df lghn] s/ nfUg] sf/f]af/ gu/]sf] eGg] k|df0f k]z u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ldlt @)^(.!).@* df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] lg0f{o ul/Psf] / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)! adf]lhd cf=j= @)%*÷)%( b]lv cf=j= @)^&÷^* ;Ddsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f / d"No clej[l¢s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @) adf]lhd d"No clej[l¢s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;+zf]lwt tyf clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f lg0f{o cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] x'Fbf pQm lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df ;f] lg0f{o cfb]zpk/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% / d"No clej[l¢s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #!-s_ adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg]df ;f] j}slNks af6f] cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bg Joxf]/f, lnlvt hjfkm / ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] k|:t't ljjfbdf p7fpg' ePsf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zg;d]tNffO{ b[li6ut u/L x]bf{ lgDg k|Zgx¿df lg¿k0f ug{‘kg{] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . -s_ s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ dfu ug{ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6 If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g < -v_ lgj]bs ;+:yf tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-r_-!_ / xfn axfn /x]sf] cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf @ -w_ -!_-s_ adf]lhdsf] bfo/fleq kg{] ;]jfd"ns ;+:yf xf] xf]Og < -u_ ;]jfd"ns ;+:yfn] ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{ ldNg] xf] xf]Og / o;/L ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 cflh{t cfo s/of]Uo cfo x'G5 x'Fbg} < -3_ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 ePsf lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5g 5}gGf / pQm lg0f{o ab/ x'g'kg{] xf] xf]Og < -ª_ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg{] xf] xf]Og < klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;+zf]lwt tyf clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f lg0f{o cfb]zpk/ lrQ ga'em]df ;f] lg0f{o cfb]zpk/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% / d"No clej[l¢s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #!-s_ adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] / cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lg0f{opk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] ljBdfg /x]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] lgj]bssf] pQm sfo{ k|f/Dedf g} sfg"gljk/Lt 5 egL j}slNks pkrf/sf] ljifodf ljkIfLx¿n] ljjfb b]vfPsf 5g\ . lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-r_ / xfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_ -!_ sf] v08 -s_ n] cfos/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf @)^!.%.! df cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg u/L s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfO{ sfo{ ;~rfng u/L cfPsf]df lgh ;+:yfn] ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ljleGg a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 C0f shf{ lnO{ nufgL u/]sf], n3'ljQ sfo{qmdcGtu{t u|fxs ;b:ox¿df C0f nufgL tyf c;'nL sfo{af6 Aofh cfDbfgL u/]sf], k/fdz{ ;]jfaf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf], a}Í l8kf]lh6af6 Aofh cfh{g u/]sf] ;fy} ljleGg sDkgLdf z]o/ / OlSj6Ldf nufgL u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] x'Fbf ldlt @)^(.!).* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)^(.!).!! cf=j=)%^÷)%& sf] ¿=@*,#*,*!^.^% Pj+ ;f]xL ldltdf cf=j= )%& ÷)%* sf] ¿=#(,%(,(@$.$% / cf=j=)%*÷)%( b]lv cf=j= )^&÷)^* ;Ddsf] s"n ¿=@!,^^,)(,)@(.$# /sd s/of]Uo cfo sfod x'g] egL ldlt @)^(.!).!$ df kqfrf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] lg0f{ofg';f/ ul/Psf] kqfrf/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)!-#_ cg';f/ $ jif{leq geO{ !@ jif{sf] Ps}rf]6L lg0f{o ePsf] / pQm lg0f{o ubf{ sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;do JotLt u/L tyf sd{rf/Lsf] pkbfg, labf, aLdf / cf}iflw pkrf/

124

/ n3'ljQ sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt cfo;d]tsf /sd ;a}NffO{ v'b cfo sfod u/L ePsf lg0f{o u}/ ;+j}wflgs ePsf] egL lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf 5g . &= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 cfos/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lgj]bs ;+:yfNffO{ @)^!.%.! df cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L cfkm}Fn] s/ 5'6 x'g] egL k|df0fkq hf/L u/]sf] ;f] ;+:yfn] s'g s'g lgsfoaf6 cg'bfg /sd k|fKt u/]sf] 5 / ;fdflhs ;]jfdf s] s:tf] nufgL u/]sf] 5, d'gfkmfsf cfwf/ s] s] x'Gf, cGo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt sfof{no ;~rfng;DaGwL vr{, sd{rf/Lsf] tna, pkbfg, labf, aLdf / cf}iflw pkrf/;d]tsf] /sddf s] slt s/of]Uo cfo x'g ;S5 / s] slt s/ 5'6of]Uo cfo x'g] eGg] / ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhdsf cfodf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd lbg ;lsg] s/ 5'6 h:tf sfg"gL k|lqmofut sfo{ k"/f gu/L ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoNffO{ s/of]Uo cfo sfod u/L !@ jif{sf] cfo Ps} rf]6L lgwf{/0f x'g] egL eP u/]sf To:tf lg0f{ox¿NffO{ sfg"g;Ddtsf] lg0f{o dfGg ldNb}g . s'g cfo s/of]Uo cfo xf] / s'g cfo s/5'6of]Uo cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;DalGwt clwsf/L;Ifd 5 t/ sfg"g ljk/Lt uP/ lg0f{o ul/G5 / lg0f{oflwsf/Lsf lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgdf ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] To:tf] sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f l/6If]qaf6 gx'g] eGg ldNb}g . *= ca, bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs ;+:yf tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-r_ / cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_-s_ adf]lhdsf] bfo/fleq kg{] ;]jfd"ns tyf s/5'6k|fKt ;+:yf xf] xf]Og eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-r_ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd 5M $@ cfos/sf] 5'6 M -!_ o; P]g jf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf cfodf s/ nfUg] 5}gM– -r_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / d'gfkmfsf] p2]Zon] u7g ePsf] b]lvafx]ssf] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ ePsf] jf :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] cfo, o;}u/L xfn axfn /x]sf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd 5M @. -w_ “5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf" eGgfn] b]xfosf lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ M -!_ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljefudf btf{ ePsf b]xfoadf]lhdsf lgsfo M -s_ gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf, -v_ ;fdflhs jf v]ns'b;DaGwL ;'ljwf k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] ;f] ;+:yf jf To;sf ;b:ox¿n] nfe glng] u/L u7g ePsf] cJoj;foL -Pd]Rof]/_ v]ns'b ;+:yf, -@_ lgj{frg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] /fhg}lts bn, -#_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, t/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zocg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg x'Fbf jf s'g} JolQmåf/f ;f] ;+:yfNffO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ;DklQ jf ;]jfafktsf] s'g} e'QmfgL ubf{ afx]s ;f] ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g} JolQmNffO{ s'g} kmfObf k'o{f'Psf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfNffO{ s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}g . (= lgj]bs ljsf; cfof]hgf ;]jf s]G› -l8k|f]S;–g]kfn_ ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t ldlt @)%).^.!) df btf{ eO{ : yflkt ePsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltcg'¿k g} ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf sfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt eO{ ljleGg ljsf; tyf ;]jfd"ns sfo{x¿ ug{] qmddf ;fgf tyf demf}nf l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgd{f0f, vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgd{f0f, pk:jf:Yo rf}sLsf] ejg lgd{f0f, ljBfno ejgx¿sf] lgd{f0f, dd{t / k'glg{d{f0f u|fdL0f s[lif ;8ssf] lgd{f0f, emf]n'Ë] k'n, ;fd'bflos ejg, n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿;d]t lgd{f0f / dd{t u/L hgtfNffO{ ;'lDkO{ cfkm\gf] ljwfgsf] p2]Zocg'¿k :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;Dd sfo{ ul/cfPsf] s'/fdf ljkIfLn] ljjfb b]vfPsf 5}gGf . !)= b]zsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;j{flË0f ljsf; ;/sf/L If]qsf] k|of;af6 dfq k"/f x'g g;Sg] u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;dfj]zL tl/ sfn] hg ;xeflutf h'6fO{ lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ljleGg ;]jfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] eGg] lgj]bs ;+:yfsf] ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v 5 . pQm ;+:yfsf] k|:tfjgfaf6} cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf ljkGg ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf] nflu ;]jfd"ns sfo{ ;~rfngfy{ ;xof]u k'o{frpg' pQm ;+:yfsf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL p2]ZoNffO{ d"t{¿k lbg ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd of] ;+:yf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . !!= ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] k|:tfjgfdf “;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos, ;fF:s[lts, j}1flgs, z}lIfs, af}l4s, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s Joj;flos tyf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf / btf{ ug{Æ eGg] pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf @-s_ df “;+:yf eGgfn] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos, ;fF:s[lts, j}1flgs, z}lIfs, af}l4s, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s Joj;flos tyf k/f]ksf/L sfo{x¿sf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] ;+3 ;+:yfNffO{ ;Demg'kb{5Æ eGg] kl/efiff u/L 125

;+:yf btf{ P]gsf] k|:tfjgf / kl/efiff;Fu tfbDotf /xg] u/L o; ;+:yfsf] ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;d]t pNn]v eO{ ;f]xL ;+3 ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ eO{ ;+:yf ;~rfng eO{ cfPsf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 pQm ;+:yfNffO{ ldlt @)^!.%.! df s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq;d]t hf/L u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] dfly plNnlvt ljleGg If]qdWo] g]kfnsf] b"/b/fh tyf ef}uf]lns ljs6tf;d]tNffO{ b[li6ut u/L To:tf] If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf ljkGg ju{NffO{ nlIft u/L ljleGg ;]jfd"ns sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] ;]jfd"ns k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljdlt hgfpg'kg{] cj:yf b]lvPg . t/, ;]jfd"ns / d'gfkmf/lxt k/f]sf/L sfo{ ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yfn] ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]sf] egL klxnf cfkm"n] hf/L u/]sf] s/ 5"6sf] k|fjwfgljk/Lt uP/ s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL / u}/;+j}wflgs egL lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;]jfd"ns, d'gfkmf/lxt k/f]sf/L sfo{ ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yfn] u/]sf] n3' ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] cfo s/of]Uo cfo xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zg klg TolQs} ljrf/0fLo /x]sf]n] o; k|Zgsf] lg¿k0f k|Zg g+= # df lj:t[t ljj]rgf ul/g] 5 . !@= ;]jfd"ns ;+:yfn] ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{ ldNg] xf] xf]Og / o;/L ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 cflh{t cfo s/of]Uo cfo x'G5 x'Fb}g eGg] t];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;+:yfn] ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ljleGg a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 C0f shf{ lnO{ nufgL u/]sf], n3'ljQ sfo{qmdcGtu{t u|fxs ;b:ox¿df C0f nufgL tyf c;'nL sfo{af6 Aofh cfDbfgL u/]sf], k/fdz{ ;]jfaf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf], a}Í l8kf]lh6af6 Aofh cfh{g u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm /sd s/of]Uo ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . !#= ;+3 ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGt/ut :yfkgf ePsf / tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-!_-r_ / xfn axfn /x]sf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_ sf] v08 -s_adf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] s] s:tf /sddf cfos/ nfUb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)-5_ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf;d]t pNn]v x'g' ;fGble{s 5. !)= 5'6 x'g] /sdx¿M b]xfosf /sdx¿df s/ 5'6 x'g]5 M -5_ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] b]xfoafkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd M -!_ rGbf, pkxf/, -@_ bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhdsf] 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfNffO{ k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{] jf k|ltkmnsf] cfz gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;Fu k|ToIf¿kn] ;DalGwt cGo of]ubfgx¿, jf -#_ g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zocg'¿k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd, jf -$_ g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zocg'¿k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd . !$= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd o:tf s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zocg'¿k sfo{ ug{sf] nflu bft[ lgsfoaf6 cg'bfg:j¿k k|fKt ug{] rGbf, pkxf/ / To; ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] k|ltkmn / cGo of]ubfgx¿ s/of]Uo cfodf u0fgf gx'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ca, lgj]bs ;+:yfn] n3'ljQ sf/f]af/ u/L u/]sf] cfo s/of]Uo cfo xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zg klg ljrf/0fLo x'g cfPsf] 5 . lgj]bs ;+:yf, ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGt/ut btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf eP klg n3'ljQ sfo{qmd;d]t ;~rfng u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ;]jfd"ns / d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yf egL btf{ eO{ sfo{ ;~rfng eO{ cfPsf] eP tfklg C0f nufgLaf6 k|fKt ePsf] Aofh egL cfly{s ljj/0fdf ;f] s'/fsf] pNn]v ul/ Psf] 5 . lgj]bs ;+:yf d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt eP klg lgh ;+:yfn] bft[ lgsfoaf6 cg'bfg:j¿k rGbf, pkxf/, k|ltkmn / cGo of]ubfgx¿ k|fKt ug{‘sf] ;fy ;fy} ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ;f] ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]lvFbf d'gfkmf/lxt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yfkgf eP klg Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ u/]sf] To:tf] cj:yfdf d'gfkmf/lxt eGg] lalQs} ;Dk"0f{ cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] eGg] xf]Og . s/ 5'6sf klg cfkm\g} ;Ldf x'G5g . Tof] ;LdfeGbf aflx/ uP/ g t /fHon] s/ nufpg ;Sb5 g t cfo k|fKt ug{] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] OGsf/ ug{ g} . To;sf/0f s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq hf/L x'Fb}df s/d'Qm x'g g;Sg] ljz'¢ Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfoNffO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf n\ofpg' x'Fb} x'Fb}g eGg] ts{ ug{‘ s/sf d"No dfGotf / l;¢fGtljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . To;sf/0f d'gfkmfl/xt ;:yf eGg] lalQs} Jofkf/ Joj;foNffO{ 5'6 eg]sf] xf]Og . ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{‘ ljz'¢ ;]jfd"ns dfq geO{ gfkmfd"ns Jofkf/ Joj;fo klg xf] . d'gfkmf klg Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 x'G5 eg] To:tf] /sd s//lxt x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f ljQLo sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt cfodf ;Dk"0f{ s/ 5'6sf] bfjL ug{ / 5'6 lbg ldNg] b]lv+b}g . !%= ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf ;+:yfn] ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] ;Ldfdf /xL To:tf ;+:yfn] Go"g cfo ePsf JolQmNffO{ n3'art ;+sng ug{ / n3'shf{ pknAw u/fpg ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] e"ldsf lgj{fx ug{sf] nflu n3' ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{ /fi6« a}+sn] cg'dlt k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] / o; ;+:yfn] klg cg'dlt k|fKt u/L pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df n3'ljQ sf/f]af/ ;~rfng u/]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't ljjfbdf P]gdf /x]sf n3'ljQ;DaGwL ljleGg kIfsf] k|of]hg / ljZn]if0f x'g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 126

!^= b]zsf] ljleGg If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] Go"g cfo ePsf JolQmx¿NffO{ n3' Joj;fodf ;xefuL u/fO{ ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] lgldQ ;+:yfut¿kdf n3'art ;+sng ug{ tyf n3'shf{ pknAw u/fpg ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yfx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%% adf]lhd To:tf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu /fi6« a}+saf6 cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf To:tf] ;+:yfn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf * n] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/adf]lhd Go"g cfo ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x u7g u/L pQm JolQm jf ;d"xaf6 n3'art ;+sng ug{, n3'shf{ k|bfg u/L nlIft ju{sf] pTyfg ug{] sfo{df sfo{ ug{‘kg{] u/L ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ef}uf]lns ljs6 / b"/b/fhdf a;f]af; u/]sf ljkGg / Go"g cfo ePsf JolQmx¿NffO{ nlIft u/L Go"g cfo ePsf JolQmx¿NffO{ n3' Joj;fodf ;xefuL u/fO{ ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu n3'art ;+sng ug{ tyf n3'shf{ pknAw u/fO{ To:tf ljkGg ju{sf] cfly{s:t/ a[l¢ ug{‘ P]gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$adf]lhd btf{ ePsf ;+:yfn] ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf %-@_adf]lhd cg'dlt k|fKt u/L n3'art ;+sng ug{ tyf n3'shf{ pknAw u/fpg] k|of]hgn] o:tf ;+:yfn] n3'ljQ sf/f]af/ ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] . pQm sfo{qmd ;~rfnfgfy{ P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd ;+:yfsf] sf]ifdf b]xfosf /sdx¿ /xg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . @$= -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf a}Í jf :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ;+3, ;+:yf cflbaf6 cg'bfg jf C0f :j¿k k|fKt /sd, -s!_ n3'art ;Íng u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sd, -s@_ jfl0fHo a}Í jf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sd, -v_ ;+:yfsf] ;b:ox¿af6 k|fKt z'NsdWo] tf]lsPj+df]lhdsf] /sd, -u_ ;+:yfn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfafkt k|fKt ;]jf z'Nssf] /sd, -3_ n3'shf{af6 k|fKt Aofh, z'Ns cflb /sd, -ª_ cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt /sd . !&= ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% adf]lhd n3'ljQ sf/f]af/ ug{ lgj]bs ;+:yfn] /fi6« a}+saf6 ldlt @)^!.&.!^ df cg'dlt lnO{ n3'ljQ sf/f]af/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;+:yfn] pk/f]Qm dfWodaf6 cfh{g u/]sf] /sddf s/ 5'6 x'g'kg{] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL / pQm /sd s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] 5 . dfly plNnlvt k|fKt cfodf ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf #! adf]lhd s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] t/ To: tf] /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs¿kdf cfos/ 5'6 lbg ;Sg]df ;f] eP u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s/ 5'6 kfPsf] afx]s pQm ;+:yfn] cGo s'g} ljz'¢ Jofkfl/s jf ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/L ;f] dfWodaf6 cfo cfh{g u/L v"b d'gfkmf u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] v'b d'gfkmf /sd s//lxt x'g ;Sg] ePg . !*= ca, rf}yf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^(.!).* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)^(.!).!! cf=j=)%^÷)%& sf] ¿= @*,#*,*!^.^% Pj+ ;f]xL ldltdf cf=j= )%&/)%* sf] ¿= #(,%(,(@$.$% / ldlt @)^(.!).!$ df cf=j= )%*/)%( b]lv cf=j= )^&÷)^* ;Ddsf] s"n ¿=@!,^^,)(,)@(.$# /sd s/of]Uo cfo egL hf/L ul/Psf lg0f{ofg';f/sf sfd sf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt 5 5}g / pQm lg0f{o tyf kqx¿ ab/ x'g' kg{] xf] xf]Og eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs ;+:yf, ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] ;]jfd"ns ;+:yf eO{ ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% adf]lhd n3'ljQ sf/f]af/ ug{ /fi6« a}Íaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt u/L ljkGg ju{sf] lxtsf] nflu n3'art ;+sng n3'shf{ nufgL u/L cfPsf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ pQm P]gsf] ;du| p2]Zo / ljljw kIfNffO{ ljrf/ k'o{fsPsf] b]lvg cfPg . To;} u/L b"/b/fhdf /x]sf cfly{s b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf ljkGg ju{NffO{ nlIft u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltcg'¿k g} sfo{ ;~rfng u/L cfPsf]df To:tf] ;+:yfNffO{ s/ nufpFbf ljQLo dWo:ytf;DaGwL sfd ug{] ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhdsf] k|fKt cfodf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #! n] Joj:yf u/]sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgdf;d]t ljrf/ k'¥ofPsf] b]lvg cfPg . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^(.!).* df ePsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ hf/L ul/Psf] cf=j= )%^÷)%& / )%&÷)%* sf] nflu ldlt @)^(.!).!! df / ldlt @)^(.!).!$ df cf=j= @)%*÷)%( b]lv cf=j= )^&÷)^* ;Ddsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zNffO{ sfg"g;Ddt eGg ldn]g . lgj]bs s/ gnfUg] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf btf{ ePsf] k|df0fkq cfkm}Fn] hf/L u/]sf] k|df0fkq gx]/L d'gfkmf/lxt xf] xf]Og, ;+:yfn] u/]sf] cfodWo] s'g s'g /sd s/of]Uo cfo xf] / s'g s'g cfo s/ gnfUg] cfo xf] eGg] s'/ftkm{ ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg{]df ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ gu/L gnfUg] /sddf ;d]t s/ nufpg] u/L ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+= @ sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^(.!).* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ hf/L ul/Psf ldlt @)^(.!).!! / @)^(.!).!$ sf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf pQm ldltsf lg0f{o Pj+ s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z Pjd kqx¿ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5. !(= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6 ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=@ sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf pk/f]Qm ldltsf lg0f{o Pj+ s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / kqx¿ ab/ x'g] 7x/ ePsf]n] ca h] hf] a'em\g'kg{] a'emL lgj]bs ;+:yfsf] xsdf 127

nfUg] s/sf ljifodf k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg / ljZn]if0f u/L of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] # dlxgfleq lg0f{o ug{‘ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿NffO{ u/fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof= k|sfz j:tL Olt ;+jt @)&) ;fn k'; # ut] /f]h $ z'ed ==== . Ohnf; clws[tM bLks 9sfn

128

cGtMz'Ns;+u ;DalGwt l/6

129

130

efuM @* ;fnM @)$# dlxgfM ef› c+sM %, km};nf ldlt M @)$#.)%.!( @%, lg0f{o g+=@&@^ l8lehga]~r dfggLo GofofwLz >L k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df ;Djt\ @)$@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@#&) lgj]bsM lh=afFs], g]kfnu~hl:yt e/tlszf]/ lj8L ˆofS6«Lsf] g]kfnu~h g=k+=jf=g+= % a:g] e/tlszf]/ a}Zo lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, afub/af/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f nufot pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L ul/kfpF -!_ k|lti7fg cfkm}+n] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df v'›f d'No sfod ug{ ;Sg] eP klg To:tf] v'›f d'No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbsn] kfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns hf]8L x'g cfpg] /sddf ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] afkt lglZrt k|ltzt yk u/L laqmL ug{ ;Sg] sfg'gL Joj:yf b]lvG5 . To;/L lglZrt k|ltzt yk ug{ kfpg] u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/ nfO{ g} ;f] clwsf/ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ sfg'gsf] clVtof/L a]u/ @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ sfg'g;+ut gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !)_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn / ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/ Gof}kfg] ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg d'VoGofoflwjQmf >L s]bf/k|;fb zdf{ cfb]z Gof=k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo Pj+ lhls/ ;+If]kdf o;k|sf/ /x]5 . @= cfly{s P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf $ cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo !% cg';f/ laqmLs/ c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu laqmL d"No sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{df >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$!.!).@# df lg0f{o ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)$!.!!.$ sf] kqnfO{ l;/f]wfo{ u/L s/ sfof{non] lgj]bssf] lj8L ˆofS6«Ldf ldlt )$!.!!.!* df kq k|]lift uof]{\ . pQm kqsf] v08 ! df pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] PS; ˆofS6«L d"No / d'gfkmf ;lxt k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Ns afF8L x'g cfpg] s'n /sddf ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] vr{ afkt lgDg j:t'df lglZrt k|ltzt yk dfs{ck u/L laqmLs/ k|of]hgsf] nflu laqmL d"No sfod u/L laqmLs/ c;"n ug]{ eGg] Joj:yfg';f/ la8Ldf @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ ;fy} pko'Qm Joj:yf @)$!.#.@^ b]lvsf] laqmLdf nfu" x'g] elgPsf] 5 . tTkZrft @% k|ltzt dfs{ck gu/L aLn sf6L laqmLs/ c;"n pk/ u/]sf] egL d lgj]bssf] lj8L ˆofS6«LnfO{ @)$!.#.@^ b]lv laqmL eO;s]sf] laqmL d"Nodf dfs{ck ul/g] @% k|ltztsf] ;Gbe{df lx;fa u/L @)$! ;fn kmfNu'0f;Ddsf] gk'u laqmLdf egL ?=&@#%.@% bflvnf ug{ Nofpg' egL )$!.!@.!( df kq k7fOPsf] 5 . #= cfly{s P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf $ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo !% sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ pTkflbt a:t'sf] v'›f d"No sfod ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt k|lti7fg :jo+nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . ;f] v'›f d"No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbsn] kfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Nssf] / ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] jfkt lglZrt k|ltzt yk u/L laqmL d"No sfod ug]{ elgPsf] x'Fbf laqmLs/ v'›f d"Nodf nufOg] / ;f] v'›f d"No sfod ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt pBf]un] kfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Nssf] /sd / ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] jfktsf] lglZrt k|ltzt yk u/L laqmL d"No sfod ug]{ ;Dd pQm b]xfo !% df plNnlvt 5 t/ ;f] laqmL d"Nodf laqmLs/ nfUg] xf]Og . laqmLs/ tT;DalGwt pBf]u cfkm}+n] sfod u/]sf] v'›f d"Nodf nufOg] s'/f k|i6 x'Fbf k|ToyL{x?n] laqmL d"No sfod u/L To;df laqmLs/ nufOg] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ;j{yf cefj 5 . kmnt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %*-!_ n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufpg] / p7fpg] 5}g eGg] ;+j}wflgs ;+/If0fsf] k|ToIft pNn+3g ePsf] 5 ;DalGwt pBf]un] lglZrt u/]sf] v'›f d"No b]lv O{t/ @% k|ltzt dfs{ck u/L ljqmL d"No sfod u/L To; dfly laqmLs/ nufpg] clwsf/ cfly{s P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf $ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo !% n] k|ToyL{nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] xf]Og, @% k|ltzt dfs{ck u/L laqmLs/ k|of]hgsf nflu laqmL d"No sfod u/L laqmLs/ c;"n ug]{ eGg] pQm b]xfo !% df pNn]v 5}g . t;y{ k|ToyL{sf] lg0f{o clwsf/ If]qfTds q'l6u|:t Pj+ plNnlvt sfg'gsf] k|lts"n 5 . @% k|ltzt dfs{ck u/L laqmL ug]{ egL n]vL ldlt )$!.!!.!* df kq k7fOPsf]df ;f] cg';f/ gu/]sf] eGb} )$! 131

;fn cfiff9 @^ ut] b]lv )$! ;fn kmfNu'0f ;Ddsf] lx;fa b]vfO{ @% k|ltzt dfs{ck u/L laqmL ug]{ egL n]vL ldlt )$!.!!.!* df kq k7fOPsf]df ;f] cg';f/ gu/]sf] eGb} @)$! ;fn cfiff9 @^ ut] b]lv )$! ;fn kmfNu'0f ;Ddsf] lx;fa b]vfO{ @% k|ltzt dfs{ck u/L laqmL d"No sfod u/L gk'u laqmLs/ bflvnf ug{‘ egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{nonfO{ 5}g, >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ldlt )$!.!).@# df lg0f{o u/]sf] s'/f klg sfg'gdf cfl>t 5}g . PS; ˆofS6«L d"No v'nfpFbf laqmLs/ k|of]hgsf] nfuL cf=a= )$).$! df v'nfPsf] eGbf 36L v'nfpg gldNg] / pTkflbt a: t'sf] k|lt OsfO{ ut jif{ eGbf 36\g] ePdf ut jif{ ;/x x'g] ug]{ hlgO{ dfs{ck ug{‘kg]{ eGg] s'/fx¿ ljns'n} u}/sfg'gL / pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ljk/Lt x'G5 dfly plNnlvt eP cg';f/ laqmL eO{ ahf/df uO;s]sf] ldlt )$!.#.@^ b]lv )$! kmfNu'0f d;fGt;Ddsf] lj8Lsf] laqmL kmfF6jf/LnfO{ x]/L pBf]un] sfod u/]sf] d"Nodf @% k|ltzt dfs{ck u/L lx;fa u/L e'tnIfL c;/ lbO{ gk'u laqmLs/ egL dfu ul/g' sfg'g k|lts"n 5 t;y{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt )$!.!).@# sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df k7fPsf] ldlt )$!.!!.$ / ldlt )$!.!!.!* nufot tT;DalGwt kqx¿ / ;Da4 sf/ jfxL ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L xgg\ ePsf] xssf] k|rng u/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg . $= ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvthjfkm dufpg' eGg] l;+una]~rsf] cfb]zfg';f/ k|fKt lnlvthjfkmsf] lhls/ ;+If]kdf o;k|sf/ /x]5 . %= cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg cfkm}+n] kfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns hf]8L x'g cfpg] /sddf ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] afkt lglZrt k|ltzt yk u/L laqmL d"No sfod u/L laqmLs/ c;"n ug]{ ldlt )$!.#.@^ ut]b]lv g} nfu" ug]{ ldlt )$!.!).@# df >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o eO{ ;f] cg'?k >L cy{ dGqfno, s/ ljefu laqmL v/Lbsf] ldlt )$!.!!.$ sf] kq k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] ;f] kqdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ lj8Ldf @% k|ltztn] dfs{ck u/L @)$! cfiff9 @^ b]lv )$! df3 ;Dd laqmL ePsf] d"Nodf bflvnf ePsf] laqmLs/ s6fO{ gk'u x'g cfpg] laqmLs/ ?=&@#%.@% ldlt )$!.!@.!( sf] kqåf/f laqmLs/ a'emfpg kq k7fPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{no g]kfnu~h . ^= laqmL d"No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ljt/0f vr{ afkt lglZrt k|ltzt tf]Sg] lg0f{o ldlt )$!.!).@# df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 ePsf] / pQm lg0f{o ;f]xL lg0f{o ldlt b]lv dfq nfu" ug]{ ldlt )$@.$.@( df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o eO;s]sf] x'Fbf / ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg sfg'g;+ut gx'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;lrj nf]saxfb'/ >]i7, cy{ dGqfno / dxflgb]{zs gf/fo0f/fh ltjf/L, s/ ljefusf] Ps} Joxf]/fsf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvthjfkm . &= lgod adf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] kmfon ;d]t cWoog u/L lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf] ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L xl/x/ bfxfn / xl/ Gof}kfg]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfly{s P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf $ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo !% adf]lhd lgj]bssf] lj8L ˆofS6«Lsf] pTkflbt lj8Lsf] laqmL d"Nodf @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ eGg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt )$!.!).@# sf] lg0f{o clwsf/ If]qfTds q'l6 x'g'sf] ;fy} pQm ldlt )$!.!).@# sf] lg0f{onfO{ ldlt )$!.#.@^ b]lv g} nfu" x'g] egL ahf/df laqmL eO;s]sf] a:t'sf] laqmL d"Nodf yk dfs{ck ug]{ egL e"tnIfL lg0f{o Pj+ sf/jfxL ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o Pj+ kqx¿ tyf sf/jfxL ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] / ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf tkm{af6 vl6O{ pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg d'VoGofoflwjQmf >L s]bf/k|;fb zdf{n] cfly{s P]g, @)$! sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo !% n] lbPsf] clVtof/L adf]lhd g} ljkIfLx?sf] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt lj8Lsf] laqmL d"Nodf @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ kqx¿ tyf sf/jfxL sfg'g adf]lhd g} x'Fbf ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf]Og ;d]t egL ug{‘ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . *= ca lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] ;f] sf] lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . (= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df sfg'gL clVtof/Lsf] cefjdf e"tnIfL c;/ kf/L lgj]bssf] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt a:t'sf] laqmL d"Nodf @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ u/]sf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o Pj+ tT;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxLx¿ q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] d'Vo l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ b]lvG5 . !)= l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ cg';f/ lgj]bssf] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt a:t'sf] laqmL d"Nodf @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ s'g} P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g eGg] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/sf] xsdf ljrf/ ubf{ cfly{s P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf $ sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo !% n] k|bfg u/]sf] clVtof/L adf]lhd To:tf] laqmL d"Nodf @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] adf]lhd dfs{ck ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;Ifd eP gePtkm{ pQm P]gsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ P]=sf] bkmf $ df cfly{s jif{ )$!–$@ df cg';"rL ^ adf]lhd laqmLs/ nufOg] / c;"n pk/ ul/g] 5 eGg] n]lvPsf] 5, ;f] sf] cg';"rL ^ df laqmLs/sf] b/aGbL tf]sL pQm cg';"rL ^ sf] @$–@$–@ df ;f] b/aGbLdf lj8L klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 eGg] pQm bkmf $, cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo !% df bkmf $ adf]lhd pTkfbgdf laqmLs/ dfUg] cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg cfkm}+n] sfod u/]sf] v'›f d"Nodf dflysf] b/af6 laqmLs/ nufO{ c;"n pk/ ul/g] 5 . v'›f d"No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbsn] kfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns hf]8L x'g cfpg] /sddf ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] afkt lglZrt k|ltzt yk u/L laqmL d"No sfod ul/g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . 132

o;af6 k|lti7fg cfkm}+n] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt a:t'df v'›f d"No sfod ug{ ;Sg] eP klg To:tf] v'›f d"No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pTkfbsn] kfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns hf]8L x'g cfpg] /sddf ljt/0f vr{ jf ;f] afkt lglZrt k|ltzt yk u/L laqmL d"No sfod ug{;Sg] sfg'gL Joj:yf b]lvG5 . To;/L lglZrt k|ltzt yk ug{ kfpg] u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ g} ;f] clwsf/ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ lgj]bssf] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt a:t' -lj8L_ sf] laqmL d"Nodf @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ u/L ldlt )$!.!).@# df ePsf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ lgj]bssf] k|lti7fgnfO{ pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf )$!.!!.!* df kq n]vL pQm @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ lg0f{ofg';f/ dfs{ck u/L lx;fa ubf{ x'g cfpg] gk'u /sd dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ sfg'gsf] clVtof/L a]u/ @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ sfg'g;+ut b]lvPg . !!= >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] )$!.!).@# sf] lg0f{o )$!.#.@^ b]lv g} nfu" x'g] u/L egL e"tnIfL c;/ lbg] u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] xsdf ljkIfL cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkmsf] k|s/0f g+= % df laqmL d'No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljt/0f vr{ afkt lglZrt k|ltzt tf]Sg] ldlt )$!.!).@# sf] lg0f{o ;f]xL ldltaf6 dfq nfu" x'g] u/L ldlt )$@.$.@( df lg0f{o eO;s]sf] 5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] o;tkm{ s]xL af]ln/xg} k/]g . !@= k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{noaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf ldlt )$!.!).@# sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd lgj]bssf] k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt a:t' -lj8L_ df lg0f{o ePsf] pQm ldlt )$!.!).@# k"j{ ldlt )$!.#.@^ b]lv g} dfs{ck u/L ;f] adf]lhd gk'u /sd bflvnf ug{ Nofpg' eGg] ljleGg ldltsf] kq adf]lhdsf] sfo{ sfof{Gjog ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6} b]lvg gcfPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o g} kl/jt{g eO{ To:tf] @% k|ltzt yk dfs{ck ug]{ pQm )$!.!).@# sf] lg0f{o ;f]xL ldltaf6 dfq nfu" x'g] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] eGbf cl3sf kqx¿ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;d]t :jtM gx'g] :ki6 b]lvFbf To;tkm{ s]xL ug{ k/]g . !#= t;y{ pk/f]Qmfg';f/ k|rlnt sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clVtof/L adf]lhd sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /xL clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ug{ ldn]g l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfon lgod adf]lhd a'emfOlbg" . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df Olt ;Djt\ @)$# ;fn ef› !( ut] /f]h % z'ed\================ .

133

efuM #! ;fnM @)$^ dlxgfM d+l;/ c+sM * , km};nf ldlt M@)$^.)&.)@.$ , lg0f{o g+=#()* ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L wg]G›axfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|r08/fh clgn ;Djt\ @)$% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= (&# l/6 lgj]bsM k=lhNnf k/jfgLk'/l:yt lxdfno cfo/g P08 :6Ln -k|f=ln=_ sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] clwsf/ k|fKt cWoIf d0fLxif{ Hof]lt s+zfsf/ lj?4 ljkIfLM cGtMz'Ns ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ljifoM k/dfb]z · pTkflbt dfn;fdfgdf ahf/ d"No 36a9 x'g' :jefljs k|s[of xf] Psk6s sfod ePsf] d"No :yfoL ?kdf sfod /xG5 eGg klg Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= *_ lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L cg'k/fh zdf{ k|ToyL{tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L jn/fd s]=;L= cfb]z k|=Gof= wg]G›axfb'/ l;+xM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t btf{ eO{ lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] l/6 k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 . @= lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] dfnj:t'df sfg'g adf]lhd nfUg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns /sd ;fnLGbf >L % sf] ;/ sf/nfO{ a'emfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns sfof{non] xfdLn] lgj]bsn] af/Daf/ lj/f]w ub}{ cfP tfklg ut] @)$@ df3b]lv @)$$ sflt{s d;fGt;Dd sfg'g adf]lhd lng' kg]{ eGbf a9L cGtMz'Ns /sd ?= !,)^,!^&.@% lnPsf] 5 . pTkfbsn] cGtMz'Ns a'emfpFbf sf/vfgf d"Nodf a'emfpFb5 / sf/vfgf d"No eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -u_-$_ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{df cGtMz'Ns jf cGo s'g} s/ ghf]8L To:tf] kbfy{ agfpFbf, pTkfbg ubf{ jf tof/ ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ / sf/vfgfsf] gfkmf dfq hf]8L lgwf{l/tePsf] d"No ;Dem'g kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ P]gn] g} pTkfbssf] nut vr{df lng] gfkmf hf]8\bf x'g cfpg] /sddf cGtMz'Ns lng' kg]{ :ki6 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] sf/vfgf d"No tf]s]df ;f]xL adf]lhd / gtf]s]df pTkfbs cfkm}n] ;a} s'/fsf] ljrf/ u/L lgwf{/0f ub{5 / gfkmfdf nfut vr{ hf]8L To;}df cGtMz'Ns a'emfpg] xf] . ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns sfof{no, k;f{n] lgj]bsnfO{ sfg'gn] lng' kg]{ eGbf a9L /sd lnPsf]df ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg cg'/f]w ubf{ klg glbO{ pN6} cGtMz'Ns sfof{noaf6 @)$@.!!.@( df lgj]bsnfO{ Ps kq k7fO{ pTkfbg vr{sf] ljj/0f k]z u/]kl5 sf/jfxLsf] nflu cGtMz'Ns ljefudf k]z x'g] / d"No 36fpg] :jLs[lt k|fKt geP;Dd /fhZj 36L x'g hfg] x'Fbf d"No 36fO{ cGtMz'Ns dfu kmf/fd k]z ug{ gldNg] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fOof] . ljkIfL sfof{non] lgj]bs;+u dfu u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ a|]s 8fpg ljj/0fx¿ k]z u/L ;s]kl5 sf/jfxLsf] lgldQ ljefu k7fO{ sf/jfxL ug{‘kg]{df s]xL gu/L /flvof] . o;/L sfof{non] sf/jfxLsf] lgldQ ljefu k]z ug{‘kg]{ eGg] / ljefun] sfof{nonfO{ s] ePsf] xf] egL ;f]Wg] ubf{ ub}{ lgj]bssf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg] af/] s'g} sf/jfxL ul/Pg . ljkIfLsf] egfO{ d'tfljs cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] :jLs[lt cg';f/ xfdLx¿sf] d"No 36a9 x'g;Sg] xf]Og . ljutsf jif{x¿df sf/vfgf d"No a9L ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns a9L x'g uPsf] xf] eGb}df xfnsf jif{x¿df klg TolQs} sf/vfgf d"No sfod u/L ;f] jf ;f] eGbf a9L cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{ ljkIfLnfO{ clwsf/ 5}g . ljkIfLn] ldlt @)$#.#.! sf] kqåf/f 36fpg] elgPsf] PS; km}S6«L d"No 36fpg] :jLs[lt k|fKt geP;Dd d"No 36fpg gldNg] / Pp6} sf/vfgfsf] Pp6} lsl;dsf] kbfy{df ljleGg lsl;dsf] PS; km}S6«L d"No sfod u/L cGtMz'Ns /sd lng gldNg] hfgsf/L lbOof] . @)$$.!!.@$ df lgj]bsn] ljkIfLnfO{ Ps kq k7fO{ lkmtf{ kfpg cg'/f]w ubf{ klg s'g} sf/jfxL gul/Psf] / hjfkm klg gk7fPsf]n] lgj]bssf] ;DklQ u}/sfg'gL ?kn] ckx/0f ePsf] x'Fbf pQm /sd lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] l/6lgj]bg . #= o:df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] . ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]tsf] o; ;jf]{Rr cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z $ cfly{s P]g cg';f/ cf=j= @)$@.$# af6 kmnfdsf] 58, 808L, kftf cflbsf] pTkfbgdf k|lt s]=lh= ?= –.!% / yk 134

df]=k|=z= -d"No k|ltzt_ ! k|ltzt / kmnfdsf] tf/ :6Ln 58 / 808Lx¿df k|lt s]=lh= ?= –.!% / yk df]=k|=z= !=% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf ePaf6 ljkIfL pBf]uaf6 pQm cfly{s P]g, @)$@ n] tf]s]sf] b//]6df dfq cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #v= sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo bkmf -s_ n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ / pTkfbssf] aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfaf6 lglZrt ePsf] sf/vfgf d"No jf -u_ n] pTkfbsn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ yf]s v/Lb laqmL stf{nfO{ laqmL u/]sf] ;do / :yfgdf lng] sf/vfgf d"No eGg] Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cf=j= @)$@.$# af6 df]=k|=z= cg'?k cGtMz'Ns b/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} cfˆgf] sf/vfgf d"No bflvnf ug{ ;"rgf u/]kl5 ljkIfL :jo+n] cfˆgf] sf/vfgf d"No sfod u/L @)$@.$.% df bflvnf u/]sf] sf/vfgf d"NonfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] : jLsf/ u/L pQm d"Nodf g} cGtMz'Ns p7fpg] u/] kZrft cGtMz'Ns P]g adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/ / pTkfbssf] aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfaf6 lglZrt ePsf] sf/vfgf d"No dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;/L Psk6s sfod ePsf] sf/vfgf 36]a9]sf] ;"rgf cGtMz'Ns clwsf/LnfO{ lbg' kg]{df k6s k6s ljkIfL;Fu To:tf] a|]s 8fpg ;lxtsf] ljj/0f k]z ug{ kqrf/ ubf{ klg ljj/0f k]z gu/]sf] Ps} sf/vfgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] Ps} j:t'df sf/vfgf d"No km/s km/s x'g] k|Zg p7\b}g . sfg'g adf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Nsaf6 aRg lgj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]tsf] cGtMz'Ns ljefu nflhDkf6sf] lnlvthjfkm . %= >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu sf/vfgf d"No dfu u/]sf] / ljkIfL :jo+n] cfˆgf] OR5f cg';f/ sf/vfgf d"No lbPsf]df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 :jLsf/ u/L pQm d"Nodf g} cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ ul/Psf] x'Fbf Psk6s cfˆgf] gfkmf / nfut ;d]t hf]8L k|:t't ul/Psf] sf/vfgf d"No ljkIfLsf] OR5fn] dfq 36a9 u/fPsf] eGg ;Sg] / ljkIfLn] 36fPsf] jf a9fPsf] d"Nodf g} cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{‘kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg gePsf] / cGtMz'Ns P]gsf] bkmf #-v_-@_ n] pTkfbsn] cfˆgf] sf/vfgf d"No lgsfNbf lnPsf] cfwf/ To;sf] ljj/0f ;lxt ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;f] cg';f/ a|]s 8fpg ;lxtsf] ljj/0f k]z ug{ k6s k6s kqrf/ ubf{ klg k]z gu/]sf] / cfˆgf] landf k"/fgf] sf/vfgf d"No cyf{t lghn] @)$@.$.% df k]z u/]sf] sf/vfgf d"No s} cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns pNn]v u/L c;"n ug]{ u/]af6 ljkIfLn] cGtMz'Ns c;"n u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /fhZj ga'emfO{ lng vfgsf] nflu dfq em'¶f bfjL u/]sf] xf], l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] cGtMz'Ns sfof{no k;f{sf] lnlvthjfkm . ^= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L cg'k/fh zdf{n] sf/vfgf d"No ;w} Psgf; eO{ /xG5 eGg ;lsb}g . Psk6s sfod ePsf] d"Nodf kl5 uP/ ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{, :t/, vkt b/ cflbsf] cfwf/df 36a9 x'g;S5 t;y{ klxn]sf] b/d} cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{ eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; ug{‘ eof] . k|ToyL{ sfof{nox¿sf] tkm{af6 ax; ug{ v6L cfpg' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L an/fd s]=;L= n] Psk6s sfod ePsf] sf/vfgf d"Nodf lgj]bssf] :j]R5fn] dfq 36\g ;Sg] xf]Og . 36\g'sf] cfwf/ ;lxtsf] ljj/0f k]z ug{‘ egL lgj]bsnfO{ cg'/f]w ubf{ k]z ug{ g;s]sf] / lgj]bsn] l8n/x¿;Fu c;"n ubf{sf] landf klxn] s} b/ cg';f/ g} c;"n ub]{ cfPsf]n] ;f] cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ cGtMz'Ns a'emfpFlbg eGg ldNb}g eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . &= k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og ;f] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . *= o:df lg0f{otkm{ x]bf{ lgj]bs;+u @)$@ df3b]lv @)$$ sflt{s ;Ddsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd c;"n ubf{ sfg'gn] lng' kg]{ eGbf a9L cyf{t ?= !,)^,!^&.@% c;"n u/]sf]n] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpF egL k6s k6s cg'/f]w ubf{ klg lkmtf{ gul/ Psf]n] pQm a9L lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ ul/lbg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] d'Vo l/6lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 @)$@.$.% df k]z ePsf] sf/vfgf d"No -PS; km}S6«L k|fO;_ sf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nufOPsf] eGg] lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/, l6sfp, ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ cflbsf] cfwf/df ahf/ d"No 36a9 x'g;Sg] eGg] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pTkflbt dfn;fdfgdf ahf/ d"No 36a9 x'g :jfefljs k|s[of xf] . Psk6s sfod ePsf] d"No :yfoL ?kdf sfod /xG5 eGg klg Gofof]lrt b]lvFb}g . lgj]bs sDkgLtkm{af6 @)$@.$.% df k]z u/]sf] sf/vfgf d"Nodf >L % sf] ;/sf/ / sDkgL aLr ;Demf}tf ePsf] eGg] lnlvthjfkm b]lvG5 . t/ To;/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] eGg] kmfOn ;+nUg sfuhftx¿af6 b]lvg cfpFb}g . lgj]bsn] cGtMz'Ns /sd a9L lnPsf] lkmtf{ kfpF egL dfu ubf{ k|ToyL{ sfof{non] lgj]bs;+u a|]s 8fpg ljj/0f / cfwf/x¿ dfu u/]sf] / ;f] adf]lhd ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;f] ljj/0f k|fKt ePkl5 sf/vfgf d"Nosf] ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ ljefu jf sfof{noaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPg . t;y{ sfg'g adf]lhd lg0f{o ug{‘ egL k|ToyL{x¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k|ToyL{sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] Psk|lt gSsn dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k7fO{ kmfOn lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof= k|r08/fh clgn Olt ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fn sflt{s @ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\============= . 135

;fnM @)$&, dlxgf Ma}zfv, c+s M!, km};nf ldlt @)$^.!!.@$.$, lg0f{o g+=$)#( ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L wg]G›axfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|r08/fh clgn ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=g+= !##^ l/6 lgj]bs M jL/uGh g=k+= l:yt d]3f pnG; k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt ljgf]bs'df/ rf}w/L lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ cGtMz'Ns sfof{no, jL/uGh ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ lgj]bssf] pBf]un] pTkfbg ug]{ s[lqd pg klg kmfOj/ cj:yfsf] sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg u/L 6K; ag]kl5 ;f]af6 Pqm]lns ofg{ -s[lqd pg_ agfpg] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] pBf]unfO{ cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= *_ lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L s';d ' >]i7 k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goft cfb]z k|=Gof=wg]G›axfb'/ l;+x != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t btf{ eO{ lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 M– @= lgj]bs sDkgLn] >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefuaf6 @)$$.!!.!* df kmfOj/ cj:yfsf] sRrf kbfy{af6 g} Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ug{‘kg]{ zt{df pBf]usf] Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/L @)$%.!.!% df sDkgL P]g, @)@! adf]lhd k|f=ln= cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] lyof] . tTkZrft lgj]bs sDkgLn] pBf]u ;~rfng u/L @)$%.(.@@ b]lv g} pNn]lvt Ohfhtkqdf tf]lsPsf zt{x?sf] cwLgdf /xL Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] pTkfbg ug]{ Pqm]lns ofg{df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] s'/f s'g} P]gdf pNn]v gePsf] :ki6 x'Fbf x'Fb} k|ToyL{n] ldlt @)$%.!@.!! sf] r=g+= !^!@ sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] pTkfbg u/]sf] Pqm]lns ofg{df cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ eGg] PstkmL{ lg0f{o ePsf] hfgsf/L lb+b} w/f}6Ldf /x]sf] ?k}ofF ?= !,$@,$*$.#) ;d]t ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5. #= k|ToyL{n] s'g P]g jf lgod adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nufPsf] xf] ;f] ;Dd klg gv'nfO{ cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ cg';f/ egL cGtMz'Ns nufO{ w/f}6L /sd ;d]t ;b/ :ofxf ul/lbPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)$) sf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ df cfl6{lkml;on 6K;af6 pTkfbg x'g] wfuf]df dfq cGtMz'Ns nfUg] :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . hasL lgj]bsn] kmfOj/ cj:yfsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]u u/L Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . 6K; / kmfOj/ leGgf leGg} cj:yfsf] kbfy{ ePsf] tYonfO{ jf:t} ul/Psf] 5}g . kmfOj/ k"0f{tM sRrf kbfy{ xf] eg] 6K; kmfOj/nfO{ k|zf]wg u/]kl5 tof/ x'g] kbfy{ xf] . kmfOj/af6 ofg{ pTkfbg ubf{ / 6K;af6 pTkfbg ubf{ pBf]un] k"/f ug{‘kg]{ k|zf]wg k|s[ofnfO{ / ;f] df nfUg] cltl/Qm nfutnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ g} cfly{s P]g, @)$% sf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ df cfl6{lkml;on 6K;af6 ofg{ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]un] dfq cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . pNn]lvt cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL lgj]bs sDkgL dfly nfu" x'g] xf]Og . To;}n] ubf{ g} lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ Ohfht k|bfg ul/+bf kmfOj/ cj:yfsf] sRrf kbfy{af6 g} Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ug{‘ kg]{5 eGg] ljz]if zt{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . ljkIfLsf] pQm u}/sfg'gL sfd sf/jfxLaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)-!_, !!-@_-ª_ tyf wf/f !% ;d]tåf/f k|bQ df}lns xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]sf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f k|ToyL{sf] lg0f{o sf/jfxL ab/ u/L kfpF ;fy} l/6lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd k|ToyL{sf] pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] l/6lgj]bg . $= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ . ;fy} of] l/6lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns sfof{no k;f{sf] ldlt @)$%.!@.!! sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] o; ;jf]{Rr cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . 136

%= cfly{s P]g, @)$% sf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ df s[lqd pgL -cfl6{lkml;on 6K;af6 tof/ ePsf]_ wfuf]df cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] :ki6} 5 s[lqd /]zfsf] kl/lwleq Pqm]lns ofg{ ;d]t kb{5 . t;y{ s[lqd /]zfaf6 pTkflbt pgL wfuf]df cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] cfly{s P]g, lgod cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns /fhZj a'emfpg] dg;fon] g} o; sfof{nodf cfO{ Pqm]lns wfuf]sf] pTkfbg cg'1fkq ldlt @)$%.(.@! df lnPsf] / cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% tyf lgod, @)!( adf]lhd cg'1fkq lnPkl5 P]g lgodfg';f/ cGtMz'Ns a'emfpg' g} k5{ . ljkIfLn] kmfOj/ cj:yfsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]u u/L Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg u/]sf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf] 5 . kmfOj/af6 ;f]em} Pqm]lns ofg{ gagfO{ kmfOj/af6 6K; / 6K;af6 s[lqd pgL wfuf] agfpg] u/]sf] 5 . 6K;af6 pgL wfuf] pTkfbg ul/Psf]df cfly{s P]gdf ;d]t 6K;af6 tof/ ePsf] s[lqd pgL wfuf]df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] pQm kbfy{df cGtMzNs P]g lgod / cfly{s P]gsf] kl/lwleq /xL cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/Psf]n] o; sfof{noaf6 ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL sfg'g cg'?k 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] cGtMz'Ns sfof{no k;f{sf] lnlvthjfkm . ^= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L s';'d >]i7n] lgj]bs pBf]un] kmfOj/af6 Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ug]{ x'Fbf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5}g . cfly{s P]g, @)$% df lgj]bssf] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; ug{‘ eof] . k|ToyL{ cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 ax; ug{ vl6O{ cfpg' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goftn] lgj]bs pBf]un] kmfOj/af6 l;w} Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ug]{ geO{ kmfOj/af6 6K; / 6K;af6 Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ug]{ ub{5 . t;y{ cfly{s P]g, @)$% sf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] :ki6 Joj:yf x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; ug{‘ eof] . &= k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]zhf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og ;f] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . *= o;df lg0f{otkm{ x]bf{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] kmfOj/ cj:yfsf] sRrf kbfy{ k|of]u u/L Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg ug{ u/]sf] / cfl6l{\kml;on 6K;af6 pTkfbg x'g] wfuf]df dfq cGtMz'Ns nfUg] egL cfly{s P]g, @)$% sf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ df n]lvPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bssf] sDkgLnfO{ cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] x'Fbf cGtMz'Ns lng] u/L u/]sf] k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L kfpF eGg] d'Vo l/6lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:Goftn] kmfOj/ sRrf kbfy{ xf] / 6K; ;f] sRrf kbfy{nfO{ k|zf]wg ug]{ Ps k|s[of xf] . kmfOj/af6 6K; pTkfbg x'g ;fdfGotof $ lsl;dsf] k|zf]wg k|s[of ckgfpg' kb{5 -!_ An]l8ª / kmfOj/ cf]iflgª -@_ sl6ª -#_ lulnª -$_ 6k d]lsª . kmfOj/ k|zf]wgaf6 6K; pTkfbg ePkl5 g} ;f] 6K;af6 s[lqd Pqm]lns ofg{ pTkfbg x'g] xf] eGg] ax; lhls/ lng' ePsf] 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] 6K;af6 tof/ ePsf] s[lqd wfuf] egL cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLdf pNn]v u/]sf]df z'? b]lvsf] k|s[of vf]lnPg eGb}df cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] xf]Og eGg] klg ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; lhls/ /x]sf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] klg kmfOj/af6 6K; tof/ kfg{df ljleGg k|s[of ckgfpg' kg]{ tyf kmfOj/af6 6K; tof/ kf/L ;s]kl5 ;f]xL 6K;af6 Pqm]lns ofg{ tof/ ul/g] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]s} b]lvG5 . cfly{s P]g, @)$% sf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ df s[lqd pgL -cfl6l{\kml;on 6K;af6 tof/ ePsf]_ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] pBf]un] pTkfbg ug]{ s[lqd pgL klg kmfOj/ cj:yfsf] sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg u/L 6K; ag]kl5 ;f]af6 Pqm]lns ofg{ -s[lqd pg_ agfpg] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] pBf]unfO{ cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . t;y{ cfly{s P]g, @)$% sf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t g+= !^–@ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns dfu u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] xsdf u}/sfg'gL ?kn] cf3ft k'u]sf] eGg] b]lvg gcfPsf]n] o;df lgj]bssf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfOn lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=k|r08/fh clgn Olt ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fn kmfNu'0f @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\=========== .

137

efuM #$, ;fnM @)$(, dlxgfM df3, c+sM !), km};nf ldlt M @)$(.!).@^ , lg0f{o g+=$^#% ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L uh]G›s]z/L jf:tf]nf dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|;fb zdf{ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ^!@ l/6 lgj]bs M eQmk'/ lhNnf l:yt g]kf]lg6 j]o/ xf]lhof/L O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt P]= sf] ;+rfns l8NnL/ fd /+lhtsf/ lj?4 k|ToyL{M >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ sDkgLn] tof/ kf/L lgsfn]sf] sk8f l;km{ xf]lhof/L dfqsf] xf] jf ;l6{ª ;'l6ªnfO{ klg sfd nfUg ;Sg] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] osLg ug]{ s'/f sk8f ljz]if1sf] ePsf] / ljz]if1sf] ;d]t /foaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t ;+Vof !%-#_-v_ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg'gg\ g} b]lvFbf ;f] ab/ u/L ;fljs b/aGbL ;+s]tsf] !%-$_-v_ adf]lhd u/fO{ kfpg k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6lgj]bg dgfl;a gx'g] . -k|s/0f g+= *_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/z+s/ lg/f}nf k|ToyL{tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›s'df/ >]i7 cfb]z Gof=uh]G›s]z/L jf:tf]nf != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !^ / &! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] tYo o; k|sf/ 5 M– @= >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefudf of] g]kf]lg6 j]o/ xf]lhof/L O{08li6«h k|f=ln= btf{ /lhi68{ eO{ xf]lhof/L ;fdfg t}of/ tyf pTkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 / ldlt @)$^.#.@% ut];Dd klg df]=k|=z= !)% sf b/n] ;+s]t g+= !%–$-v_ cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns /sd a'emfO{ cfPsf] 5' . xfn cfP/ k|ToyL{ cGtMz'Ns sfof{non] ldlt @)$^.$.!( ut]df sf6]sf] dfu kmf/fd g+= ! cg';f/ o; pBf]usf] pTkfbg xf]lhof/L ;fdfgdf ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ cGtu{t k|lt ld6/ ?= $.!) k};f k|lt lsnf] ?= $.– sf b/n] cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘ kb{5 egL dfu kmf/fd sf6\g] sfd eof] . o; pBf]usf] pTkfbg xf]lhof/L ;fdfg o;/L ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns nfUg] xf]Og / ;fljs b]lv nfuL cfPsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ cGtu{t df] k|=z= !)% sf b/n] dfq nfUg] xf] / xfn cfP/ df}h"b sfg'gdf s'g} ;+zf]wg klg ePsf] 5}g of] sf/vfgfsf] pTkfbgn] s]jn s6' u+hL h:tf j:t'dfq t}of/ x'g] xf] . ;'l6ª zl6{• ;/x s'g} xfntdf k|of]u x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf ;fljsdf sfod /xL cfPsf] k|=z= !)% df s'g} kl/jt{g x'g;Sg] xf]Og egL ldlt @)$^.$.!( ut]df sfl6Psf] sfkL pNn]lvt dfu kmf/fd pk/ cGtMz'Ns sfof{nodf s'/fsfgL x'Fbf dflyNnf] :t/ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 o:t} lg0f{o eO{ cfPsf] 5 eGg] df}lvs hjfkm k|fKt eof] . o; pBf]un] pTkfbg z'? u/]s} ldltb]lv cfly{s P]gsf] bkmf # tyf cg';"rL % cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–$-v_ df tf]lsPsf] xf]lhof/L ;fdfg df]=k|=z= !)% sf b/n] sfl6Psf] dfu kmf/fd adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns /sd a'emfpFb} cfPsf] 5 xfn cfP/ pQm k|rngnfO{ cGoyf 7x/ u/L ldlt @)$^.$.!( df sfl6Psf] ! g+= sf] dfu kmf/fdnfO{ j}w dfGotf k|bfgsf] nflu ldlt @)$^.#.@% u/]sf] ;Dd nfu" /x]sf] g]kfn sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] x'g'kb{5 To;/L ;+zf]wg eO{ ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ cGt/ut cGtMz'Ns nfUg] xf] eGg] k|ToyL{x?sf] ts{ 5}g . g]kfn sfg'g tyfjt g} 5 . o; pBf]uaf6 pTkfbLt xf]lhof/L ;fdfg ;'l6ª ;l6{Ëdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] sk8fsf] cGtMz'Ns ;/x z'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ cg';f/ c;"n pk/ ug]{ eGg] ts{ kfOof] . ;fljs b]lv axfn /xL cfPsf] sfg'gdf s'g} kl/j{tg gePkl5 ;fljs ;/x g} ;+s]t g+= !%–$-v_ n] df]=k|=z= !)% dfq nfUg] xf] ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ sf] ;fljsb]lv g} sfod /xL cfPsf] zLif{s cGtu{t ;'l6Ë ;l6{Ësf] sk8fx? kg]{ xf] . k|ToyL{x?sf] cfk;L ldn]dtf] k"0f{ cj}w Pj+ bf]ifk"0f{ lg0f{okq n]vfO{ / dfu kmf/fd s6fO{ ;d]t ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL ;d]taf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs Pj+ ;DklQ ;DaGwL df}lns xsx? xgg\ ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f k|ToyL{x?sf] u}/sfg'gL lg0f{o / tbg'?k dfu kmf/fd sf6\g] sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t ab/ u/L o; pBf]usf] pTkfbg xf]lhof/L ;fdfgdf cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–$-v_ cGtu{t df]=k|=sf= !)% sf b/n] dfq ;fljs ;/x c;"n pk/ ug{‘ u/fpg' eGg] k|ToyL{x?sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF . l/6lgj]bgkqsf] clGtd 138

lsgf/f gnfu];Ddsf] nflu l/6 lgj]bsaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns c;"n pk/ gug{‘ gu/fpg' eGg] k|ToyL{x?sf] gfddf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)@! sf] lgod %*-@_ cGtu{t cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6lgj]bgkq . #= ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug{‘ ;fy} lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] ;/sf/L jsLn v6fO{ k7fO{ lbg' egL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ sfg'g adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t ;jf]{Rr cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)$^.$.@^ ut]sf] cfb]z . $= k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd lgj]bsaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–#-v_ cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns c;"n pk/ gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ;d]tsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ;+o'QmOhnf;sf] ldlt @)$^.%.@@ ut]sf] cfb]z . %= cf=a= )$^.$& df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] j:t' juL{s/0f :ki6 u/L To:sf] cfwf/df cfly{s P]gsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/Psf]nfO{ u}/sfg'gL eGg ldNb}g . s'g j:t' s] s:tf] pTkfbg k|lqmofaf6 tof/ ePsf] 5 / To:tf] j:t' cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLdf pNn]lvt s'g j:t';+u ldNbf] h'Nbf] x'G5 egL JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLdf pNn]lvt j:t' juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df pQm pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t';+u ldNbf] ;+s]t g+= adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/Psf] k"0f{tof Gofof]lrt / sfg'g;+ut ePsf]n] l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t cy{ dGqfnosf] sf=d'= ;lrj zlzgf/fo0f zfxsf] lnlvthjfkm . ^= cfly{s P]g, @)$^ sf] bkmf # cGtu{tsf] cg';"rL @ cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–$-v_ / !%–#-v_ sf] leGgtftkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ !%–$-v_ n] ;fdfgnfO{ a'emfpF5 / !%–#-v_ n] ;fdfg tof/ ug]{ k|fylds j:t' cyf{t\ sk8fnfO{ hgfpg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] pBf]un] pTkfbg u/L cfPsf] sk8f cfly{s P]g, @)$^ sf] bkmf # cGtu{tsf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;d]t !%–# cGtu{t kg]{ s'/f k|i6 g} 5 . To;}n] ;f] ;+s]t ;+Vof !%–# cGtu{tsf] pTkflbt sk8f ;l6{Ëdf k|of]u x'g] k|fljlwssf] /fo tyf pQm sk8f ahf/df ;l6{Ëdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] x'Fbf g} cfly{s P]g, @)$^ sf] bkmf # cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t ;+Vof !%–#-v_ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs Zofds'df/ >]i7sf] / cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] k|d'v cGtMz'Ns clws[t af]w/fh lg/f}nfsf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvthjfkm . &= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs shlni6df r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg'ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/z+s/ lg/f}nfn] lgj]bssf] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfg xf]lhof/L ePsf] x'Fbf ;l6{Ësf] kl/efiff leq kg]{ xf]Og t;y{ ;l6{Ësf] kl/efiff cGtu{t /fvL cfly{s P]g, @)$# sf] !%–#-v_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns gnufpg' egL k|ToyL{x?sf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t k|ToyL{tkm{af6 ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›s'df/ >]i7n] cfly{s P]g, @)$^ sf] bkmf # cGtu{tsf] cg';"rL @ cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLsf] ;+s]t g+= !%–$-v_ n] ;fdfgnfO{ a'emfpg] / !%–#-v_ n] ;fdfg tof/ ug]{ k|fylds j:t' cyf{t sk8fnfO{ hgfpg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] pBf]un] pTkfbg u/L cfPsf] sk8f cfly{s P]g, @)$^ sf] bkmf # cGtu{tsf] cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t ;+Vof !%–# cGtu{t lgj]bsnfO{ cGtMz'Ns sfof{noaf6 cGtMz'Ns nufOPsf] sfg'g adf]lhd x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5, eGg] ;d]t ax; ug{‘ eof] . *= o;df ldl;n cWoog u/L ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs lgof]lg6 j]o/ xf]lhof/L O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] k|aGwkqsf] k|s/0f #-s_ df gfOng kf]lni6/ l;Ns / l;Gy]l6ssf ljleGg l8hfOgsf] xf]lhof/L sk8f dfq pTkfbg ug{ kfpg] k|aGwkq / pBf]u btf{sf] k|df0fkqaf6 :ki6 5 eGg] s'/f ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; s'/fsf] k'li6 klg l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f g+= ! sf] -u_ df pNn]v ePsf] “u+hL, s6' h:tf j:t' dfq tof/ x'g] xf]" eGg] jfSof+zn] sk8f tof/ ug]{ eO{ u+hL, s6', df]hf h:tf dfq tof/L xf]lhof/L ;fdfg tof/L ug]{ sDkgL xf]Og eGg] s'/f b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . To;df klg sDkgLn] tof/ kf/L lgsfn]sf] sk8f l;km{ xf]lhof/L dfqsf] xf] jf ;l6{Ë ;'l6ËnfO{ klg sfd nfUg ;Sg] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] osLg ug]{ s'/f sk8f ljz]if1sf] ePsf] / ljz]if1sf] ;d]t /foaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL ;+s]t ;+Vof !%-#_-v_ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg'gg\ g} b]lvFbf ;f] ab/ u/L ;fljs b/aGbL ;+s]tsf] !%-$_-v_ adf]lhd u/fO{ kfpg k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6lgj]bg dgfl;a ePg . t;y{ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf l/6lgj]bgkq vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfOn lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=df]xgk|;fb zdf{ Olt ;Djt\ @)$( ;fn df3 @^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\============= .

139

;fnM @)%@, dlxgf M c;f]h, c+s M ^, km};nf ldlt M@)%@.#.*.% , lg0f{o g+=^)!$ k"0f{ Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L ljZjgfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGb axfb'/ >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/ k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L OG›/fh kf08] @)%) ;fnsf] l/=k'=O{=g+=M %* ljifoM pTk|]if0f lgj]bs M k;f{ lhNnf lj/uGh gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ >Lk'/ l:yt ;'Gb/ kmlg{r/ O08li6«h k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf tkm{af6 P]=sf cWoIf P]=P]= j8f g+= & sf cnlvof /f]8 a:g] jif{ #& sf] dbgnfn s]l8of . lj?4 ljkIfL M >L % sf] ;/sf/, cGtz'Ns sfof{no lj/u~h . >L % sf] ;/sf/, cGt z'Ns ljefu sf7df8f}+ . >L /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+ . · lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-@_-u_ / !$-@_ adf]lhd 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{df glbO{ w/f}6L /fVg afWo t'NofO{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] ljkIfx?sf] sfd sf/jfxL ab/ u/L /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkflbt dfn ;fdfgsf] d"Nodf g} cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L d"No sfod u/L pkef]Qmfaf6 g} cGtMz'Ns jfktsf] /sd p7fO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bsn] bflvn u/]sf] cGtMz'Nssf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg ldNg] xf]Og eGg] pNn]v eO{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt dfn a:t'sf] d"No sfod ubf{ cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L pkef]Qmfaf6 cGtMz'Ns /sd c;'n u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ :jlsf/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd s/, cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/ OToflbsf] ;'ljwf lbg'sf] tfTko{ gof+ :yfkgf ePsf pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ pTkflbg dfnsf] d"No k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g ;sf]; eGg] x'G5 . tL ;'ljwfx? cGtu{t lbOPsf] /sd pBf]ukltn] dfnsf] u|fxsaf6 cfkm}+n] JolQmut ?kdf p7fO{ lng vfgsf] nflu lbPsf] xf]Og . pBf]ukltn] ;f] cg';f/ cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] d"No k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpgsf] ;§f To:tf] cGtMz'Nssf] /sd c;"n u/L ;s]kl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{ kfp+ eGg] lhls/ ts{;+ut gb]lvg] . -k|=g+= !#_ · k|:t't d'2fdf j:t'tM cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / /fhZj Gofoflws/ 0fsf lg0f{o pk/ >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] klg b]lvG5 . To: tf] a}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] x'+bf x'+b} To:sf] cjnDag gu/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t l/6 lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;d]t lgj]bsnfO{ o; cbfntaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{' kg]{ l:ylt b]lvg gcfpg] . -k|=g+= !$_ lgj]bs tkm{af6:ljåfg clwjQmf >L sdn gf/fo0f bf; ljkIfL tkm{af6 Mljåfg ;/sf/L pk–GofoflwjQmf >L 6Lsf axfb'/ xdfn cjnlDat ghL/M cfb]z k|=Gof= ljZjgfy pkfWofoM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, )$( sf] lgod #-!_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o;k|sf/ 5 M @= lgj]bs pBf]u cf}=Jo= P]g, @)#) cGtu{t Ohfht kfO{ k|f=ln=sf] ?kdf ;+ul7t eO{ ldlt @)#^.!).@& b]lv cfˆgf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] lyof] pBf]un] cf}=Jo= P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf ( / cf}= Jo= @)#) nfO{ cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf @@ n] vf/]h u/]kl5 P]=sf] bkmf !$-@_ / bkmf !)-u_-@_ cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns 5'6]sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] ePsf] x'gfn] P]= k|fjwfg cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns 5'6sf nflu ldlt @)@^.&.@$ df cy{ ;xfos dGqLdf ldlt @)#^.!@.@$ ldlt )#^.!@.& df p=lj=d=If]=sf= x]6f}+8fdf ldlt @)#&.@.!), ldlt @)#*.@.#@ df pBf]u ljefudf ldlt @)#*.&.!(, ldlt 140

#=

$=

%=

^=

&=

@)$).%.@# sf] k;f{sf] ldlt @)$@.%.#) sf] kqåf/f pBf]un] pkef]Qmfaf6 dndf cGtMz'Ns hf]8f p7fPsf] cGtM z'Ns /sd pBf]unfO{ lbg gldNg] egL hfgsf/L u/fof] . cGtMz'Ns sfof{no k;f{n] cGtMz'Ns 5'6 lbg gldNg] egL kq lbPsf] x'gfn] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf !% / /f=Gof=P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-!_ cGtu{t /f=Gof= sf7df8f}+df k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df /f=Gof= sf7df8f}+n] kg/fj]bg glng] cj:yf ePsf] eP tTsfn b/lk7 u/L lkmtf{ ug{‘kg]{df k'g/fj]bg kq lnO{ btf{ u/]kl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o x'Fbf ;f] pk/ If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] x'gfn] clwsf/ If]qsf] cefjdf sf/jflx ug{ gldNg] egL k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h u/]af6 afWo eO{ csf]{ pkrf/sf] af6f] gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lbg cfPsf] 5' . k|:t't pBf]u cf}=Jo= P]g @)#) cGtu{t Ohfht lnO{ :yflkt ePsf] pBf]u xf] pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg @)#!.!).@& df k|f/De u/]sf] x'gfn] P] P]gsf] bkmf ( cGtu{tsf] cGtMz'Ns ;'ljwf 5'6 kfpg] ljleGg ldltdf lgj]bg lbFb} sf/jfxL ub}{ cfPsf] lyPF . 5'6 tkm{sf sf/jfxLnfO{ nDAofpFb} uO{ lg0f{o glbFb} cf}=Jo= P]g, @)#* ldlt @)#*.^.!$ df nfu' ePkl5 P]= P]gsf] bkmf @@ n] cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#) nfO{ vf/]h u/]sf] x'gfn] vf/]h ePsf] P]g cGtu{t pkef]u u/L g;s]sf] ;'ljwf cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* cGtu{t kfpg] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL cGu{t kfpg] egL P]gsf] bkmf !$ -@_ df k|fjwfg ePsf] x'gfn] P]gsf] bkmf !)-u_-@_ cGtu{t ;~rfng ldlt b]lv # jif{sf nflu cGtMz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwf tkm{ sf/jfxL x'g yfNof] . P]gsf] bkmf !) -u_-@_ cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf egL d=If]=sf= x]6f}+8fn] klg ldlt @)#*/!)/@) sf] kqåf/f l;kmfl/z u/L k7fPsf] x'gfn] cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-@_-u_ / !$-@_ adf]lhd 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{df glbO{ w/f}6 /fVg afWo t'NofPsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ lqmof u}/ sfg"gL 5 . pBf]un] cfˆgf] pTkfbg ;fdfgsf] ljqmL d"No sfod ubf{ cGtMz'Ns ;d]t ufjL sfo{ u/]sf] x'Fbf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g eGg] cy{sf] cGtMz'Ns c;'n u/L pBf]ukltn] lng kfpg] cy nufpg sfg"g ldNg] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf c;"n pk/ ePsf] cGtMz'Ns pBf]uLnfO{ lbg ldNg] gb]lvPsf] egL >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] elgPsf] 5 . sf/vfgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] dfn sf/vfgfdf g} sfg"gL n8fO{ n8L yGsfO{ /fVg] xf] eg] k"FhL g} ;~rfng x'g] geO{ cj?4 x'g uO{ sf/vfgf aGb ug{‘ kg]{ ;[hgf x'G5 . sf/vfgfaf6 pTkflbt dfn sf/vfgfdf aflx/ ljqmLsf nflu lgsfzf ug{ lgldQ cGtMz'Ns sfof{non] cGtMz'Ns afkt nfUg ;Sg] /sd w/f}6L g/fv];Dd sf/vfgf aflx/ lgsf;L ug{ glbg] / w/f}6L /fv]sf] /sdnfO{ cGtMz'Ns jfkt d"No hf]8L ljqmL u/]sf]n] pBdLnfO{ pkef]u ug{ lbg gldNg] eGg] s'/f :jo+df k"0f{tof : j]lR5s r/d ljifout tyf cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf !)-u_-@_ !$-@_ sf] Joj:yfsf] pkxf;k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/efuL 5. cf}=Jo=P]g @)#* n] cGtMz'Ns ljqmL s/, cfos/ cflb 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{‘sf k5fl8 pBf]unfO{ kmi6fpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'G5 ahf/df cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'G5 ahf/df k|rlnt b/ eGbf sd b/df gofF pBf]un] dfn a]Rg] eGg] p2]Zon] oL 5'6 ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . ;/sf/n] pBf]uaf6 kfpg] s/ / /fhZjx? s]lx lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu pBf]uLnfO{ 5fl8Pdf pBf]u If]qdf k|j]z ug]{x?sf nflu cfsif{0f eO{ k"FhL nufgLsf] k|j[lQ a9\g] gofF pBf]ux?nfO{ kmi6fpg cj;/ ldNg] tyf b]zsf cf}Bf]uLs/0fdf ;3fp k'Ug] p2]Zon] sfg"g ljkl/t w/f}6L /fVg nufPsf] cGtMz"Ns jfktsf] /sd sfg"g k|lts"n ;/sf/n] xhd ug{ ldNb}g . ;/sf/n] s/ lng lgldQ sfg"gåf/f clVtof/L kfPsf] x'g'k5{ . cf}=Jo= P]g, @)#* åf/f cGtMz'Ns p7fpg gkfpg] u/L ePsf] k|lt/f]wfTds Joj: yfsf] k|lts"n pBf]un] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] /sd cGtMz'Ns ?kdf p7fpg nufO{ w/f}6L /fvL xfn ;/sf/n] vfg] egL ul/Psf] lg0f{o cglws[t c=j+= #% sf] k|lts"n tyf /fd axfb'/ clwsf/L lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ cGtMz'Ns ljefu ;d]t -g]=sf=k=@)$@ lg=g+= @%#@ k[i7 (&^ ;+=O{=_ tyf lgj]bs lj/u~h vfB pBf]u k|f=ln= lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefu ;d]t ePsf] )$% sf] l/=k'=km'= %& ;=c= k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)$^.$.#! df ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;d]t k|lts"n 5. ctM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)-!_ !!-!_ !!-@_-ª_ tyf !% åf/f k|bQ tyf k|Tofe"t df}lns tyf ;+j}wflgs xsx? cf3fltt x'g uPsf]n] / pQm xsx? k|rng u/fO{ kfpg cGo pkrf/sf] dfWod ljBdfg gePsf]n] l/6 lbg cfPsf] 5' . pTk|]if0f jf cGo pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] o; ;DaGwL lg0f{o / cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] ldlt @)$@.%.@$ / cGtMz'Ns sfof{no lj/u~hsf] ldlt @)$@.%.#) sf] kq ;d]tnfO{ ab/ u/L %,%%,$**.!! lgj]bsnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] ljkIfLx?sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ . ljkIfLn] cfˆgf] pTkfbg z'? u/]kl5 cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] nflu pBf]u ljefu dWodf~rn If]qLo sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)#^.!.@& sf] kqfg';f/ cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg] Joj:yf gePsf] eGg] hfgsf/L ljkIfLnfO{ lbPsf]n] ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF . lgj]bsn] cfly{s P]gsf] dof{bf /fvL cGtMz'Ns /fhZj a'emfpg] dg;fon] g} o; sfof{nodf cfo{ :6Ln kmlg{r/ pTkfbg ug]{ cg'1fkq lnPsf] xf] . ;f]xL cg'?k :6Ln kmlg{r/ pTkfbg Pj+ ljqmLdf x'g] cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L pkef]Qmfaf6 cGtz'Ns /sd c;"n ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] bkmf $-v_ n] :jLsf/ 141

u/]s} b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns /fhZj pkef]Qmfaf6 lnO{ ;s]kl5 pQm /sd ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvn ug{ ljkIfLsf] bfloTj eP/} pQm /sd bflvn u/]sf] xf] / cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] ldlt @)$@.%.!* sf] kqfg';f/ pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] ljqmL d"No sfod ubf{ cGtM z'Ns /sd ;d]t ufeL sfod u/]sf] x'Fbf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g eGg] cy{sf] cGtMz'Ns c;'n u/L pBf]ukltn] lng kfpg] cy{ nufpg sfg"g ldNg] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf c;"n pk/ ePsf] cGtMz'Ns pBf]unfO{ lbg ldNg] gb]lvPsf] eGg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLn] dfu u/]sf] ;x'lnot lbg gldNg] x'G5 . *= ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] u'xf/ dfUg cfpg] JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] ePdf j:t'ut ?kdf :ki6 pNn]v u/L ;kmf xft / :jR5 ljrf/n] Gofosf] z/0fdf cfpg' kg]{df ljkIfLn] ;f] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOb}g . k|rlnt sfg"gsf] dg;fonfO{ a+UofO{ o; sfof{noaf6 eP u/]sf] sfg"g ;+ut sfdsf/ jfxLnfO{ u}/ sfgLgL gfdfs/0f / sfg"g cfˆgf] cg's'n Pstkm{ JofVof u/L l/6 lbg cfpg' ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cGtMz'Ns sfof{no k;f{sf] lnlvt hjfkm (= c;'n pk/ ePsf] cGtMz'Ns pBf]unfO{ lbg ldNg] gb]lvPsf] egL >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{o pk/ lgj]bsn] /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+df k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] /x]5 . /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+af6 >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ cfPsf] b]lPsf]n] k|:t't d'2f o; GofofwLs/0fsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg{ gcfpg] x'Fbf vf/]h u/L ldlt @)$$.!!.!! df km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; kZrft lgj]bs s/La # jif{ $ dlxgf lanDa u/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug{‘ ePsf] 5 . t;y{ ljnDasf] l;4fGtn] klg k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/LkfpF . l/6 lgj]bsn] cfly{s P]gsf] dof{bf /fvL cGtMz'Ns /fhZj a'emfpg] dg;fon] g} cGtMz'Ns sfof{no lj/u+hdf uO{ l:6n kmlg{r/ pTkfbg ug]{ cg'1fkq cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgod, @)!( adf]lhd cg'1fkq lnPsf] xf] ;f] cg'?k :6Ln kmlg{r/ pTkfbg Pj+ ljqmL u/L ljqmLdf x'g] cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L pkef]Qmfx?af6 pTkfbg Pj+ ljqmL u/L ljqmLdf x'g] cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L pkef]Qmfx?af6 cGtMz'Ns /sd c;'n ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] bkmf $-v_ n] :jLsf/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns /fhZj pkef]Qmfaf6 lnO{ ;s]kl5 pqm /sd ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{ ljkIfLsf] bfloTj eP/} /sd bflvnf u/]sf] xf] / o; ljefusf] ldlt @)$@.%.!* sf] kqfg';f/ pTkflbt ;fdgsf] ljqmL d"No sfod ubf{ cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]6L sfod u/]sf] x'Fbf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g eGg] cy[sf] cGtMz'Ns c;'n u/L pBf]ukltn] lng klfpg] cy{ nufpg sfg"gtM ldNg] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf c;'n pk/ ePsf] cGtMz'Ns pBf]unfO{ lbgldNg] gb]lvPsf] eGg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLn] dfu u/]sf] ;x'lnot lbg gldNg] ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= l/6 lgj]bs tyf ljkIf b'j} kIfn] cGtMz'Ns jfkt nfUg] /sd d"Nodf hf]8L ;fdfgx? ljqmL u/L pkef]Qmfaf6 c;'n u/]sf] eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ljjflbt cGtMz'Ns jfktsf] w/f}6L /sddf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tyf l/6 lgj]bs s;}sf] klg bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . pQm cGtMz'Nssf] ef/ cfd pkef]Qmfn] Joxf]/L ;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf pkef]Qmfsf] tkm{af6 dfq pQm /sd lkmtf{ kfpF eGg] bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] x'G5 To;sf/0f pQm /sddf pkef]Qmfsf] bfjL sfod /xg] x'Fbf pQm /sd l/6 lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd lgj]bsn] lkmtf{ kfpg g;Sg] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . lgj]bs lxt]if kn;]hsf] xsdf /fd s'df/ uf]N5f lj= cGtMz'Ns ljefu sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ePsf] )$% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= *!@! sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6 hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt )$( / * / @! sf] lg0f{o;Fu of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;s]g . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL )$( sf] lgod #-v_ adf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt )%) / @ / !! sf] cfb]z . !!= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs shlni6df r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf sdn gf/fo0f bf;n] lgj]bs pBf]u cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) cGtu{t Ohfht k|fKt pBf]u ePklg pBf]un] cfˆgf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg )#^.!).@& df z'? u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ( cGtu{t cGtMz'Nssf] 5'6sf] sf/jfxL rnfpFb} cfPsf] cj:yf )#*.^.@$ df cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* nfu" eof] / ;fljs cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u gub]{ gofF P]g cfPsf]n] gofF cf}=Jo= P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !$-@_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{df ljkIfx?af6 cGtMz'Nssf] ;'ljwf glbO{ cGtMz'Ns jfkt /fv]sf] w/f}6 ;d]t lkmtf{ glbg] u/L u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g ljk/Lt eP u/]sf] x'Fbf dfu bfjL adf]lhd l/6 hf/L u/LkfpF eGg] ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg ;/sf/L pk GofoflwjQmf 6Lsf axfb'/ xdfnn] lgj]bs pBf]un] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgfd ljqmL d"No sfod ubf{ cGtMz'Ns ;d]t hf]8L pkef]Qmfaf6 c;'n u/L ;s]sf] x'Fbf cGtMz'Ns afkt /fv]sf] w/f}6L lkmtf{ lbg ldNg] xf]Og, ;fy} lgj]bs /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 km};nf ePsf] ldltn] % jif{ eGbf a9L ljnDa u/L cfPsf]af6 ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . !@= k|:t't lgj]bg lxt]if kn;]h OG8:6«Lhsf] xsdf /fhs'df/ uf]N5f lj= cGtMz'Ns ljefu sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ePsf] )$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= *!@ df sfod ePsf] l;4fGt;Fu ?lnª aflemof] egL k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] . 142

!#= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-@_-u_ / !$-@_ adf]lhd 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{df glbO{ w/f}6L /fVg afWo t'NofO{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] ljkIfx?sf] sfd sf/jfxL ab/ u/L /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkflbt dfn ;fdfgsf] d"Nodf g} cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L d"No sfod u/L pkef]Qmfaf6 g} cGtMz'Ns jfktsf] /sd p7fO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bsn] bflvn u/]sf] cGtMz'Nssf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg ldNg] xf]Og eGg] pNn]v eO{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt dfn a:t'sf] d"No sfod ubf{ cGtMz'Ns /sd ;d]t hf]8L pkef]Qmfaf6 cGtMz'Ns /sd c;'n u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ :jlsf/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd s/, cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/ OToflbsf] ;'ljwf lbg'sf] tfTko{ gofF :yfkgf ePsf pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ pTkflbg dfnsf] d"No k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g ;sf]; eGg] x'G5 . tL ;'ljwfx? cGtu{t lbOPsf] /sd pBf]ukltn] dfnsf] u|fxsaf6 cfkm}+n] JolQmut ?kdf p7fO{ lng vfgsf] nflu lbPsf] xf]Og . pBf]ukltn] ;f] cg';f/ cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] d"No k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpgsf] ;§f To:tf] cGtMz'Nssf] /sd c;"n u/L ;s]kl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{ kfpF eGg] lhls/ ts{;+ut b]lvGg . !$= k|:t't d'2fdf j:t'tM cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf lg0f{o pk/ >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] klg b]lvG5 . To:tf] a}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] xF'bf xF'b} To:sf] cjnDag gu/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t l/6 lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;d]t lgj]bsnfO{ o; cbfntaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{‘ kg]{ l:ylt b]lvg cfPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)%).@.!! ut]sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o dgfl;j 7x5{ . k|ToyL{sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k7fO{ ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf xfd|f] ;xdlt 5 . Gof= uf]ljGb axfb'/ >]i7 Gof= xl/ k|;fb zdf{ Gof= OG›/fh kf08] dfggLo GofofwLz >L c/laGbgfy cfrfo{sf] /fo M– lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-@_-u_ / !$-@_ adf]lhd 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{ glbO{ w/f}6 /fVg afWo t'NofO{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;b/ :ofxf u/]sf] ljkIfx?sf] sfd sf/jfxL u/L /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/LkfpF eGg] lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) cGtu{t Ohfht kfO{ @)#^.!).@& df cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* ldlt @)#*.^.!$ df nfu' ePkl5 P]g P]gsf] bkmf @@ n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) nfO{ vf/]h u/]sf] x'gfn] vf/]h ePsf] P]g cGtu{t kfpg] elg P]gsf] bkmf @@ n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#) nfO{ vf/]h u/]sf] x'gfn] vf/]h ePsf] P]g cGtu{t pkef]u u/L g;s]sf] ;'ljwf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t kfpg] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL cGtu{t kfpg] egL P]gsf] bkmf !$-@_ df k|fjwfg ePsf] x'gfn] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !)-u_-@_ cGtu{t pBf]u ;~rfng ldlt b]lv # jif{sf nflu cGtMz'Ns 5'6sf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|:t't lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg tkm{ x]bf{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !)-u_-@_ ;fgf demf}nf tyf 7"nf] pBf]usf] xsdf # jif{sf] nflu cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; Joj:yfn] # jif{;Dd cGtMz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwf P]gn] g} lbPsf] b]lvG5 . P]gn] g} k|i6 ?kdf cGtMz'Ns lg0f{o u/]/ cGtMz'Ns 5'6 glbg] eGg ldNb}g . lgj]bs pBf]un] P]gn] lbPsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt x'g'kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f klg ePsf] kfO{b}g . cf}wf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !)-u_-@_ cg';f/ pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] # jif{;Ddsf] nflu cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg] b]lvG5 . -g]=sf=k= )$& c+s * k[i7 %(*_ eGg] l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-u_-@_ n] klg pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] # jif{;Ddsf] nflu 5'6 lbg' kg]{ k|i6 sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] ldlt b]lv # jif{;Ddsf] cGtM z'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg] b]lvPsf] / olx a'Fbf cfwf/af6 lgj]bs agjf/Lnfn cu|jfn lj?4 cGtMz'Ns sfof{no ePsf] ;Djt\ @)%) ;fnsf] g]=lj=g+= !@( pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf d ;d]t /x]sf] o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt )%!.(.@^ df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bg klg ;dfg k|s[ltsf] b]lvbf w/f}6L jfkt lnPsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ glbg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o / cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] ldlt )$@.%.#) sf] kq ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . w/f}6L jfkt lnPsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ lbg' egL ljkIf cGtMz'Ns sfof{no ;d]tsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ ax'dtsf] /fo adf]lhd x'g] g} x'Fbf c? s]lx ul//xg k/]g . ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . Olt ;Djt\ @)%@ ;fn cfiff9 * ut] /f]h == z'ed\ . 143

;fnM @)%#, dlxgf MkmfNu'0f, c+s M!!, km};nf ldlt M@)%@.!@.!#, lg0f{o g+=^@*( ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L nId0f k|;fb cof{n dfggLo GofofwLz >L g/]G› jxfb'/ Gof}kfg] ;Djt\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+======@%@^ ljifoM pTk|]if0f . lgj]bsM gjLg /f]nª OG8li6«h -k|f_ lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf clwsf/ k|fKt cWoIfsf g=kf=j8f g+= @% OG›rf]s j:g] ;'/]z rG› cu|jfn . lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t # . · cGtMz'Ns s'g} pBf]un] p7fO{ vfg kfpg] geO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{{ sfg"g jdf]lhd j'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns jfktsf] /sd j'emfpg gkg]{ ;'ljwf ;Dd xf] of] sfg"gn] To:tf] cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf pBf]un] cfkm'n] qm]tfaf6 p7fP/ cGtMz'Ns lng vfg kfpg] eGg] sfg"gL cfwf/sf] cefj ePsf] / cGtz'Nssf] ljifout k|s[ltaf6 ;f] lgisif{ lgsfNg gldNg] x'+bf ;d]t lgj]bssf] s'g} sfg"gåf/f k|bQ xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg gldNg] . -k|=g+= !!_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M >L ljåfg clwjQmf >L sdn gf/fo0f bf; ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L s[i0f/fd >]i7 . canlDat ghL/M cfb]z Gof=nId0f k|;fb cof{nM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#-**_ @ jdf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5M @= >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ljefuaf6 ldlt )$).!.@( df cf}Bf]lus Ohfht kfO{ )$).#.!( df sDkgL btf{ eO{ k6s k6s cf}Bf]lus Ohfhtsf] Dofb yk kfO{ ldlt )$^.@.@& b]lv cf}Bf]lus Ohfht k|f/De u/]sf] . d'n P]g nfu' 5+bf g} cf}Bf]lus Ohfht kfO Ohfht leqsf] Dofb leq} pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] x'gfn] d'n P]gsf] bkmf !)-u_-@_ / -#_ tyf ;+zf]lwt P]gsf] bkmf !)-@_ cGt{ut pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] ldlt @)$^.@.@& b]lv * jif{ sf nflu zt k|ltzt cGtz'Ns 5'6 lbg kg]{df cGtz'Ns 5'6 glbPsf]n] jfWo eO{ ;Ddflgt cbfntdf ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= *@* sf] pTk|]if0fsf] lgj]bg lbPsf]df ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 )$&.@.(.$ sf lbg pNn]lvt cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ / c;'n u/]sf] cGtz'Ns ;d]t lkmtf{ ug{sf lgldQ k'=g+= # ;d]tsf] gfp+df pTk|]if0f k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg k|:t't l/6 k/]sf] . #= b]zsf] c? /f]lnª ldnx? cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] cf}Bf]lus ;'ljwfsf] Dofb ;dfKt u/L ;s]sf] Ps dfq lgj]bs pBf]u cGtz'Ns cf}Bf]lus 5'6 ;'ljwf cjlw leq ;+rflnt eO/x]sf] x'gfn] o; pBf]usf] pTkfbgdf cGtz'Ns gnfUg] t/ cGo o:t} pBf]ux?sf] pTkfbgdf cGtz'Ns nfUg] ePsf]n] lgj]bs pBf]u cfly{s ;jntf tkm{ nlDs/x]sf] j]nf >L cy{ /fHo dlGqHo'åf/f ldlt )%).#.@& sf lbg ;+;bsf] kf+rf}+ clwj]zgdf k|:t't jh]6 jQmJosf] bkmf *# df jg:ktL l3p / t]n rfprfp lj:s'6 ;fj'g tf/lkgsf] t]n Knfli6s Jofu / ef8fs'+8f lk=eL=;L sk/ tyf cfNd"lgod jfo/ 6fo/ 6\o'j l;Gy]l6s sk8f lk=le=l;= sDkfp08 s[lqd 5fnf jf/]l8gaf6 tof/ ePsf] j:t' %* tyf Kng;L6 kftf tf/ jfo/ kfOkx?, hLk km:g/, Sof;]6 6]k tyf ljh"nLsf Jofu :jLrx?df nflu cfPsf] cGtz'Ns k"0f{?kn] x6fPsf] egL jf]nL kg{‘sf ;fy} P]= ldltdf g]kfn /fhkq v08 $# cltl/Qmfª @!-#_ df ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L k|sflzt ul/Psf] k|=g+= @ sf] ;"rgfdf kmnfd] 58df cGtz'Nssf] b/jGbL ;d]t ;dfj]z gul/Psf]n] kmnfd] 58df cGtz'Ns ;dfKt x'g uPsf]n] cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf pkef]u u/L ;s]sf] pBf]ux?;+u o; gj :yflkt cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf cjlwdf ;+rflnt eO{ /x]sf] pBf]un] k|ToIf k|lt:kwf{ ug{‘ kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . $= o; pBf]un] ;Ddflgt cbfntdf )$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= *@** sf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 lbO{ ldlt @)$&.@.(.$ df pTk|]if0f ldl;|t k/dfb]z hf/L eO{ pTkfbg k|f/De ldlt )$^.@.@& b]lv * jif{ cyf{t )%$.@.@^ ;Ddsf nflu cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf kfPsf]df ;f] cjlw gk'Ub} ldlt @)%).@.@& b]lv 58df cGtz'Ns ;dfKt u/L o; pBf]un] ldlt )%$.@.@^ ;Dd pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cGtz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwfaf6 j+lrt ul/Psf]n] k|lt/IfLx?sf] lg0f{o cfb]z / gLlt ;d]t :ki6tM ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] ldlt )$&.@.(.$ sf] pNn]lvt cfb]z tyf d'n P]g sf] bkmf !)-u_ -@_-#_ tyf ;+zf]lwt P]gsf] bkmf !)-@_ sf] k|lts'n x'+bf jb/efuL 5 . 144

%= ctM pNn]lvt sf/0faf6 ljkIfLx?sf] cfb]z gLlt / lg0f{ox?af6 d]/f] pNn]lvt sfg"gLx?sf] ;fy} g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-!_, !@-@_,-!)_ tyf !& åf/f k|Tofe't df}lns Pj+ ;+j}wflgs xsdf ;d]t cf3ft k'Ug uPsf]n] ldlt )%).@.@& b]lv )%!.@^ ;Ddsf] hDdf ljqmL ePsf] kmnfd] 58sf] d'No ?=&,#!,&!,$)$.)* df cfly{s P]g )$( sf] cg';'lr # sf] ;+s]t g+= @!=&@)!=)) cg';f/ df]n]sf] # k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] cGtz'Ns jfktsf] @!,)&,!$#= lgj]bsnfO{{ e'QmfgL ug{‘sf ;fy} ;f]xL b/n] ldlt )%$.@.@^ ;Dd jif]{gL ljqmL d'Nodf # k|ltztsf b/n] cGtz'Ns e'QmfgL ub}{ hfg' egL k|ltjfbLx?sf gfp+df k/dfb]z hf/L u/L o; ;DjGwdf s'g} lg0f{o lgb]{zg ePsf] jf gLlt jgfOPsf] eP ;f] ;d]t jb/ u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d'Vo l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ . ^= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ k|fKt ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLz Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . &= )%) ;fn cfiff9 @& ut] b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L hf/L ePsf] cGtz'NsM b/jGbLdf kmnfd] 58df cGtz'Ns x6\g u} 5'6 ;'ljwf lg/y{s e} cGtz'Ns ;'ljwf pkof]u ul/ ;s]sf pBf]u;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;sL pBf]usf] cl:tTjs} k|Zg v8f ePsf] eGg] ;DjGwdf s'g j:t'df slt s/ nufpg] eGg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& cg';f/ ljwflosL clwsf/ ePsf]n] cfly{s P]gdf lsg cGtz'Ns lng Joj:yf ul/Pg eGg] ;DjGwdf o; ljefun] hjfkm k|:t't ug{ g;s]sf] Joxf]/f ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' . To;/L g} ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # jdf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s /fh:j ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L s'g} j:t'df cGtz'Ns nufpg] jf gnufpg] ul/ ePsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5}g t;y{ l/6 vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljqmL s/ tyf cGtz'Ns ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . *= s'gdf slt s/ nufpg] eGg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& cg';f/ ljwflosL clwsf/ ePsf]n] cfly{s P]gdf lsg cGtz'Ns lng] Joj:yf ul/Pg eGg] ;DjGwdf ljwflosfsf] cGt/lglxt clwfs/nfO{{ xr'jf tj/n] r'gf}lt ug{ ldNb}g . To;/L g} ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g, )!@ sf] bkmf # jdf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s /fh:j ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L s'g j:t'df cGtz'Ns nufpg] jf gnufpg] lg0f{o ug]{ / ;f]xL jdf]lhdsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ x'+bf s'g} j:t'df cGtz'Ns gnufpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 egL lnPsf] lhls/ sfg"g ;Ddt gePsf] x'+bf l/6 vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug{‘ ePsf] cGtz'Ns ;DjGwL ljifo >L % sf] ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)$& jdf]lhd cy{ dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leq kg]{ xf] . lgh l/6 lgj]bsn] o; ;lrjfnosf] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xssf] xgg ePsf] xf] To;sf] :ki6 ?kdf lhls/ glnO{ pQm sfo{;+u ;lrjfnonfO{{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f ljkIfL jgfO{ lbPsf] l/6 vf/]h u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >L % sf] ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbsf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= lgod jdf]lhd k]zL ;'lrdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L sdn gf/fo0f bf;n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] l/6 g+== *@* sf] d'2fdf ePsf] k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] cfb]z jdf]lhd )%$.@.@^ ;Dd d]/f] kIfn] cGtz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfPsf]df ;f] cjlw gk'Ub} )%).@.@& b]lv 58df cGtz'Ns ;dfKt ug]{ ljkIfLsf] lg0f{o ;jf]{Rr cbfnsf] km};nf tyf cf}=Jo= P]g, )#* sf] bkmf !)-u_-@_ / -#_ ;d]tsf] k|lts'n x'+bf dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{ egL tyf k|ToyL{ sfof{nox?sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L s[i0f /fd >]i7n] cGtz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwf pBf]un] vfg xf]Og cGtz'Ns >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{{ j'emfpg ;Dd gkg]{ ;'ljwf lbPsf] xf] . s'g} pBf]unfO{{ ;'ljwf lbg] glbg] eGg] s'/f >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gLltut s'/f ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]Og egL cfˆgf] jx; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . !!= ljåfg clwjQmfx?n] ug{‘ ePsf] jx; lhls/ ;'gL lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldN5 ldNb}g eGg] s'/fdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . o;df lgj]bsnfO{{ sfg"g jdf]lhd cGtz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwf lbPsf]df ;f] cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf gkfPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ b]lvb}g . cGtz'Ns s'g} pBf]un] p7fO{ vfg kfpg] geO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{{ sfg"g jdf]lhd j'emfpg' kg]{ cGtz'Ns jfktsf] /sd j'emfpg gkg]{ ;'ljwf ;Dd xf] . of] sfg"gn] To:tf] cGtz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf pBf]un] cfkm'n] qm]tfaf6 p7fP/ cGtz'Ns lng vfg kfpg] eGg] sfg"gL cfwf/sf] cefj ePsf] / cGtz'Nssf] ljifout k|s[ltaf6 ;f] lgisif{ lgsfNg gldNg] x'+bf ;d]t lgj]bssf] s'g} sfg"gåf/f k|bQ xs xgg ePsf] eGg gldNg] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfOn lgod jdf]lhd u/L j'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=g/]G› jxfb'/ Gof}kfg] Olt ;Djt @)%@ ;fn r}q !# ut] /f]h # z'ed==================

145

;fnM @)%#, dlxgf Mkf}if, c+s M(, km};nf ldlt M@)%#.!).!%.# , lg0f{o g+=^@^$ ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGb jxfb'/ >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/ZrG›k|;fb pkfWofo ;Dat\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= === @&$# laifoM pTk|]if0f ld>Lt k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpm+ . lgj]bsM lh=df]/ª la/f6gu/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+=( d]g/f]8 sfof{no ePsf :jb]zL s]j'n OG8li6«h eGg] k|fOe]6 kmd{sf k|f]kfO6/ P]=P]=a:g] lg/h s'df/ ;'/fgf . lj?4 lakIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/, Ps4f/ ;ldlt, pBf]u ljefu, lqk'/]Zj'/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t hDdf # . · sfg"gn] 5'6 kfpg] /sd ltg{' kg]{ eGg gldNg] . -k|=g+=(_ · sfg"gn] g} lbPsf] 5'6 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 dfUg klg plrt gx"+g] . -k|= g+=(_ · nfUb} gnfUg] cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{df glbg] eGg] pBf]u laefusf] ldlt )%!.@.!& sf] kq / Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o kqfrf/ ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f ab/ x'g] . -k|=g+= (_ l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L sdn gf/fo0f bf; . lakIfL tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L s[i0f/fd >]i7 . canlDat ghL/M cfb]z Gof=uf]laGb jxfb'/ >]i7M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#.**-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M @= k|flws/0fsf r'xfj6 lgoGq0f cfof]hgfsf nflu cGt/fl{6«o ljsf; ;+u7gaf6 k|fKt C0f ;xof]u sfo{qmd cGtu{t n6 g+= !@ k]s]h g+= ^% s/f/ g+= )$(.%).@ sf] sG;]lG6«s ;le{s s]jn cfk"lt{sf nflu ljb]zL d'›fdf e'QmfgL x'g] ul/ cGt/fli6«o jf]nkq cfJxfg ul/Psf]df o; pBf]un] ;d]t jf]nkq lbPsf] lyof] . ;f] jf]nkq pko'Qm k|dfl0ftt eO{ ;f] cfk"lt{sf] s/f/ kq o; pBf]u / k|flws/0f jLr x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . pNn]lvt s/f/ kq cGtu{t ;j} lsl;dsf] s/sf] bfloTj k|flws/0fsf] /x]sf] ePtf klg cf}=Jo=P]g, / cfly{s P]g cGtu{t ljb]zL d'›fdf :jb]zL pTkfbg :j]bzdf g} ljqmL ubf{ cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf eO{ /x]sf] x'gfn] o; sDkgLsf sf/vfgfaf6 k|flws/0fdf ljhs jgfO{ sG;]l6«s jfo/ k7fp+bf cfly{s P]gsf] cGo Joj:yf cGtu{t nfUg ;Sg] cGtz'Ns jfktsf] /sd w/f}6L /fVg]j jf j}+s Uof/]G6L lbO{ dfn lgisfzg ug]{ / ;f] dfn k|flws/0fdf k|fKt ePsf] tyf ljb]zL d'›f e"QmfgL ePsf] k|df0fkq k]z ul/ kl5 To:tf] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ kfpg] cyjf j}+s km"s'jf u/fpg] ul/Psf] lyof] . lgj]bssf] ljnaf6 k|flws/0fnfO{ cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] ;fdfg P]= k|flws/0fdf k|fKt ePsf] egL lbPsf] k|df0fkq / ;f] sf] e'QmfgL ljb]zL d'›fdf k|fKt ePsf] egL g]kfn lu|gn]h j}+sn] ul/ lbPsf] e'QmfgL k|df0fkq nufotsf sfuhft /fvL cGtz'Ns sfof{no, lj/f6gu/df lgj]bg lbPsf]df cGtz'Ns sfof{non] w/f}6L lkmtf{sf nflu k|=g+= ! / @ ;dIf kq k7fof] . k|=g+= @ sf] )%!.@.!& sf] kqaf6 k|flws/0f;+u ePsf] ;+emf}tf cGtu{t cGtz'Ns / ljqmL s/ k|flws/0fn] ltg{‘ kg]{ zt{ /x]sf]n] lgj]bsnfO{ cGtz'Ns jfktsf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] egL cGtMz'Ns tyf ljqmL s/ ljefunfO{ kq n]vL o; sDkgLnfO{ jf]wfy{ lbPsf]df lgj]bsn] k|=g+= @ nfO{ cfly{s P]g ;d]tsf] pNn]v ul/ k'gM lgj]bg ubf{ k|=g+= @ g+= kqaf6 k|flws/0f;+u ;Demf}tf cg';f/ cGtz'Ns /sd lsg bfjL gu/]sf] egL :kli6s/0f ;f]lwPsf]df o; sDkgLn] cf}=Jo=P]g cfly{s P]g / ;Demf}tf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df pQm s/ ltg{‘ gkg]{ bfloTj ;DaGwdf :kli6s/0f k]z u/]kl5 k|=g+= @ sf] kqaf6 k'gM :kli6s/0f dfu u/]sf]df o; sDkgLn] k|flws/0fnfO{ /sd e'QmfgLsf nflu cg'/f]w ubf{ k|flws/0fn] /sd Joxf]g{‘ gkg]{ egL hfgsf/L lbO{of] . o; pBf]un] k'gM ;j} tYo pNn]v ul/ lgj]bg lbPsf]df k|=g+= @ n] s'g} hjfkm glbO{ j;]sf] / cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{ gkfpg] egL kqfrf/ ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] x'gfn] cbfntsf] z/0f kg{ cfPsf] 5' . #= k|flws/0f;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf kqsf] cleGg c•sf] ?kdf /x]sf] dfO{Go'6 ckm ldl6+usf] bkmf jL= ! df ljb]zL d'›fdf e'QmfgL x'g] o; k|sf/sf] jf]nkqdf 7]Ssf s/ cGtz'Ns ljqmL s/, gu/kflnsf r'+uLs/ cfbL nfUg] ePdf k|flws/0fn] 146

Joxf]g]{ egL zt{ /x]klg cGtz'Ns g]kfn sfg"gn] Joxf]g{‘ kg]{ cj:yfdf dfq k|flws/0fn] ltg{‘ kg]{ bfloTj x'G5 . cf}=Jo=P]gsf] bkmf !% a= df ljb]zL d'›f cfh{g x'g] ul/ clw/fHo leq s'g} pBf]un] cfˆgf] pTkfbg ljqmL u/]df cGtz'Ns ljqmL s/ cflb lkmtf{ lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} cfly{s P]gsf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Josf] bkmf ! df :jb]zL pTkfbsn] pTkfbg u/]sf] dfn j:t' clw/fHo leq Ujf]jn 6]08/ jf To:t} k|lt:kwf{ cGtu{t kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'›fsf] e'QmfgL kfpg] ul/ ljqmL u/]sf k|df0f k]z u/]df To;/L ljqmL u/]sf] kl/df0f ;Ddsf] j:t'df nfUg] cGtz'Ns k"0f{ ?kdf 5'6 lbOg] eGg] k|fjwfg ePsf]n] sfg"gn] nfUb} gnfUg] cGtz'Ns pNn]lvt dfOGo"6 ckm ldl6+usf] zt{ / sfg'g ljkl/t k|flws/0fn] ltg{‘ Joxf]g{‘ kg]{ egL k|=g+= !.@ sf] kq / To; ;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] lg0f{o ;d]t pNn]lvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] :ki6tM ljkl/t x'+bf jb/efuL 5 . ctM k|lt/IfL !.@sf] ;Dk'0f{ lg0f{o / pNn]lvt kqfrf/nfO{ jb/ ul/ d}n] cGtz'Ns w/f}6L jfkt /fv]sf] ?= !,^#,%&%.– lgj]bsnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' egL cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bssf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg . $= o:df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . %= :jb]zL s]jn O=n] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] r'xfj6 lgoGq0f cfof]hgfsf] nflu cGt/fl{\i6«o ljsf; ;+u7gaf6 k|fKt C0f ;xof]u sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|:t't pBf]un] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ o'=P;=8n/ ^&,^%) j/fj/sf] sG6\S6«s s]jn ljqmL u/]sf] / pQm kl/df0fdf nfUg] ?=!,^#,%%&.- j/fj/sf] cGtz'Ns jfkt w/f}6L /flvPsf] /sd cf}=Jo=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-j_ jdf]lhd dfu u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't pBf]u / g]=lj=k|f= aLr !^ clk|n !((# df ;DkGg ;Demf}tfdf ePsf] ;xdtL cg';f// cGtz'Ns jfkt nfUg] /sd g]=lj=k|f=n] Joxf]g]{ :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] x'+bf cf}=Jo=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-j_ df ePsf] Joj:yfg";f/ pBf]un] lt/]sf] /sd dfq lkmtf{ ug{‘ kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] ubf{ pBf]un] dfu cg';f//sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ gldNg] egL ljefuLo lg0f{o ul/Psf] / ljefuLo lg0f{o nfO{ Ps4f/ ;ldltn] ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 . ct l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/ kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u ljefu / pBf]u ljefu Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] lnlvt hjfkm . ^= cGtz'Ns sfof{no lj/f6gu/ / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, r'xfj6 lgoGq0f cfof]hgf gof+ jfg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+sf] lnlvt hjfkm gcfPsf] . &= lgodfg';f/ b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljJbfg clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-j_ df cGtz'Ns lkmtf{ x'g] Joj:yfe} /x]sf]df cGtz'Ns jfkt w/f}6L /x]sf] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg" kg]{ xf] To;}ul/ cfly{s P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Jo ! df klg cGtz'Ns k"0f{ ?kdf 5'6 lbOg] Joj:yf e} /x]sf]df w/f}6 /x]sf] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg] x'+bf ;f] lkmtf{ glbg] u/]sf] lakIfLx?sf] sfd sf/jfxL jb/efuL 5g\ eGg] jx; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . To;} ul/ pBf]u ljefu ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljJbfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L s[i0f/fd >]i7n] lgj]bs / ljB't k|flws/0f aLr ePsf] s/f/af6 lj=k|f=n] Joxf]5{‘ eg]sf]df cGtz'Ns 5'6 kfpg] eGg ldNg] xf]O{g . lgj]bsn] ljB't k|flws/0f ;+u dfu ug{‘ kg]{df >L % sf] ;/sf/;+u dfu u/]sf] ldNg] b]lvb}g eGg] jx; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . lj4fg clwjQmfx?sf] jx; ;"gL ldl;n ;d]t cWoog ul/ lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{‘ kg]{ xf] xf]O{g eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfof] . *= o:df cfhsf] lg0f{o ;'gfpg] tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ljb]zL d'›f o"=P;=8n/ ^&^%).- j/fj/sf] s]jn ;KnfO{ ug]{ 7]Ssf lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-a_ / cfly{s P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Jo ! n] lgj]bsnfO{ cGtz'Ns gnfUg] / lkmtf{ kfpg] eGg] k|i6 5 . (= cj /Xof] lgj]bs / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f aLr ePsf] sj"lnotdf ljBdfg zt{sf] s'/f . pQm zt{ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . “Stated in the bidding documents and as applicable for this type of global tender to be paid in foreign currency, the contract tax, excise sale tax and Municipality tax will be borme by the purchaser=" nfUg] s/ cflb g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ltg]{ eGg] zt{ /x] klg sfg"gn] 5'6 kfpg] /sd ltg{‘ kg]{ eGg ldNb}g . sfg"gn] g} lbPsf] 5'6 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 dfUg klg plrt x'b}g. pQm zt{n] sfg'gg ltg{‘ kg]{ s/ cGtz'Ns cflbnfO{ hgfPsf] ;+emg" k5{ . ctPjM nfUb} gnfUg] cGtz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{df glbg] eGg] pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt )%!.@.@& sf] kq / Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o kqfrf/ ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ x'g] 7x5{ . lgj]bsn] w/f}6 /fv]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg' lbnfpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfp+df k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg";f/ ul/ j"emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdtL 5 . Gof=xl/ZrG› k|;fb pkfWofo Olt ;Dat\ @)%#;fn df3 !% ut] /f]h # z"ed==== . 147

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'QmOhnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/ZrGb| k|;fb pkfWofo ;Djt @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@*@% cfb]z ldlt M @)%$.!@.@^.$ ljifo M pTk|]if0f k|ltif]w nufot cfjZos / pko'Qmcfb]z hf/L u/Lkfp+ . lgj]bs M sf7df08f} lhNnf sflGtky d'Vo sfof{no / af/f lhNnf l;d/fdf sf/vfgf /x]sf] ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt P]=sf efO; k|]l;8]G6 s]=l6=cf/ gflDjof/ lj?4 ljkIfL M dxfn]vf kl/Ifs,dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] sfof{no aa/dxn sf7df08f} ;d]t . k|ltkflbt glh/÷l;4fGt · cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] cw{Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf GofoLs dgsf] k|of]u u/L cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lg0f{o gu/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf lgb]{zgnfO{ dfq sfof{Gjog u/]sf] b]lv+bf sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pn3+g Gross violation_ ePsf] k|ToIf ?kdf b]lvg] · sfg"g adf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg gkg]{ ;"lt{sf] cg'kftdf r'/f]6 pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] egL n]vf kl/If0faf6 j]?h'sf] l;nl;nfdf cGtMz'Ns ljefu / cy{ dGqfnoaf6 j]?h' gp7fpg] lg0f{osf] k|lts'n ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] kbfy{sf] j]?h' lgsfnL c;"n pk/ ug]{ elg u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] ;DjlGw sf/jfxL sfg"gsf] k|ToIf / 7f8f] pn3+g ePsf] dflgg] . km};nf Gof=xl/k|;fb zdf{ M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @#.**-@_ cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f PJf+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 . @= ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDdgL k|f=ln=n] cf=j= @)%).)%! Df pBf]un] ;"lt{ vktsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gu/L 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] egL cfly{s P]g,@)%) adf]lhd yk !% k|ltztn] ?=^,#@,$%,^)*.^% -5 s/f]8 jlQ;nfv k}tfln; xhf/ 5;o cf7 ?Kfof k};7\7Lk};f_ / cf=j=@)%!.)%@ sf] klg !% k|ltzt yk cGtMz'Ns ?=&,@&,#^,))&.)* -;ft s/f]8 ;QfO:f nfv 5lQ; xhf/ ;ft ?Kf}of cf7 k};f_ c;"n ug]{ egL j]?h' sfod e} cfPsf] / ;f]xL Joxf]/f dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%@ sf] j]?h' qmd;+Vof !=$# / @)%# sf] j]?h' qmd;+Vof &=$$ df pNn]lvt cGtMz'Ns tyf laqmLs/sf] sRrf kbfy{sf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gePsf] eGg] j]?h' dfyL ljj/0f r/0f tyf ljleGg txdf 5nkmn ;d]t ePsf] / k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldtLsf] @)%#.!@.@ df j;]sf] j}7saf6 ;d]t /sd c;"n ug]{ lgb]{zg lbg] lg0f{o ePsf]n] cf=j= @)%).)%! / @)%!.)%@ sf] qmdzM ?=^,#@,$%,^)*.^% / ?=&,@&,#^,))&.)* ;d]t hDdf ?=!#,%(,*!,^!%.&# -cIf]?kL t]x| s/f]8 pgfG;f7L nfv Psf;L xhf/ 5;o kGw| ?k}of+ lqxQ/ k};f_ cGtMz'Ns of] cfb]z ePsf ldltn] & lbg leq bflvnf ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL d"No clej[4 s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%#.!@.!& df kq lbOPsf] 5 . sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufpg] / p7fOg] 5}g egL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljkl/t cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf # tyf cGtMz'Ns lgod @)!( sf] lgod #@,##,#$,#% / #^ n] lgwf{l/t u/]cg';f/ ltb}{ j'emfpb} cfPsf] cGtMz'Ns /fh:jdf c? yk !% k|ltzt j9L ltg{ j'emfpg' kg]{ xf] egL cfwf/x¿ k"0f{t cj}w Pj+ sfg"g ;Ddt 5}g . lt/L j'emfO{ ;s]sf /sd j9L !% k|ltzt a'emfpg'kg]{ elg jfWo u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% df slx+st} 5}g . lgj]bs sDkgLn] lnPsf] Ohfht kqdf pTkfbg dfnsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] dfqf olt g} x'g'k5{ eGg] s'g} Joxf]/f ul/Psf] 5}g . cGtMz'Ns lgod,@)!( sf] cg';"rLdf tf]lsPsf] kmf/fdsf] gd"gfx¿af6 sf/vfgf leq sRrf dfn / pTkflbt tof/L dfnx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf ;f] lgodx¿df k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] / lgodn] tf]lsPsf] cg';f/sf] kmf/daf6 sf/vfgfsf] pTkfbgnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{sf] slt tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ xf] eg]/ lx;fj ug]{ tl/sf cGtMz'Ns P]g / lgodx¿df tf]lsPsf] 5}g . cfly{s P]g,@)%) df ul/Psf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ g;lsg] lgik|eflj x'g'sf ;fy} cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g sfof{Gjog P]g, lgod;+u d]n gvfg] / ;f] cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] Joj:yf c;fGb{les, cg'ko'Qm l4ljwfhgs ePsf]n] cf=j=@)%!.)%@ / To;kl5sf jif{sf] cfly{s P]gaf6 x6fO{ ;s]sf] ;d]t 5 . sDkgLNf] u/]sf] nfut ljj/0f kmf/d lzif{sdf k|lt lvNnL @) sf] tf]n ;d]t n]lvPsf] 5 . h'g tf]n nfut ljj/0fdf n]lvPsf] 148

5 To;sf] d"No klg ;f]xL ljj/0fdf n]lvPsf] x+'bf ;f] d"NonfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] dfGbf ;fy :jtMtf}nsf] klg dfGotf ePsf] :JftMl;4 5 . t;y{ dxfn]vf kl/Ifsn] a]?h' 5 egL @)%@ / )%# ;fndf ePsf] k|ltj]bg ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] @)%#.!@.# sf] j}7ssf] lg0f{o / ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{non] & lbg leq yk cGtMz'Ns /sd j'emfpg Nofpg' egL @)%#.!@.!% df n]lvPsf] r=g+=#^*^ sf] kq tyf lgj]bssf] xsnfO{ c;/ ug]{ cGo sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ;d]t hlt 5g\ tL ;j} pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ u/L cj cfOGbf k|rlnt sfg"gsf] alv{nfk x'g] u/L yk cGtMz'Ns /sd j'emfpg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t s'g} sfd sf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf gfp+df k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z nufot cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ / k|:t't lgj]bgsf] 6'ªuf] gnfu];Dd yk pNn]lvt cGtMz'Ns /sd gp7fpg' glng' eGg] ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no ;d]tsf gfp+df cGt/Ld cfb]z hf/L ul/ kfp+ eGg] ldlt @)%#.!@.@* sf] l/6 lgj]bg . #= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] jf6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;DjlGwt ldl;n;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm hjfkm k7fpg' elg l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] jf]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{lbg' ;fy} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL ,@)$( sf] lgod $! sf] cj:yf leqsf] gb]lv+bf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg k/]g eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.%.% sf] cfb]z . $= l/6 lgj]bsn] cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)!% jdf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L4f/f ePsf] cfb]z / lg0f{o pk/ a}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg gu/L l/6 If]qdf cfPsf] vf/]hefuL . lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L4f/f j]?h' /sd bflvn u/fpg] cfb]z lbOPsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs n]v ;ldltn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnon] u|x0f ul/;s]/ cfb]z lbPsf]x+bf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] clwsf/ If]qdf k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g . k|ltlgw;efsf] Pp6f c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgsf n]vf ;ldltnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef lgofdfjnL,@)$* sf] kl/R5]b @% cGtu{t >L % sf] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] d"Nof8=sg u/L ;d'lrt l6Kk0fL / l;kmfl/; ug]{ Joj:yf hf+r ug]{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf / ;DklQsf hf+r ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf dGqfno jf cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lgb]{zgx¿ lbOg]s'/f cGt/lglxt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] clwsf/ If]q pk/ p7fPsf] k|Zg ;f]tM v08lgo x'+bf vf/]hu/L kfp+ eGg] ldlt @)%$.@.^ .@ sf] k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgsf n]vf ;ldltsf] lnlvt hjfkm . %= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%# efu ! j]?h' qmd ;+Vof !=$& -k[i7 !)@ df æsRrf kbfy{sf] cg'kftdf 36L pTkfbg_ eGg] lzif{s cGtu{t ljqmL s/ tyf cGtMz'Ns sfof{no af/f cGtu{tsf] r'/f]6 pBf]un] @)%!.)%@ df ljleGg dfsf{sf] r'/f]6 $# nfv ^ xhf/ Pd pTkfbg ubf{ #& nfv #! xhf/ lsnf]u|fd ;'lt{ vkt u/]sf] ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] 5 . pBf]un] @)$&.)$* df k]z u/]sf] nfut ljj/0f adf]lhd pNn]lvt kl/df0f r'/f]6 ptkfbg ug{ #$ nfv ^) xhf/ lsnf]u|fd ;'lt{dfq vkt x'g] b]lvof] . pQm nfut ljj/0fdf pNn]v ePsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg ePsf] gb]vfO{ @ nfv &! xhf/ lsnf]u|fd j9L ;'lt{ vr{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"lrsf] # sf] b|i6Jo -@_ cg';f/ÆcGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbsn] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPdf pk/f]Qm b/aGbLdf df]n k|ltzt !% yk u/L cGtMz'Ns yk nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . @)$&.)$* sf] sf/vfgf d"No @)$(.)#.@( df ;+zf]wg x'+bf pBf]uf6 nfut ljj/0fdf sRrf dfn a9L nfu\g] b]lvPsf]n] d"No dfq j[l4 dfq b]lvg cfof] . r'/f]6sf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g jf cGo pNn]v sf/0f ;lxt sRrf dfnsf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g jf cGo pNn]Vo sf/0fx¿ ;lxt sRrf dfnsf] kl/df0f j[l4 ePsf] nfut ljj/0f pBf]uaf6 k|:t't gePsf]n] @)$&.)$* s} nfut ljj/0fdf pNn]lvt sRrf dfnsf] kl/df0f eGbf j9L ;'lt{ vkt u/]sf] b]vfO{ ;f]xL cg'kftdf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] cfly{s jdf]lhd @)%!.)%@ df j'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns ?=$* s/f]8 $( nfv & xhf/sf] !% k|ltztn] yk cGtMz'Ns ?=& s/f]8 @& nfv #^ xhf/ gk'u b]lvof] eGg] pNn]v 5 . pNn]lvt j]?h' dfly k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# df j;]sf] j}7saf6 ;"o{ 6f]jfsf]4f/f k|:t't nfut ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df sRrf kbfy{sf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gePsf] :ki6 b]lv+bf d=n]=k= k|ltj]bg @)%@ sf] bkmf !=$# / @)%# sf] bkmf !=$& sf] j]?h' cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';'rL # b|i6Jo -@_ adf]lhd yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns c;"n u/L hfgsf/L lbg cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] eGg] lg0f{o eO{ cy{ dGqfnosf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ o; ljefuaf6 sf/jfxL rflnPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%) / @)%! Afdf]lhd c;'n ug]{ eGg] sf/jfxL sfg"g ;+ut g} b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #-s_ df æo; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L s'g} clws[tnO{ tf]Sg ;Sg] 5ÆeGg] Joj:yf clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/L4f/f eP u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL j}w / sfg"g ;+ut ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . 149

^= lgj]bsn] cfkm'n] a'emfpg' gkg]{ /sd j'emfpg' kg]{ elg ljkIfLx¿af6 ePsf] lg0f{on] ;+ljwfg4f/f k|bQ cfkm\gf] ;DklQ;DjGwL xs xgg\ x'g uPsf] eGg] egfO{ b]lvG5 . t/ dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%@.)%# df pNn]v ePsf] j]?h' /sd pk/ k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf 5nkmn ;d]t e} ;f] j]?h' /sd c;'n ug{ lgb]{zg ePsf adf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ lghn] cf=j=@)%).)%! / @)%!.)%@ df a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns /sdsf] yk !% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd bflvnf u/L j]?h' /x]sf] /sd km5\{of}6 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfjZos sf/jfxL;Dd z'? ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd j]?h' /sd km5of}6 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ePsf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] sfd sfjf{xLaf6 lgj]bssf] xsdf s'g} lsl;dsf] cf3ft kg{ uPsf] dfGg ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t ljBdfg gx+'bf lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/f cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . &= o; ljefuaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] cly{s sf/f]jf/sf] k/LIf0f u/L b]lvPsf] j]?h'df ;DjlGwt sfof{no ;xdt ePsdf k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ sfjf{xL u/L km5{\of}6 ug{ / c;xdt ePdf c;xdltsf sf/0f / k|df0f;d]t pNn]v u/L hjfkm k7fpg kq4f/f cg'/f]w ul/g] ul/G5 . sfof{noaf6 cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/df cfPsf j]?h'x¿df c;xdtL hgfPsf hfoh sf/0f / sfg"g ;Ddt k|df0fx¿ k]z ug{ ;s]df To:tf j]?h'x¿ km5{\of}6 ug]{ ul/G5 . To;} qmddf tTsflng cGtMz'Ns ty ljqmL s/ sfof{no xfn d"No clej[l4s/ sfof{no af/fsf] /fh:j tkm{sf] n]vf k/LIf0f x'+bf pQm sfof{non] ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLaf6 cf=j=@)%).)%! / @)%!.)%@ df qmdzM ?=^,#@,$%,^)*.^% / ? &,@&,#^,))&.)* 3l6 /fh:j c;'n u/]sf]n] Toltg} /sd c;'n ug{ o; ljefuaf6 ;DjlGwt sfof{no / tfn's ljefudf n]lvuPsf] lyof] . ;DjlGwt sfof{no / tfn's ljefu ty dGqfnoaf6 ;d]t km5{\of}6 x'g] hfoh / sfg"g ;Ddt hjfkm tyf k|df0f k]z x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%@ / @)%# df ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] xf] . l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]lvt jif{x¿df s'n ;'lt{ ^*,@),##) s]=hL vkt u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;f] ;'lt{af6 hDdf &*,(#,)%% Pd -!))) lvNnLsf] ! Pd_ r'/f]6 pTkfbg u/]sf] 5 . Ohfht adf]lhdsf] cg'kftdf pQm kl/df0fsf] r'/f]6 pTkfbgdf hDdf ^#,%$,)!! s]=hL=dfq ;'lt{ vkt x'g'kg]{df s'n ^*,@),##) s]=hL= ;'lt{ vkt u/]sf]n] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] cg'kftdf $,^^,#!( s]=hL= ;'lt{sf] pTkfbg gb]vfPsf] x'+bf cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo -@_ adf]lhd lgh l/6 lgj]bsn] b/jGbL adf]lhd lt/]sf] /sddf !% k|ltzt yk cGtMz'Ns ?=!# s/f]8 %( nfv *@ xhf/ ltg'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns ltg'{ kg]{ pTkfbsx¿n] cGGtMz'Ns P]g / cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿n] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof tyf cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] b/jGbL cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns ltg'{kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj xf] . cfly{s P]g / /fh:j c;'n ug]{ ;DjGwdf ag]sf] cGo P]g lgodx¿ Ps csf{sf k'/s x'g\ l/6 lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkfbgsf] nflu k]z u/]sf] :6f088{ :km]l;lkms];g adf]lhd vkt u/]sf] ;'lt{af6 x'g'kg]{ pTkfbg eGbf sd r'/f]6 pTkfbg b]lvPsf] / To;af6 cGtMz'Ns tyf lalqmL s/ / fh:jdf 7'nf] gf]S;fgL k/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] /sd bflvnf ug{ nufOg] eGg] ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . r'/f]6df ;'lt{sf] 8]lG;6L a9fpg' k/]sf]n] ;'lt{sf] kl/df0f al9 nfUg u} To;sf] sf/0faf6 d"No j[l4 ePsf] eGg] s'/f pQm lg0f{osf sfuhftaf6 k'li6 gePsf] df l/6 lgj]bsn] ;'lt{sf] kl/df0fnfO{ dfGotf glbPsf] elg lhls/ lng' ePsf] 5 . ;'lt{ a9L nfUg] s'/f :jLs[t ePsf] 5}g / x}g . ldlt @)$(.#.@( b]lv ;'lt{sf] 8]G;L6L a9fPsf] cfwf/e't tYo gb]lvPsf] x'gfn] @)$&.)$* df :jLs[t ;'lt{sf] kl/df0fnfO{ @)$(.#.@( sf] lg0f{o x'+bf a9fPsf] 5}g xf]Og . sf/vfgf d'No ;fy :jLs[t nfut ljj/0fn] :jLs[t sRrf dfn jdf]lhdsf] tof/L dfnsf] ptkfbg ePsf gePsf] b]vfpg] / l/6 lgj]bsn] )%).)%! / )%!.)%@ df ;f] :jLs[tL cg'kft adf]lhd pTkfbg gb]lvPsf]n] yk cGtMz'Ns ltg'{ lgj]bssf] bfloTj 7x5{ . o; ljefuaf6 lgj]bssf] xs xgg\ x'g] u/L s'g} sfd sfjf{xL ePsf] jf To:tf] cfb]z lgb]{zg hf/L ePsf] 5}g, cGo sfg"gL pkrf/ x'+bf x+'b} l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;xf/f lnPsf] ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] ljefu sf7df08f}+sf] lnlvt hjfkm . *= dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%# efu -!_ sf] j]?h' qmd;+Vof !=$# -k[i7 *^_ df sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gePsf] eGg] lzif{s cGtu{t pBf]usf] gfddf ^,#@,$^,))). Jf]?h' cf}+NofOPsf] / dxfn]vf kl/ Ifssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg,@)%# efu ! sf] j]?h' qmd;+Vof !=$&-k[i7 !)@ df_ sRrfkbfy{sf] cg'kftdf 3l6 pTkfbg eGg] lzif{s cGtu{t pBf]usf] gfddf & s/f]8 @& nfv #^ xhf/ gk'u]sf] b]lvof] eGg] pnn]v ePsf] 5 k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ldlt @)$&.$.! df :jLs[t ul/Psf] sf/vfgf d'NonfO{ ldlt @)$(.#.@( df ;+zf]wg ubf{ -j[l4 ubf{_ sRrf kbfy{sf] kl/df0f klg j[l4 ePsf] egL cy{ dGqfnon] ;ldltnfO{ @)%# r}q ! ut] n]v]sf] kqdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] pQm ;+zf]lwg lg0f{odf sRrfkbfy{ / cGo pTkfbg vr{sf] d"No clej[l4 u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm lg0f{odf sRrfkbfy{sf] ;'lt{sf] kl/df0f j[l4 u/]sf] b]lvb}g . sRrfkbfy{sf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gePsf] : ki6 b]lv+bf df=n]=k=k|ltj]bg @)%@ sf] bkmf !=$# / @)%# sf] bkmf !=$& sf] j]?h' cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # b|i6Jo -@_ adf]lhd yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns c;"n u/L hfgsf/L lbg cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] eGg] lgb]{zg e} cy{ dGqfnosf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ o; ljefuaf6 sf/jfxL rflPsf] b]lv+bf ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs xgg x'g] sfo{ 150

eP u/]sf] gx+'bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d'No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no l;d/f jf/fsf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= o;df ljifosf] k|s[ltaf6 rfF8f] d'2f lsgf/f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] / lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t cfO{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bf olx @)%$ efb| dlxgfsf] t]>f] xKtfdf lgj]bg k]zLdf r9fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.%.^.^ sf] cfb]z . !)= o;df j]?h' c'n pk/ u/]sf] ;DjlGwt kmfO{n dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] ljefuaf6 >L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lemsfO{ cfPkl5 ;Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@$@& ;d]t ;fy} lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)%$.!!.!@.# sf] cfb]z . !!= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n ;d]t cWoog u/L l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6 jl/i7 clwjQmf >L d's'Gb /]UdLn] cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo -@_ nfO{ sfg"g dfGg ldNb}g . sfg"g ljkl/t s/ nufpg / p7fpg kfOb}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)!% sf] bkmf # eGbf aflx/ uP/ cGtMz'Ns p7fpg] elg cf}+NofOPsf] a]?h' @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@&(& af6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tn] sfg"g ljkl/t x'+bf l/6 hf/L x'g'k5{ egL / lgj]bssf tkm{af6 lj4fg clwjQmf >L jlb| axfb'/ sfsL{n] k|ltlglw ;efn]vf ;ldltn] cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . lgj]bs sDkgLn] ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Ns lt/L ;s]sf] 5 k'gM cGtMz'Ns lng] / cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g cGtMz'Ns lod @)!( sf] lgod #^ adf]lhd uf]bfd jflx/ ;fdfg lgsfNbf g} ltg'{ kg]{ /fh:j kl5 cf}+NofOPsf] j]?h' ltg{ gkg]{ sfg"g ljkl/t / g]=sf=k=@)$( sf] lg=g+=$^&) af6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]t ljkl/t x'+bf l/6 hf/L x'g'k5{ egL jx; ug'{eof] . l/6 lgj]bs s} csf{ lj4fg clwjQmf >L sf]dn k|sfz l3ld/]n] sf/vfgfsf] 9f]sfaf6 5f8]sf] dfnsf] cGtMz'Ns !% lbg leq ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 ;f] cg';f/ Ps k6s lt/L ;s]sf] cGtMz'Ns j]?h' cf}NofO{ ltg{‘kg]{ xf]Og eGg] jx; ug'{ eof] . k|ToyL{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ tkm{af6 sf=d'=jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L s[i0f/fd >]i7n] b|i6Jo klg P]g xf] sfg"g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'NsnfO{ ltg{ gkg]{ egL lnOPsf] lgj]bg lhls/ sfg"g ;+ut 5}g j}sNkLs pkrf/ x'+bf x'Fb} l/6 If]qdf cfPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax:f ;d]t ;'lg l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu bfjL adf]lhdsf] l/6 hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og elg lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . !@= pk/f]Qm jx; lhls/ tyf k|fKt sfuhx¿sf] cwoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;'lt{ cg'kftdf r'/f]6 pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 j]?h' cf}+NofOPsf] /sd ltg{ gkg]{ x'Fbf l/6 hf/L u/L j]?h'nfO{ lgis[o u/L kfpF eGg] d'Vo dfu bflj ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;DjGwdf cGtMz'Ns s:tf] kbfy{df nfU5 eGg] ;DjGwdf cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)!% sf] k|f/Dedf g} æg]kfndf jg]sf jf k}bf ePsf kbfy{x¿df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yffsf] lgldQ ag]sf] P]gÆ n] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . To:t} cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;DjGwdf P]gsf] bkmf # n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 h;df elgPsf] æ;fnj;fnL jf s'g} Ps ;fnsf] lgldQ s'g} kbfy{df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] u/L P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePdf To:tf] cGtMz'Ns of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd c;'n pk/ ul/g] 5Æ x/]s ;fnsf] lgldQ cGtMz'Ns cfly{s P]g4f/f tf]lsg] To;/Ltf]lsPsf] cGtMz'Ns cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / lgod, @)!* jdf]lhd c;'n pk/ ug]{ sfg"g / sfo{ljlw /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%) sdf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ df æcGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbsn] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/Ldfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsfdf pk/f]Qm b/jGbLdf df]=k|=;=!% k|ltzt yk u/L cGtMz'Ns c;'n ul/g]5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . b|i6Jodf pNn]lvt pQm Joxf]/fnfO{ :ki6Ls/0fsf] ?kdf /flvPsf] xf] jf pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] To;nfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"gL k|fjwfg dfGg ldN5 ldNb}g eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ ljwflosfn] sfg"gLsf] ljwflosL sfo{ k|0ffnL cg';f/ sfg"g lgdf{0f u5{ . cfly{s P]gsf] d"ne't clwsf/ jf xssf] ;[hgf jf lgif]w ug]{ s'/f ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ?kdf j]Un} bkmf jf pkbkmfdf pNn]v ul/G5 . s'g} ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ckjfb ug{nfO{ k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z jf 5'6\6} pkbkmf jf v08,pkv08df Joj:yf ul/G5 t/ k|li6s/0f pbf/x0f d'n s'/fx¿nfO{ k|i6 ug]{ Joj:yf dfq x'G5 . To:t} b|i6Josf] p2]Zo x'G5 . To;af6 ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ yk36 u/]sf] dflgb}g . t;y{ b|i6JonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g -Substantive Law_eGg] ldn]g . ;f/jfg sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf s/ p7fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf -substantive provision_ gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ p7fpg kfpg] clwsf/ ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nonfO{ ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g . o;/L ;f/jfg sfg"g n] s/ p7fpg] Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ p7fpg' g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# adf]lhd u}/sf"gL x'g] s'/f k|i6 b]lvG5 . sfg"g adf]lhdsf] afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfaf6 s/ nufpg sfg"gdf :ki6 pNn]v x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . !#= o;} ;Gbe{df dg axfb'/ ljZjsdf{ lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] @)$( ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@%)% lg=g+=$^&) ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ cGtu{tsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfp+ eGg] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] ljif]z Ohnf;n] :kli6s/0faf6 gful/s pk/sf] bfloTj yk36 ug{ gldNg] lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 . 151

!$= l/6 lgj]bs ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLn] cf=j=@)%).)%! / @)%@.)%# sf] nfUg] cGtMz'Ns j'emfO{ ;s]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvb}g . cGtMz'Ns lgod @)!( sf] kl/R5]b $ df l;u/]6\; ;DjGwdf yk Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgod #@,##,#$,#%,#^ df sRrf / df]/f ;'lt{sf] lx;fj /fVg] ;'lt{ vktsf] lx;fj /fVg] l;u/]6df ;'lt{sf] cg'kft v'nfpg] tof/L l;u/]6sf] Koflsª / uf]bfd3/af6 l;u/]6 lgsfNg] tl/sf ;DjGwdf ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;'lt{sf] sRrf kbfy{ b]lv tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'Fbf;Ddsf] cjlwdf cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf ;'lt{sf] sRrf kbfy{ b]lv tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'+bf;Dd /lhi6/df hlgO{ /]s8{ /xg] cj:yf b]lv+bf sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfnsf] pTkfbg ePg eg]/ eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #v_ -@_ adf]lhd ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLaf6 k]z ePsf] nfut ljj/0fsf] t'ngfdf jl9 ;'lt{ vkt ePsf] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/f k6s k6s cg'/f]w ePsf] / b|i6Jodf pNn]lvt pk/f]Qm Joj:yf cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g sfof{Gjog P]g;+u d]n gvfg] / o:tf] Joj:yf c;fGb{les, cg'ko'Qm, cgfjZos / l4ljwfhGo ePsf]n] cf=j=@)%!.)%@ / To;kl5sf] jif{sf] cfly{s P]gaf6 lemsL ;lsPsf] / cGtMz'Ns /fh:j gf]S;fgL ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] pQm j]?h' ;+kl/If0f ul/lbg' x'g eGg] /fo JoQm u/]sf] cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)%@.!).@@ sf] kq ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 ;f]tM j]?h' sfod g/xg' kg]{df sfod u/]sf]nfO{ km5\{of}6 tkm{ cfjZos sf/jfx x'g elg )%#.$.!) sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd @)%#.$.!$ cGtMz'Ns ljefun] cy{ dGqfnodf kq n]v]sf] ;d]t ldl;n ;+NfUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns clwsf/L tyf ljefuLo lgsfo ;d]taf6 j]?h' /sdnfO{ ;+k/LIf0f tyf km5\{of}6 u/Llbg egL dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] ljefudf kqfrf/ ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg ;DjlGwt cGtMz'Ns ljefu / sfof{nosf] sfuhftaf6 b]lv+bf pQm cf}+NofOPsf] j]?h' /sdnfO{ j]?h' xf]Og elg k|i6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+bf j]?h' eGg] k|ltj]bgsf] dgfl;j cfwf/ b]lvPg . !%= dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgaf6 k|:t't j]?h' /sd c;'n pk/ ug]{ sfjf{xLNf] :jod\ cw{ Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf :jtGq x}l;otn] lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] k|fKt kmfOnaf6 gb]lvPsf] / cGtMZf'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL, @)!( jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;'n pk/ ug{ 5'6 ePsf] jf jfFsL ePsf] b]lvb}g . t;y{ cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] cw{Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lg0f{o gu/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ dfq sfof{Gjog u/]sf] b]lv+bf To:tf] sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pn3+g (Gross violation_ ePsf] k|ToIf ?kdf b]lvG5 . t;y{ sfg"g adf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg gkg]{ ;'lt{sf] cg'kftdf r'/f]6 pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] elg n]vf kl/If0faf6 j]?h'sf] l;nl;nfdf cGtMz'Ns ljefu / cy{ dGqfnoaf6 j]?h' gp7fpg] lg0f{osf] k|lts'n ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] kbfy{sf] j]?h' lgsfnL c;'n pk/ ug]{ elg u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] ;DjlGw sf/jfxL sfg"gsf] k|ToIf / 7f8f] pn+3g ePsf] sfo{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L jb/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 j]?h' /sd c;'n pk/ gug'{ elg k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{{ . cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lgod adf]lhd kmfO{n a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof= xl/ZrGb| k|;fb pkfWofo O{lt ;Djt\ @)%$ ;fn r}q @^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\====================.

152

efuM %@, ;fn M @)^&, dlxgf M sflt{s, c+s M &, km};nf ldlt M @)^^.!@.!(. % lg0f{o g+=*$)% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf l/6 g+= @)^#–WS–))!& ljifo M– pTk|]if0f ;d]t . lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= ! sflGtky l:yt k|wfg sfof{no /x]sf] ;fljssf] ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k|f= ln= xfn ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 k|jGw ;~rfns xif{ Pd=b/ ;d]t lj?4 ljkIfLM cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, af/f ;d]t · lgtfGt lghL xs lxtdf c;/ k/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/L cd's sfg"gsf] Joj:yf aflemPsf] egL uf]Zjf/f ?kdf bfjL lnPs} cfwf/df ljwflosL k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t sfg"gnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljlzi6 clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/L cdfGo / ab/ ug{' Goflos d"No / dfGotfljk/Lt x'g hfg] . · sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt lgsfoaf6 dfu u/]sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd jf eG;f/ dx;"npk/ lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] k'g/fj]bg ubf{ /fVg'kg]{ w/f}6Lsf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] eGg] jfSofFz;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6 /fVg'kg]{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( sf] Joj:yfn] df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] jf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+=!)_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{, ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf / >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkf cjnlDat ghL/M ;Dj4 sfg"gM · g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &#, · g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *(, · cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% · cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @# cfb]z Gof=df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfM tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ / -@_ cGtu{t bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M– lgj]bs ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=n] ;"lt{af6 pTkfbg x'g] ljleGg ;fO{h Pj+ u'0f:t/sf] r'/f]6 pTkfbg / laqmL ljt/0f u/L nfUg] s/ tyf cGtMz'Nsx¿ ltb}{ cfPsf] 5 . pBf]un] u/]sf] pTkfbgsf] lgoldt ljj/0f / lx;fj /flvPsf] tyf To; cfwf/df cf=j= @)%%.%^ df ?=(&,)$,&*,$%).–, @)%^.%& df ?=(*,@#,%(,(%).–, @)%&.%*, df ?= !,@#,*%,@*,*%).–, cf=j= @)%*.%( df ?=!,@(,!&,)),&%).–/ cf=j= @)%(.^) df ?=!,$*,!%,^%,#)).– lt/L a'emfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . oL jf:tljs pTkfbg ljj/0fdf s'g} ljjfb gePsf] . plNnlvt ljj/0f eGbf a9L pTkfbg jf laqmL ePsf], ljj/0f q'l6k"0f{, ck"/f] eGg] ljkIfLsf] lhsL/ klg 5}g . cGtMz'Ns /sd jfx]s cfos/, d"No clej[l4 s/ / cGo z'Nsx¿ ;d]tdf /fhZjdf 7"nf] of]ubfg sDkgLn] lbPsf] 5 . sDkgLnfO{ u}/sfg"gL cfly{s bfloTj Joxf]g{ nufPpk/ k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tljs ?kdf pTkflbt kbfy{df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns ltl/;s]sf] cj:yfdf k"j{ hfgsf/L a]u/ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf b'O{ hgf clws[tn] @)^@.#.@& df cf=j= @)%%.%^ b]lv @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] nflu s'g} sfg"gsf] pNn]v gu/L p7fPsf] l6Kk0fL / k|dv ' s/ clws[tn] @)^@.#.@* df l6Kk0fL ;b/ u/L sfNklgs yk cGtMz'Nssf] gfdaf6 /sd c;"n ug]{ egL 7x/ u/L k|To]s cf=j=sf] 5'§f 5'§} kq n]vL k|To]s cf=j=sf] qmdzM ?=$,@@,$&,^*#., ?=!,&@,&!,%&*.^), ?=!@,$!,(&,(&)., ?=!),$$,#(,)*$.&%, ?=^,*&,(),$&).@) /sd dfu ul/Psf] 5 . of] /sd dfu ubf{ cGtMz'Ns P]g lgod jf s'g} sfg"gsf] cfwf/ b]vfOPsf] 5}g . o; jfx]s ;f]xL kqx¿af6 w'd|kfg tyf dlb/f b:t"/, l:6s/ b:t"/sf] ;d]t 5'§} dfu ul/Psf] 5 . 153

clwsf/If]qsf] q'l6 u/L p7fPsf] l6Kk0fLdf k|d'v s/ clws[tn] l6Kk0fL ;b/ u/]sf] cfwf/df sfNklgs j:t'df km/s km/s kqaf6 cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ul/Psf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{pk/ cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf dxflgb]{zs;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf]df dxflgb]{zsaf6 lg0f{o x'Fbf cf=j= @)$&.$* df r'/f]6 pTkfbgdf vkt x'g] ;"lt{ kl/df0fsf cfwf/df gd\; :jLs[t ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ ln+b} k'/fgf] gd\;cg';f/ dfu ul/Psf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 egL @)^@.!).$ df lg0f{o ug{‘eof] . ;f]pk/ tYout Pj+ sfg"gL ljjfb p7fO{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug{ hfFbf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* n] kl/sNkgf gu/]sf] w/f}6L afkt egL cglws[t ?kdf dfu e} cfPsf] k"/} bfjL /sd ;d]t dfu e} k'g/fj]bg b/kL7 ePsf]n] cGo pkrf/sf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . b'O{ s/ clws[tn] @)^@.#.@& df p7fPsf] u}/sfg"gL l6Kk0fLdf s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/, k|lqmof / sfg"gsf] ;fGble{stf pNn]v 5}g . To:tf] l6Kk0fL @)^@.#.@* df ;b/ ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)%).%! / @)%!.%@ df ;"lt{ vktsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gu/L 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] cfwf/df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h" sfod u/L /sd dfu u/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6 @)%# ;fnsf] l/=g+= @*@% df cfb]z hf/L e} a]?h'sf] gfdaf6 sfNklgs cGtMz'Ns /sd c;"n ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf], ;f] lg0f{o k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgj]bg k/]sf]n] ljjflbt cf=j=sf] ;DaGwdf a]?h" ;Dk/LIf0f gePsf] eGg] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] kqaf6 @)%(.&.!$ sf] kqaf6 pNn]v e} cfPsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g . k'g/fjnf]sgsf] /f]xdf ljrf/fwLg ljifo clGtd gx'Gh]n klxn]sf] cfb]z dfGg' kg]{df cgf}7f] ts{ u/L cbfntsf] cfb]z cgfb/ ul/Psf] 5 . ljjflbt l6Kk0fL cfb]zd} cf=j= @)%@.%# / @)%#.%$ df a]?h" /x]sf] gkfOPsf] pNn]v 5 eg] @)%$.%% df b]vfOPsf] a]?h" ;}4flGts Joxf]/f sfod e} a]?h"af6 x6]sf] Joxf]/f dxfn]vfsf] @)%(.&.!$ sf] kqaf6 lbOPsf] eGg] pNn]v 5 . cf=j=@)%).%! / @)%!.%@ df o;} k|s[ltaf6 a]?h" sfod u/L dfu ePsf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L e} ab/ ePsf], @)%@.%# / @)%#.%$ df a]?h" gePsf] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] / @)%$.%% df a]?h" elgP klg cGtMz'Ns p7fpg gkg]{ :jLsf/ ul/Paf6} sfNklgs pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 :jLsf/f]QmL b]lvG5 . o;/L cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] lgb]{zgfTds kqn] sfNklgs pTkfbg b]vfO{ a]?h" c;"n ug{ jfWo ePsf] ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns glt/L laqmL u/]sf] eGg] bfjL lhsL/ 5}g . /fhZj r'xfj6 ePsf] xf] eg] /fhZj r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug]{ lgsfo 5'§} 5 . Goflos dgsf] k|of]u gu/L c?sf] lgb]{zgnfO{ sfof{Gjog;Dd ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] sfg"gL dfGotf z"Go /xG5 . o:tf] l6Kk0fL ;b/ u/]sf] @)^@.#.@* sf] lg0f{o Pj+ @)^@.!).$ sf] lg0f{o sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpmF . cf=j= @)%%.%^, @)%^.%& / @)%&.%* sf] /sd dfu ubf{ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgod @)!( nfu" /x]sf] / P]gsf] bkmf @ -s_ n] cGtMz'Ns ef}lts kbfy{df dfq s]lG›t 5 . cl:tTjljxLg pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] cjwf/0ff o;df 5}g . sDkgLn] k]z u/]sf] jflif{s pTkfbg ljj/0f tyf /fhZj kmfF6jf/L ljj/0fdf s'g} q'l6 5}g . ;DalGwt cf=j=x¿ ;dfKt ePsf] jiff}{ kl5 :jLs[t gd\;cg';f/ pTkfbg gePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnO{ sfNklgs lx;fjdf cGtMz'Ns dfu ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)$&.$* df :jLs[t ePsf] elgPsf] gd\;sf] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Jo @ sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 g+= @*@% df ePsf] cfb]zn] jf]ln;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . @)%@.%# kZrft\ klxn] h:tf] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] geO{ k|lt Pd -xhf/ lvNnL_ df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] eGg] kl/jlt{t Joj:yf ePkl5 @)$&.$* sf] slyt gd\;sf] cf}lrTo 5}g . To;df sfg"gL cfwf/ klg 5}g . cf=j= @)%%.%^ b]lv cfly{s P]g, @)%%, @)%^, @)%&, @)%* / cfly{s cWofb]z @)%( df d"No pNn]v gu/L r'/f]6sf] nDjfO{sf] cg';f/ dfq cGtMz'Ns b/ tf]s]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns cg'dflgt pTkfbgdf ge} kbfy{sf] jf:tljs pTkfbg / uf]bfdaf6 ePsf] lgsf;Ldf dfq nfUg] x'G5 . ;+w} pTkfbgdf Ps?ktf sfod x'g ;Sg] cj:yf klg x'Fb}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / lgodfjnL, @)!( tyf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* / lgodfjnL, @)%( ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g] u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] clwsf/If]qljxLg a]?h"sf] cfwf/df lgj]bs sDkgLsf] lj?4df gnfUg] cGtMz'Ns ;d]t dfu u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'Fbf @)^@.#.@& sf] l6Kk0fL ;b/ u/]sf] @)^@.#.@* sf] cfb]z, ljkIfL ljefusf] @)^@.!).$ sf] lg0f{o nufotsf cf=j= @)%(.^) sf] nflu egL ;f]xL ldltsf] slyt cGtMz'Ns /sd dfukq Pj+ cfb]z ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpmF . ;fy} /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf >]:t]bf/sf] @)^$.!@.* sf] b/kL7 cfb]z / pQm b/kL7 ;b/ u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] cfb]z ab/ u/L ljgf w/f}6L k'g/fj]bg kq lnO{ sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug{‘ eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @# df dxflgb]{zssf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{ s'g} sfg"gL Joj: yf gul/Psf] tyf P]gsf] bkmf @$ n] o; P]gnfO{ cGo sfg"g eGbf dflyNnf] :t/df /fv]sf]n] P]gsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf cfwf/df klg w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf (-!_-v_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf]n] wf/f **-!_ cg';f/ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/df k];L r9fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . 154

lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ ljz]if Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)^#.^.#) sf] cfb]z . cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, l;d/fsf] @)^@.#.@* sf] l6Kk0fL cfb]z adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu @)^@.$.#) df lbPsf] lgj]bgdf z'? lg0f{o ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ @)^@.!!.!^ df a'emfPsf], ;f] ldltn] Dofb} leq k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug{ NofPsf]df cfkm'nfO{ nfu]sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf (-!_ df w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f] /sd w/f}6L g/fvL k'g/fj]bg nfUg g;Sg] egL >]:t]bf/af6 @)^@.!@.* df k'g/fj]bg b/kL7 ePsf] . ;f] pk/ k]z ePsf] lgj]bg @)^#.$.@^ df k]z x'Fbf pQm P]gsf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd /fVg' kg]{ w/f}6L g/flvPsf] cj:yfdf >]:t]bf/af6 ePsf] b/kL7 cfb]z cGoyf ug{‘ gkg]{ egL cfb]z ePsf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] tkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] Joj:yf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] /f]xdf ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf 5}g . bkmf ( adf]lhd nfUg] w/f}6L /sdsf] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLn] p7fPsf] ljjfb lg/y{s 5 . cGtMz'Ns dfu ubf{ s/bftfnfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg]{ ;fljssf] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% jf xfnsf] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* n] u/]sf] 5}g . k"j{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf klg 5}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 a]?h" cf}+NofO{Psf cGtMz'Ns ;d]tsf] s/ /sd bflvnf gu/]sf] sf/0f kqfrf/ ePsf] / ;f] pk/ dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bg ;b/ ePkl5 sfg"gadf]lhdsf] /sd w/f}6L g/fv]sf] sf/0f /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg b/kL7 ePpk/ l/6 If]qdf cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd /fVg'kg]{ gub w/f}6L g/fv]sf] sf/0faf6 k'g/fj]bg btf{ gePsf] eGg] lgj]bg n]vaf6} pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] cg'z/0f gu/L l/6 If]q cfslif{t gx'g] eGg] :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]taf6 dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] cf}+NofPsf] a]?h" /sd lgoldt u/fpg' kg]{ bfloTj tkm{ lgj]bs nfu]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . cf=j= @)%).%! / @)%!.%@ df ;"lt{ vktsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gu/L :jLs[t gd\; eGbf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] cfwf/df dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 a]?h" cf}FNofO{ ;f] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu u/]sf] xf] . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*@% ljrf/fwLg /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf /sd dfu ug]{ ljifo clwsf/If]q eGbf jflx/ /x]sf] eGg ldNb}g . k|:t't ljjfb pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf /x]sf] ljjfbdf l;dLt g/xL ;"lt{ 36L cfDbfgL b]vfOPsf] eGg] tYo ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ghL/sf] cfwf/df lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf gx'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no l;d/f jf/fsf] tkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] pkrf/sf] af6f] sfod} /x]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd /fVg' kg]{ w/f}6L g/fv]sf] sf/0faf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] cj?4 ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g . ;+j}wflgs lgsfo dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 cf}+NofO{Psf cfwf/df :jLs[t gd\;eGbf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] b]vfPsf] x'Fbf ;f] adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns /sd bflvn ug{ k7fpg] sfo{ sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . ljjflbt cf=j=sf] ;DaGwdf n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #,$ / % n] tf]s]sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ adf]lhd n]vf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] xf] . cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no l;d/fsf] cf=j= @)%^.%& sf] ;|]:tf sfuhaf6 /fhZj cf+sng, c;"n txl;nsf] n]vf ;|]:tf k/LIf0faf6 b]lvg cfPsf] Joxf]/fsf] cfwf/df n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sfof{nonfO{ k7fPsf] xf] . clwsf/If]q jflx/ uO{ n]vf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg bfaLdf s'g} cfwf/ gx'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] tkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf @)%# ;fnsf] l/=g+= @*@% sf] l/6df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] cfb]z pk/ g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg k/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ lg:;f ;d]t k|bfg e} xfn ;f] d'2fdf ldlt @)^^.^.@@ sf] lg=;'= tf/]v tf]lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . k|: t't lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt egL lgj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] pQm d'2f km};nf ePkl5 dfq k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf Gofo lg?k0f ug{‘ jfG5gLo x'g] b]lvPsf]n] cy{ dGqfno lj?4 ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL ePsf] @)^$–NF–)))@ sf] d'2fdf km};nf ePkl5 km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL k|:t't lgj]bg / nufpsf lgj]bgx¿ ;d]t lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;sf] @)^^.%.@% sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{, ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf / >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/]n] cf=j= @)%%.%^ b]lv @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu dfu ug]{ egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no af/fsf b'O{hgf s/ 155

clws[tn] p7fPsf] l6Kk0fL Joxf]/fdf s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ j]u/ k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 ;b/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] l6Kk0fL Joxf]/fdf cltl/Qm pTkfbg b]vfO{ pTkfbg cg';f/sf] s/ glt/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . jf:tljs pTkfbgdf nfu]sf] cGtMz'Ns nufotsf] s/ /sd sDkgLn] a'emfPsf] s'/fdf ;d]t ljjfb /x]sf]5}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 cf}+NofOPsf a]?h'sf] xjfnf lbO{ @)%# ;fnsf] l/=g+= @*@% sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cy{ dGqfno tkm{af6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg bfo/ u/]s} cfwf/df pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf] cfb]z ljk/Lt cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ug{ ldNb}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] 6'+uf] nflu;s]sf] eP a]?h" p7fpg' gkg]{ s'/f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu cfkm} jf]n]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cf=j= @)%!.%@ sf] cGtMz'Ns /sdsf] ljjfb 6'+uL ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . dfly plNnlvt lgj]bs ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t e} @)^^.&.!@ df ePsf] km};nfn] a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ gug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] xb;Dd ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nf dgfl;j 7x/ e} ;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;/sf/n] p7fpg] s/ /sdsf] ;DaGwdf Ps k6s s/ lnO{ ;s]kl5 ;f]xL pTkfbgdf jiff}{+kl5 k'gM s/ /sd lt/ eGg klg ldNb}g . kfFr cfly{s jif{sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljgf sfg"gL cfwf/ Pp6} l6Kk0fL p7fO{ ;b/ ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)$&.$* sf] :jLs[t gd\; eGg] s'/f s'g} sfg"gdf cfwf/Lt 5}g . @)$&.$* df r'/f]6sf] d"Nodf laqmL s/ nfUg] u/]sf]df cf=j= @)%$.%% b]lv d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns gnufO{ nDjfO{df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfwf/nfO{ 6]s]/ yk cGtM z'Ns nufpg] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ;d]tsf] sfd sf/jfxL s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yfdf cfwf/Lt gx'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd ljkIfLx¿sf sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . To;} u/L k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;"lt{sf] lx;fj b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% adf]lhd cf=j= @)%).%! sf] s/sf] ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 :yflkt @)^$–FN–)))@ sf] d'2fsf] tYo / k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo s]xL xb;Dd km/s b]lvPsf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd ljjfbdf cfPsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"/fgf] P]gsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd :yflkt ghL/sf] cfwf/df x]l/g' x'Fb}g . krf; k|ltzt w/f}6L g/fv]sf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] b/kL7 cfb]z pk/ sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] /sd w/f}6L /fvL /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{‘ kg]{df j}slNks pkrf/nfO{ 5nL l/6 If]qdf cfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g, lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug{‘eof] . pko{‘Qm ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; ;'gL lgj]bg kq, ljkIfL tkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5 jf 5}g < ;f]xL ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ u/L x]bf{, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfu;DaGwL ljifoj:t' x]g{‘ kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . lgj]bs sDkgLn] pTkfbgsf] lgoldt ljj/0f / lx;fj /fv]sf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df cf=j= @)%%.%^ b]lv @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] ljleGg cfly{s jif{sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nonfO{ lt/L a'emfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf] jf:tljs pTkfbgdf ;d]t ljkIfLx¿af6 k|Zg p7fPsf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . o;/L jf:tljs ?kdf pTkflbt kbfy{df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns /sd lt/L;s]sf] cj:yfdf k"j{ hfgsf/L ljgf ck|Tof;Lt ?kdf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf s/ clws[tn] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ pNn]v gu/L cf=j= @)%%.%^ b]lv @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] ljleGg cf=j=sf] 5'§f 5'§} cGtMz'Ns /sd lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu dfu ug]{ u/L @)^@.#.@& df p7fPsf] l6Kk0fL k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 @)^@.#.@* df ;b/ ul/Psf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{ ab/sf] nflu l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ul/Psf] 5 . pTkfbg g} gul/Psf] sfNklgs j:t'df dfu ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns /sdsf] ljifodf cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lbPsf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdf ;d]t k"jf{u|xL e} ;b/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf lgj]bs sDkgLsf lj?4 cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ug]{ ljifodf eP u/]sf] ljkIfLx¿sf sfd sf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{ox¿ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/ kfpmF . ;fy} cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf dxflgb]{zssf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf (-!_ sf] -v_ sf] Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;Fu jflemPsf]n] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL lnPsf] kfOof] . #= lgj]bgdf ab/sf] dfu bfjL lnPsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no l;d/f jf/fsf] ldl;n ;+nUg @)^@.#.@& sf] l6Kk0fL / @)^@.#.@* df k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 ;b/ ePsf] cfb]z Joxf]/fsf] d'Vo c+z o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s/bftf ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] ;"lt{ vktsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gu/L 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] cfwf/df cfly{s P]g, @)%) adf]lhd !% k|ltztn] yk cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{‘kg]{ egL cf=j= @)%).%! / @)%!.%@ sf] sfod a]?h'sf] ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*@% sf] lgj]bgdf a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ gug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . s/bftfsf] cf=j= @)%%.%^, @)%^.%& / @)%&.%* sf] a]?h'sf] ;DaGwdf cy{ dGqfno tkm{af6 pQm l/6 lgj]bgsf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg k/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] / ;Dk/LIf0fsf] sf/jfxL cl3 j9fpg gldn]sf] egL dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] . cf=j= @)%*.%( / @)%(.^) df sfod a]?h" ;d]t ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] k|ltnAwL gk'u ;DaGwdf g} sfod /x]sf] kfO{Psf] / pk/f]Qm a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ ;DaGwdf 156

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

låljwf pTkGg ePsf]n] lgb]{zgsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 kq k7fPsf]df cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefuaf6 /sd c;"npk/sf] nflu cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{‘ eGg] ljefusf] lgb]{zg /x]sf] egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cf=j=@)%%.%^ b]lv cf=j= @)%(.^) ;Dd ljleGg cjlwdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f x'Fbf s/bftf lgj]bs ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=sf gfddf c;"n ug{‘kg]{ a]?h" eGb} ljleGg cfly{s jif{sf] ljleGg /sd dfu ug]{ egL b'O{hgf s/ clws[tn] p7fPsf] l6Kk0fLdf k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 ;b/ ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg l6Kk0fL cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . pko{‘Qm l6Kk0fL cfb]zdf lrQ ga'emfO{ lgj]bs ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=tkm{af6 k/]sf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdf s/bftfsf] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd bfjL gk'Ug] egL cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefuaf6 @)^@.!).$ df lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]xL lg0f{osf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns /sd bflvn ug{‘ egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no l;d/f jf/fn] @)^@.!!.!* df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ kq Jojxf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cf=j=@)%%.%^ b]lv @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] cfo ljj/0f n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ sRrf kbfy{sf] vktsf] cfwf/df pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ :jLs[t gd\; eGbf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 a]?h" cf}+NofOPsf cGtMz'Ns ;d]tsf] s/ /sd s/ sfof{noaf6 bflvn ug{ cfb]z lbOPsf]df ;f] cfb]z pk/ cfGtl/ s /fhZj ljefudf lgj]bg u/]sf]df dxflgb]{zsaf6 @)^@.!).$ df s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{o ;b/ ePkl5 /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 krf; k|ltzt /sd w/f}6L g/fv]sf] sf/0f k'g/fj]bg b/kL7 ePsf] xf] . ;f] b/kL7 cfb]z ab/ u/fO{ jf ;f] cg';f/ w/f}6L /fv]sf] cj:yfdf x'g] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu ljk/Lt l/6If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . cf=j= @)%).%! / @)%!.%@ df ;"lt{ vktsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gu/L :jLs[t gd\;eGbf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] cfwf/df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 a]?h" cf}+NofO{ ;f] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu u/]sf]df ;f] lg0f{opk/ k/]sf] @)%# ;fnsf] l/=g+=@*@% df cfb]z x'Fbf a]?h'sf] gfdaf6 cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{ /f]s nufO{Psf] / pQm cfb]z cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf tkm{af6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg k/L sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . pQm l/6df :jLs[t gd\; eGbf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] ljifo cf}+NofOPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't ljjfb;Fu d]n vfg] k|s[ltsf] gx'Fbf ;f] l/6 lgj]bgdf :yflkt ghL/sf cfwf/df lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu yk cGtMz'Ns s/ /sd dfu ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] l6Kk0fL cfb]zdf dfly plNnlvt l/6 g+= @*@% df ePsf] cfb]z Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;f] cfb]z pk/ cy{ dGqfno tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg ljrf/wLg /x]sf] cj:yf b]vfOPsf] l:ylt 5 . l/6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg bfjL Pj+ ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f ;d]t ;f]xL l/=g+= @*@% df ePsf] cfb]z / ;f]pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;f] pTk|]if0f ljifosf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg:;f k|bfg e} @)^^.&.!@ df clGtd km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm @)^$–NF–)))@ sf] pTk|]if0fsf] ljifosf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] clGtd km};nfdf cfly{s P]g, @)%! sf] cg';"rL–# cGtu{tsf] ›i6Jo @ sf] Joj:yfsf] lj:t[t ?kdf ljj]rgf u/L cg'dflgt pTkfbgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] u/L r'/f]6tkm{ Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf gx'Fbf r'/f]6nfO{ dlb/f ;/xsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] cyf{t\ cg'dflgt pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf gul/Psf] :ki6 x'G5 . P]gn] g} cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns nufpg], c;"npk/ ug]{ eGg] x'Fb}g . sfg"gn] afx]s u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ts{ u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df bfloTj jxg u/fpg ldNg] x'Fb}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug{ 5"6 ePsf] jf afFsL ePsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ cg'dflgt pTkfbgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ a]?h" cf}+NofPsf], c;"npk/sf] nflu k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lgb]{zg lbPsf] / /sd bflvnf ug{‘ egL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no af/faf6 @)%#.!@.!% df ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] dfGg gldnL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLaf6 a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ gug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] xb;Dd ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] @)%$.!@.!^ sf] km};nf sfod x'g] 7x5{ egL o; cbfntaf6 @)^^.&.!@ df clGtd km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf=j= @)%%.%^ b]lv @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] ljleGg cjlwsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f x'Fbf s/ bftf ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] gfddf c;"n ug{‘kg]{ egL p7fOPsf a]?h'sf] ;DaGwdf dfly plNnlvt l/6 g+= @*@% df ePsf] cfb]z / ;f] pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/ pNn]v u/L yk cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ul/Psf] / ;f]xL ljjfbdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf] eGg]df ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g . pQm k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf cyf{t\ ljjfbdf NofO{Psf ljifo afx]s cGo gofF ljifo k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] eGg] klg b]lvFb}g . cfly{s jif{ @)%).%! df p7fPsf] ljjfbdf k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 6'+uf] nflu;s]sf] ljifoj:t' / k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ljjfb NofOPsf] ljifoj: t'df k|ToyL{x¿af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm ;d]taf6 tflTjs cGt/ klg b]lvg cfPg . ;f] ;DaGwdf ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno 157

;d]tsf tkm{af6 Ohnf;df pkl:yt ;xGofoflwjQmfn] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . lgj]bs ;"o{ g]kfnn] ;"lt{ vktsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg gu/L 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] cyf{t\ cf=j= @)$&.$* sf] gd\; cg';f/ sRrf kbfy{sf] vkt cg'kftdf k|ltnlAw gk'u ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu u/]sf] eGg] g} d"n ljjfbsf] ljifoj: t' /x]sf] / o:t} k|sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' ;DaGwdf cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf] cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ug{ gldNg] egL o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg e} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf] cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{naf6 s'g} sfg"gsf] Joj:yf pNn]v gu/L l/6 g+= @*@% sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfwf/;Dd pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no l;d/f jf/fsf] ldlt @)^@.#.@& sf] l6Kk0fL Joxf]/f k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 @)^@.#.@* df ;b/ ePsf] cfb]z Pj+ ;f] cg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu pQm cf=j= @)%%.%^ b]lv @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] yk cGtMz'Ns s/ /sd dfu ug]{ u/L ePsf kqfrf/ ;d]t sfg"g cg's"n eP u/]sf] b]lvPg . (= lgj]bsn] tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# sf] k|fjwfg Pj+ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @# df dxflgb]{zssf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{ s'g} Joj:yf gul/Psf] cj:yfdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf (-!_-v_ sf] krf; k|ltzt w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf aflemPsf] x'Fbf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF eGg] yk lhsL/ lnPsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( df w/f}6 /fVg] / Dofbsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] / pkbkmf -!_ n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]g cGtu{t Gofoflws/0f jf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd w/f}6 g/fvL k'g/fj]bg nfUg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / ;f]xL pkbkmfsf] b]xfo -v_ df æeG;f/ dx;"n jf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ePsf]df lgwf{/Lt eG;f/ dx;"n jf cGtMz'Nssf] /sd / h/Ljfgf ePsf]df h/Ljfgfsf] /sd / b'j} ePsf]df b'j} /sd To:tf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf h/Ljfgf ug]{ clws[tn] tf]ls lbPsf] sfof{nodfÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fhZj;DaGwL d'2fdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fn] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q cGtu{t btf{ ul/g] k'g/fj]bg btf{;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf pQm P]gsf] bkmf ( n] Jojl:yt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . !)= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! cGtu{t Gofoflws/0fdf bfo/ ul/g] k'g/fj]bg ;fy lgwf{/Lt eG;f/ dx;'n jf cGtMz'Nssf] /sd / h/Ljfgfsf] /sd ;d]t w/f}6 /fVg' kg]{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *( df /x]sf] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfO{g] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;Fu s] s;/L aflemof] eGg] s'/f lgj]bsn] ;f/e"t ?kdf k'i6\ofO{ lbO{ bfjL lng ;s]sf] kfOPg . lgj]bsn] lgtfGt lghL xs lxtdf c;/ k/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/L cd's sfg"gsf] Joj:yf aflemPsf] egL uf]Zjf/f ?kdf bfjL lnPs} cfwf/df ljwflosL k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t sfg"gnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljlzi6 clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/L cdfGo / ab/ ug{‘ Goflos d"No / dfGotfljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt lgsfoaf6 dfu u/]sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd jf eG;f/ dx;'npk/ lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] k'g/fj]bg ubf{ /fVg'kg]{ w/f}6Lsf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] •sfg"gadf]lhd jfx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] eGg] jfSofFz;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6 /fVg'kg]{ P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] Joj:yfn] lgj]bssf] df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] jf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cj:yf b]lvPg . !!= ctM pko{‘Qm dfly laj]lrt lgj]bg bfjL, ljkIfLx¿af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm Pj+ lgj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno lj?4 ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k|f=ln= ePsf] @)^$–NF–)))@ sf] pTk|]if0f ljifosf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 -km};nf ldlt @)^^.&.!@_ :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lgj]bs ;"o{ g]kfn k|f=ln=;Fu yk cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ug]{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, l;d/f af/fsf] @)^@.#.@& sf] l6Kk0fL, ;f] l6Kk0fL ;b/ u/]sf] k|d'v s/ clws[tsf] @)^@.#.@* sf] cfb]z Pj+ ;f]cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns /sd bflvnf ug]{ ;DaGwL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no jf/fsf] @)^@.!!.!* sf] kq nufot ;f];Fu ;DalGwt sfd sf/jfxLx¿ ;Dd sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF egL bfjL lnPsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf (-!_ sf] b]xfo -v_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 . k|: t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodadf]lhd j'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=an/fd s]=;L= Gof=k|]d zdf{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t !( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ===============– Ohnf; clws[tM– k'gf/fd vgfn

158

;fnM @)^&, dlxgf M sflt{s, c+s M &, km};nf ldlt M@)^&.!.!$.#, lg0f{o g+= *$!* ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%)( d'2f M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z . lgj]bsM lhNnf dsjfgk'/ x]6f}+8f g=kf=j8f g+= * x]6f}+8f cf}Bf]lus If]q l:yt o'gfO{6]8 a|'c/Lh g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf= clwsf/ k|fKt sDkgLsf] clws[t jf=sf=lh=sf=d= g=kf= #$ jfg]Zj/ j:g] j›Lljqmd v8\sf lj?4 ljkIfLM cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t · pTkfbg x'gf;fy cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ egL tf]ss ] f] j:t' jfx]s cGo j:t' k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfaf6 aflx/ gk7fP;Dd jf lgsf;L gePsf] jf k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfleq g} /x]ePsf] cj:yfdf klg cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ clwsf/ ;/sf/df x'Fb}g / pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj pQm j:t'sf] pTkfbsdf g/xg] . -k|s/0f g+=#_ · s'g} k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj lg/k]If xf]Og / o;sf ljleGg zt{ / cj:yf sfg"gn] tf]Sg ;Sg] . · laqmL ug{ egL k|lti7fgaf6 aflx/ k7fPsf] jf lgsf;L ePsf] s'g} j:t' k"0f{ ?kdf gi6 ePsf] cj:yfdf jf ;]jg ug{ jf vfg jf pkef]u ug{ cof]Uo eO{ laqmL x'g g;s]sf] s'/f z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] j: t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf gx'g] . -k|s/0f g+=$_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n cjnlDat ghL/M ;Dj4 sfg"gM · cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #, #-#_ / $ cfb]z Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @#,**-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M— lgj]bs sDkgLn] lao/ pTkfbg tyf sf/f]jf/ ug]{ pBf]usf] ?kdf :yfkgf eO{ pTkflbt lao/ g]kfndf laqmL tyf ljb]z lgof{t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf] @)%$.!.#) df k|sflzt ;"rgf g+= @ df pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] kbfy{ ljb]z lgsf;L ubf{ nfUg] cGtMz'Ns w/f}6Ldf jf a}+s Uof/]G6Ldf /fvL lgsfzL ug{ ;Sg] ;"rgf d'tfljs lgj]bsn] cfˆgf] ;fdfg lgsf;L ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] pTkflbt ls+u lkm;/ :6«Ë gfds lao/ ef/tsf] o'gfO{6]8 J?c/Lh ln= jf]08]8 j]o/ xfp; u'xf6L cf;fdnfO{ lgof{t ug]{ u/L pQm lao/df ef/tdf dfq laqmL x'g] hgfO{ @)%(.!@.!) df cGtMz'Ns dfu kmf/fd g+= !#$ / @)%(.!@.!# sf] dfu kmf/fd !#*, !#( / !$) af6 hDdf @*)) bh{g jf]tn lao/ lgof{t ug{ ?=*,@(, -@_ . /sdsf nflu ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf gfpFdf ljkIfL a}+saf6 a}+s Uof/]G6L ;g\ @))$ h'nfO{ !^ df hf/L u/]sf]df kl5 Dofb yk u/fpFbf !!,$^,^)). sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L k]z u/]sf lyof}+ . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] lgsf;L x'g] lao/x¿ sfs8le§f eG;f/ x'b} ef/tsf] kfgL 6}+sLl:yt Nof08 s:6D;df k'Ubf j:t'sf] aLnsf] d"Nodf g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGw ljk/Lt yk &% k|ltzt cltl/Qm z'Ns j'emfPdf dfq kf; ug]{ egL ef/t k}7f/L x'g lbOPg . ;f] kZrft\ jf/Djf/ ;Dks{ /fVbf klg ef/t k}7f/L ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yfdf @)^).!.@! df lgj]bsn] sf/0f v'nfO{ sf/vfgfd} lkmtf{ Nofpg :jLs[ltsf] nflu lgj]bg lb+bf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 @)^).$.@@ df lao/ lkmtf{ NofO{ sf/vfgf eGbf j]Un} :yfgdf /fVg 159

cg'dtL lbP adf]lhd cfˆg} vr{df lkmtf{ NofO{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nos} sJhfdf /flvof] . w]/} ;dob]lv /flvPsf] ;f] lao/ k'/fgf] eO{ l/k|f];]l;Ë / ;]jg ug{ ;d]t cof]Uo e};s]sf] b]vL @)^).(.@$ df cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt dfu ubf{ /fhZj sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln] @)^!.!.!! df d'r'Nsf agfO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf]n] gi6 ug{‘ x'G5 egL ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns zfvfaf6 lao/ gi6 ug{ :jLs[lt kfPkl5 @)^!.(.( df cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ;dIf gi6 u/L a}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jfsf] nflu lgj]bg u/]sf]df, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] @)^!.(.@! df pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L g+= )%$ /sd *,@(,-@_. sf] ;dofjwL !^ h'nfO{ @))$ df ;dfKt ePsf] pQm a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] jbnfdf ;f]xL a}+s Uof/]G6L g+= !)) /sd ?=!!,$^,^)). sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L kq km's'jf u/L lbg dgfl;j b]lvPsf]n] eGg] ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns zfvfnfO{ kq n]vL ;f]xL jf]wfy{ o; lgj]bsnfO{ ;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] . t}kgL a}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jf geP kl5 ljkIfL ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf klg lgj]bg u/]sf lyof}+ . lgj]bs sDkgLn] lbPsf] lgj]bg ;DaGwdf cfjZos lg0f{o x'g jfFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf, ljkIfL cfGtl/ s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 cfˆgf] k"j{ ;xdlt-@)^!.(.@! sf] kq_ ljk/Lt @)^!.!!.@! df ljkIfL a}+snfO{ lgj]bsn] /fv]sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L /sd sfof{nonfO{ k7fO{ lbg' egL kq n]vL xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] kqsf] jf]wfy{ v08df pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L /sd afkt dfu ubf{ ;d]t ?=!,#(,&&^. gk'u ePsf]n] kq k|fKt ePsf] # lbgleq bflvnf ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] t/ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f af/] s'g} /Ltk"j{ssf] lg0f{o pNn]v 5}g . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] n]v]sf] ldlt @)^!.!!.@! sf] kqnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ljkIfL a}+sn] lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^!.!!.@* -dfr{ !!, @))%_ df kq ;d]t k7fPsf] lyof] . pQm slyt lg0f{o If]qflwsf/ ljxLg ePsf] / To;nfO{ ab/ ug]{ s'g} pkfo gePsf]n] of] lgj]bg ug{‘ k/]sf] xf] . o; k|sf/ lgj]bsnfO{ nfUg} g;Sg] cGtMz'Ns tyf ljnDj b:t"/ /sd lgj]bsaf6 ljkIfLn] c;"n ug]{ eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿n] lgj]bssf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f &# åf/f k|bQ ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ tyf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #, & åf/f k|bQ sfg"gL clwsf/df s'l07t kfg]{ u/L eP u/]sf sfg"g k|lts"nsf] sfd sf/jfxL pk/ cGo s'g} tTsfn k|efjsf/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ;d]t g/x]sf]n] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] z/0fdf cfPsf 5f}+ .cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf $ df pTkfbgx¿ :yfgLo laqmLsf nflu lgsfNbf dfq cGtMz'Ns nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . xfn;Dd laqmL jf lgsf;L gePsf] cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns tyf ljnDj b:t"/afktsf] /sd a}+s Uof/]G6L hkmt ug{ vf]Hg], lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu ug]{ h:tf u}/ ;+j}wflgs / sfg"g k|lts"nsf] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f &# cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #, & ;d]tn] k|bQ ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL clwsf/ s'l07t u/]sf]n] ljkIfL ljefu cGtMz'Ns zfvfsf] @)^!.$.@$ sf] slyt lg0f{o tyf ldlt @)^!.$.@( sf] kq, ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] @)^!.!!.@! sf] kq, ljkIfL a}+ssf] @)^!.!!.@* sf] kq tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL / kl5 v'Ng cfPsf sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] /fv]sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L /sd km's'jf u/L s'g} k|sf/af6 cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF . ;fy} pQm a}+s Uof/]G6L afktsf] /sd ljkIfL a}+sn] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nonfO{ e'QmfgL tyf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] @)^!.!!.@! sf] kq tyf ljkIfL ljefusf] @)^!.$.@$ sf] slyt lg0f{onfO{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfu];DdnfO{ s'g} ?kaf6 sfof{Gjog gug{‘, gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no x]6f}+8f, cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu cGtMz'Ns zfvf tyf g]kfn qm]l86 P08 sdz{ a}+s ln=sf7df8f}+sf] gfpFdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^@.!.^ sf] l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/f . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f eP af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu nflhDkf6nfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t / cfkm} jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ g]kfn qm]l86 P08 sdz{ a}+s ln=nfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfnt dfkm{t ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ . lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd @)^!.$.@$ sf] lg0f{o / ldlt @)^!.!!.@! sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L ;Dk"0f{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] kq sfof{Gjog gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf cfb]z hf/L ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.& sf] cfb]z . lgj]bsn] cGtMz'Ns /sd a}+s k|Tofe"lt lbO{ k|lti7fgaf6 lgsf;L u/]sf] x'Fbf cj cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf # s= adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] u/L, g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L u/]sf] k|dfl0ft u/L ;dod} o; ljefun] tf]s]adf]lhd a}+s k|Tofe"lt km's'jf u/fpg' kg]{ / ;f] gu/]df cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ePcg'¿k a}+s k|Tofe"lt lbg] g]kfn qm]l86 P08 sdz{ a}+s sf7df8f}+af6 a}+s k|Tofe"lt adf]lhdsf] /sd dfu ul/Psf] / l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/f sfg"g;+ut gx'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFg / @)^@.!.& df Psn Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!=!-s_ adf]lhd /4 ul/kfpmF eGg] cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] ldlt @)^@.@.$ sf] lnlvt hjfkm . ljkIfL o'gfO{6]8 a|'c/L g]kfn k|f=ln= / cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no dsjfgk'/aLr s] s:tf s'/fx¿df ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] xf] ;f]df a}+sn] s'g} ;/f]sf/ /fVg'kg]{ xf]Og . a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] /sd ;do cjlw leq} e'QmfgL kfpmF egL dfu ePdf 160

/ pQm a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] zt{ k'/f ePsf] v08df To:tf] a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] e'QmfgL ug{‘ a}+ssf] st{Jo xf] . ctM a}+s Uof/]G6L ?=!!,$^,^)). cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no dsjfgk'/nfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ gug]{ ;Gbe{df ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 7x/] adf]lhd g} o; lnlvt hjfkmstf{ a}+saf6 sfo{x¿ ;~rflnt x'g] x'Fbf a}+snfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t g]kfn qm]l86 P08 sdz{ a}+s ln=sf] @)^@.@.^ sf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #-#_ adf]lhd g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/ lgsf;L x'g] j:t'df dfq cGtMz'Ns nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] / lgj]bsn] lgsfzL ug{ vf]h]sf] lao/ cGo st} laqmL ge} ljkIfLx¿s} k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df gi6 x'g] l:yltdf /x]sf] / ljkIfLsf] cfb]z adf]lhd lao/ gi6 ug]{ l:js[tL ;d]t k|bfg ePsf] tyf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] @)^!.(.@! sf] kq adf]lhd a}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jf ug{ ldN5 egL lgj]bsnfO{ af]wfy{ ;d]t lbPsf]df ljkIfLaf6 lgj]bs;Fu cGtMz'Ns dfu ug{‘ u}/sfg"gL Pj+ u}/;+j}wflgs ePsf]n] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cGtMz'Ns zfvfsf] ldlt @)^!.$.@$ sf] slyt lg0f{o tyf )^!.$.@( sf] kq, ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^!.!!.@! sf] kq ljkIfL a}+ssf] @)^!.!!.@* sf] kq tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf ePsf ;+k"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] /fv]sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L /sd km's'jf u/L s'g} k|s/af6 cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL k/dfb]z hf/L u/Lg'kb{5 egL tyf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] lgj]bsn] ljb]z lgsf;L ug]{ u/L a}+s k|Tofe"tL /fv]/ k|lti7fgaf6 pQm lao/ jflx/ lgsfn]sf]df ;f] lao/ ef/t guO{ k'gM lkmtf{ cfPsf] / ;f] lao/ /fVbf /fVb} vfg cof]Uo ePsf] x'Fbf b]zleq laqmL ug{ cof]Uo ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns nfUg' kg]{ xf]Og egL lhsL/ lnPklg cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* df To;k|sf/sf] 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bsn] pQm lao/sf] cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ x'G5 ;fy} lgj]bsn] Dofb leq lao/ lgsf;L u/L a}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jf klg gu/fPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . pk/f]Qm b'a} kIfsf ljåfgx¿sf] ax; lhsL/ ;'gL lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ lgDg k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ kg]{ b]lvof] . -s_ s:tf] cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf $ cg';f/ s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbsn] cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf x'G5 / s:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] cGtMz'Ns ltg{ s'g} pTkfbsnfO{ jfWo ug{ ;Qm5 < -v_ k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 lgj]bs pBf]un] ef/tdf lgof{t ug{ egL sf/vfgf aflx/ lgsfn]sf] t/ lgof{t x'g g;sL w]/} ;do;Dd lgof{t laGb'df e08f/0f ug{ k/]sf] sf/0fn] l/k|f];]l;ª ug{ / ;]jg ug{ ;d]t gx'g] ePsf]n] ljkIfL cfGtl/ s /fhZj sfof{nosf] :jLs[ltn] gi6 ul/Psf] pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj lgj]bs pBf]udf /xG5 jf /xFb}g < @= klxnf] k|Zgsf] af/]df ljj]rgf ubf{, cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ cj:yf jf o:tf] cGtMz'Ns e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj slxn] z'? x'G5 eGg] s'/f x]g{‘kg]{ b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] p2]Zo tyf pQm P]gsf] bkmf # tyf $ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfx¿sf] af/]df ljj]rgf ug{‘ ;fGble{s x'G5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos /fhZj ;Íng k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L ug{ / /fhZj kl/rfng a9fpg g]kfn leq pTkfbg x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf / ljb]zdf pTkfbg eO{ g]kfndf cfoft ul/g] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"n ug]{ sfg"gnfO{ ;dfofg's"n agfpg' g} cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] d'n p2]Zo /x]sf] s'/f pQm P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6 g} :ki6x'G5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf # n] s'g} j:t'df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] u/L s'g} P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePdf To:tf] cGtMz'Ns nufpg] k|lqmof / cGtMz'Ns nufpg] cj:yf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* / pQm P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnL cg';f/ x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] pQm cGtMz'Ns P]gsf] bkmf $ df cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ cj:yfsf] af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / pQm bkmf $ sf] v08 -s_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf a9L ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . pQm Joj:yf cg';f/ s'g} k|lti7fg -sf/vfgf_ af6 pTkflbt s'g} j: t' jf pTkfbg -h:tf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] lao/_ pTkfbg laqmLsf] nflu lgsf; ubf{sf] avt cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{‘kg]{ b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf $ sf] v08 s df k|of]u ePsf] “k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg laqmLsf] nflu lgsf;L ubf{sf] avt" eGg] zJbfjnLn] g]kfndf :yflkt ePsf] k|lti7fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ af/]df lgDg b'O{ zt{ tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . -s_ pTkflbt j:t' k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfaf6 aflx/ lgsf;L ul/Psf] cyjf aflx/ lgsfn]sf] jf k7fPsf] x'gkg]{ / -v_ o;/L pTkflbt j:t' jf pTkfbg aflx/ k7fpg jf lgsf;L ug{‘sf] d'Vo p2]Zo laqmL ug]{ x'g'kg]{ . #= pk/f]Qm b'O{ zt{dWo] s'g} Ps zt{ dfq k'/f ePsf] cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf x'g ;Qm5 . h:tf]M pTkflbt j:t' laqmLsf] nflu gd'gf kl/If0f geO{ jf gd"gfsf] nflu d"No glnO{ ljt/0f ug{sf] nflu u'0f:t/ kl/If0fsf] nflu sf/vfgf aflx/ lgsflnPsf] jf lgsf;L ul/Psf] cj:yf klg x'g ;Qm5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQm pTkfbg jf j: t'df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . o;}u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf $-@_ cg';f/ pTkfbg x'gf;fy cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ egL tf]s]sf] j:t' jfx]s cGo j:t' k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfaf6 aflx/ gk7fP;Dd jf lgsf;L gePsf] jf k|lti7fg jf 161

$=

%=

^=

&=

sf/vfgf leqg} /x]ePsf] cj:yfdf klg cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ clwsf/ ;/sf/df x'Fb}g / pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj pQm j:t'sf] pTkfbsdf /xFb}g . s'g} j:t' jf pTkfbg laqmL ug{sf] nflu lgsf;L x'gf;fy To:tf] j:t'sf] pTkfbsn] cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ bfloTj lg/k]If ?kdf l;h{gfx'G5 eGg] s'/f klg xf]Og . o; af/]df pQm P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ -cfly{s cWofb]z @)%( n] u/]sf] ;+zf]wg_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf pNn]vlgo 5 . pQm Joj:yfcg';f/ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbsn] cfˆgf] pTkfbg g]kfn clw/fHo aflx/ lgsf;L u/]sf] jf s/d'Qm k;ndf laqmL ul/g] j: t'df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns afkt a}+s k|Tofe"lt jf gub w/f}6 /fVg ;lsg] / pQm pTkfbgx¿ g]kfn aflx/ lgsf;L ePsf] jf laqmL ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePkl5 a}+s hdfgt jf w/f}6sf] /sd km's'jf jf lkmtf{ x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm k|s/0fx¿df laj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ s'g} k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj lg/k]If xf]Og / o;sf ljleGg zt{ / cj:yf sfg"gn] tf]Sg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ df Joj:yf ePcg';f/ g]kfn aflx/ lgsf;L ePsf] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] af/]df sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Pp6f zt{ xf] eg] pQm P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] v08 -s_ df Joj:yf ePcg';f/ laqmL ug{ egL k|lti7fgaf6 aflx/ k7fPsf] jf lgsf;L ePsf] s'g} j:t' k"0f{ ?kdf gi6 ePsf] cj:yfdf jf ;]jg ug{ jf vfg jf pkef]u ug{ cof]Uo eO{ laqmL x'g g;s]sf] s'/f z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf klg o:tf] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf gx'g] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Qm}g . ca cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj slxn] z'? x'g] eGg] bf;|f] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{, pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg' kb{5 . o;af/]df ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfˆgf] pTkfbg ls+u lkm;/ :6«f]Ë gfds lao/ ef/tdf laqmL ug{ @)%(.!@.!) df lgof{tsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no dsjfgk'/df a}+s Uof/]G6L lbPsf]df ;g\ @))$ dfr{ !^ df Dofb yk u/fpFbf ?=!!,$^,^)).– sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L k]z u/]sf] / ;f] adf]lhd lao/ lgsf;L ug{ k7fpFbf yk &% k|ltzt cltl/Qm z'Ns nfUg] egL ef/tdf lgsf;L x'g glbPkl5 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] l:js[tLdf lkmtf{ NofPsf]df l/k|f];]l;Ë ug{ / ;]jg ug{ gldNg] ePsf]n] gi6 ug{‘kg]{ egL cGtMz'Ns zfvfn] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nonfO{ @)^!.*.& df kq k7fO{ jf]wfy{ ;d]t lbPsf] eGg] lgj]bg Joxf]/faf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm lao/ gi6 ug{ l: js[t lbg] eGg] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^!.*.$ df lg0f{o ePsf] Joxf]/f ;f]xL ljefusf] @)^!.*.& sf] kqaf6 ;d]t k'li6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lao/ gi6 u/L a}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jf ul/kfpmF egL lgj]bs sDkgLn] ldlt @)^!.(.( df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8fdf cg'/f]w u/L k7fPkl5 a}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jf u/L lbg dgfl;a b]lvPsf] egL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefunfO{ ldlt @)^!.(.@! df kq k7fPsf] klg b]lvG5 . To;kl5 lgj]bs sDkgLn] pQm a}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jf ul/kfpmF egL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf ldlt @)^!.!!.% df cg'/f]wkq k7fPsf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] zt{ adf]lhd g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/ lgsf;L gu/]sf] x'Fbf a}+s Uof/]G6Laf6 c;"n ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] egL pQm ?=!!,$^,^)).– sf] a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] /sd o; sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' egL ljkIfL g]kfn qm]l86 P08 sdz{ a}+s jfuahf/ sf7df8f}+nfO{ ldlt @)^!.!!.@! df kq k7fO{ gk'u x'g] ?=!,#(,&&^.– bfv]n ug{ Nofpg' egL lgj]bsnfO{ af]wfy{ lbPsf] ;d]t pQm kqaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L lgj]bs pBf]un] g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns nufpg ldN5 ldNb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 egL x]bf{ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf $ sf] v08 -s_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf / pQm P]gdf cfly{s cWofb]z @)%( cg';f/ ldlt @)%(.(.@@ df ePsf] ;+zf]wg ;lxtsf] bkmf # df ul/Psf] Joj:yf dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5g\ . pQm P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] v08 -s_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg';f/ laqmLsf] nflu s'g} pTkfbg k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfaf6 lgsf;L ubf{ jf aflx/ k7fpFbfsf avtdfq cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{ ;lsg] eGg] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] ;+zf]lwt bkmf # df ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"npk/ ug]{ zLif{s cGtu{t pkbkmf -!_ df cg';"rLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / k}7f/Ldf ;f]xL cg';"rLadf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nufO{g] / c;"npk/ ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf kfOG5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] lgsf;L ug{ nfu]sf] lao/ cg';"rL adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' cGtu{t g} k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -#_ df pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg k|lti7fgn] g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/ lgsf;L ul/g] j:t'df ltg{‘kg]{ cGtMz'Ns / :jLs[lt k|fKt s/d'Qm k;n -j08]8 j]o/ xfp; jf 8\o"6L k|mL ;k_ df laqmL ul/g] j:t'df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns afkt a}+s k|Tofe"lt jf gub w/f}6 /fVg ;lsg] 5 . o:tf] a}s k|Tofe"lt jf gub w/f}6sf] km's'jfsf] k|lqmof ljefun] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfcg';f/ laqmLsf] nflu s'g} pTkfbg k|lti7fg aflx/ k7fpFbf jf lgsf;L ubf{ o;/L lgsf;L ul/g] j:t'df ;Dd cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkflbt lao/ ef/t lgsf;L ug{ k7fPsf]df lgsf;L x'g g;sL ljkIfLx¿s} l:js[tLdf sf/vfgfsf] jflx/ 5'§} /fv]/ nfdf] ;do kl5 pQm lao/ l/k|f];]l;ª ug{ / ;]jg ug{ ;d]t gldNg] ePsf]n] gi6 ug{ :jLs[t lbPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lao/ lgj]bs pBf]un] k'gM k|of]u u/]sf] / :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL u/]sf] jf lgsf;L u/]sf] klg b]lvFb}g / o;/L laqmL ePsf] eGg] k|df0f ljkIfLn] k]z u/]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g . Psflt/ ljkIfLx¿n] pQm lao/ l/k|f];]l;ª ug{ / ;]jg ug{ klg of]Uo gePsf] egL gi6 ug]{ l:js[lt lbg] / csf]{tkm{ 162

;f]xL gi6 u/]sf] lao/sf] cGtMz'Ns afktsf] a}+s Uof/]G6L /flvPsf] /sd hkmt ug]{ egL a}+sdf kqfrf/ ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ef/tdf laqmL ug{ egL sf/vfgfaf6 lgsf;L ePsf] lao/ ljkIfLx¿sf] :jLs[ltaf6 gi6 u/] ePsf] cj: yfdf pQm lao/ g]kfn aflx/ lgsf;L ePsf] jf :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL x'g] cj:yfsf] ;d]t b]lvPg . pQm lao/ lgof{t ePsf] jf :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] egfO{ ;d]t gePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] lao/df cGtMz'Ns nufpg / c;"n ug{ gkfOg] x'Fbf pQm lao/sf] cGtMz'Ns afkt lbOPsf] a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] /sdaf6 cGtMz'Nssf] /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ lg0f{o / ;f] adf]lhd kqfrf/ ul/Psf] sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvPsf] / ;f] sfo{n] lgj]bs pBf]usf] xsdf k|ToIf cf3ft ;d]t k'u]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ljkIfLx¿sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L hkmt ug]{ / lgj]bsaf6 cGtMz'Ns afkt yk ?=!,#(,&&^.– dfu ug]{ lg0f{o tyf sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt b]lvPg . *= pk/f]Qm k|s/0fx¿df ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ lgj]bsn] g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/ lgsf;L ug{ k7fPsf] lao/ lgsf;L x'g g;s]sf] / :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLx¿s} :jLs[lt / /f]xj/df gi6 ePsf] cj: yfdf ;f]xL lao/sf] cGtMz'Ns afkt egL lgj]bsn] /fv]sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L hkmt ug]{ / lgj]bsaf6 yk ?=!,#(,&&^.– dfu ug]{ u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] @)^!.$.@$ sf] lg0f{o, @)^!.$.@( sf] kq tyf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^!.!!.@! sf] kq ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ;f] sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L ldl;n a'emfO{lbg" . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn j}zfv !$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\===========================. Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn

163

efuM %# ;fnM @)^* dlxgfM df3 c+sM !), km};nf ldlt M @)^*.*.@@.%, lg0f{o g+= *^($ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz 8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{ ;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #@ ljifoM– pTk|]if0f ;d]t . lgj]bsM nlntk'/ lhNnf, nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=$, hfjnfv]n l:yt hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln= sf] / cfˆgf] xsdf;d]t P]=sf clwsf/ k|fKt ;~rfns /fhaxfb'/ zfx lj?4 ljkIfLM dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t · cfly{s P]gsf dfWodaf6 lgwf{/0f ePsf dx;"n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f &# eGbf aflx/ dfGg g;lsg] . -k|s/0f g+=@_ · P]gn] :ki6 ?kdf k|ltnlAw b/ tf]s]sf] / ;f]eGbf 36L b]vfOPsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] lgb]{zg lbPadf]lhd x'g] egL pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] . · cfly{s P]gdfkm{t\ cGtMz'Nssf] b/aGbL;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{ cg'dlt tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# n] k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgk|lts"n dfGg g;lsg] . -k|s/0f g+=#_ · ;+ljwfgn] g} dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/cGtu{t n]vf k/LIf0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf q'l6 cf}+Nofpg], a]?h' hgfpg], To:tf] q'l6 ;Rofpg / a]?h' c;"npk/ ug{' egL lgb]{zg lbg] ;d]tsf] clwsf/ cGtlg{xLt x'g] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgk|bQ To:tf] clwsf/df ;+s'rg Nofpg] u/L o; cbfntaf6 JofVof x'g g;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=^_ · pBf]u :jo+n] g} sfg"gn] tf]s]eGbf sd pTkfbg b]vfO{ sd cGtMz'Ns a'emfPsf] cj:yfdf ^ -5_ dlxgfsf] ;do ;Ldf nufO{ To;eGbf kl5 cGtMz'Ns c;"nL ug}{ gkfOg] egL JofVof ug{ gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=!)_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfåo ;'zLns'df/ l;Gxf / a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{ Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ clgns'df/ l;Gxf, d]3/fh kf]v/]n, d's'Gbk|;fb kf}8]n / /fhLj l;Gxf ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n cjnlDat ghL/M · g]sfk @)%$, cÍ !, k[=$$ · g]sfk @)^^, cÍ (, k[= !$)( ;Da4 sfg"gM · g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# · cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] bkmf $, #-(_ · n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* · cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( sf] lgod !@ cfb]z k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# Pj+ wf/f **-!_-@_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 : lgj]bs sDkgL pBf]u ljefudf ldlt @)@(.(.!* df btf{ ePsf] xf] . dlb/f pTkfbg ug{ ldlt @)#$.#.!( df Ohfht kfO{ ;flnGbf cGtMz'Ns P]g, lgod / dlb/f P]g, lgodadf]lhd dlb/f pTkfbg ug{ / laqmL ug{ Ohfht kqx¿ ;do ;dodf 164

gjLs/0f u/fpFb} cf=a=)%$/)%% sf] nflu klg cGtMz'Ns P]g tyf lgodsf] kl/lwleq /xL sDkgLn] dlb/f pTkfbg laqmL Jofkf/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; pBf]uaf6 ul/g] pTkfbgx¿, To;;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx¿ / sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f cGtMz'Ns k|ltlglws} /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf k|dfl0ft u/fO{ ;|]:tf /fVb} cfPsf] / @)%# ;fn;Ddsf] cjlwdf pTkflbt j:t' / s/ c;"nL ;d]tsf ljifodf s'g} ljjfb lyPg . cfly{s P]g, @)%$ nfu" eP kl5 “cGtMz'Ns b/aGbLaf6 l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]un] k|ltlSjG6n df]nf;];af6 Go"gtd ^% cf]=lk|=sf] 36Ldf @) ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug{‘kg]{ u/L k|ltnlAw b/ sfod ul/Psf]df To; pBf]un] o; sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] df:s]jf/L ljj/0fcg';f/ k|lt SjLG6n df]nf;];af6 ;/b/ !& b]lv !&=% ln6/ ;Dddfq ENA -Extra Neutral Alcohol_ pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 / @=*# k|ltzt hlt yk ubf{ klg !* ln6/ dfq /]S6LkmfO8 l:kl/6sf] k|ltnlAw b/ Go"gtd @) ln6/ sfod u/L laqmL s/ lgwf{/0f lsg gug]{, s'g} j:t'ut k'i6\ofO{ eP & lbgleq k]z ug]{" egL tTsfnLg d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/n] laqmL s/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !!-#_ cg';f/ ldlt @)%%.@.& df hfgsf/L u/fPsf] / ;f]sf] o; sDkgLn] Dofb}leq hf] h] ePsf] ;TotYo Joxf]/fsf] :ki6Ls/0f k]z u/]sf lyof}+ . tTkZrft\ ldlt @)%(.!!.!^ sf] kqsf ;DaGwdf klg ldlt @)%(.!!.@! sf] kq;fy ;Dk"0f{ ;a"b k|df0f ;lxt ;Dk/LIf0fnufot hf] h] ug{‘kg]{ u/L lbg' x'g ;d]t cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] kqdf cfly{s P]g, @)%$ n] tf]s]sf] k|ltnlAw b/cg';f/ vkt u/]sf] df]nf;];af6 hDdf (%#&&=@^ ln= l:kl/6 36L pTkfbg u/]sf]df ;f]nfO{ Pn=kL=df kl/jt{g ubf{ !%&#&@=$&( Pn=kL=ln=x'g] / cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] k|ltnlAw b/eGbf 36L b]lvPsf] l:kl/6af6 #) o'=kL=zlQmsf] !))) Pd=Pn=sf] dlb/f pTkfbg u/L ;f] lgsf;L ubf{ x'g cfpg] k|lt Pn=kL=?=@@%.– n] x'g cfpg] hDdf cGtMz'Ns ?=#,%$,)*,*)&.&&, w'd|kfg tyf dlb/f b:t"/ ?=!%,&#,&@$.&(, dlb/f lgoGq0f ;]jf b:t"/ ?=!,%&,#&@.$& / laqmL s/ k|ltln6/ ?=@%.(& n] x'g] @@$*!&=*@& ln=sf] ?=%*,#*,%!(.– ;d]t u/L hDdf ?=$,@(,&*,$@$.)# c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^).#.!& df lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf pQm /sd & lbgleq bflvnf u/L ;f]sf] ef}r/ o; sfof{nodf k]z ug{‘ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 7f8f] cfb]z lbOPsf] hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]n] of] lgj]bg lnO{ pkl: yt ePsf 5f}+ . k|rlnt ;+ljwfg tyf s/ jf /fhZj c;"npk/ ug{ kfpg];DaGwL sfg"gL k|lqmofljk/Lt cGtMz'Ns nufotsf] s/ c;"nL;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ s'g} k|zf;sLo cw{Goflos jf Goflos clwsf/ gePsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 xfdL lgj]bsnfO{ s'g} :ki6Ls/0f g;f]wL ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO{ Pj+ PskIfLo ?kdf pBf]un] pTkfbg gu/]sf] laqmLsf] nflu sf/ vfgf aflx/ lgsf;L g} gePsf] / s'g} JolQmnfO{ laqmL ;d]t geP gu/]sf] j:t'nfO{ pTkfbg u/]sf] eGg] Pp6f sfNklgs cÍsf] pTkfbg kl/df0f sfod ug]{ / af:tljs j:t' pTkfbg tyf laqmL u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq nfu" x'g] /fhZj c;"nL sfg"gsf] unt Pj+ u}/sfg"gL cy{ nufO{ ?=$,@(,&*,$@$.– glt/]sf] egL a]?h' sfod u/L c;"npk/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . dlb/f pTkfbg / laqmL geP;Dd laqmLs/ nfUg] / c;"n ug]{ sfo{ x'g ;Sg] xf]Og . laqmLs/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf @-s_, @-5_ bkmf *, !) Pj+ laqmLs/ lgodx¿, @)@$ sf] lgod & adf]lhd dfq laqmLs/ dfu ug{ ;Sg] xf] . cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( sf] lgod * sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd klg ljkIfLx¿n] sf/jfxL rnfPsf] 5}g . s'g} sf/0fn] 5"6 ePsf] cGtMz'Ns eP cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( sf] lgod !@ n] ;f] p7fpg tf]s]sf] Dofb ^ dlxgfleq u/L ;Sg' kb{5 . To: tf] Dofbsf] klg $ aif{ g3fO{ cGtMz'Ns / laqmLs/ dfu ug{ gx'g]df slNkt kl/df0fsf] kbfy{df s/f]8f} ?k}ofFsf] cGtMz'Ns / nfvf}+ ?k}ofF w'd|kfg tyf dlb/f b:t"/ / laqmLs/sf] gfdaf6 s/ c;"n ug]{ clwsf/ ljkIfLx¿ dWo] s;}nfO{ s'g} klg sfg"gn] lbPsf] 5}g . P]gn] tf]s]sf] b/eGbf klg a9L b/n] cGtMz'Ns nufotsf] s/ nufpg] clwsf/ lgb]{zg lbg] eGg] Joxf]/f;Ddn] ljkIfL dxflgb]{zsnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;Demg gldNg] / k|bfg ;d]t gu/]sf] x'Fbf dxflgb]{zssf] lg0f{o jf lgb]{zg :jo+df u}/sfg"gL Pj+ s/;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . cGtMz'Ns lgoddf :6s n; -Stock Loss_ ;d]t ldGxf lbg] Joj:yf lgod %! df 5 . cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwsf] pkl:yltdf / lgh :jo+n] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] b/df pTkfbg ePsf] l:kl/6sf] ljifodf lgheGbf dflysf] sfof{no jf sd{rf/Ln] cfk"mv'zL csf]{ kl/df0f pTkfbg ePsf] egL pTkfbg nfut sfod ug]{ sfo{ s'g} a}1flgs, Jofjxfl/s jf sfg"gL ts{ jf dfGotfdf cfwfl/t dfGg ldNb}g . cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwn] k|dfl0ft u/L k]z u/]sf] pTkfbg kl/df0f / k|df0f ljkIfL ;a} sfof{no / clwsf/Lsf nflu lajGwgo'Qm -Estoppel_ x'G5 . pTkfbg x'g g;s]sf] l:k|l/6df of] olt dlb/f pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] eGg] lx;fj u/L ;f] cg'dflgt slNkt dlb/fsf] kl/df0fdf ;a}eGbf a9L cGtMz'Ns b/ k|lt ln6/ ?=@@%.– sf b/n] cGtMz'Nssf] /sd lx;fj ug{‘ tyf l:kl/6 pTkfbg Pj+ laqmL g} gePsf]df k|ltnlAw b/sf] unt k|Zg p7fO{ slNkt lx;fj u/L pk/f]Qm s/f]8f}+ ?k}ofsf] s/ /sd dfu ug{‘ k|rlnt sfg"g / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# sf] ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n sfo{ xf] . cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL– # sf] v08 -(_ n] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ cGtMz'Ns ;d]tsf] b/ tf]Sg] clwsf/ 5 egL dfGg] xf] eg] ;f] bkmf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !, !!, &# ;Fu aflemO{ c;+j}wflgs ePsfn] k|f/DetM cdfGo x'Fbf ;f]xL cfwf/df ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF . 165

cGtMz'Nssf] ;DaGw cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{;Fu x'G5 . pTkfbg gePsf] kbfy{;uF x'Fb}g . sRrf kbfy{b]lv pTkfbg x'Fbf;Ddsf] cjlwdf cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sRrf kbfy{b]lv tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'Fbf;Dd /lhi6/df hlgO{ /]s8{df hgfO{ /]s8{ /fVg] Joj:yf b]lv+bf sRrf kbfy{sf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfnsf] pTkfbg ePg eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ sf] k|fjwfg k]6]G6 :6Ln Knf06af6 dfq pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] o; pRrsf]6Lsf] dlb/f pBf]usf] nflu nfu" x'g] xf]Og . pQm cg';"rL # sf] bkmf ( df k|lt SjLG6n v'bf]af6 Go"gtd ^% cf]=lk= 36Ldf qmdzM @) ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug{‘kg]{ l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] nflu tf]lsPsf] / lglb{i6 ul/Psf] 5 . dlb/f pBf]u;Fu c;DalGwt cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ nufO{ unt cy{ u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h' 7x/fPsf] cÍnfO{ g} cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] a]?h' zfvfsf] k|ltj]bg / lgb]{zgaf6 s'g} km};nf jf cflwsfl/s JofVof a]u/ cfˆgf] JolQmut wf/0ff agfO{ a]?h' bzf{O cfˆgf] Goflos Pj+ sfg"gL dg k|of]u gu/L v08 -(_ sf] ;fGble{s / af:tljs cy{ klg gu/L cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no nlntk'/sf k|d'v s/ clws[tn] ldlt @)^).#.!& df lgb]l{\zt, cglws[t Pj+ u}/sfg"gL tl/sfaf6 /sdx¿sf] c;"n ug]{ u/L lg0f{o krf{ v8f u/L P]hg ldltsf] kqåf/f hDdf ?=$,@(,&*,$@$.)# / h/Ljfgf ?=%%!.– ;ft lbgleq bflvnf ug{ cfb]z ug{‘ ePsf] cgflwsf/ x'g'sf ;fy} sfg"g tyf ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt ePsf] k|i6 5 . ctM cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o Pj+ /sd a'emfpg] cfb]z kq, a]?h' b]vfO{ cGtMz'Ns ;d]tsf] pQm /sd c;"n ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ ljkIfL lgsfonfO{ gePsf]df To:tf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ pQm /sd dfu ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no nltnk'/sf] lg0f{o cfb]zkq ;+ljwfg / sfg"gljk/Ltsf] x'Fbf ab/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfpg] u/L pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z jf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . o;df, s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL of] cfb]z / l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^).$.@( df ePsf] cfb]z . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf], ;f] k|i6 ?kdf pNn]v gu/L dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnoåf/f k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm . s/ nufpg] / c;"npk/ ug]{ P]gx¿ nufot ;fnj;fnL aGg] cfly{s P]gcg';f/ cGtMz'Ns nufotsf s/x¿ c;"npk/ ul/Psf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] Pj+ cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] cGtMz'Ns b/jGbLsf] a'Fbf g+= $ df dlb/f pBf]un] k]6]06 :6Ln Knf06af6 pTkflbt l:kl/6sf] ld>0f -Blending_ af6dfq dlb/f pTkfbg ug{‘kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL cg';"rLsf] j'bf g+=( df l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿n] k|lt SjLG6n df]nf;]:af6 Go"gtd ^% cf]=kL=sf] 36Ldf @) ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug{‘kg]{ u/L k|ltnlJw b/ sfod ul/Psf] / ;f]eGbf 36L k|ltnlJw b/ b]lvPdf d"=c=s/ ljefuaf6 lgb]{zg ePadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]df cf=j= @)%$ / )%% df hfjnfv]n l8:6Ln/Ln] @*,#&^=$) SjLG6n df]nf;];\ -Molasses_ vkt u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%$ n] tf]s]sf] gD;{cg';f/ pQm kl/df0fsf] df]nf;];\ vktaf6 ^% cf]=kL= sf] %,^&,%@* ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg x'g'kg]{df $,&@,!%)=&$ ln6/ dfq pTkfbg eO{ (%,#&&=@^ ln6/ 36L pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . pQm cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] gD;{eGbf 36L k|ltnlAw b/ b]lvPdf ;fljs d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g] eGg] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;fljs d'= c= s/ ljefu xfn cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^).@.#) df k|fKt ePsf] k=;+= @)%(/@)^) r=g+= @(% sf] kqaf6 cfly{s P]g, @)%$ n] tf]s]sf] gD;{cg';f/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg gu/]sfn] hfjnfv]n l8:6Ln/Laf6 ?= $,@(,&*,$@$.– /sd c;"n ug{ lgb]{zg ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . ;f]lxadf]lhd o; sfof{non] cfly{s P]gåf/f lglb{i6 gD;{ eGbf 36L k|ltnlAw b/ b]lvPsf]df sfg"gadf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/Psf] xf], o;af6 ljkIfLsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xsdf s'g} jfwf k'u]sf] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !( n] cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df tbg'?ksf] pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag g} gu/L ljkIfL ;f]em} l/6 If]qflwsf/df k|j]z u/]sf] / cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @# n] cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] lg0f{opk/ dxflgb]{zs;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df tbg'?ksf] sfg"gL k|lqmof;d]t lgh lgj]bsn] k"/f u/]sf] cj:yf gx'Fbf pQm l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm . 166

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& adf]lhd clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefunfO{ eO{ ;f] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoåf/f j]?h' cf}FNofOPsf] /sdsf] km/kmf/s ug]{ bfloTj k|ToyL{sf] x'g] x'Fbf To:tf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf o; dGqfnon] cGoyf eGg gldNg] / k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f Pj+ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ k|ToyL{ l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ s/ ltg{‘ gkg]{ sf/0f eP ;f]sf] ;a"b k|df0f ;lxtsf] hjfkm k]z ug]{;Ddsf] df}sf lbOPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f ^ df l/6 lgj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 tTsfnLg d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] cfly{s jif{ @)%$/%% sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln=n] pQm cfly{s jif{df @*,#&^=$) lSjG6n df]nf;];\ vkt u/L &,&(,)$*=&# Pn=kL=ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg b]vfPsf] /x]5 . pQm l:kl/6nfO{ ^% cf]=kL= zlQmdf kl/jt{g ubf{ $,&@,!%)=&$ ln6/ x'g cfpF5 . cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] k|ltnlAw b/cg';f/ vkt u/]sf] df]nf;]:af6 ^% cf]=kL= zlQmsf] %,^&,%@* ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg x'g'kg]{df ;f]cg';f/ pTkfbg geO{ (%,#&&=@^ ln6/ l:kl/6 36L pTkfbg b]vfPsf] /x]5 . 36L pTkfbg b]vfPsf] l:kl/6nfO{ Pn=kL= ln6/df kl/jt{g ubf{ !,%&,#&@=$&( Pn=kL= ln6/ x'g cfpF5 . pQm l8li6n/Ln] cfly{s P]g, @)%$ df Joj:yf ul/ Psf] k|ltnlAw b/eGbf 36L pTkfbg b]vfPsf] l:kl/6af6 #) o"=kL= zlQmsf] !,))) Pd=Pn= sf] dlb/f pTkfbg u/L ;f] lgsf;L ubf{ k|lt Pn=kL= ln6/ ?= @@%.– n] x'g cfpg] cGtMz'Sn ?= #,%$,)*,*)&.&&, w"dkfg tyf dlb/f b:t"/ ?= !%,&#,&@$.&(, dlb/f lgoGq0f ;]jf b:t"/ ?= !,%&,#&@.$& / laqmL s/ -!,%&,#&@=$&( Pn=kL= ln6/af6 pTkfbg x'g] #) o"=kL= zlQmsf] @,@$,*!&=*@ ln6/ ?:nfg ef]8\sfsf]_ k|ltln6/ ?=@%.(& n] x'g cfpg] ? %*,#*,%!(.– ;d]t hDdf ?= $,@(,&*,$@$.)# ljkIfL sDkgLaf6 cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] bkmf (, cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / laqmLs/ P]g, @)@# adf]lhd c;"npk/ ug{‘kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL Joxf]/f cf}FNofO{ ldlt @)%^.!.* df ;DalGwt sfof{nonfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f u/L k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg lbOPsf] xf] . tf]lsPsf] ;dofalwleq lhDd]jf/ clws[taf6 c;"n u/]sf] jf sfg"gn] tf]s]adf]lhd ;fljs d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefuaf6 36L pTkfbg ;DaGwdf lgb]{zg;d]t lbPsf] gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] Joxf]/f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%^ df ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsf/Ltf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0f u/L b]lvPsf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt lhDd]af/ clws[tnfO{ / n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[tnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] xf] . lgj]bs l8li6n/L k|f=ln=nfO{ o; ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ jf lghaf6 ;kmfO lnO{ k|zf;lgs jf cw{Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ xf]Og . n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cf}NofOPsf a]?h"x¿ c;"npk/ u/L, k|df0f k]z u/L jf lgoldt u/fO{ km5\of}6 u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L lhDd]jf/ clws[t / n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[tsf] xf] . hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln= ;Fu dfly pNn]v u/]cg';f/ /fh:j c;"n ug{ 5"6 ePsf] Joxf]/fdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no nlntk'/ ;xdt eO{ @)^).#.!& df s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;"nL k|lqmof ;'?jft ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf n]vfk/LIf0fn] cf}FNofPsf] Joxf]/f sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . o; ljefusf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL bfloTj ;/sf/L sfof{no / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ / To;/L n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ c;"npk/ ug{‘kg]{ b]lvPsf] /sd c;"n u/L km5{\of}6 ug]{ u/fpg] bfloTj ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] ePsf]n] o; ljefunfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bs hfjnfv]n l8:6Ln/L k|f=ln=sf] cf=j= )%$/)%% sf] cGtMz'Ns s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL kmfOn tyf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o;lxtsf] ;Ssn kmfOn / cf=j= )%$/)%% sf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sof{noaf6 ePsf] n]vf k/LIf0f j]?h' tyf ;Dk/LIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Ssn kmfOn ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.^.& sf] cfb]z . o;df lgj]bs hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln=sf] cf=j= @)%$/)%% sf] dfl;s tyf jflif{s cGtMz'Ns lt/]sf] ljj/0f / k|df0f;lxtsf] ldl;n cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.*.( sf] cfb]z . o;df cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ n] k|lt SjLG6n df]nf;];af6 Go"gtd\ ^% cf]=lk= sf] 3l6df @) ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug{‘kg]{ u/L k|ltnlAw b/ sfod ul/Psf]df lgj]bs pBf]u h:t} cGo s'g s'g pBf]uaf6 ;f] adf]lhd g} k|ltnlAw b/ sfod u/L sfg"gadf]lhd cGtMz'Ns laqmLs/ ;d]t c;"n ul/Psf] 5, 5}g < osLg v'nfO{ hjfkm k7fpg' egL cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefudf n]vL k7fO{ hjfkm cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.%.! sf] cfb]z .

167

o;df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f !% sf] v08 -v_ df lgj]bs ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefu ;d]t ePsf] @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*@% sf] l/6df o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%$.!@.@^ df ePsf] cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf ;Gbe{df ;fGble{s egL pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] / pQm cfb]z k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpmF egL cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 ldlt @)%%.&.@) df o; cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] lgj]bg xfn o; cbfntdf ljrf/ fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvFbf k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL pQm lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] nfu]kl5 dfq} k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ;'g'jfO ug{‘ jf~5gLo x'g] x'Fbf pQm lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] nfu]kl5 ;f]sf] k|ltlnlk;d]t ;fy} /fvL lgodadf]lhd u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!.^ sf] cfb]z . d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)%&.!!.@$ sf] k=;+= !)/@)%&÷)%* r=g+= #*%# sf] kqdf plNnlvt df]nf;];\ l;=Pd=l6 af6/ Nofj k|f=ln= df k/LIf0f ubf{ k|of]uzfnfn] k/LIf0f u/L lbPsf] l/kf]6{ cg';f/ df]nf;];\ v'bf]df lrgLsf] dfq #%=($ k|ltzt gD;{cg';f/ @) ln6/ pTkfbg x'g] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] ;f] k|ltj]bg tyf cfly{s P]g, @)%$ df cGtMz'Ns b/jGbLaf6 l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]un] k|ltSjLG6n df]nf;]:af6 Go"gtd o"=lk=sf] 36Ldf @) ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ eGg] dfkb08 tf]lsPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] k|ltlSjG6n df]nf;]:af6 slt ln6/ l:kl/6 tof/ x'G5 < ;f];DaGwL dfGo k|rng s] 5 < ;f] pknJw x'g ;Sg] eP ;f];d]t !% lbgleq k7fpg' egL kqfrf/ ug]{ . ;fy} dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ c;"n ug{‘kg]{ b]lvPsf] elgPsf] ?= $,@(,&*,$@$.)# /sd c;"n ug{ n]vL cfPkl5 cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] ldlt @)^).@.@! df u/]sf] lg0f{o;DaGwL kmfon lemsfO{ k|:t't d'2f % jif{ gfl3;s]sf] k'/fgf] x'Fbf cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog oyfzL3| ;DkGg u/L lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!).@* sf] cfb]z . o;df ldlt @)^^.!).@* df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf] kmfOn xfn;Dd klg k|fKt ePsf] gb]lvPsf] / k|:t't d'2f k'/fgf] /x]sf] sf/0faf6 pQm kmfOn oyfzL3| vf]hL u/L k7fpg' egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/nfO{ n]vL k7fO{ ldlt @)^&.!.!^ sf] k];L tfl/v tf]sL lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!.( sf] cfb]z . o;df o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).@* df cfb]z x'Fbf d'2f w]/} k'/fgf] ePsf] oyfy{;d]t bzf{O{ dfu ul/Psf] ljj/0f / lg0f{o kmfOn k|fKt gx'Fbf k6s k6s k];Ldf r9]/ klg ;'g'jfO x'g gkfPsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfb]zadf]lhdsf] ljj/0f / kmfOn & lbgleq vf]hL u/L k7fpg', cGoyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd ?=%)).– h/Ljfgf ul/g]5 egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf k|d'vnfO{ n]vL k7fO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!.#) sf] cfb]z . o;df o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).@* df ePsf] cfb]zdf cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] ldlt @)^).@.@! sf] lg0f{o;DaGwL kmfOn lemsfO{ k]z ug{‘ egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cfb]zadf]lhd o; cbfntaf6 k6s k6s kqfrf/ x'Fbf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] r=g+=%&&@, ldlt @)%&.#.#) sf] kqaf6 ;f] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o kmfOn ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf /x]sf] egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOof] . pQm sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{odf cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu -;fljs d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefu;d]t_ j]?h' zfvfsf] ldlt @)^).@.@!, r=g+=@(% af6 n]vL cfPsf] eGg] Joxf]/ f;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).@* df ePsf] cfb]zdf lg0f{o ePsf] elgPsf] ldlt @)^).@.@! sf] lg0f{o kmfOn xfn;Dd klg k|fKt ePsf] gb]lvPsf] / k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o ab/sf] dfu ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df pQm lg0f{o;DaGwL kmfOnaf6 ldlt @)^).@.@! sf] kqfrf/;DaGwL Joxf]/f;d]t cjut x'g] cj:yf b]lvg cfof] . t;y{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/n] o; cbfndf /x]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o kmfOn o; cbfntdf slxn] k|]lift ul/Psf] xf] / s'g zfvfaf6 s;n] a'emL lnPsf] xf] ;f] ;d]tsf] ljj/0f pQm sfof{noaf6 lnO{ d'2f dxfzfvfsf k|d'vnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ oyfzL3| kmfOn vf]hL u/L k|fKt ePkl5 ldl;n ;+nUg /fvL lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.%.@$ sf] cfb]z . o;df k"j{ cfb]zadf]lhdsf] lg0f{o kmfOn k|fKt x'g gcfPsf] x'Fbf ldlt @)^&.%.@$ df ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd pQm kmfOn hxfF5, vf]hL k]z u/fpg] egL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf n]vL k7fO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.*.@ sf] cfb]z . o;df o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!).@* sf] cfb]zadf]lhdsf] hjfkm :ki6?kdf k|fKt x'g cfPsf] b]lvPg . t;y{ of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] & lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ clgjfo{ ?kdf o; cbfntsf] k"j{ cfb]zadf]lhdsf] hjfkm k]z ug{‘, cGoyf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zsf] pNn+3g ePsf]df lsg sf/jfxL x'g' gkg]{ xf] < ;f]sf] hjfkm k]z ug{‘ egL ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu, sf7df8f}+nfO{ n]vL k7fO{ lgodadf]lhd u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@^ sf] cfb]z . 168

o;df cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^&.^.!( sf] kq ;fy k|fKt ePsf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^@.!).@% sf] kqaf6 ljjflbt ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{osf] ;Ssn kmfon pQm sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf] b]lvg] x'Fbf pQm kqsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;fy} /fvL ;f] kqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lg0f{o;lxtsf] ;Ssn} kmfon o; cbfntdf k|:t't ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf n]vL k7fO{ pQm kmfon k|fKt ePkl5 jf hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 cljnDj k]z ug{‘ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.#.!^ sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfOsf l;nl;nfdf lgj]bs tkm{sf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfåo >L ;'zLns'df/ l;Gxf / >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{sf ;fy} clwjQmfx¿ >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf, >L d]3/fh kf]v/]n, >L d's'Gbk|;fb kf}8]n / >L /fhLj l;Gxfn] cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] b]xfo @ b]lv !) ;Dd k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5, To:tf] k|lqmofdfq tf]s]sf] ljifonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ s/ nufpg / h/Ljfgf ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . cGtMz'Ns;DaGwL ljifodf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% g} ;f/jfg sfg"g ePsfn] To;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfOg' kb{5 . lgj]bs pBf]u l: kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u xf]Og, dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u xf] . cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ sf] Joj:yf l:kl/6 pTkfbs pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ ;f] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nufpg ldNb}g . b]xfo ( sf] pQm Joj:yfn] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg];Ddsf] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5, t/ s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g . olb To;nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0fs} clwsf/ lbPsf] dfGg] xf] eg] ;f] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . Ohfhtdf pNn]v ePsf]df dfq ;f]xL b/df s/ nufpg ;lsg] egL ;"o{ 6f]afsf] lj?4 cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] d'2fdf l;4fGt sfod ePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bs pBf]usf] Ohfhtkqdf pTkfbg b/sf] af/]df pNn]v gu/]sf] x'Fbf cg'dflgt pTkfbgdf s/ nufpg ldNb}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 ePsf] n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL s/ c;"n ug{ / b08fTds sf/jfxL ug{ ldNb}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6 ;Dk/LIf0fsf nflu n]lvPsf] 5, To;n] klg s/ c;"nLsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . pTkfbg ePsf] j:t'df dfq cGtMz'Ns nfUg] xf], pTkfbg g} gePsf] cj:yfdf cg'dfgsf e/df cGtMz'Ns nufpg ldNg] xf]Og . k|fljlws k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6 cGtMz'Ns glng] u/L 6'+uf] nflu;s]sf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgaf6 To;nfO{ pN6\ofpg ;lsg] x'Fb}g . pBf]usf] pTkfbg k|lqmofdf cGtMz'Ns lg/LIfssf] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL x'g] x'Fbf pBf]uaf6 sRrf kbfy{sf] cg'kftdf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf /xFb}g . 36L s/ a'emfPsf] eGg] ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] lhsL/ ;d]t g/x]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L u/L cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/ x'g' kb{5 egL ax; ug{‘ e} tbg'?ksf] ax;gf]6 ;d]t k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tsf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] ;"o{ 6f]afsf]sf] d'2fdf /]lS6kmfO8 l:kl/6df k|ltnlAw b/ tf]s]h:t} egL b[i6fGt agfOPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bs pBf]usf] xsdf klg tf]lsPsf] b/adf]lhd s/ c;"nL ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5 . cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f pTkflbt ;fdfgsf cfwf/df x'G5 / of] lg/Gt/ ?kdf rln/xg] k|lqmof ePsfn] pTkfbg x'Fb} hfg] / ;f]xL cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns klg ltb}{ hfg] k|lqmofcGtu{t g} s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf 6'+lu;s]sf] ljifo egL bfjL ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . df]nf;];af6 l:kl/6 pTkfbg x'g] / To;af6 dlb/f aGg] x'Fbf lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ l:kl/6 pTkfbg gug]{ pBf]u egL bfjL ug{ ldNb}g . ;DalGwt lgsfon] ;Dk/LIf0fsf nflu kqfrf/ u/]sf] eGg] dfq cfwf/df :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ lgik|of]lht t'Nofpg ;lsFb}g . h'g lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] xf], ;f] lg0f{odf g} k'g/fj]bgdf hfg hgfp lbg] eGg];d]tsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf :ki6 j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] 5Fbf5Fb} l/6 If]qdf cfpg ldNg] x'Fb}g . s/sf] b/sf ;DaGwdf cfly{s P]gadf]lhd x'g] egL cGtMz'Ns P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] klg s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ljifodf cfly{s P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] clwsf/sf ljifodf g]sfk @)%$, cÍ !@, lg=g+= ^#)*, k[i7 $$ df l;4fGt sfod ePsf] 5, To; cfwf/df klg dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] j]?h' cf}+NofPsf] sfo{ If]qflwsf/ ljxLg 5}g eGg];d]tsf] ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] lyof] . cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg] tfl/v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tyf ljkIfL ;d]t b'j} tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] ax; lhsL/sf ;fy} lgj]bs tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] ax; gf]6 ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L l/6 lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bsn] d"VotM cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ sf] k|fjwfg l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] ;f] k|fjwfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ dlb/f pTkfbs pBf]u;Fu cGtMz'Ns nufpg jf p7fpg gldNg]df To:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] cf}+NofPsf] a]?h'sf cfwf/df /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefun] lgb]{zg lbg] / cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no nlntk'/af6 yk cGtMz'Ns dfu ug]{ sfo{ ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf] / cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ n] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ cGtMz'Ns dfu ug]{ u/L lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ /x]sf] dfGg] xf] eg] To:tf] clwsf/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'Fbf To:tf] k|fjwfg ab/ 3f]lift u/L lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu yk cGtMz'Ns dfu ug]{ ljkIfL lgsfox¿sf] lgb]{zg tyf lg0f{ox¿ ab/ ul/kfpmF eGg] bfjL k|:t't ul/Psf]df ljkIfLdWo]sf] 169

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/sf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf d'Vo ?kdf o; sfof{non] cfly{s P]gåf/f lglb{i7 gD;{eGbf 36L k|ltnlAw b/ b]lvPsf]df sfg"gadf]lhd cGtM z'Ns c;"n ul/Psf] xf], o;af6 ljkIfLsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xsdf s'g} jfwf k'u]sf] 5}g egL k|ltjfb ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt tYo /x]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgx¿sf] lg?k0f ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5M != cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ df d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/ tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g < @= cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] ljifodf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h' cf}+Nofpg ldN5 jf ldNb}g < #= To;/L a]?h' cf}+NofOPsf] cj:yfdf s/ k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cGtMz'Ns nufotsf s/ c;"n ug{ ldNg] x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < @= dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|Zgx¿df k|j]z ug{‘ cl3 tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# / cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08 -(_ df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ug{‘ ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL # sf] v08-(_ df l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]un] k|lt lSjG6n df]nf;];af6 Go"gtd ^% cf]=lk=sf] 36Ldf @) ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg ug{‘kg]{ u/L k|ltnlAw b/ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o; eGbf 36L k|ltnlAw b/ b]lvPdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefuaf6 lgb]{zg ePadf]lhd x'g]5 elgPsf] 5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cfly{s P]gsf] plNnlvt k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] g} d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# n] s/ nufpg] / p7fpg] ljifo sfg"gåf/f lglZrt\ ul/Padf]lhd dfq x'g] u/L s/ lglZrt\ ug]{ ljifonfO{ ljwflosL cwLgsf] ljifo agfPsf] b]lvG5 . No taxation without representation eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+ljwfgsf] plNnlvt k|fjwfgn] ;f/tM ljwflosL k|aGw lagf sfo{sfl/0fLsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{oåf/f s/sf] b/ lglZrt\ ug{ gldNg] eGg] cy{jf]w u/fpF5 . s/ p7fpg] ljifo hgtfsf k|ltlglwåf/f dfq lgSof}{n ul/g' kg]{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ tTsfnLg ljwflosf cyf{t\ ;+;bn] sfg"g agfP/ s/sf] b/ lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg] / sfo{sfl/0fLn] To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yfsf ?kdf a'‰g ;lsG5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] k|:tfjgfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] To;n] :ki6 ?kdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cy{;DaGwL k|:tfjx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ s]xL dx;"n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/ nufpg, nufO{ /fv]sf]nfO{ rfn" /fVg jf x]/km]/ ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ub}{ ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6} pQm P]g ;+;bn] cyf{t\ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] ;+:yfn] agfPsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . cfly{s P]g dx;"n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/ nufpg] ljifo;Fu g} ;DalGwt ePsf] s'/f klg k|:tfjgfaf6} cjut x'G5 . To;}n] cfly{s P]gsf dfWodaf6 lgwf{/0f ePsf dx;"n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# eGbf aflx/ dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . #= cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] bkmf $ n] cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ g]kfn clw/fHoleqsf] dLn jf sf/vfgfdf pTkfbg jf tof/ ePsf dfnj:t' jf kbfy{df c'g;"rL–# adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nufOg] / c;"npk/ ul/g]5 . o;/L P]gsf] bkmf $ n] cg';"rL–# adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"npk/ ug]{ egL :ki6 ?kdf dfu{bz{g u/]sf] / cg';"rL–# cGtu{t v08 -(_ n] df]nf;];af6 l:kl/6 pTkfbg x'g] k|ltnlAw b/ tf]lslbPsf] 5 . pQm k|fjwfgcGtu{t tf]lsPsf] k|ltnlAw b/ klg cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f k|of]hgs} nflu xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . To;/L tf]lsPsf] k|ltnlAw b/eGbf 36L pTkfbg b]vfOPsf] cj:yfdf s] ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . cg';"rL–# sf] v08 -(_ n] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;f] clwsf/ P]gåf/f g} k|bfg ul/Psf] x'Fbf To; clwsf/ cGtu{t cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ klg :jtM cGtlg{xLt /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . P]gn] :ki6 ?kdf k|ltnlAw b/ tf]s]sf] / ;f] eGbf 36L b]vfOPsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] lgb]{zg lbPadf]lhd x'g] egL pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ gePsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ sfg"gdf cfwfl/t b]lvFb}g . P]gsf] cg';"rL– # cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL;Fu ;DalGwt Joj:yf ePsfn] ;f] cGtu{tsf ;a} Joj:yfx¿ cGtMz'Nssf] b/aGbL / To;sf] Joj:yfkg;Fu g} ;DalGwt x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . cfly{s P]gdfkm{t\ cGtMz'Nssf] b/aGbL;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{ cg'dlt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# n] k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ eg] ;+ljwfgk|lts"n egL dfGg ;lsg] x'Fb}g . To:tf] ts{nfO{ cfly{s P]gsf] k|:tfjgfsf ;fy} P]gsf] bkmf $ / cg';"rL–# sf] d"n zLif{s ;d]tn] ;dy{g ub}{g . t;y{ cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL– # sf] v08 -(_ df d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . 170

$= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] ljifodf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h' cf}+Nofpg ldN5 jf ldNb}g < eGg] k|Zg klg p7]sf] 5 . To;tkm{ ljrf/ ug{‘ cl3 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df ul/Psf] dxfn]vf k/LIfs ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ x]g{‘kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . ;+ljwfgsf] efu !# df dxfn]vf k/LIfs;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L wf/f !)) n] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;cg';f/ ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/ttl/sfadf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f x'g]5 . To; cfwf/df x]bf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfs Pp6f ;+j}wflgs c•sf ?kdf /xL ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] clwsf/ p;nfO{ /x]sf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . %= To;sf cltl/Qm n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* df dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ sfof{no, ;+:yf jf lgsfox¿sf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cGo lqmofsnfkx¿sf] Ps Ps u/L jf aLr aLrdf 58\s] u/L jf s]xL k|ltzt dfq k/LIf0f ug]{ u/L n]vfk/LIf0fsf] tl/sf, If]q, / cjlw tf]sL clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f ug{, To;af6 k|fKt ePsf tYox¿ bzf{pg, To;df cfnf]rgf ug{ / k|ltj]bg ug{ ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] / To; qmddf dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsf/Ltf / cf}lrTo ;d]t ljrf/ u/L /fh:j, c? ;d:t cfDbfgL / w/f}6L ;d]tsf] n]vf 7Ls 5 5}g, d"NofÍg ug]{, c;"n tx;Ln ug]{ / n]vf /fVg] tl/sfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf kof{Kt lgodx¿ 5g\ 5}g, eP ltgLx¿sf] kfngf ul/Psf] 5, 5}g eGg];d]tsf s'/fx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . To;sf ;fy} n]vf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ldnfpg / lgoldttf Nofpgsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sfof{no jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ ;do ;dodf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] clwsf/ / To:tf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug{‘ ;DalGwt sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf] st{Jo x'g] Joj:yf klg P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 . ^= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] lgj]bs sDkgLsf ;DaGwdf cf}+NofPsf] a]?h'sf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL– # sf] bkmf ( nfO{ p4[t ub}{ cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] gD;{cg';f/ vkt u/]sf] df]nf;];af6 hDdf %^&%@* ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg x'g'kg]{df l8li6n/Ln] (%#&&=@^ ln6/ l:kl/6 36L pTkfbg b]vfPsf] egL hDdf ?=$,@(,&*$@$.)# c;"npk/ x'g'kg]{ eGg];d]tsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;+ljwfgn] g} dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ cGtu{t n]vf k/LIf0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf q'l6 cf}+Nofpg], a]?h' hgfpg], To:tf] q'l6 ;Rofpg / a]?h' c;"npk/ ug{‘ egL lgb]{zg lbg] ;d]tsf] clwsf/ cGtlg{xLt x'g] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg k|bQ To:tf] clwsf/df ;+s'rg Nofpg] u/L o; cbfntaf6 JofVof x'g ;Sb}g . o; ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 wg~hok|;fb cfrfo{ lj= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg -g]sfk @)%$, cÍ !, k[i7 $$_ df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] ;/sf/L cfo Joosf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd / clwsf/cGtu{t === /fh:jdf 3f6f k/]sf] xf] jf xf]Og hfFr ug]{ / hfFraf6 clgoldttf b]lvPdf sfg"gadf]lhd c;"n km5{\of}6 tkm{ sf/jfxL u/L u/fO{ lgoldt u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ cglws[t eGg gldNg] eGg] l;4fGt ;d]t sfod e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cy{ dGqfno lj?4 ;"o{ 6f]afsf] sDkgL ePsf] k'g/fjnf]sg lgj]bg -g]sfk @)^^, cÍ (, k[i7 !$)(_ df klg s'g} sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ?kdf /x]sf] dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ ;d]t ;+s'lrt x'g] u/L ug{ gldNg] egL JofVof ePsf] 5 . t;y{ ;+ljwfg / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf] ljifout sfg"g ;d]tn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t /xL dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] a'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Nssf] ljifodf ;d]t n]vf k/LIf0f u/L a]?h' cf}+NofO{ 36L cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ePsf] b]lvPdf afFsL cGtMz'Ns ;d]t c;"npk/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ n]vL k7fpg ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt plNnlvt l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . &= ca, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] clGtd k|Zg cyf{t\ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h' cf}+NofPsf] cj:yfdf s/ k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug{ ldNg] x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] ;flwsf/ lgsfon] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L 6'+uf] nufO;s]sf] ljifodf dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf k/LIf0fsf qmddf a]?h' cf}+Nofpg, To;/L cf}+NofOPsf] a]?h'nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] lgb]{zg lbg / cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g egL bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL clwsf/ / cfly{s P]g, @)%$ n] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/sf ljifodf o; cl3 g} lj:t[t ljj]rgf e};s]sf] x'Fbf To;sf] k'g/f]lQm ug{‘ cfjZos b]lvFb}g . *= hxfF;Dd lgj]bsn] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z dfu u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{osf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;f] lg0f{odf cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL–# sf] v08 -(_ nfO{ p4[t ub}{ hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln=n] cfly{s jif{ @)%$ / )%% df k|ltnlAw b/eGbf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] l:kl/6 n]vf k/LIf0faf6 c;"n ug{‘kg]{ b]lvPsf] ?=$,@(,&*,$@$.– c;"n ug]{ egL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu -;fljs d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefu_ sf] a]?h" zfvfsf] ldlt @)^).@.@! sf] kqaf6 n]vL cfPsf] eGg];d]tsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{odf n]vf k/LIf0faf6 a]?h" 171

b]lvPsf] / cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] c;"n ug]{ egL lgb]{zg lbPsf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t lg0f{ofwf/sf ?kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] ePklg ;f] lg0f{odf cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] k|ltnlAw b/nfO{ g} d'Vo cfwf/ agfO{ cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL– # sf] v08 -(_, cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #, bkmf !@s= ;d]tsf cfwf/df lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;/L lg0f{o ug{;Sg] clwsf/ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nonfO{ /x] ePsf] s'/fdf lgj]bgdf klg k|Zg p7fOPsf] kfO+b}g . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no ljwflosL k|aGwåf/f cyf{t\ cfly{s P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] dx;"n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/ p7fpg], c;"npk/ ug]{ ;flwsf/ lgsfo xf] eGg] s'/fdf To;} klg ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . (= k|:t't lgj]bg cGtMz'Ns c;"nLsf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] ;Gbe{df cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yf dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6 g]kfndf ag]sf] jf k}bf ePsf] s]xL kbfy{x¿df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"n ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy P]g th{‘df ul/Psf] eGg] :ki6 ?kdf b]lvG5 . ;fna;fnL jf s'g} Ps ;fnsf] lgldQ s'g} kbfy{df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] u/L s'g} P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePdf To:tf] cGtMz'Ns of] P]g / o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodadf]lhd c;"npk/ ul/g]5 egL ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] klg cfly{s P]gsf dfWodaf6 cGtMz'Nssf] b/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] / To;/L lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd c;"npk/ u/L sfg"g sfof{Gjog ul/g] sfo{sf] j}wtf :yflkt x'G5 . cGtMz'Ns P]gdf s;}n] cGtMz'Ns bafPdf, l5kfPdf jf 5n]df x'g] ;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL– # sf] v08 -(_ n] :ki6 ?kdf Go"gtd k|ltnlAw b/ tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf To;eGbf km/s 9+un] pTkfbg dfkb08sf] vf]hL ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . sfg"gdf :ki6 dfkb08 pNn]v ePaf6 lgj]bs hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln=n] k|lt lSjG6n df]nf;];af6 slt ln6/ l:kl/6 pTkfbg uof]{n eGg] h:tf tYout cj:yfsf af/]df / pTkfbg 36L jf a9L eof] eGg];d]tsf af/]df tYoleq k|j]z u/L ljrf/ ul//xg' kg]{ b]lvPg . !)= To;}u/L cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( sf] lgod !@ n] c;"n ePsf] cGtMz'Ns b:t"/sf] cÍ nfUg' kg]{ cÍeGbf 36L x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf s] ug]{ eGg] klg :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ s'g} kbfy{sf] ;DaGwdf nfUg] cGtMz'Ns b:t"/ s'g} sf/0faf6 nfUg'kg]{ cÍeGbf 36L c;"npk/ ePsf] eP 5 dlxgfleq ljefun] ;DalGwt sf/vfgfaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5 . t/ sf/vfgfsf] wgLn] ablgotn] ubf{ 36L c;"n x'g uPsf] /x]5 eg] hlxn];'s} ;f] /sd c;"npk/ x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf Ps k6s cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f e} clGtd ePsf] / 5 dlxgf JotLt e};s]kl5 36L c;"n ePsf] egL c;"npk/ ug{ nufpg g;Sg] eGg];d]tsf] lhsL/ lnOPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/ cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( sf] lgod !@ sf] plNnlvt Joj:yfn] 5 dlxgfkl5 36L cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug}{ gkfpg] u/L aGb]h nufPsf] ge} To;/L 36L cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ x'g'df sf] lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 / s] sf/0fn] ubf{ To;f] eof] eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ b'O{yl/ Joj:yf ;Dd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s P]gn] df]nf;];af6 l:kl/6 pTkfbg x'g] k|ltnlAw b/ tf]lslbPsf] / lgj]bs hfjnfv]n l8i6Ln/L df]nf;];af6 l:kl/6 pTkfbg u/L To;af6 dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u ePsfn] tf]lsPsf] k|ltnlAw b/eGbf 36L pTkfbg b]vfO{ ;f]xL cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns a'emfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;DalGwt pBf]usf] sf/0faf6 g} 36L cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . To;/L pBf]u :jo+n] g} sfg"gn] tf]s]eGbf sd pTkfbg b]vfO{ sd cGtMz'Ns a'emfPsf] cj:yfdf 5 dlxgfsf] ;do ;Ldf nufO{ To;eGbf kl5 cGtMz'Ns c;"nL ug}{ gkfOg] egL JofVof ug{ ldNg] klg b]lvFb}g . j:t'tM lgod !@ df sf/vfgfsf] wgLn] alb\gotn] ubf{ 36L c;"n x'g uPsf] /x]5 eg] hlxn];'s} ;f] /sd c;"npk/ x'g;Sg] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf xbDofbsf] k|Zgsf] ;fGble{stf g} b]lvFbg} . !!= ctM ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd /fh:jnufotsf ;d:t cfDbfgL / w/f}6L ;d]tsf] n]vfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ / c;"n txl;n ug]{, ug{ nufpg] ;d]tsf] clwsf/ dxfn]vf k/LIfsdf lgxLt /x]sf] / cfly{s P]g, @)%$ n] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ ;d]t lglZrt\ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;f]xL clwsf/cGtu{t lbOPsf] lgb]{zg / sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] b/eGbf 36L cGtMz'Ns c;"n ePsf] cj:yfdf To;/L tfn's lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ePsf lgb]{zg ;d]tnfO{ lg0f{ofwf/ agfO{ cfly{s P]g, cGtMz'Ns P]g / cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿ ;d]tsf cfwf/df hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln=af6 36L ePhlt cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug]{ / h/Ljfgf ;d]t ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o dgfl;j g} b]lvof] . !@= o; afx]s k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ;DaGwL k|Zg klg p7]sf] 5 . ljkIfL lgsfox¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm / ljkIfLtkm{af6 ax; k|:t't ug{‘ x'g] ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; lhsL/df klg ;f] k|Zg p7fOPsf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf !# df o; P]gadf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]5 egL :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] / cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{osf] tk;Ln v08 g+= # df klg of] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bgdf hfg ;Sg] hgfp lbg] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf pQm lg0f{opk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] g} lyof] . t/ lgj]bs hfjnfv]n l8li6n/Lsf tkm{af6 ;f] dfu{ cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvof] . k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfgsf] 172

wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] ;d]tsf] k|Zg p7fOPsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;f] k|Zgsf] xb;Dd j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg gldNg] eP klg pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{tsf] k|Zgdf ;f] ljifo klg ljj]rgfof]Uo aGb5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** sf] pQm pkwf/f -@_ n] :ki6 ?kdf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cfslif{t x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf], oL lgj]bsnfO{ sfg"g / ;DalGwt lg0f{o ;d]taf6 pkrf/sf] dfu{ v'nfOPsf] / ;f] dfu{ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg eGg] klg gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf sfg"g / lg0f{odf pNn]v ePadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg gu/L ;Lw} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{taf6 pkrf/sf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] cfwf/df klg lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] b]lvFbg} . !#= t;y{ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf cfwf/df cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL– # sf] v08 -(_ df d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefunfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bs hfjnfv]n l8li6n/L k|f=ln=af6 yk cGtMz'Ns ;d]tsf] /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/sf] ldlt @)^).#.!& sf] lg0f{o ;d]t sfg"gcg'¿k e} dgfl;j g} b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo Gof=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn d+l;/ @@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\======================= Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

173

;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]kfn k/fh'nL dfggLo GofofwLz >L cf]d k|sfz ld> km};nf ldlt M @)&@.#!# )&)CI)%@# d'2f M pTk|]if0fo'Qm ldl>t k/dfb]z cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/Lsf tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bs k|d'v s/ clws[t t'n;L/fd ;]9fO{============================================================ljkIfL lj?2 lhNnf ;'g;/L ;f]gfk'/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++=@ l:yt Plzog yfO{ km"8\; k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6 P]=sfof{nosf clwsf/ k|fKt ;+rfns P]=j8f g+=( uf]wf/f /f]8 j:g]================================================== k|ToyL{ dx]z s'df/ hfg"===================================================================================! lgj]bs z'? km};nf ug]{ M dfggLo GofofwLz M >L lzj gf/fo0f ofbj dfggLo GofofwLz M >L /]jGt axfb'/ s'Fj/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ km};nf ldlt M @)^(.!@.% Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf ( pkbkmf ! sf] v08 –s_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M Plzog yfO{ km"8\; k|f=ln=n] lhNnf ;'g;/L ;f]gfk'/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ df rfprfp pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u vf]nL ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cf=j=@)^$.)^% b]lv rfprfpdf cGtMz'Ns nfuL cfPsf]n] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] qmddf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] sf/f]jf/sf] ljj/0f k]z u/L n]vf cBfjlws u/L /fv]s]f 5 . ;f] cjlw kZrft\ x/]s dlxgfsf] ljj/0f k]z ubf{ ljhs hf/L u/L cGtMz'Ns p7fpg]] u/]sf] 5 . pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ sRrf kbfy{ dWo] /\ofk;{ h:tf] sRrf kbfy{df cf=j=@)^^.)^& b]lv cGtMz'Ns nfu]sf]n] ;f] xb;Dd lt/]sf] cGtMz'NsnfO{ pk/f]Qm cfjlws ljj/0f g} s6\6L u/L ;dfof]hg u/L cfPsf 5f}+ . ldlt @)^*.!@.@# r=g+=#!@ sf] kqaf6 ljkIfL sfof{non] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ egL kq k7fPsf] / k|df0f ;lxt lhsL/ v08g k]z u/]sf]df ljkIfL sfof{non] nfUb} gnfUg] cGtMz'Ns dfu u/L clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfz+sf ;[hgf eof] . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgsf] r=g+=### ldlt @)%(.%.!% sf] kqaf6 cf=j=@)^*.)^( cGtMz'Ns ljj/0fx¿ kl/If0f x'+bf /sd c;'Ng 5'6 x'g uPsf] x'+bf of] kq k|fKt ePsf ldltn] & lbg leq /sd /fHf:jdf bflvnf ug'{x'g jf ;f] ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} 7f]; ;j't k|df0f eP ;f] ;d]t ;f]xL cjlwdf k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kq k7fO{ cGtMz'Ns bflvnf x'g'kg]{ ?=!^$#@). b]vfO{ kq k|fKt eof] pQm kqsf] cfwf/df o; s/bftfn] cGtMz'Ns ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ jfWotf 5}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf #s-#_ df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ vkt ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lg:sf;g ubf{ ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . t/ of] Joj:yf Koflsª d]6]l/ on vl/bdf cfsif{0f x'g] b]lvb}g . cf=j=@)^*.)^( df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] vl/bdf lt/]sf] ?= @(,*),#(%. / cGtMz'Ns nfUg] k}7f/Ldf lt/]s]f ?=!,#@,(!,!*!. ;d]t hDdf ?=!,^@,&!,%&^. vl/b lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns qm]l86 bfjL u/L lx;fa ldnfg u/]sf] 5 . ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 sRrf kbfy{ / k}lsªu ;fdfg egL 5'6\ofO{ /\ofk;{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6L gug]{ / s/ hl/jfgf ;d]t ltg'{ j'emfpg' kg]{ lg0f{o u/L ldlt @)^(.%.!% r=g+=### sf] kq sfg"g ljkl/t /x]sf] 5 . s'g} s/ sfg"gsf] clVtof/L ljgf nufOg] jf cz'n ul/g] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s=-$_ adf]lhd /\ofk;{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf r=g+=### ldlt @)^(.%.!% sf] kq pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'ªuf] gnfu];Dd lgj]bssf] dfudf cf=j=@)^*.)^( sf] /\ofk;{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns k'gMdfu gug'{ To:tf] dfu ug]{ u/L cfb]z hf/L gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;lxt /\ofk;{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg bfjL . o;df lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z x'g kg]{ xf] xf]Og< cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] eGg] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ lnlvt k|df0f ;d]t ;fy} /fvL af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ 174

tyf cGtl/d cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf b'j} kIf /fvL 5nkmn ug'{ pko'Qm b]lv+bf ldlt @)^(.^.! ut] 5nkmnsf nfuL tf/]v tf]Sg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^(.%.@% sf] cfb]z . sfg"gsf] cefjdf kl/kqaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ s] xf] < k|i6 e} g;s]sf] ;fljsdf ltb}{ cfPsf] s/ eGbf a9L s/sf bfloTj ;[hgf ePkl5 To;sf sfg'gL cfwf/ ;d]t k|i6 kf/L s/bftfnfO{ ;"rgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljefudf hf/L ePsf] kl/kqsf] k"0f{kf7 xfn k]z e} g;s]s]f / s'g sfg"gn] /\oflkª sRrf kbfy{ leq kb}{g egL ;fljs eGbf leGg yk s/sf] bfloTj ;[hgf u/]sf] xf] < ;f] sf] cfwf/nfO{ klg ljkIfLn] k|i6 kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;flassf] eGbf a9L ltg'{ kg]{ s/ g} ljjflbt ePkl5 To:tf] cj:yfdf ;'ljwf / ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0fn] oL lgj]bsnfO{ /\oflkªudf yk s/ nufpg] egL u/]sf] kl/kq oL lgj]bssf] xsdf;Dd xfn sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL k'g/fj]]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL,@)$* sf] lgod ## s adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLnfO{ lbg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^(.^.! sf] cfb]z . dxfn]vf kl/Ifsaf6 cf}+NofOPsf a]?h'x¿sf ;DjGwdf sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k|f/lDes k|ltlqmof tof/ kfg{ k|df0fx¿ ;+sng ug]{ ;DjGwdf s/bftfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ pQm a]?h'sf] Joxf]/f / /sd pNn]v u/L kq k7fOPsf] xf] . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]h:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ efu ul/Psf] xf]Og . pBf]udf pTkfbg x'g] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbfy{, OGwg Koflsªu d]6]l/on cfbL w]/} j:t'x¿ k|of]udf cfp+5g . sRrf kbfy{ / /\ofk;{ cyjf Koflsªu d]6]l/on cnu cnu j:t' x'g . cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf #s=sf] # df :ki6 ?kdf sRrf kbfy{sf] vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ kfOg] pNn]v 5 t/ pBf]udf j:t' pTkfbg ug{ nfUg] ;a} k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ sRrf kbfy{ g} x'g / lo ;j}df lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt gx'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cGtMz'Ns sfof{no w/fg / P]=sf k|d'v s/ clws[[tsf] lnlvt hjfkm . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgsf] k=;+=@)^(.)&) r=g+=### ldlt @)^(.%.!% df Plzog yfO{ km'8\; k|f=ln= lj/f6gu/ nfO{ n]v]sf] kq cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s-#_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'?k gePsf] b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5, ca lgj]bsn] sRrf kbfy{ -/\ofk;{_ df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisf;g ubf{ ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf sfg"g adf]lhd s6\6f ug'{ egL ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/Lsf gfp+df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ldlt @)^(.!@.% sf] k'g/fj]bg cbnt lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] km};nf . ljkIfL lgj]bs Plzog yfO{ km"8\; k|f=ln=n] o; sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] cf=j= @)^*.)^( sf] cGtMz'Nssf ljj/0fx¿ dxfn]vf k/LIfs sfof{noaf6 n]vf kl/If0f x'+bf cf}+NofOPsf j]?h'x¿sf ;DjGwdf sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k|f/lDes k|lts[of ug{ k|df0fx¿ ;+sng ug]{ ;Gbe{df s/bftfnfO{ cfk\mgf k|df0fx¿ ;lxt :ki6 ug{ pQm a]?h'sf] Joxf]/f Pj+ /sdx¿ pNn]v u/L ldlt @)^(.%.!% r=g+=### af6 k|df0f k]; ug{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df s/bftfn] cfk\mgf k|df0fx¿ tyf k|ltlqmofx¿ ;+nUg u/L o; sfof{nodf ldlt @)^(.%.@$ df b=g+=!$^& af6 hjfkm kq ;d]t btf{ u/fPsf] cj:yf 5 . ljkIfL s/bftfsf] ;DaGwdf kl/kqsf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . hxfF;Dd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] kl/kqsf cfwf/df cfGtl/sf /fh:j sfof{no w/fgaf6 n]v]sf] kqdf clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ 5, ;f] ;DjGwdf x]bf{ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s sf] pkbkmf # df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ vkt ePsf] sRrfkbfy{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisf;g ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg] eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . o; cg';f/ sRrf kbfy{sf] -h'g j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ xf] ;f] j:t'sf] sRrf kbfy{_ vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns dfq s6\6f ug{ kfOg] x'G5 . ;f] afx]s Koflsªu d]6]l/oN; pTkflbt j:t'sf] sRrf kbfy{ gePsf]n] Koflsªu d]6]l/oN;sf] vl/bdf lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns s6\6L ug{ gkfOg] :ki6 5 . hxfF;Dd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] kl/kqsf cfwf/df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgaf6 n]v]sf] kqdf clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ 5, ;f] ;DjGwdf x]bf{ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s sf] pkbkmf # df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ vkt ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisf;g ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg] eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . o; cg';f/ sRrf kbfy{sf] -h'gj:t' pTkfbg ug]{ xf] ;f] j:t'sf] sRrf kbfy{_ vl/bdf lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns dfq s6\6f ug{ kfOg] x'G5 . ;f] afx]s Koflsªu d]6]l/on pTkflbt j:t'sf] sRrf kbfy{ gePsf]n] Koflsªu d]6]l/oN;sf] vl/bdf lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ gkfOg] :ki6 5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s=-#_ n] cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ sRrf kbfy{ cfoft jf vl/b ubf{ lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' laqmL ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . pBf]uaf6 tof/ j:t' pTkfbg x'g sRrf kbfy{ ;xfos sRrf kbfy{, OGwg, Koflsªu d]6]l/on cfbL w]/} k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ k|of]udf cfpg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . tyfkL oL ;a} j:t'x¿ pBf]usf sRrf kbfy{x¿ g} x'g\ egL Ps} k|sf/n] JofVof ul/g' pko'Qm x'+b}g . pBf]ux¿n] cfk\mgf] jflif{s ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t sRrf kbfy{ OGwg Koflsªu d]6]l/on cfbLsf] z'? 175

df}Hbft vl/b vkt Pjd\ afFsL df}Hbft;DaGwL ljj/0fdf cnu cnu k|:t't ug]{ ul/Psf]af6 ;d]t sRrf kbfy{ / Koflsªu d]6]l/on cnu cnu j:t'x¿ x'g eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . lrgL pBf]usf nfuL pv' tyf af]/f b'j} sRrf kbfy{ x'g ;Sb}g . pv' sRrf kbfy{ xf] eg] af]/f Koflsªu d]6]l/on xf] . To:t} l;d]G6 pBf]usf nfuL lS+ns/ lhK;d cfbL sRrf kbfy{ x'g\ eg] af]/f Koflsªu d]6]l/on xf] . pBf]usf] pTkfbg k|s[ofcg';f/ ;d]t kxLNf] tof/L j:t' pTkfbg ul/G5, To;kl5 Koflsªu ul/G5 . Koflsªu ug]{ sfo{ j:t' pTkfbg e};s]kl5 ul/g] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{ xf] . j:t' pTkfbg ug{ sRrf kbfy{ vkt x'G5 eg] pTkflbt j:t' Koflsªu ug{ Koflsªu d]6]l/on vkt x'G5 . o;/L sRrf kbfy{ / Koflsªu d]6]l/on j:t' cnu cnu x'g\ eGg] :ki6 x'+bfx+b} klg rfprfp pTkfbg ug{ Koflsªudf k|of]u x'g] /\ofk;{ cGtMz'Ns P]g @)%* sf] bkmf #s-#_ adf]ldd sRrf kbfy{ leq gkg]{ eGg] ;d]t cfwf/ lnO{ ePsf] pQm cfb]z ulDe/ q'6lk"0f{ eO{ ab/efuL 5 eGg] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/Lsf] k'g/fj]bgkq . lgod adf]lhd Ohnf; ;dIf lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s sf cfwf/df sRrf kbfy{ dWo]sf /\ofk;{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6fO{ lnPsf] xfn cfP/ sRrfkbfy{ / Koflsªu ;fdfgnfO{ cnu cnu kl/efiff ug{ vf]lhPsf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . /\ofk;{nfO{ sRrf kbfy{af6 5'6\ofO{ To;df ;fljsdf s/ s6\6L ;'ljwf lnPsf] /sd c;'n ug]{ / cGoflos tj/n] hl/jfgf z'Ns, Jofh cfbL klg bfjL u/L c;"n ug]{ sfo{n] cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf #s-$_ cfbL ;d]tsf] dd{ dg;fo Pj+ sfg"gsf l;4fGtx¿ ;d]tsf] q'6L x'g u} gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf * åf/f k|bQ ;+/If0f tyf bkmf ( åf/f ;+/lIft xsdf ;d]t xgg\ x'g] b]lvPsf]n] sRrf kbfy{ /\ofk;{sf] vl/bsf cj:yfdf lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf #s-#_ adf]lhd s66\L ;'ljwf lnPsf] cGtMz'Ns k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf c;"n ug]{ kxn sfd sf/jfxL lg0f{o jf cfb]z gug'{ gu/fpg' cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s,$ df /\ofk;{df lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns s6\6f x'g] sfg"g Joj:yf ePsf] x'+bf ldlt @)^(.%.!% sf] r=g+=### k=;=)^(.)&) sf] kqåf/f dfu ul/Psf] pQm cGtMz'Ns /sd lgj]bs pBf]un] ltg'{ j'emfpg' kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf g/x]sf] x'+bf pQm ldlt @)^(.%.!% sf] r=g+=### k=;=)^(.)&) sf] kqåf/f dfu ul/Psf] pQm cGtMz'Ns /sd Jofh hl/jfgf dfu gug'{ gu/fpg' dfu ul/Psf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s-#_ adf]lhd /\ofk;{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisfzg ubf{ ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ lbg' egL k/dfb]z hf/ u/L kfpg k|:t't lgj]bg dfu bfjL u/]sf] kfOof] . dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf]] sfof{nosf] n]vf kl/If0f 6f]lnaf6 n]vf kl/If0f x'+bf cf}+NofOPsf a]?h'sf ;DjGwdf sfof{nosf tkm{af6 k|f/lDes k|ltlqmof tof/ ug{ k|df0fx¿ ;+sng ug]{ ;Gbe{df s/bftfnfO{ cfk\mgf k|df0fx¿ :ki6 ug{ r=g+=### sf] kq n]lvPsf] xf] . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s-#_ n] cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ sRrf kbfy{ cfoft jf vl/b ubf{ lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' ljqmL ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . of] pBf]un] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{ vl/b u/L vkt ul/g] sRrf kbfy{ df ltl/;s]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ lbOPsf] ;'ljwf xf] . Koflsª ug]{ sfo{ j:t' pTkfbg e};s]kl5 ul/g] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{ xf] . j:t' pTkfbg ug{ sRrf kbfy{ vkt x'G5 eg] pTkflbt j:t' Koflsª ug{ Koflsª d]6]l/on vkt x'G5 . sRrf kbfy{ / Koflsª d]6]l/on cnu cnu j:t'x¿ x'g . sRrf kbfy{sf] vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf ljjfb} 5}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf #s=sf] # df :ki6 ?kdf sRrf kbfy{sf] vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ kfOg] pNn]g 5 . lgj]bsn] P]gsf] unt JofVof u/L ;a}df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ kfpg' k5{ egL lgj]bsn] lnPsf] lhls/ jb/ efuL5, eGg] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvof] . k|:t't lgj]bgdf cGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgsf] k=;=@)^(.)&) r=g+=### ldlt @)^(.%.!% df Plzog yfO{ km'8\; k|f=ln= lj/f6gu/nfO{ n]v]s]f kq cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s=-#_sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'?k gePsf] b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf 8-@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca lgj]bsn] sRrf kbfy{ -/\ofk_ df lt/]sf cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisfzg ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf sfg"g adf]lhd s6\6f ug'{ egL ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/Lsf] gfp+df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/fO{ ldlt @)^(.!@.% df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] cfb]z pk/ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg lhls/df cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf #s=-#_n] cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ sRrf kbfy{ cfoft jf vl/b ubf{ lt/]sf] cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pBf]udf k|of]u x'g] ;a} j:t'x¿ pBf]usf sRrf kbfy{x¿ g} x'g\ egL Ps} k|sf/n] JofVof ul/g' pko'Qm x'+b}g . pBf]ux¿n] cfk\mgf] jflif{s ljQLo n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t sRrf kbfy{ OGwg Koflsª d]6]l/oN; cfbLsf] z'? df}Hbft vl/b vkt Pj+ afFsL df}Hbft;DaGwL ljj/0fdf cnu cnu k|:t't ug]{ ul/Psf]af6 ;d]t sRrf kbfy{ / Koflsª d]6]l/onn cnu cnu j:t' x'g\ eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . pBf]usf] pTkfbg k|lqmof cg';f/ ;d]t klxn] tof/ j:t' pTkflbt ul/G5 . To;kl5 Koflsª ul/G5 . Koflsª ug]{ sfo{ j:t' pTkfbg e};s]kl5 ul/g] bf;|f] r/0fsf] sfo{ xf] . j:t' pTkfbg ug{ sRrf kbfy{ vkt x'G5 eg] pTkflbt j:t' Koflsª ug{ Koflsª d]6]l/on vkt x'g] x'+bf rfprfp pTkfbg ug{ Koflsªdf k|of]u x'g] /\ofk/ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s=-#_ 176

adf]lhd sRrf kbfy{ leq kg]{ egL ePsf] cfb]z ldn]g . sRrf kbfy{sf] -h'g j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ xf] ;f] j:t'sf] sRrf kbfy{ vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns dfq s6\6f ug{ kfOg] x'G5 . ;f] afx]s Koflsª d]6]l/oN; pTkflbt j:t'sf] sRrf kbfy{ gePsf]n] Koflsª d]6]l/oN;sf] vl/bdf lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ gkfOg] :ki6 5 egL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/Ln] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ ljjfbsf] s]Gb| ljGb' cyf{t rfprfpsf] Koflsª d]6]l/oN; srf kbfy{ xf] of xf]Og < tyf Koflsª d]6]l/oN;df sDkgLn] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ kfpg' kg]{ xf] sL xf]Og eGg] ;Gbe{df lg?k0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . ;j{k|ydtM Koflsª d]6]l/oN; s] xf] egL x]g'{ kg]{ b]lvof] . Raw Materials sf] k|of]u pTkfbg s} nfuL x'g] s'/fdf b'Odt x'g ;Sb}g . sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbgsf d'Vo cjoj x'g . pTkfbgnfO{ clGtddf tof/L cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|L sRrf kbfy{ x'g\ . pTkfbgsf] k|s[ofsf] cGTo Final Product af6dfq x'g] x'+bf pTkfbg k|s[ofdf cfjZos kg]{ kbfy{nfO{ sRrf kbfy{ s} sf]6Ldf /fVg' plrt x'g] b]lvG5 . tL kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]u ljleGg r/0f tyf cj:yfx¿df ePklg ltgLx¿ pTkfbgs} cjoj x'g\ . t;y{ Koflsª d]6]l/oN; sRrf kbfy{ tyf clGtd pTkfbgsf cjoj x'g} ;Sb}g eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . rfprfp pTkfbgdf Koflsª d]6]l/oN; ljgf rfprfp pTkfbg ck"0f{ eO{ o;sf] cl:tTj sfod g/xg] eO{ Koflsª d]6]l/oN; rfprfpsf] Integral cjojsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . cGtMz'Ns P]gdf k|o'Qm bkmf #s=-#_ df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j: t' pTkfbg ubf{ vkt ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisfzg ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg]5 . t/ :jo+ lgisfzg k|0ffnL nfu" x'g] pBf]un] sRrf kbfy{ vl/b jf cfot ubf{ lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' laqmL ubf{ ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} cGtMz'Ns P]gsf] bkmf #s=-$_ df Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nfuL cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] vl/bdf jf k}7f/Ldf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns To:tf] j:t' jf ;]jf laqmL ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfOg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ cGtMz'Ns P]gsf] bkmf #s=-#_ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug{ kfpg] sRrf kbfy{af6 Koflsª d]6]l/oN;nfO{ cnu ug{ ;lsg] b]lvb}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-k_ df pBf]un] cfk\mgf] pTkfbg jf pTkfbgdf k|of]u u/]sf] Koflsª d]6]l/ oN; sRrf kbfy{ ;xfos sRrf kbfy{ cfbLdf lt/]sf] eG;f/, laqmLs/, cGtMz'Ns tyf lk|ldod lgisf;g u/]sf] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbOg] 5 . To;/L lkmtf{ x'g] /fh:j lkmtf{ kfpg /Ltk"j{s b/vf:t lbPsf] ;f7L lbg leq lgsf;Lstf{nfO{ lkmtf{ lbOg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ pBf]uåf/f s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbg u/L To;nfO{ laqmL of]Uo jgfpgsf nfUfL k|of]u ePsf Koflsª d]6]l/oN;df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns kl/df0fsf] cfwf/ df lkmtf{ lbOg] Joj:yf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf /x]sf] b]]lv+bf Koflsª d]6]l/oN;df cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{;DjGwL Joj:yfnfO{ xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] cjnDag u/]]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns P]gdf sRrf kbfy{sf] kl/efiff gu/] klg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf k|o'Qm Joj:yfaf6 ;d]t x]bf{ cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{ kfpg]df z+sf /x]g . o;/L sfg"gdf pNn]lvt s'/fsf] JofVofsf] k|Zg p7fO{ P]gsf] dg;fo ljk/Lt sDkgLnO{ kl/kq u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] cGtMz[‘Ns s6\6f ug{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . gf/fo0fL b]jL kGt lj?4 dfnkf]t sfof{no ;'v]{t lj/]Gb|gu/ ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf -g]=sf=k=@)%) lg=g+ $&&& k[i7 $*(_ df sfg"gL k|fjwfg /xFbf /x+b} sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf x'g] u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n] u/]]sf lg0f{o / dfnkf]t ljefusf] kl/kqn] sfg"gL ?k wf/0f ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] l;4fGt ;d]t kl/kqn] dfGotf kfpg ;Sg] gb]lv+bf k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s--#_ df ePsf] Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgsf] k=;= @)^(.)&) r=g=### ldlt @)^(.%.!% df Plzog yfO{ km'8\; k|f=ln= lj/f6gu/nfO{ n]v]sf] kq cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #s-#_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'?k gb]lv+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L lgj]bsn] sRrf kbfy{ /\ofk/df lt/]sf cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisf;g ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf sfg"g adf]lhd s6\6L ug'{ egL ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg ;'g;/Lsf gfp+df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/\ofO{ u/]sf] km};nfnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsPg . t;y{ dfyL ljj]lrt cfwf/ Pj+ sf/0fx¿af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)^(.!@.% df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/L sf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ ug'{ . Gofoflwz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t M /fd k|;fb kf}8]n sDKo'6/ 6fO{k ug]{ M ljb'ifL /fodfemL Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn c;f/ !# ut] /f]h ! z'ed\====================================.

177

178

d''No clea[lb s/;+u ;DalGwt l/6

179

180

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf:f dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L ldg axfb'/ /fodfemL ;Djt\ @)%^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=====#&!( cfb]z ldlt M @)%(.$.!$.# ljifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z lgj]bs M– sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!! a:g] clwjQmf ;/f]h >]i7 ;d]t lj?4 k|ToyL{ M– g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg,s]lGb|o sfo{fno,sf7df08f} ;d]t . k|ltkflbt glh/÷l;4fGt Ø d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ df jl0f{t k|s[ltsf] hl/jfgf afx]s l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] ltg'{kg]{ g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, lgod jf ljlgodfjnL jdf]lhdsf] hl/jfgfx¿ d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] hl/jfgf eGg gldNg] . Ø d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ n] lglb{i6 u/] afx]s cGo hl/jfgf /sddf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] u/]s]f sfo{ sfg"g cg'?ksf] b]lvg gcfpg] . cfb]z Gof=s]bf/gfy pkfWofo M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f @#.**-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M @= xfdL lgj]bsx¿ Gf]kfnsf gful/s x'gfsf ;fy} b]z / ;dfh k|lt lhDd]jf/ sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ xf}+ . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf JoQm ePsf] sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg'{ xfdL cfkm\gf] st{Jo 7fGb5f}+ . k|:t't ljifo ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb x'g'sf ;fy} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ ljifo ;d]t ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf ljkl/t Pj+ sfg"gnfO{ unt cy{ nufO{ bf]ifk"0f{ cEof; ug{ af6 /f]Sg ;Rofpg / u}/ ;+j}wflgs lg0f{o jb/ u/fpg cGo pko'Qm Pj+ k|efjsf/L sfg"gL pkrf/sf] jf6f] gePsf]n] tt\ ;DjGwL pkrf/sf] nfuL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t of] lgj]bg lnO{ ;Ddflgt cbfnt ;dIf pkl:yt ePsf 5f}+ . cfhsf] ljZjdf b'/;+rf/sf] dxTj lbg k|ltlbg j9\b} hfg'sf ;fy} ljZj ;f3'l/b} uPsf] 5 . b'/;+rf/sf] cefjdf cfhsf] ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsb}g . Jofkf/ jfl0fHo / cWoog cg';Gwfgdf ;d]t ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 6]lnkmf]g, km\ofS;, df]jfO{n kmf]g, O{–d]n / OG6/g]6h:tf k|ljlwx¿sf] pkof]u xfdLsxf+ ;/sf/L sfof{no, c8\8f cbfnt, ;/sf/L jf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf ,sDkgL,pBf]u Joj;fo / JolQmx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf] 5g . @)%^ ;fn sflt{s dlxgf ;Dddf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ^% lhNnfsf] !!$ :yfgdf !!( 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]Gh4f/f @#$^^* 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f u/L b'/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] pkof]u e} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf !#! d'n's;+u cfO{=P;=8L=;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt 5 . ldlt @)%^.(.@$ / @% ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg s]lGb|o sfof{no cy{ ljefu, eb|sfnL sf7df08f}n] d"No clej[l4 s/ ;DjGwL ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-!_ / -@_ cg';f/ dxz'n c;'n ubf{ hl/jfgf ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ c;"n ug]{ eGg] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] kq k|fKt ePsf]n] ;j} pkef]Qmf dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] nfuL of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . olx @)%^ df3 ! ut] b]lv b'/;+rf/ dx;'n e'QmfgL ubf{ hl/jfgf nflu ;s]sf] eP hl/jfgfdf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ -VAT_ nfUg] x'+bf ;dodf b'/;+rf/ dx;'n e'QmfgL ug{ x'g ;d:t pkef]Qmf dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'+bf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !^ cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] df}lns xs x'+bf ;f] ;DjGwdf d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] u/]sf] kqfrf/sf] ;fy} To; ;+:yfgaf6 ;f] ;DjGwdf eP u/]s]f lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk kfp+ egL lgj]bs dWo]sf d ;/f]h >]i7n] dfu ubf{ @.# lbg kl5 ;Dks{ /fVg' eGg] hfgsf/L lbOof] . To;kl5 ;f] Joxf]/f v'nfO{ ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefu,sf7df08f}+df o; ;DjGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{osf ;fy} pQm ljefuaf6 o; ;DjGwdf g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, s]lGb|o sfof{nodf k7fOPsf] kq ;d]tsf] k|ltlnlk kfp+ egL lgj]bg lbO{ :jd\ pkl:yt eO{ k|ltlnkL dfu u/]sf]df ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf ;+j4 clwsf/Ln] df}lvs ?kdf ;f] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ljkIfL g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] hf/L u/]sf] x'+bf ;f] ;DjGwdf b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgdf g} ;Dks{ /fVg' eGg] hjfkm k|fKt eof] .

181

@)%^.(.@( sf lbg k|ltlnlk yfg ^ b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgaf6 k|fKt eof] . ldlt @)%^.#.* sf] r=g+=#*!#sf] ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{non] ljkIfL g]=b'=;+=;+=nfO{ u/]sf] kqfrf/ cg';f/ ljkIfL ;+:yfgn] u|fxsx¿af6 c;"n ug]{ b'/;+rf/ ;]jf jfktsf] /sd tf]lsPsf] ;dodf bfv]nf gu/L hl/jfgf ;lxt c;"n ubf{ ;f] hl/jfgf ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] d"Nodf g} d"No clej[4 s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ elg cg'/f]w u/]sf] /x]5 . ldlt @)%^.$.!( sf] k=;+=Eof6 )%%.)%^ r=g+=!&! sf] ljkIfL g]=b'=;+=;+=Eof6 ljefu zfvfn] ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] r=g+ #*!# ldlt @)%^.#.* sf] kqsf] hjfkmdf d'=c=s/ ljefusf] r=g+=@$*& ldlt @)%$.!).* sf] kqfg';f/ ;+:yfgn] 6lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ljn /sddf ;]jf b:t'/ !) k|ltzt yk ul/ x'g] /sd dfq !) k|ltzt d"No clej[l4 s/ lnO cfPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w u/fp+b} @)%$ dfu{ ! ut] b]lv nfu' x'g] ePf;] Eof6df xfn;Sd hl/jfgf ;dfj]z u/L Eof6 lnOPsf] 5}g . hl/jfgfnfO{ klg Eof6df ;dfj]z ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g u|fxsx¿nfO{ d'=c=d/ P]g,lgodsf] k|fjwfg ;d]t /flv ;fj{hlgs u/fO{ nfu' ug'{ kg]{ x'+bf s'g P]g tyf lgod adf]lhd ;"rgf ug'{kg]{ xf],;f] sf] hfgsf/L lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub}{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] /x]5 . ldlt @)%^.%.!^ sf] r=g+=#%( sf] ljkIf d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nn] ljkIfL g]=b'=;+=;+=sf] k=;+ Eof6 )%%.)%^ r=g+=!&!.^@^ sf] kqsf] ;DjGwdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-@_ cg';f/ b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] u|fxsaf6 c;'nug]{ ;]jf jfktsf] /sd tf]lsPsf] ;dodf bflvnf gu/] hl/jfgf ;lxt c;'n ubf{ hl/jfgf ;d]t c;'n ePsf] d"Nodf g} d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ elg kqfrf/ ePsf] /x]5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-!_ n] s/ nfUg] d"Nosf] jf/]df :ki6 u/]sf] eGb} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf # sf] v08 s / bkmf @ sf] v08 h cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ug'{kg]{ Joxf]/fsf] kqfrf/ u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] kqsf] ;DjGwdf ;+:yfgsf] sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ af6 o;df hl/jfgfsf] /sddf d"No clej[l4 s/ lng ;lsg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg gb]lvPsf],hl/jfgf ltg]{ Pj+ ;+:yfgn] hl/jfgfsf] /sd s/ ljj/0fdf ldgfxf ;d]t gkfpg] kl/j]zdf hl/jfgf ltg]{x¿nfO{ kg]{ c;/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L Eof6 gnfUg] lg0f{o u/fO{lbg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 elg kqfrf/ ePsf] /x]5 . cy{ dGqfnodf kqfrf/ x'+bf d'=c=s/ c;"n ubf{ e'QmfgL ePsf] /sddf ul/g] x'gfn] hl/jfgfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ug{ gldNg] egL cy{ dGqfnoaf6 n]vL cfPsf] elg kqfrf/ u/]sf] /x]5 . Eof6 gnfUg] lg0f{o ;DjlGwt dGqfnofaf6 u/fOlbg' eGg] cg'/f]w u/L ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnodf kqfrf/ ubf{ ub}{ ;f] cg'/f]w k|lt s'g} Wofg} glbO{ j]jf:tf u/L cy{ dGqfnon] d"=c=s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !@-@_ sfg"g JofVoftf :jo+ cfkm'nfO{ 7fgL dgu9Gt] JofVof u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-@_ n] s/ afx]s cGo s/ ;d]t d"Nodf ufleg] k|fjwfg u/]sfn] hl/jfgf ljnaf6 /sdnfO{ 5'6\ofpg gldNg] x'+bf d'=c=s/ c;"n ubf{ e'QmfgL ePsf] /sddf ul/g] x'gfn] d'=c=s/ gnfUg] Joj:y fug{ gldNg] eGg] h'g lg0f{o ul/of] ;f] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] l;4fGt Pj+ k|rlnt sfg"g ljkl/t 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ df hl/jfgf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] Joj: yfg} gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ hl/jfgfsf] /sddf d"No clej[l4 s/ lng' / c;"n ug{ gkfOg] :i6 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &#-!_ n] sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !@-!_ /-@_ n] hl/jfgfdf s/ nfUg] eGg] Joj:yf slx+ st} pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g . sfg"gL Joj:yfdf g} ePsf] hl/jfgfdf d"=c=s/ c;'n ug]{ eGg] ljkIfL g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;:yfgsf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf / ;f] ;+jGwdf ljkIfLx¿4f/f ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o k|rlnt d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-!_ /_@_ tyf g]kfn clw/fHo sf] ;+ljwfg ,@)$& sf] wf/f &# ljkl/t eP u/]sf] :ki6 5 . k|rlnt d"=c=s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-!_ /@_ nufotsf s'g} klg k|fjwfgn] hl/jfgfdf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] c;'n pk/ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfg"gsf] hyfefjL dg u9Gt] cy{ nufO{ JofVof u/L hl/jfgfdf ;d]t d"=c=s/ nufpg] lg0f{ox¿ / c;"n ug]{ ;"rgf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg ,@)$& sf] wf/f &# / d"=c=s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@ sf ;fy} d"No clej[l4 s/sf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf] x'+bf ljkIfLx¿n] u/]sf ;Dk"0f lg0f{o tyf hf/L ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf / ;f] kZrft eP u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ u}/ sfg"gL sfd sf/jfxL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ u/L sfg"g ljkl/t s'g} s/ gnufpg],c;"n pk/ gug'{ elg ljkIfLx¿sf gfp+df k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ . ;fy} ljjfbsf] clGtd 6'ªuf] gnfu];Dd pQm ;"rgf tyf lg0f{ox¿sf] cfwf/af6 hl/jfgf /sddf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ c;"n pk/ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfp+df cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/ kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ . #= ljkIfLx¿sf gfp+df !% lbg] Dofb ;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z . $= ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] p7fpg' ePsf] ljjfbsf] ljifo >L % sf] ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL,@)$& adf]lhd cy{ dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]q leq kg]{ xf] . ljkIfLn] o; ;lrjfnosf] s] s:tf] sf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] xf] To;sf] :ki6 lhls/ glnO{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f pQm ljjfbdf c;+nUg o; ;lrjfno ;d]tnfO{ k|ToyL{ jgfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dGqLkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . 182

%= g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] u|fxs;+u c;'n ug]{ hl/jfgf /sd b'/;+rf/ dx;'n ;/x ;]jf cfk"lt{ jfkt k|fks-u|fxs_;+u lng] d"No xf] / To:tf] d"No d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf !@ -@_-Vf_ cg';f/ s/ nfUg] d"No x'g] :ki6 ePsf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @& cg';f/ hl/jfgf /sd ;d]t s/ ;/x x'g] ePsfn] hl/jfgfsf] /sddf d"No clej[l4 s/ lng / c;'n ug{ gkfOg] elg lgj]bsn] lnPsf] lhls/ sfg"g ;Ddt gb]lvPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no,sf7df08f}+sf] lnlvt hjfkm . ^= l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f $ sf] v08 -r_ df bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf @ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ hl/jfgfnfO{ d"Nodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5}g / cGo s/ leq ;d]t hl/jfgf gkg]{ eGg] lhls/sf] ;DjGwdf hl/jfgfnfO{ s/ ;/x dfGg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf @& n] u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ hl/jfgf /sd ;d]tnfO{ cGo s/ ;/x Jojxf/ ul/g] x'Fbf s/ nfUg] d"No sfod ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf @ sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhd hl/jfgf;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] s/ c;"n ug]{ lgb]{zg ePsf] xf] . o; ljefusf] kqsf] cfwf/df hl/jfgf dfly s/ nufpg] sfo{ ePsf] xf]O{g . s/ nfUg] l:yltsf] jf/]df sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] hfgsf/L;Dd u/fO{Psf] xf] . ;fnj;fnL hf/L x'g] cly{s P]g tyf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! n] :ki6 s/ 5'6 k|bfg gu/]sf] j:t' / ;]jfdf P]gsf] bkmf % adf]lhd s/ nfUg] x'G5 . bkmf * adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] JolQmn] s/ nfUg] d"Nodf s/ c;'n u/L bkmf !( adf]lhd s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . &= d"No clej[l4 s/ hl/jfgfsf] /sddf ;d]t nufpg] u/L o; ;+:yfgn] lg/fwf/ lg0f{o ug'{sf] ;6\6f cfkm\gf] tfn'sjfnf dGqfno nufot ;DalGwt clwsf/L lgsfoaf6 eP u/]sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd To;;DjGwL lg0f{o u/L ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] xf] . ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, s]lGb|o sfo{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm . *= P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf ! n] gub dfq k|ltkmn ePsf] cj:yfdf cfk'lt{stf{n] k|fks;+u lnPsf] d'No s/ nfUg] d'No x'g] / cfk'lt{ / k|ltkmnsf] ;DjGwdf P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -5_ / v08-h_ df Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ctM ;+:yfgn] u|fxs;+u c;'n ug]{ hl/jfgf cfk"lt{ jfktsf] /sd g} x'g] x'+bf ;f] /sddf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ df lg/Gt/ ?kd cfk'lt{ x'g] b';+rf/ ;]jf jf To:t} cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf] xsdf ljhs hf/L ubf{ ;dodf s/ cz'nL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;f] adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] xf] . t/ b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] u|fxsaf6 s/ ;lxtsf] dxz'n lnPkl5 dfq d"No clej[l4 s/ sf] e'QmfgL u/]sf] 5 . ;dodf u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g dxz'n e'QmfgL gu/]df] u|fxs;+u hl/jfgf ;d]t c;'n ug]{ u/]sf]n] ;f] hl/jfgf jfktsf] /sddf s/ c;"n ug{ ldNb}g eGg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . pQm P]gsf] bkmf @& n] hl/jfgfnfO{ ;d]t s/ ;/x eg]sf] x'gfn] l/6 lgj]bsn] lnPsf] lhls/ sfg"g ;Ddt Pj+ o'lQm;+ut gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL5, vf/]hu/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"lrdf r9L k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf4o ;/f]h >]i7 / ;'lbk kf}8]nn] g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-@_ -v_ sf] :kli6s/0fdf hl/jfgf eGg] zJb pNn]v geO{ cGo s/ /sd eGgfn] ;fn j;fnL P]gn] tf]lslbP adf]lhd nfUg] dxz'n, b:t'/ / z'Ns ;Demg'k5{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . hl/jfgf eGg] s'/f sfg"gn] ug'{kg]{ sfd gu/]sf], ug{ gx'g] sfd u/]sf]df nfUg] xf] . t;y{M hl/jfgfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] u/]sf] b'/;+rf/ ;+yfgsf] lg0f{o, ;"rgf tyf sfd sf/jfxL q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ x'g'kb{5 egL jx; ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{ d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefu ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf k'ik/fh sf]O{/fnfn] ;+:yfgn] u|fxs;+u c;"n ug]{ hl/jfgf ;d]t cfk"lt{ jfktsf] d"No x'g] x'+bf ;f] d"No g} s/ nfUg] d"No x'G5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf @& n] hl/jfgfnfO{ s/ ;/x dfGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !@-@_-v_ cg';f/ hl/jfgf ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] /sddf s/ c;'n ug{ lbOPsf] lgb]{zg sfg"g ;Ddt 5 elg ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfL g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf ;'lzn s'df/ kGtn] ;+:yfg cfkm'n] hl/jfgf ;d]tdf d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] geO{ ;f] ;DjGwdf d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ n]lvPsf] kqdf k|fKt ePsf] sfg"gL /fosf cfwf/df hl/jfgfnfO{ klg Eof6df ;dfj]z u/]/ u|fxsx¿nfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g lgodsf] k|fjwfg /fvL ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ eGg] ePsfn] kq dfkm{t d"=c=s/ sfof{nonfO{ ;f]wL k7fPsf]df pQm sfof{non] d"=c=s/ ljefusf] j'+bf g+=@ pb[t u/L hl/jfgf ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] d'Nodf d"No clej[l4 s/ lng' egL lgb]{zg lbPsf], To;af6 u|fxs ju{df kg]{ k|lts'n k|efj ;d]t ePsf]n] cy{ dGqfnodf ;d]t ;dGjo u/L hl/jfgfdf Eof6 gnfUg] lg0f{o u/fOlbg' x'g egL n]lv k7fPsf] ;d]t x'+bf lgj]bg lhls/sf ;DjGwdf ;+:yfgsf] s'g} cfklQ ug'{kg]{ s'g} cj:yf 5}g egL ax; ug'{eof] . !)= pko'{Qm jx; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lg lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ , l/6 lgj]bsx¿ ljkIfL g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf u|fxs ePsf / ldlt @)%^.(.@$ / P]=@% ut]df ;f] ;+:yfg4f/f d"No clej[l4 s/ ;DjGwL ;"rgf hf/L ul/Psf]df lghx¿n] sfg"gt hl/jfgfsf] /sddf d"No clej[l4 s/ gnfUg]df klg ljkIfL ;+:yfgn] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] kqsf] cfwf/df 183

b'/;+rf/ dx;'n e'QmfgLdf nfu]sf] hl/jfgfdf ;d]t d"=c=s/ lng] u/] pk/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . !!= g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] pk/f]Qm ldltsf] ;"rgf x]bf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@ sf] bkmf !@-!_ /-@_ cg';f/ b'/;+rf/ dx;'n c;'n ubf{ hl/jfgf ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n ug]{ eGg] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] kq k|fKt ePsfn] ;j} pkef]Qmf dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . olx @)%^.!).! b]lv b'/;+rf/ dx;'n e'QmfgL ubf{ hl/jfgf nflu;s]sf] eP hl/jfgfdf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] x'+bf ;dodf b'/;+rf/ dx;'n e'QmfgL ul/lbg' x'g ;Df:t pkef]Qmf dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w 5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . !@= l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ / lgj]bs Pj+ ljkIfL b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foL tyf ;xGofoflwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] ax;sf] ;Gbe{df l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, cjwf/0fut ?kdf hl/jfgf / s/ Pp6} s'/f geO{ j]Unf j]Un} s'/f b]lvg cfp+5g . oyf{ydf hl/jfgf eg]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ s'g} s'/f gu/]df jf ug{ gx'g] s'g} s'/f u/]df nfUg] b08sf] /sd xf] eg] s/ eGgfn] s'g} b08 jf ;hfosf] jf]w x'g] geO{ /fHon] sfg"gtM s'g} vf; cfly{s ef/ nufOPsf] s'/fsf] jf]w x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno / d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmsf] k|lt/Iffsf nflu pkl:yt x'g'ePsf lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmfn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @& / bkmf !@-@_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ljif]z ?kn] cfkm\gf] jx;df O{lu+t ug'{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf @& df pNn]lvt o; P]g adf]lhd nfUg] b:t'/ Jofh / hl/jfgf o; P]g adf]lhd nfUg] s/ ;/x dflgg] 5 eGg] zJbfjnLsf] cf8df lj4fg ;xGofoflwjQmfn] hl/jfgf ;d]t s/ ePsf] / bkmf !@-@_-Vf_ …cGo s/ /sdÚ egL pNn]v u/]sf] sf/0faf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] d"Nodf ;f] hl/jfgf /sd klg ;dfj]z x'g] xf] eg] lhls/ k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 . lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmfn] lge{/ ug'{ePsf] bkmf @& sf] Joj:yfn] pNn]v u/]sf] …o; P]g adf]lhdÚ eGg] zJbfjnLaf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ jdf]lhd nfUg] hl/jfgf ;DdnfO{ s/sf] clek|fodf hl/jfgfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] / ;f] P]g adf]lhd nfUg] hl/jfgfx¿ bkmf @( sf] Joj:yfdf jl0f{t ePsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfp+5 . o;af6 d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ df jl0f{t k|s[ltsf] hl/jfgf afx]s l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] ltg'{kg]{ g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg P]g lgod jf ljlgodfjnL adf]lhdsf] hl/jfgfx¿ d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] hl/jfgf x'g eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . o;sf] cltl/Qm P]gsf] bkmf !@-@_ -v_ sf] Joj:yfn] s/ nfUg] d"Nodf ;f] P]g adf]lhdsf] s/nfO{ afx]s u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 / bkmf !@-@_ -v_ sf] Joj:yfsf] ;DjGwdf pQm P]gdf @)%*.!).$ df ;+zf]wg eO{ :ki6Ls/0f ylk+bf cGo s/ /sd eGgfn] ;fnj;fnL cfly{s P]gn] tf]lslbP adf]lhd nfUg] hl/jfgfsf] /sdnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+: yfg4f/f >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] k=;=)%%÷)%^ r=g+=&#! ldlt @)%^÷%÷@$ sf] kqsf] cfwf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ n] lglb{i6 u/] afx]s cGo hl/jfgf /sddf ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g cg'?ksf] b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ o; ;DjGwdf ljkIfLx¿af6 ePsf] lg0f{o,kl/kq / cfb]z tyf ;f] sf] cfwf/df ljkIfL b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] @)%(÷(÷@$ / @% sf] ;"rgfx¿ ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk k|ToyL{ d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] hfgsf/Lsf] nfUfL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k7fO{lbO{ kmfon lgodfg';f/ ul/ j'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=ldg axfb'/ /fodfemL Olt ;Djt @)%( ;fn >fj0f !$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\=====================.

184

efuM %$, ;fnM @)^(, dlxgfM c;f]h, c+sM ^, km};nf ldlt M @)^(.)@.@#, lg0f{o g+= **$! ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;+jt @)^$ ;fnsf] WO–!)!) ljifoM pTk|]if0fldl>t k/dfb]z ;d]t . lgj]bsM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) afg]Zj/ l:yt 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] clwsf/k|fKt wgs'df/ /fO{ lj?4 ljkIfLM /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]t · d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL ! sf] ;d"x & n] d'›0f e};s]sf] (Printed) lstfjNffO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvPklg Online ;]jfdfkm{Tf sf/f]jf/ x'g] E-book NffO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf]n] E-book sf] laqmL sf/f]jf/NffO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ 5"6 x'g] sf/f]jf/ dfGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=@_ · s/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg'¿k s/ clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ df tf]lsPsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgadf]lhd s/bftfn] ltg{'kg{] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg] g} b]lvPsf]n] /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{NffO{ sfg"gL If]qflwsf/ljxLg /x]sf] egL dfGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=$_ · Dofbleq a'emfpg' kg{] s/ s'g} s/bftfn] ga'emfPdf s/bftfsf] rn crn ;DklQ sAhfdf lnO{ s/ c;"n ug{;Sg] u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-!_-v_, / bkmf @#-3_ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!) -!_-v_ n] s/ clws[tNffO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvFbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bssf] rn ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] vftfsf] gub /sd /f]Ssf /fVg / To;af6 lgw{fl/t s/ /sd c;"npk/ ug{ s'g} sfg"gL afwf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{NffO{ sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] egL dfGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=^_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ clgns'df/ l;Gxf / gf/fo0f g]kfn ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmfx¿ t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]n / xl/k|;fb /]UdL cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^&, cÍ %, lg=g+= *#^%, k[i7 &!# ;Da4 sfg"gM · d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ / -v_, @!-!_-v_, @#-3_ · cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @(sd), &#, **-!_, ()-@_, !!) -!_-v_ cfb]z Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M– lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln=, sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd ;DalGwt lgsfosf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L pBf]u ljefusf] ;xdltsf cfwf/df ljb]zL nufgLdf :yflkt sDkgL xf] . of] sDkgLn] g]kfndf OG6/g]6 dfkm{Tf sDKo'6/ lzIff sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{‘sf] ;fy} OG6/g]6dfkm{Tf sDKo'6/ lzIff sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{‘sf] ;fy} OG6/g]6dfkm{Tf ljleGg z}lIfs ;fdu|L lstfjx¿ (Online books) laqmL ug{] sf/f]jf/ ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . lghLIf]qaf6 ljZjJofkL ?kdf k|rlnt OG6/g]6 lzIff Pj+ 1fg ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L g]kfndf Software education, Software Industry sf nflu rflxg] hgzlQmNffO{ k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug{], Educational website dfkm{Tf z}lIfs ;]jf k|bfg ug{], ljBfy{Lx¿NffO{ 3/df g} a;L sDKo'6/ tfnLd lbg] h:tf ;]jf k|bfg ug{] o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . of] sDkgLn] g]kfnL gful/sNffO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg u/L /fi6«sf] /fh:jdf oyf]lrt of]ubfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] sDkgL sfg"g, /fh:j ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g Pj+ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] kfngf ub{} pQm P]gx¿n] tf]s]sf] st{Jo / bfloTjsf] clwgdf /xL k|:t't sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o; sDkgLn] tTsfn g]kfndf w]/} k|rngdf g/x]sf] Educational Website, Software Education 185

h:tf k|ljlw g]kfn leqfO{ hgtfNffO{ ;/n ;'ud ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #%-!@_ df ljb]zL k"FhL / k|ljlwNffO{ cfslif{t ug{] /fHosf] gLlt /x]sf] 5 eg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *(-!_ n] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fO{g] 5}g egL k|Tofe"lt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't sDkgLn] sf/f]jf/ ubf{ k|rlnt cfos/ P]g Pj+ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gn] tf]s]sf] st{Jo / bfloTjsf] kfngf ub{} sf/f]jf/sf] qmddf v/Lb u/]sf j:t' / ;]jfsf] v/Lb ljn b'?:t /fvL v/Lb vftf Jojl:yt u/]sf] / laqmL ljhsåf/f dfq laqmL sf/f]jf/ u/L laqmL ljhs / laqmL vftf Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 . sf/f]jf/sf] qmddf /xg uPsf] df}Hbft ;d]t :6s vftfdf b'?:t /fv]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] sf/f]jf/sf qmddf e'QmfgL lbg'kg{] /sd sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/L sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] b//]6cg';f/ clu|d s/ s§L u/L e'QmfgL k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] sDkgLn] sf/f]jf/sf qmddf ;DalGwt lgsfodf ltg{‘kg{] s/, b:t"/ z'Ns / dx;'n ;d]t sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof / ;dofjlw leq lt/L a'emfO{ cfPsf] 5 . /fh:j;DaGwL sfg"gn] s/bftfNffO{ dfq xf]Og, s/ k|zf;g / s/ clws[t ;d]tNffO{ sfg"gL k|lqmof cjnDag ug{‘kg{] / sfg"gadf]lhd dfq sf/jfxL p7fpg' kg{] st{Jo / bfloTj lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL dWo]sf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] cgflwsf/ ?kdf /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf & sf] k'jf{j:yf a]u/ pQm P]gsf] bkmf $ n] tf]s]sf] s'g} klg s;"/ / k"jf{j:yfsf] cefjdf PSsf;L sf/f]jf/ :yndf ldlt @)^$.#.% df cfsl:ds lg/LIf0f u/L k6s k6s 8/ qf; b]vfO{ ljefudf af]nfpg] / bjfjd'ns 9+un] aofg lng] cGoyf kqmfp ug{], y'Gg] eGb} af/Daf/ qf; lbPsf] lyof] . /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ n] tf]s]sf] ljefusf] If]qflwsf/ ljgf pQm P]gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] s'g} klg s;"/sf] cefj /x]sf] l:yltdf PSsf;L lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ldlt @)^$.$.@$ df vftf /f]Ssf u/L sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng g} cj?4 ul/Psf] 5 . oxfFg]/ of] pNn]v ug{ cfjZos 5 sL, o; cl3 klg lgj]bssf] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 vftf /f]Ssf ug{] sfo{ ePsf]df ;f] pk/ ;DdfgLt /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg lbPsf] / vftf /f]Ssf ug{] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] 7x/ u/L ldlt @)^#.!@.!! sf] vftf /f]Ssf ug{] kqNffO{ ldlt @)^$.^.!& df ;DdfgLt /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Faf6 ab/ u/L lbPsf] lyof] . o;/L ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ljleGg a}+sdf /x]sf] /sd ?=*,&(,#^,&@^.– sf] vftf /f]Ssf u/]af6 lgj]bs sDkgL w/f;foL e} lgj]bssf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo cj?4 ePsf] 5 . h;af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_, wf/f !@-#_ / wf/f *(-!_ n] k|bfg u/]sf ;+j}wflgs xs s'l07t ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 a}+s vftf /f]Ssf u/] kZrft PSsf;L ldlt @)^$.(.( df cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd clu|d s/ s§L u/L bflvnf u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] eGb} cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-s_-v_ &@, *&, **, *(, (), (@, !)), !)!, !)@, !!$, !!% / !#% sf] ljk/Lt Psd'i6 ?=#,#&,*$)*#.– gub w/f}6L bflvn ug{ dfu ug{‘ ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ul/Psf] dfu If]qflwsf/ljxLg Pj+ cgflwsf/ /x]sf] 5, eg] xr'jf cfwf/df s'g} klg sfg"g clwsf/sf] ;|ft] , lx;fj / cfwf/ gv'NffO{ Psd'i6 /sd dfu ul/Psf] u}/sfg"gL 5 . oBkL lgj]bsn] sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ E-book v/Lb ubf{ ;|f]tdf s/ s§L ug{‘kg{] sfg"gL k|fjwfg g/x]sf] s'/f k|i6 u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} xfd|f] sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ef/taf6 u/]sf] v/Lbsf ;DaGwdf e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfn / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;Demf}tf adf]lhd clu|d s/ s§L ug{‘ gkg{] / o:tf] sf/f]jf/df pQm ;Demf}tfadf]lhd bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm x'g] s'/f ;lj:tf/ hjfkm ;d]t k]z u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] hjfkmsf] j]jf:tf u/L tYo k|df0f ga'emL Psftkm{L cgflwsf/ ?kdf gub w/f}6L bflvnfsf nflu ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 ePsf] lg0f{on] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] 5 . o;} aLr k'gM ldlt @)^$.!).& df ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] d"No clej[l4 clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L u/L s/, h/Ljfgf, yk b:t"/ / Aofh u/L Psd'i6 ?=!),^),(^,@@@.– dfu u/L kq k7fpg' ePsf] 5, hjls /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuNffO{ cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft ug{];Ddsf] clwsf/ /fh:j r'xfj6 cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{] If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #! adf]lhd cbfnt ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{] If]qflwsf/ cfGtl/s /fh: j sfof{no/ljefusf s/ clws[tNffO{ dfq k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . s/ clws[tn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @)-!_@_,-#_,-$_,(%) tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod @( adf]lhdsf] k"j{fj:yf / k|lqmof cjnDag u/L dfq s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{] If]qflwsf/ /fVb5g . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-3_ adf]lhd s/ c;"nL ug{] clwsf/ /fVg ;S5g . /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuNffO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ NffO{ x:tIf]k ug{] jf ;f] P]gn] tf]s]sf] sfdsf/jfxL p7fpg] If]qflwsf/ 5}g . o;/L /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 cgflwsf/ ?kdf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePaf6 ;f] pk/ sfg"gL pkrf/sf] nflu lgw{fl/t s/ /sdsf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd dfq w/f}6L /fvL dfq k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kg{] Joj:yf ePaf6 lgj]bssf] ;f] eGbf a9L /sdsf] vftf ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 /f]Ssf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL Joxf]/f hgfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd Gofosf vflt/ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg u/]sf] / hf] xfn ljrf/flwg /x]sf] 5 . 186

/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 d"No clej[l4 clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePkZrft ;f]pk/ lrQ ga'emL k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbgsf nflu sfg"gadf]lhd lgw{fl/t s/sf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd ?=#,%#,^%,$)&.– dfq w/f}6L:j?k /xg ;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] xfd|f] a}+s vftfaf6 /f]Ssf u/]sf] ?=*,&(,#^,&@^.– df ?=#,%#,^%,$)&.– s§f u/L afFsL /sd ?=%,@%,&!,&@^.– km's'jf ug{‘kg{]df pN6} ldlt @)^$.!).!* df PSsf;L xfd|f] a}+s vftfdf /x]sf] df}Hbft /sd ?=*,&(,#^,&@^.– dWo]af6 gk'u d"No clej[l4 s/ tkm{ ?=%,$!,%@,^$#.– / clu|d cfos/ gnfUg]df klg ;f] jfktsf] w/f}6L /sd dfu u/]sf] eGb} ?=#,#&,*$,)*#.– ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf k7fOPsf] egL hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof], hf] ;/f;/ clwsf/ljxLg u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ()-*_ n] clu|d s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{‘k"j{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtadf]lhd !% lbg] ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{] ;kmfOsf] df}sf k|bfg ug{‘kg{] s'/f ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . clu|d s/ /sd dfu ug{sf] nflu clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 dfq lg0f{o cfb]z x'g'kg{] :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] w/f}6L dfu ug{] lg0f{on] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] :j?k u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g . cfh;Dd s'g cfwf/ k|df0f sf/0f / sfg"gadf]lhd clu|d s/ dfu ug{] lg0f{o ePsf] 5, ;f] ljkIfLx¿n] v'nfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ / xfdLNffO{ hfgsf/L klg 5}g . u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noNffO{ clu|d cfos/sf] gfddf k7fPsf] lgj]bssf] /sd /fVg] sfo{af6 ;/sf/NffO{ cGoflos ;Da[l4 x'g k'u]sf] 5 . hf] Principle of Unjust enrichment sf] l;4fGtadf]lhd dfGo x'g ;Sb}g . /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] pk/f]Qm w/f}6L egL xfd|f] ;DklQ sAhfdf /fVg] sfo{sf] j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ubf{ w/f}6L dfu ug{] clwsf/ o; P]gsf] bkmf (-$_ n] lbPsf] eGg] cg'dfg u/]klg bkmf * adf]lhd #) lbgleq} cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft u/L sf/jfxL rnfpg' kg{] / To:tf] sf/jfxL bkmf @) adf]lhd rnfpFbf #% lbgleq} d'2f bfo/ ug{‘kg{] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;dli6ut ?kdf cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft z'? u/]sf] ldltn] a9Ldf ^% lbgleq s'g} d'2f btf{ geP kl5 xfd|f] ;DklQ w/f}6L egL /f]Ssf /fVg] ljkIfLx¿sf] clwsf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;Sb}g . ctojM pk/f]Qm bkmf bkmfdf plNnlvt cfwf/ a'Fbfdf ljkIfLx¿sf] sfdsf/jfxL dfly k|s/0fx¿df plNnlvt P]g sfg"gljk/Lt e} cgflwsf/ u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] ldlt @)^$.$.@$ df vftf /f]Ssf ug{] u/L hf/L u/]sf] kq ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cfb]z kqfrf/ eP ;f] ;d]t, ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.(.( sf] gub w/f}6L bflvnf ug{] kq / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o / /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] lgj]bssf] a}+s vftfsf] /sd cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf k7fPsf] egL ldlt @)^$.!).!* df hfgsf/L u/fPsf] kqnufot o; ljifodf ljleGg axfgfdf xfd|f] /sd sAhf u/L /fVg] sfo{nufotsf kq, cfb]z, lg0f{o ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpmF ;fy} k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg jfkt w/f}6L bflvnf ug{‘kg{] eGg] ldlt @)^$.!).& sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z adf]lhd lgj]bssf] /f]Ssf u/]sf] a}+s vftfsf] /sdaf6 lgw{fl/t d"No clej[l4 s/ /sdsf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd ?=#,%#,^%,$)&.– w/f}6Ldf g} /fvL afFsL /sd clu|d cfos/sf] gfdaf6 sAhf ePsf] /sd ;d]t ?=%,@%,&!,&@^.– lgj]bsNffO{ cljnDa lkmtf{ ug{‘ egL ljkIfLdWo] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, If]q g+= ! aa/dxn, sf7df8f}F / cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu nflhDkf6 sf7df8f}+sf] gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] ;d]t lgj]bssf] lgj]bg kq . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿NffO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' . lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.#.% sf] cfb]z . l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ n] tf]s]sf] ljefusf] If]qflwsf/ ljgf a}+s vftf /f]Ssf, cfos/ P]g @)%* ljk/Lt w/f}6L bflvnf tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ ljk/Lt sfo{ eP u/fPsf] eGg] lghsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhsL/ ;DaGwdf /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf ^ df s'g} JolQmaf6 ePsf] /fh:j r'xfj6 ;DaGwL s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft / tT ;DaGwL cGo sf/jfxL ljefun] ug{]5 egL :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf ljefuaf6 eP u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLdf If]qflwsf/ gePsf] egL ljkIfLsf] ts{ sfg"g;Ddt b]lvb}g . o; ljefuaf6 l/6 lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln= sf] sf/f]jf/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf 5fgaLg kZrft k|f=ln= n] cfos/ P]g, @)%* cg';f/ clu|d s/s§L u/L P]gn] tf]s]sf] Dofbleq bflvnf ug{‘kg{]df gu/L /fh:j r'xfj6 u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / To:tf] /sd Dofbleq bflvnf gu/]sf] egL k|f=ln=sf cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg ;d]tdf pQm sfo{NffO{ :jLsf/ u/L ;s]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|rlnt cfos/ P]gadf]lhd bflvnf ug{ afFsL /x]sf] /sd dfq ljefun] ;f] jfktsf] gub w/f}6L /sd dfu u/]sf] xf] . 187

lgj]bsn] o; ljefun] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ NffO{ x:tIf]k ug{] jf ;f] P]gn] tf]s]sf] sfdsf/jfxL p7fpg] If]qflwsf/ /fVg ;Sb}g egL lnPsf] lhsL/ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;+Vofdf s/ clws[tx¿ lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g} clws[tNffO{ klg s/ clws[tsf] sfo{ ug{] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]5 egL d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf # df pNn]v ePsf] / ;f]xL P]gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@( / @)^$.%.!# sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ tf]lsPsf s/ clws[taf6 g} k|:t't k|f=ln= sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ tkm{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] . pQm k|f=ln= n] /fh:j r'xfj6 u/]sf] k|df0f s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lnPsf cfwf/ / k|df0fx¿af6 s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{sf jvt v8f u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{df :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf # cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s/ clws[t tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0fpk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL pkrf/ x'Fbfx'Fb} pQm dfu{ cjnDag gu/L ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f If]q u'xfg{‘ Gofo;+ut gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . ldl;n ;+nUg lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg jfkt w/f}6L bflvnf ug{‘kg{] ldlt @)^$.!).)& sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bssf] /f]Ssf u/]sf] a}+s vftfsf] /sdaf6 lgw{fl/t d"No clej[l4 s/ /sdsf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd ?=#,%#,^%,$)&.– w/f}6Ldf g} /fvL afFsL /sd clu|d cfos/sf] gfdaf6 sAhf ePsf] /sd ;d]t ?=%,@%,&!,&@^.– lgj]bsNffO{ cljnDa lkmtf{ ug{‘ eGg] ljifodf k|rlnt cfos/ P]g / d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd bflvnf x'g'kg{] /fh:j /sd sfg"gL k|lqmofcg'¿k bflvnf ePsf] x'Fbf lkmtf{ lbO{ /xg gkg{] ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+= ! sf] lnlvt hjfkm . /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.!).& sf] lg0f{opk/ l/6 lgj]bsn] o; ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg bfo/ u/L sfg"gL pkrf/sf] k|lqmof cl3 a9L /x]sf] tYo l/6 lgj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/L /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] k|lqmof 6'Ëf] gnfUb} ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] u'xf/ dfu ug{ l/6 lgj]bg uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L sfg"gL pkrf/ / c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] dfu{ Ps} k6s cjnDag ug{ kfpg] xf]Og . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg k/] ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^%.@.#! df OG6/g]6dfkm{t sDKo'6/ lzIff k|bfg ug{] u/]sf]df ;f]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/NffO{ ;]jf sf/f]jf/ dfgL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]df s/bftfn] pQm sf/f]jf/leq ;]jf laqmLcGtu{t lstfj (Books) sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf]n] E-books sf] laqmL d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL–! sf] ;d"x & cGtu{t lstfj (Books) sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf]n] d"No clej[l4 s/ 5"6 x'g'kg{] egL lnPsf] lhsL/ ;DaGwdf Online dfkm{t ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] / ;f] qmddf pknAw u/fO{g] Electronic documents NffO{ lstfjsf] kl/ efiff leq kfg{ ldNg] gb]lvPsf]n] s/bftfsf] lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] eGg] ljefuLo lg0f{o e};s]sf] / ;f] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] ljBdfg /x] ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . o;df log} lgj]bsn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^^.$.@) df u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ o; cbfntdf ldlt @)^&.^.$ df cg'dltsf] lgj]bg )^&–LE–))# b]lv ))& ;Ddsf lgj]bgx¿ lbO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]n] pQm lgj]bgx¿ ;Fu} of] l/6 lgj]bg klg lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!@.@* sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ clgn s'df/ l;Gxf / gf/fo0f g]kfnn] s/ lgwf{/0f gx'Fb} lgj]bssf] vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] clwsf/ ljkIfLx¿NffO{ s'g} sfg"gn] lbPsf] 5}g . s/ lgwf{/0f x'Fb}df klg sDkgLn] Jofkf/ Joj;fo g} ug{ gkfpg] u/L vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] clVtof/L ljkIfLx¿NffO{ 5}g . lgjb]s sDkgLn] d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ eO{ ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] 5 . o: tf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] clws[tn] k|of]u ug{] s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL clwsf/ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] xf]Og . o:tf]df s/ c;"n ug{] clwsf/ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuNffO{ x'Fb}g . s/ c;"n ug{ sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof cIf/; kfngf ul/g' kb{5 . sfg"gL k|lqmof aflx/ uO{ ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLn] j}wtf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] vftf /f]Ssf /fVg n]v]sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@$ sf] kqx¿ pTk|]if0fåf/f ab/ u/L clu|d cfos/sf] gfdaf6 sAhf ePsf] /sd ;d]t ?=%,@%,&!,&@^.– lgj]bsNffO{ lkmtf{ ug{‘ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; ug{‘eof] . ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmfx¿ t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]n / xl/k|;fb /]UdLn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf # df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g} clws[tNffO{ klg s/ clws[tsf] sfo{ ug{] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n] P]gsf] pQm Joj:yfadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@( / @)^$.%.!# sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf # / @) sf] clwsf/ ;d]t k|of]u ug{] u/L /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuNffO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] x'Fbf cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 g} lgj]bs sDkgLsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] ;]jf laqmL u/] jfkt !% 188

s/f]8 eGbf a9L sdfPsf 5g . ;]jf laqmL jfkt s/ ljhs hf/L u/L E-books eg]/ pNn]v ub{}df /fh:j ltg{] bfloTjaf6 lgj]bsn] pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bs sDkgL :ki6 ?kdf s/sf] bfo/fdf kb{5 . s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] @ txaf6 j}slNks pkrf/ k|fKt ul/;s]sf] / s/ ljjfb Settle e};s]sf] x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; ug{‘eof] . ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] ug{‘ ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL OG;fkm tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs Deo Soft Overseas sDkgLn] g]kfndf vf;u/L OG6/g]6dfkm{t E-book laqmL ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/ ug{] ePsf]n] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL–! sf] ;d"x & cGtu{t lstfj (Books) sf] sf/f]jf/ ubf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ 5"6 x'g]df ;f]sf] ljk/Lt sfg"gn] clVtof/L g} glbPsf] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] s/ clws[tsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L jnk"j{s sDkgLn] ljleGg s/ ltg{‘kg{] u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / ;f] c;"n ug{] ;Gbe{df lgj]bs sDkgLsf] a}s vftf g} /f]Ssf /fvL lgj]bsNffO{ Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{] xsaf6 g} jl~rt ul/Psf]n] ljkIfLx¿af6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f / a}+s vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] nufotsf sfdsf/jfxLx¿ pTk|]if0fåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bssf] /f]Ssf vftf km's'jf ul/lbg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} lgj]bsn] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm;DaGwL g]kfn ef/taLr ePsf] DTAA ;Demf}tfadf]lhd cfkm"NffO{ s/ gnfUg] eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf]df ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf lgj]bsn] sfg"gadf]lhd ltg{‘ a'emfpg' kg{] s/x¿ ;/sf/NffO{ ga'emfO{ /fh:j 5nL u/]sf] sf/0f /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]bssf] vftf /f]Ssf eO{ ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@( / @)^$.%.!# sf] lg0f{ocg'¿k k|fKt clVtof/L adf]lhd lgj]bsn] ltg{ a'emfpg' kg{] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L lgw{fl/t s/ /sd ;f] /f]Ssf vftfaf6 s§f u/L bflvnf ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] / s/ lgwf{/0fpk/ lrQ ga'em]df ;f] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsNffO{ j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ pknAw /x]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kg{] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' k"j{ lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug{‘kg{] b]lvof]M -!_ lgj]bs sDkgLsf] Joj;fo s/sf] bfo/f leq k5{, kb{}g < -@_ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tNffO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] clVtof/L /x]sf] 5, 5}g < -#_ g]kfn ef/t aLr ePsf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf (DTAA) adf]lhd lgj]bsn] g]kfndf s/d'QmL kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5, 5}g < -$_ lgj]bssf gfdsf] a}+s vftf /f]Ssf /fvL lgj]bsn] ltg{‘ a'emfpg' kg{] s/ ;f] /f]Ssf vftfaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuNffO{ /x]sf] 5, 5}g < -%_ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og < @= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln= ljb]zL nufgLdf sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd ldlt @)^).!.#! df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ eO{ ldlt @)^).@.^ df pBf]u ljefudf sDKo'6/ tyf efiff k|lzIf0f lbg] ;]jfd"ns pBf]usf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] btf{ k|df0f kqaf6 b]lvG5 . ;fy} lgj]bs k|f=ln= d"No clej[l4 s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}F If]q g+= !df btf{ /x]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . lgj]bs k|f=ln= n] btf{ k|df0ffkqdf plNnlvt p2]Zosf cnfjf Online Internet dfkm{t Software education nufotsf ljljw ;]jf lbg'sf ;fy} cfkm\gf u|fxs ;b:ox¿NffO{ ljZjljBfnosf] Course df cfwfl/t E-book x¿ ;d]t pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bg Joxf]/f tyf cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L lgj]bsn] g]kfndf /x]sf cfkm\ gf u|fxsx¿NffO{ ljljw Online ;]jfsf] laqmL sf/f]jf/ ub{} cfPsf] eGg]df ljjfb b]lvb}g . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ / -v_ n] g]kfnleq cfk"lt{ jf cfoft ePsf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg]5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] laqmL sf/f]jf/ ub{}cfPsf] ;]jf d"No clej[l4 s/sf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ kg{hfg] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bsn] E-book sf] sf/f]jf/ ug{] x'Fbf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';"rL–! sf] s/ 5"6 x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ cGtu{t ;d"x & df kg{] lstfjsf] kl/lwleq kg{] ePsf]n] s/ 5"6sf] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] cg;"rL ! sf] ;d"x & n] d'›0f e};s]sf] (Printed) lstfjNffO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvPklg Online ;]jfdfkm{t sf/f]jf/ x'g] E-book NffO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf]n] E-book sf] laqmL sf/f]jf/NffO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ 5"6 x'g] sf/f]jf/ dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . #= ;fy} lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln= n] ef/tLo sDkgL 8\o';km\6 Ol08of k|f=ln= / ef/ts} MADS sDkgLdfkm{t cgNffO{g ;]jf Kofs]hdf k|fKt u/]jfkt ljleGg ldltdf ;]jf z'Nssf] ?kdf /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] eGg] /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 k|fKt cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] ef/tLo sDkgLx¿NffO{ Online ;]jf k|fKt u/]jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-s d_ adf]lhd ;]jf z'Nsleq kg{] b]lvPsf]n] pQm P]gsf] bkmf **-!_ df ;]jf z'Ns /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ s'n e'QmfgL /sdsf] kG„ k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d ?kdf s/ s§L ug{‘kg{] tyf To:tf] clu|d s/ s§L ul/Psf] /sd k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbgleq /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefudf bflvnf ug{‘kg{] u/L pQm cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ()-@_ df Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFbf lgj]bs k|f=ln= n] ef/tLo 189

sDkgLx¿NffO{ Online ;]jf k|fKt u/]jfkt ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d ?kdf s§f ug{‘kg{] cfo s/ tyf cfkm\gf u|fxs pkef]Qmfx¿NffO{ cgNffO{g ;]jf laqmL sf/f]jf/ u/]jfkt lghx¿af6 nfUg] d"No clej[l4 s/ c;"npk/ u/L ;/sf/L sf]ifdf bflvnf ug{‘kg{] sfg"gL lhDd]jf/Laf6 pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sg] gb]lvFbf lgj]bs sDkgL d"No clej[l4 s/ / cfos/sf] bfo/f leq} /x]sf] b]lvof] . $= /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tNffO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] clVtof/L /x]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf # df ;f] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;+Vofdf s/ clws[tx¿ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g} clws[tNffO{ klg s/ clws[tsf] sfo{ ug{] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'¿k g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@( / ldlt @)^$.%.!# sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd pQm P]gsf] bkmf @) cg'¿k s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tNffO{ klg s/ clws[tsf] ?kdf sfd ug{] u/L clVtof/L k|bfg u/]sf] ldl;n ;+nUg lg0f{o kmfO{naf6 b]lvG5 . o;/L s/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg'¿k s/ clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tn] pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ df tf]lsPsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgadf]lhd s/bftfn] ltg{‘kg{] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf xsdf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{NffO{ sfg"gL If]qflwsf/ ljxLg /x]sf] egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . %= g]kfn ef/taLr ;DkGg bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf (Double Taxation Avoiding Agreement) adf]lhd lgj]bsn] g]kfndf s/ d'lQm kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5, 5}g < eGg] t];|f] k|Zgdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs 8\o' ;km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln=sf ;~rfnsx¿ Clif ;xb]j tyf huhLt ;xb]j ef/tLo gful/s ePsf] sf/0f lgj]bsn] bf]xf]/f] s/d'QmL ;DaGwL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvof] . s'g} Pp6f b]zsf] JolQmn] ;f] b]zsf] s/bftf eO{ csf{] b]zdf klg nufgL uof]{ jf ToxL cfojif{df PseGbf a9L b]zdf sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] cfkm" jfl;Gbf /x]sf] b]zdf Pj+ nufgL u/]sf] b]zdf Pp6} cfo jf ;DklQdf Pp6} gfdsf] jf Ps} k|sf/sf] s/ Psk6s eGbf a9L ltg{‘ gk/f]; eGg] p2]Zon] cGt/{fli6«o s/ k|0ffnL adf]lhd b'O{ b]z aLr bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ;Demf}tf ug{] ul/G5 . o:tf] ;Demf}tfn] vf;u/L s/bftfNffO{ bf]xf]/f] s/sf] ef/af6 d'lQm lbO{ j}b]lzs nufgLNffO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ d2t k'Ug] ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &# n] klg ;/sf/n] ljleGg b]z;Fu o:tf vfnsf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'¿k g]kfn / ef/t ;/sf/aLr bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ;Demf}tf DTAA ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn / ef/taLr ;Gf !(** df ePsf] DTAA ;Demf}tfsf] v08 # sf] bkmf & / ;Gf @)!! df ;DkGg ;f];DaGwL kl/dflh{t ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf @#-@_(ii)(a) df pNn]v ePcg';f/ s'g} ef/tLo gful/s jf sDkgLn] g]kfndf nufgL u/L u/]sf] cfodf lt/]sf] cfos/ /sd ef/tdf lghn] ;f]xL cfojif{df ltg{‘kg{] 7xl/Psf] cfos/df 36fO{ ltg{ kfpg];Dd x'G5 eg] ef/tdf nufgL ug{] g]kfnL JolQm jf sDkgLn] klg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] cfos/ 5"6 g]kfndf kfpg] x'G5 . g]kfndf Joj;fo ug{] ef/tLo JolQm jf sDkgLn] g]kfndf g]kfnsf] sfg"g adf]lhd cfos/ g} ltg{‘ gkg{] eGg] Joj:yf pQm bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvb}g . To:t} cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ df ;]jf z'Nsafkt /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgLst{fn] e'QmfgL /sdsf] ;|f]tdf g} !% k|ltzt cfos/ s§f u/L ;/sf/L sf]ifdf bflvnf ug{‘kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df g]kfn ef/t aLr ;DkGg plNnlvt bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (DTAA) df To:tf] ;|f]tdf g} cfos/ s§f ug{‘kg{] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] u/L s'g} k|fjwfg /x]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bs sDkgLn] 8\o';km\6 Ol08of k|f=ln= / MADS gfds ef/tLo sDkgLNffO{ ;]jf z'Ns jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdaf6 clu|d ?kdf !% k|ltzt cfos/ s§f ug{‘kg{] g} b]lvof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] cfos/ ltg{] tyf lgj]bsn] ef/tLo sDkgLx¿NffO{ ;]jf z'Ns jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdaf6 clu|d ?kdf cfos/ s§f u/L g]kfndf bflvnf ug{‘kg{] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm /x]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] ltg{ a'emfpg gkg{] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvg cfpFb}g . ^= lgj]bssf gfdsf] a}+s vftf /f]Ssf /fvL lgj]bsn] ltg{‘ a'emfpg' kg{] s/ ;f] /f]Ssf vftfaf6 c;"npk/ ug{;Sg] clwsf/ ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tNffO{ 5, 5}g < eGg] rf}yf] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df x]bf{ dfly k|Zg g+= !, @ / # df ePsf] ljj]rgfaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] u/L cfPsf] Online ;]jf ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/ d"No clej[l4 s/ tyf cfos/sf] bfo/fdf /x]sf] eGg] :ki6 ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof / dfkb08cg'¿k ltg{‘kg{] s/ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf bflvnf ug{‘kg{] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 g]kfn cf]e/l;h k|f=ln= n] d"No clej[l4 s/sf] lgldQ btf{ ePkl5 ldlt @)^).*.* b]lv @)^@ cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] laqmL sf/f]jf/df s/of]Uo laqmL b]vfO{ lgoldt ?kdf s/ ljj/0f k]z u/L ;Dk"0f{ d"No clej[l4 s/ bflvnf u/L cfPsf]df ;f] k|f=ln=n] u/L /x]sf] ;f]xL sf/f]jf/df @)^@ ;fpgb]lv sfg"gadf]lhd d"No clej[l4 s/ ;+sng / bflvnf ug{] sfo{ gug{‘sf ;fy} lgj]bs sDkgLn] 8\o; ' km\6 Ol08of k|f=ln= / MADS gfds ef/tLo sDkgLNffO{ cgNffO{g Kofs]h ;]jf k|fKt 190

u/L ;f] ;]jf k|fKt u/]jfkt ljleGg ldltdf ?= !% s/f]8 eGbf a9L ;]jf z'Ns jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf]df ;f] e'QmfgLaf6 clu|d ?kdf cfos/ s6fO{ bflvnf ug{‘kg{]df gu/]sf] eGg] ;d]tsf sf/0faf6 lgj]bs pk/ /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ adf]lhd /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 cg';Gwfg ePsf] eGg] k|fKt cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . cg';Gwfgaf6 lgj]bsn] ltg{‘ a'emfpg' kg{] u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] s/ /sd lgj]bs sDkgLsf ;~rfns ljb]zL gful/s /x]sf] sf/0f /fHo 5f8L hfg ;Sg] jf cfkm\gf] ;DklQ c? s;}NffO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{], x6fpg] jf n'sfpg] ;Defjgf eO{ s/ c;"nL x'g g;Sg] cj:yfNffO{ dWogh/ /fvL lgj]bssf] vftf /f]Ssf /fv]sf] eGg] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL ldl;naf6 b]lvof] . Dofbleq a'emfpg' kg{] s/ s'g} s/bftfn] ga'emfPdf s/bftfsf] rn crn ;DklQ sAhfdf lnO{ s/ c;"n ug{;Sg] u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-!_-v_, / bkmf @#-3_ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!) -!_-v_ n] s/ clws[tNffO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvFbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bssf] rn ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] vftfsf] gub /sd /f]Ssf /fVg / To;af6 lgw{fl/t s/ /sd c;"npk/ ug{ s'g} sfg"gL afwf /x]sf] gb]lvFbf lgj]bssf] vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{NffO{ sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . &= cj lgjb]g dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og < eGg] kfFrf} tyf clGtd k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|Zg g+= ! b]lv $ ;Dd ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 oL lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln= n] g]kfndf ub{} cfPsf] Online ;]jf laqmL;DaGwL sf/f]jf/ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/sf] bfo/fleq kg{] sf/f]jf/ xf] eGg] b]lvof] . o:tf] s/sf] bfo/fleq kg{] sf/f]jf/ u/] jfkt lgj]bsn] ltg{‘kg{] s/ /sd @)^@ ;fpgb]lv glt/L s/ 5nL u/]sf] eGg] ljifodf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 lgj]bspk/ 5fgljg / cg';Gwfg eO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf # adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] u/L ldlt @)^$.$.@( / ldlt @)^$.%.!# sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd lbPsf] k|Tofof]lht clVtof/L adf]lhd /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h k|f=ln= n] ltg{‘kg{] s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] . o;/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|Tofof]hg u/L lbPsf] clVtof/L adf]lhd s/ clws[tsf] x}l;otaf6 /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]sf]n] lgj]bsn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf #!-s_ / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!%-!_ adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu;dIf lgj]bg lbO{ ;f] ljefusf] lg0f{opk/ klg lrQ ga'emfO{ pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf #@ tyf cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !!^ adf]lhd /fhZj Gofoflws/0f;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbO{ ;f]pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Faf6 lgj]bssf xsdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o ;b/ x'g] 7x/L ldlt @)^^.$.@) df lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Faf6 ePsf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf nflu o; cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf nufpsf )^&–LE–)))#, )^&–LE–)))$, )^&–LE–)))%, )^&–LE–)))^ / )^&–LE–)))& ;d]tsf lgj]bgdf cfh} o;} Ohnf;af6 cg'dlt k|bfg gx'g] u/L lg0f{o eO{ lgj]bsNffO{ k|fKt ;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] j}slNks dfu{ cjnDag eO{ clGtd 6'Ëf] nfuL ;s]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;f]xL ljifodf g} /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] clwsf/If]q eGbf aflx/ uO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnO{ k|:t't ljjfbsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] nfUg' cufj} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t k|:t't lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvof] . “Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsfl/sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z clwsf/If]qljxLg 5 jf lghn] k|of]u u/]sf] sfg"g g} ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5}g jf clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfon] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 cyjf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt jf sfg"gljk/Lt dsf{ kg{] kIfNffO{ k|ltjfb ug{] df}sf g} glbO{ lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnP/ ;DalGwt kIf To;sf] pkrf/sf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/df cfPsf] 5 / lghsf] lhsL/ plrt b]lvG5 eg] To; cj:yfdf dfq o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cg'¿k ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg] x'G5" egL -g]sfk @)%@, lg=g+= ^)#@, k|lbks'df/ cu|jfn lj= s/ sfof{no df]/ª, ;'g;/L ;d]t_ ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf ghL/ l;4fGt sfod ePsf] ;Gbe{df dfly k|Zg !, @, # / $ df ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 oL lgj]bssf xsdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]tsf sfdsf/jfxLdf clwsf/If]qljxLg clwsf/Laf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] jf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] tyf ;'g'jfOsf] df}sfaf6 lgj]bsNffO{ jlGrt ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL ?kdf clVtof/ k|fKt s/ clws[taf6 sfg"gcg'¿k lgj]bssf xsdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]tsf sfdsf/jfxL o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 ab/ x'g'kg{] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvg cfPg . *= plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f / ljj]rgf ;d]taf6 oL lgj]bssf] gfddf /x]sf] a}+s vftf /f]Ssf /fvL lgj]bsn] ltg{‘kg{] d"No clej[l4 s/ / cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL tyf k|lqmofut q'l6 gb]lvPsf] / s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf ePsf] cfb]zpk/ lgj]bsNffO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #!-s_ / bkmf #@ Pj+ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% / bkmf !!^ / /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * adf]lhd k|fKt pkrf/sf] j}slNks dfu{ adf]lhd lgj]bsn] rnfPsf] sf/jfxL :j?k o; cbfntdf o;} ljifodf k/]sf )^&–LE–)))# ;d]tsf lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg gx'g] u/L cfh} o;} Ohnf;af6 cfb]z eO{ clGtd 6'Ëf] nfu]sf] ljifodf g} kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h 191

x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tL Olt ;+jt @)^( h]7 @# ut] /f]h # z'ed ==== . Ohnf; clws[tM /fdk|;fb zdf{

192

l/6 ljljw

193

194

efuM @% ;fnM @)$) dlxgfM d+l;/ c+sM *, km};nf ldlt M @)$).*.@#, lg0f{o g+= !&#% l8lehga]~r dfggLo GofofwLz >L k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L hf]u]G›k|;fb >Ljf:tj ;Djt\ @)#( ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/ !&(^ lgj]bsM wd{;fu/ t'nfw/ sf=lh=sdnf5L lj¿4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ljifoM pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF -!_ sDklgsf] k|f]k|fO{6/ bfg;f]ef t'nfw/ ePsf]df l/6 lgj]bs wd{;fu/ t'nfw/sf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfb]z sfg'g cg's"n ePsf] gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !)_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ;j{1/Tg t'nfw/ ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fn cfb]z Gof=hf]u]G›k|;fb >Ljf:tj != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0f jf cGo pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z k"lh{ hf/L u/L ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] @)#&.@.@$ sf cglws[t k|ToIf sfg'gL q'l6k"0f{ tyf unt cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpF egL l/6 lgj]bg ldlt @)#(.@.@^.$ df btf{ ePsf] /x]5 . @= ;+lIfKt tYo tyf lhls/ o;k|sf/ 5g\M ;fu/ a|bz{ P08 s+= sf] -@)#$_ sf] a}+=r]=sf] s'n v"b cfo ?=^*,))). sfod u/L To;df ?=!$,#)). lgwf{/0f u/L pQm sDkgLsf] k|f]=wd{;fu/sf] egL pQm cfos/ ltg{ a'emfpgsf nflu @)#&.@.@$ ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ egL )#&.@.@( ut] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k7fPsf] lyof] . pQm sDkgLsf] k|f]kfO6/ d gePsf] x'gfn] d}n] s/ ltg{ a'emfpg gk/f]; egL k6s–k6s lgj]bg ubf{ ljkIfLn] s'g} ;'g'jfO{ ug{‘ePg To;kl5 oxL s'/fnfO{ lnO{ /fh:j GofofwLs/0fdf lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfO{ eO{ k|ltj]bg lemsfpg] cfb]z eO{ lemsfpFbf bfgzf]ef / d nf]Ug] : jf:gL ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @! n] To;/L wd{;fu/sf] gfdaf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNb5 egL ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] lyof] kl5 pQm d]/f] lgj]bgaf6 s'g} sf/jfxL ePg / sfg'gadf]lhd ug{‘eGg] dfq h]i7 # ut]df /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 cfb]z ePsf] lyof] . pQm )#&.@.@( sf] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt )#&.@.@$ sf] lg0f{o glbP gkfPsf] x'gfn] o; ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 lemsfPkl5 cfpg] g} 5 . #= ;fu/ a|bz{ P08 sDkgLsf k|f]k|fO{6/ bfgzf]ef t'nfw/ xf] of] s'/f afl0fHo ljefudf btf{ tyf cfh;Dd gjLs/0f eO{ To; ljefuaf6 lbPsf] lgh bfgzf]ef;Fu dfuL o;} lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg u/]sf] k|df0fkqaf6 klg k|i6 x'G5 . cfjZos k/] afl0fHo ljefu a'em] klg yfxf x'G5 . o;/L bfgzf]ef k|f]k|fO{6/ ePsf] d k|f]k|fO{6/ egL gfd} km]/abn u/L jf k|f]k|fO{6/ gePsf] dflg;nfO{ k|f]k|fO{6/ egL sfd gu/]sf] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ljkIfL sfof{nonfO{ s'g} sfg'gn] klg clwsf/ 5}g . $= km]l/ xfdLx¿ nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLr dg d'6fj ePaf6 @)#@.$.@% df a08fkq kf; u/L leGg a;L cfPsf] klg 5' . o;af6 cfos/ bDklt klg gx'Fbf csf{sf] gfpFdf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sb}g . %= ljkIfLx¿åf/f lnlvthjfkm dufO{ k]z ug{‘eGg] l;•na]~rsf] ldlt @)#(.#.!.# sf] cfb]z . ^= o; cbfntsf] l;•na]~rsf] cfb]zadf]lhd ljkIfLx¿åf/f lnlvthjfkm k|fKt ePsf] ldl;naf6 gb]lvPsf]n] ax; k}/jL ug{sf] lgldQ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘eGg] l8lehga]~rsf] ldlt @)#$.!@.&.@ sf] cfb]z . &= tf/]vdf /x]sf lgj]bssf] jf/]z Zofds[i0f 8+uf]nnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL lgj]bstkm{sf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ;j{1/Tg t'nfw/sf] / ljkIfL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 lemsfO{ cfPsf] ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fnsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . 195

*= k|:t't s]zdf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] s] /x]5 < lg0f{o lbg'k/]sf] 5 . (= o;df ;fu/ a|bz{ P08 sDkgLsf] k|f]kfO6/ bfgzf]ef t'nfw/ xf] of] s'/f jfl0fHo ljefudf btf{ eO{ cfh;Dd gjLs/0f eO{ To; ljefuaf6 lbOPsf] lgh bfgzf]ef;Fu dfuL o;} lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg u/]sf] k|df0fkqaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . cfjZos k/] jfl0fHo ljefu a'em] klg yfxf x'G5 . o;/L bfgzf]ef k|f]k|fO{6/ ePsf] d k|f]k|fO{6/ egL gfd} km]/abn u/L jf k|f]k|fO{6/ gePsf] dflg;nfO{ k|f]k|fO{6/ egL sfd} gu/]sf] cs}{ JolQmnfO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ljkIfL sfof{nonfO{ s'g} sfg'gn] klg clwsf/ 5}g o;f] ug{ k|fOe]6 kmd{ /lhi6«]zg P]g, @)!$ n] klg ldNg] s'/f xf]Og eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo lhls/ ePsf] k|:t't s];tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ bfgzf]ef t'nfw/ k|f]k|fO{6/ ePsf]df l/6 lgj]bs wd{;fu/ t'nfw/sf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . !)= cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @!-s_ df bDklQsf] ;+o'Qm cfodf nf]Ug]sf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g] 5 / pQm P]gsf] bkmf -v_ df kl/jf/sf] ;+o'Qm cfodf kl/jf/sf] d'Vo dflg;sf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g] 5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|: t't ljjfbdf s/ nfUg] u/L u/]sf] cfo bDklQsf] ;+o'Qm cfo ePsf] s'g} k|df0f 5}g . o:tf] l:yltdf sDklgsf] k|f]k|fO{6/ bfgzf]ef t'nfw/ ePsf]df l/6 lgj]bs wd{;fu/ t'nfw/sf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfb]z sfg'g cg's"n ePsf] b]lvPg . ctM pQm s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'gM sfg'g adf]lhd ug{‘ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+df k7fpg dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lgodadf]lhd u/L kmfOn a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x Olt;Djt\ @)$) ;fn dfu{ @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\=========================== .

196

efuM @%, ;fnM @)$), dlxgfM r}q, c+sM !@, km};nf ldlt @)$).!@.!&, lg0f{o g+= !*%& l8lehga]~r dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff dfggLo GofofwLz >L dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df ;Djt\ @)#( ;fnsf] l/=g+= !&@^ lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=g=k+=jf=g+=!* /QmsfnL a:g] lkp;/fh kf08] lj¿4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f jf pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z k"lh{ hf/L ul/kfpF -!_ sfg'gL JolQm ;/x ;+ul7t ;+:yf sDkgLsf] sfd sf/f]af/af6 sDkgLsf] d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/sf] JolQmut ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg kfpg] l:ylt g/xg] . -k|s/0f g+= !)_ -@_ /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ rn gb]lvO{ crn b]lvFbf o:tf] cj:yfdf sDkgLn] ltg{ÿ kg]{ s/ ga'emfPsf] egL l/6 lgj]bs tyf lghsf kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] crn ;DklQsf] /lhi6«]zg /f]Ssf /fVg egL n]v]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] kqnfO{ sfg'g cg'¿k eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= !!_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L z'lzns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L jnL/fd s'df/ cfb]z Gof=lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo tyf lhls/ ;+If]kdf o;k|sf/ /x]5 M @= o; sfof{no cGtu{t cfos/bftf >L g]kfn k]6«f]lnod sDkgL k|f=ln=n] cfos/ P]gsf] Dofbleq a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ /sd ga'emfPsf] x'Fbf pQm kmd{ tyf ;f] kmd{sf d]=8f=>L lkp;/fh kf08] >LdtL k|]ds'df/L kf08] sf=lh=/QmsfnL / lghsf 5f]/fx¿sf gfdaf6 To; dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 x'g] /lhi6«]zgx¿ o; sfof{nosf] csf]{ ;"rgf k|fKt geP ;Ddsf] nflu cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf #&-#_-s_ sf] Joj:yf cg'¿k /f]Ssf /fvL lbg' egL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+n] d lgj]bsnfO{ af]wfy{ lbO{ dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/ df=sf=kf6g / eQmk'/ df=sf=eQmk'/nfO{ k=;+=#*.)#( v= @ r=g+=!)*( ldlt )#*.!!.@( sf] cgflwsf/ ;DklQ xfd|f] kqn] pkef]u ug]{ a]rlavg ug]{, p7fpg kfpg] : jtGqtfsf] xsdf u}/sfg'gL cf3ft k'of{kPsf] 5 . s/bftfsf] rn ;DklQ dfq /f]Ssf ug]{ xf], crn /f]Ssf ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g . s/bftf g]kfn k]6«f]lnod s+=k|f=ln=ePsf] s'/f s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] kqdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf Psfsf] s/ bfloTjdf csf{sf] crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug{ ldNb}g . s/ clws[tn] afFsL s/ / nfUg] z'Ns c;"n ug{ ;"rgf ;Dd tf]lsPsf] clws[tnfO{ lbg'kg]{ bkmf #&-#_ df pNn]v 5 / tf]lsPsf] clws[t jf sfof{non] bkmf #&-#_ sf] -s_ b]lv -3_ ;Ddsf] t/Lsf ckgfpg'kg]{ xf] s/ clws[t jf sfof{non] v08 -s_ b]lv -3_ ;Ddsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] klg xf]Og . g]kfn k]6«f]lnod s+=k|f=ln=;Fusf] cfos/sf] n]gfdf lgj]bssf] gfdsf] tyf >LdtL / 5f]/fx¿ ;d]tsf] gfdsf] crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug]{ cfb]z ug]{ clwsf/ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] s/ clws[tnfO{ gePsf] x'Fbf lghsf] cgflwsf/ sf] u}/sfg'gL /f]Ssf ;DaGwL ldlt )#*.!!.@( sf] cfb]zåf/f /f]Ssf ug]{ sf/jfxL ljkIfL sf7df8f}+ df=sf=nlntk'/ df=sf=eQmk'/ df=sf=;d]tn] ug{ nfu]sf] sf/jfxL u}/sfg'gL x'Fbf o;af6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)-!_ !!-@_-ª_ !% / !!-#_ ;d]tsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]sf] x'Fbf ;f] xs clwsf/ P]=sf] wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0f ldl>t k|ltif]w nufot cf1f, cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L u/L xgg\ ePsf] xs k|rng ul/kfpF / o; lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] gnfu] ;Dd lgj]bssf] crn ;DklQ /lhi6«]zg /f]Ssf gug{‘ egL dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+ n=k'=df=sf=/ e=k'=df=sf=;d]tsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bg /x]5 . #= ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ k]z ug{‘eGg] l;+una]~rsf] cfb]zfg';f/ k|fKt lnlvthjfkmx¿ ;+If]kdf o;k|sf/ /x]5 M $= g]kfn k]=s+=k|f=ln=>L lkp;/fh kf08] tyf >LdtL k|]ds'df/L kf08] ;d]t lx:;]bf/ eO{ ;~rfng ePsf] / tTsflng cfos/ km5f}{6 cfof]uaf6 cf=a=!(^% h=l8= b]lv !(&^ h=l8= ;Ddsf] s"n hDdf s/ /sd ?=%,$),))). s/ /sd 197

#% lbgleq a'emfpg] 5' egL ldlt )#*.%.* df sDkgLsf d'Vo JolQm 8fO/]S6/ >L lkp;/fh kf08]n] pQm cfof]u ;dIf ;Demf}tf u/]sf]df Dofbleq a'emfpg kg]{ s/ /sd ga'emfO{ cfn6fn u/L a;]sf] x'Fbf pQm /sd p7fpg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-s_ b]lv -3_ ;Ddsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s/ clws[tn] pQm sDkgLsf] d'Vo JolQm lkp;/fh kf08]sf] tyf lghsL >LdtL tyf 5f]/fx¿sf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fv]sf] xf] . ljkIfLn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-s_ b]lv -3_ ;Ddsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] eGg] lhls/ sfg'gL tYoaf6 dgfl;j b]lvPg . sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ Dofbleq a'emfpg gcfPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL bkmf cg';f/ pQm sDkgLsf] tyf lgh d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/ tyf lghsf] kTgL / 5f]/fx¿sf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf ul/Psf] sfg'g;+ut x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] lnlvthjfkm . %= s'g} klg JolQmn] ;/sf/L ltg{‘ jf a'emfpg'kg]{ /fhZj jf cGo s'g} /sd ga'emfO{ afFsL /fv]df ;f] c;"n pk/ ug{ ;f] ;DalGwt JolQmsf] cGo rncrn ;DklQaf6 c;"n pk/ ug{ s'g} klg JolQm jf ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf jf lgof]unfO{ sfg'gL ¿kaf6 clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf sf/jfxLsf] qmddf sfo{ ;dfKt lg0f{o gx'Gh]n ;Ddsf] nflu ;f] crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf ;Dd u/] u/fPsf] dgfl;j b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t df=sf=nlntk'/sf] lnlvthjfkm . ^= /Ltk"j{s Dofb tfd]n eO{ sf7df8f}+ df=sf=/ eQmk'/ / df=sf=af6 lnlvthjfkm k]z gePsf] . &= l/6 lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg'ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L z'lzns'df/ l;Gxfn] s/ clws[tn] cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf #&-#_ sf] -s_ b]lv -3_ ;Ddsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] xf]Og, sDkgLdf d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/sf JolQmut ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg ldNg] xf]Og p;df klg k|rlnt sfg'gdf rn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg ;lsg] ;Dd Joj:yf ePsf] 5 cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_ adf]lhd g]kfn k]6«f]lnod sDkgL k|f=ln=pk/ dfq sf/jfxL ug{kg]{ xf] t/ sDkgLsf ;+:yfks jf z]o/xf]N8/ sf JolQmut ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug]{ clwsf/ P]gn] lbPsf] 5}g, t;y{ To:tf] cgflwsf/ q'l6k"0f{ cfb]z tyf kq ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] / ljkIfL sfof{notkm{af6 /xg'ePsf ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L aln/fd s'df/n] s/bftfn] cfos/ ga'emfPdf lghsf] ;DklQ lnnfd ug{ ;lsg] ePkl5 To:tf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg ldNg] g} xf] s/ km5\\of}{6 cfof]un] sfod u/]sf] cf=a=!(^% h=l8=b]lv !(&^ h=l8=;Ddsf] cfos/ ?=%,$),))). sfod ePsf] /sd a'emfpg] 5' egL ;Demf}tf u/L ga'emfPkl5 cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf #&-s_ b]lv -3_ ;Ddsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s/ clws[tn] pQm sDkgLsf d'Vo JolQm >L lkp;/fh kf08] tyf lghsL >LdtL tyf 5f]/fx¿sf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fv]sf] sfg'g;+ut g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug{‘eof] . *= ca l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu cg';f/ cfb]z hf/L ug{‘kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] ;f] sf] lg0f{o lbg'k/]sf] 5 . (= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df s/bftf g]kfn k]6«f]lnod sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf & cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] cjl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf Ps :jzfl;t ;+ul7t ;+:yf b]lvG5 . To:tf] sDkgLsf] cfˆgf] rncrn ;DklQ /xg] Joj:yf sDkgL P]g, )@! sf] bkmf & df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . !)= /f]Ssf /x]sf] l/6 lgj]bssf] ;DklQ xf], ;DklQ sDkgLsf] ljkIfL sfof{nosf] lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvGg . l/6 lgj]bs lkp;/fh kf08] pQm sDkgLsf] d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/ ;Dd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf] sDkgLsf] ;Lldt bfloTj /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yf sfg'gL JolQm ;/x ;+ul7t ;+:yfg o; sDkgLsf] sfd sf/f]af/af6 sDkgLsf] d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/sf] JolQmut ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg kfpg] l:ylt x'Fb}g . !!= cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #!-#_-s_ df s/bftfsf] rn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] eGg] ;Dd Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ rn gb]lvO{ crn b]lvFbf o:tf] cj:yf pQm sDkgLn] ltg{‘ kg]{ s/ ?=%,$),))). ga'emfPsf] egL l/6 lgj]bs tyf lghsf kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] crn ;DklQsf] /lhi6«]zg /f]Ssf /fVg egL n]v]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] kqnfO{ sfg'g cg'¿k eGg ldn]g . !@= ctM cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_ sf] Joj:yf cg'¿k csf]{ ;"rgf k|fKt geP;Dd pQm sDkgLsf] d]= 8f= lkp;/fh kf08] tyf lghsL >LdtL / 5f]/fx¿ ;d]tsf] gfdsf] crn ;DklQsf] /lhi6«]zg /f]Ssf /fvL lbg' egL ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿ sf7df8f}+ df=sf=sf7df8f}+ nlntk'/ df=sf=kf6g / eQmk'/ df= sf= eQmk'/nfO{ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+n], ldlt )#*.!!.@( ut] n]v]sf] cfb]z ;lxtsf] kq q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ hfgsf/L lgldQ cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ ldl;n lgodadf]lhd u/L a'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df Olt;Djt\ @)$) ;fn r}q !& ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\=================== .

198

efuM #), ;fnM @)$%, dlxgfM c;f]h, c+sM ^, km};nf ldlt M@)$%.)#.@@, lg0f{o g+=M #$*& ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L k[YjLaxb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L ?›axfb'/ l;+x ;Djt\ @)$) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !#!! lgj]bsM lxdfno hgtf 6«fG;kf]6 P08 O{GhLlgol/ª sDkgL k|f=nL= sf7df8f}+sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt P]= sf] d]g]lhª 8fO{/]S6/ a[h lszf]/snjf/ lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f nufot pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L ul/kfpF -!_ cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] pklgod -!_ df P]gsf] bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd s/ sfof{non] lnnfd laqmL ubf{ crn ;DklQsf xsdf #% lbg / rn ;DklQsf xsdf !% lbgsf] Dofb 6fF;L oyf;Dej :yfgLo kq–klqsfdf ;d]t ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L :yfgLo k|zf;gsf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL a9fa9 u/L lnnfd laqmL ug{ÿkg]{ . -k|s0f g+= !!_ -@_ pklgod -@_ df pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug{ÿ eGbf cl3 :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] / glhssf] cGo s'g} Ps c•fsf] k|ltlglw /fvL lnnfd ul/g] ;DklQsf] k~rs[lt df]n sfod ug{ÿkg]{ . -k|s/0f g+= !!_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}l8of ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]t ljåfg clwjQmf >L zf]efs/ pkfWofo cfb]z Gof=k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo Pj+ lhls/ ;+If]kdf o;k|sf/ /x]5 . @= :j=lkmN8 df;{n xl/ zdz]/ h=a=/f=sf] afu b/jf/ SofDk; aflx/sf] :jcfh{gsf] hUuf dWo] k"j{ 6'+8Lv]naf6 lqk'/]Zj/ hfg] d"n ;8s, klZrd af/L kf]v/L, pQ/ sf7df8f}+ 6«fG;kf]6{ sDkgLsf] k]6«fn ] kDk / hUuf, blIf0f h=c?0f zdz]/ h=a=/f=sf] SofDk kvf{n olt $ lsNnfleqsf] sf7df8f}+ dfn c•fsf] nut g+= ( df btf{ ePsf] n'kfsf eGg] hUuf /f]kgL )–&–! sf] lsQf ! ;d]tsf] hUuf /f]kgL !–&–@ nDjfO{ km'6 !@) rf}8fO{ km'6 ^( sf] b'O{ lsQf hUuf btf{jfnf lkmN8 df;{nn] sf=lh=dvg a:g] cjw lszf]/nfO{ @)@).*.@$ df 3/;f/df / P]= @% ut] sf7df8f}+ /lhi6«]zg c•f dfkm{t / lhi6«]zg g+= @$*( af6 xfn} b]lvsf] as;kq kfl/t ul/lbg' eO{ ;f]xL ldltdf ;f]xL hUuf ePsf] 3/ ljifodf klg d~h"/ gfdfsf] sfuh ul/lbg' eO{ cjwlszf]/sf] gfddf btf{ gfd;f/L lt/f] e/f] ;d]t eO{ )@#.%.!^ df sf7df8f}+ /lhi6«]zg c•f dfkm{t /lhi6«]zg g+= $%( af6 cjwlszf]/n] o; sDkgLnfO{ 5f]8kq kfl/t ul/lbg' ePsf]n] o; sDkgLsf] gfddf btf{ gfd;f/L eO{ ;f] ;Dk"0f{ hUufsf] lt/f] lt/fg ;d]t u/L cBlk o; sDkgLn] ef]uL cfPsf] / ;f]xL hUuf gofF 3/ agfpg] :6Ld]6 u/L gSzf ;d]t tof/ u/L sf=g=k+=af6 )@$.@.%.^ df gSzf ;d]t kfl/t eO;s]sf] 5 . pQm hUuf # g+= gfkL uf]Zjf/f dfkm{t gfkL x'Fbf sf7df8f}+ g=k+=jf= g+= !! ls=g+=#!* tyf #!( df gfkL eO{ # g+=gf=uf]=sf] ldlt @)##.(.& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ;f] hUuf ;d]t h=c?0f zdz]/ h=a=/f=tyf j[=h=z'lzn zdz]/ h=a=/f=sf] ;+o'Qm gfddf c:yfoL btf{ u/L lrQ ga'em] #% lbgleq lh=c=df ph"/ ug{ hfg' egL ldlt @)##.(.!).^ df kqaf6 k7fPsf] ;"rgf ldlt @)##.(.!# df k|fKt eO{ Dofbleq sf7df8f}+ lh=c=df lgj]bsn] lvrf]nf btf{ ab/ d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]df sf=lh=c=af6 ldlt @)#^.#.#@ df bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{ egL km};nf eP pk/ d=If]=c=df k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ls=g+=#!* lgj]bsnfO{ lhtfO{ ls=g+=#!( df lgj]bsnfO{ x/fO{ @)#*.!!.!@.$ df km};nf ePsf]n] ;f]pk/ b'j}kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt kfpF eGg] lgj]bg lbPsf]df b'j}kIfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg eO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ljrf/fwLg 5 . o; sDkgLn] a'emfpg' kg]{ cfos/ /sd c;"npk/ ug{ pQm hUuf dWo] ls=g+=#!* sf] hUuf / To;df /x]sf] 3/;d]t lnnfd ug{ u/fpg ljkIfL g+= ! n] ldlt @)$).!.@( ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] lgj]bsn] yfxf kfPkl5 ;f] ls=g+=;d]tsf] hUuf d'2f ;DdfgLt ;=c=df ljrf/fwLg ePsf]n] lnnfd a9fa9sf] sf/jfxL :ylut /fVg ljkIfL g+= ! df lgj]bg btf{ u/fpg hfFbf btf{ gu/]sf]n] ldlt @)$).#.!.$ df x'nfsaf6 /lhi6«L u/L k7Pkl5 PSsf;L pQm sDkgL tkfO{sf] 199

gfddf btf{ ePsf] sf=g=k+=jf=g+=!! ls=g+=#!* sf] If]qkmn )–!!–@–@ 3/hUuf s/ sfof{no aa/dxnaf6 @)$).#.# df lnnfd a9fa9 x'Fbf hubLzk|;fb ;/fjuLn] ;a} eGbf a9L df]ndf lng ;sf/ u/]sf]n] pQm lsQf lgh hubLzsf] gfddf bf=vf=ul/lbg' eGg] s/ sfof{no ldlt @)$).#.( sf] kqfg';f/ @)$).#.* df o; sfof{noaf6 lg0f{o eO{ pQm ls=g+=lgh hubLzk|;fb ;/fjuL ^.^)) z'qm ysf]gfddf bf=vf=eO;s]sf]n] tkfO{;+u /x]sf] pQm lsQfsf] k"hf{ : jtM vf/]h ePsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fOG5 eGg] ljkIfL g+= $ sf] ldlt @)$).#.( sf] kq ldlt @)$).#.!) df k|fKt ePkl5 ljkIfL g+= $ sf] ldlt @)$).#.* sf] lg0f{o krf{sf] gSsn ldlt @)$).#.!@ df k|fKt u/L ljkIfL g+= ! sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL sfuhftsf] gSsnsf] nflu lgj]bg lb+bf gSsn gkfO{ cy{ dGqL sxfF lgj]bg lbOtf]s cfb]z eO{ ldlt @)$).$.! df dfq ToxfFaf6 gSsn k|fKt u/L Dofbleq} Dofbsf] nflu lgj]bg u/]sf] 5' . ;Dkflbt lnnfd tyf ljkIfLx?sf] cGo sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t u}/sfg'gL tyf j]/Lt k"0f{ 5 lsgsL cfos/ -;+zf]wg ;lxt P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_-3_ adf]lhd lnnfd a9fa9 u/L laqmL ug{nfO{ ljkIfL g+= ! n] ldlt @)$).!.@( sf] uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 / ;f] bkmf #&-#_-3_ df s/bftfsf] gfddf /x]sf] rn jf crn ;DklQ ;a} jf s]xL Ps}k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tf]lsPadf]lhd lnnfd laqmL kg]{ eGg] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @-km_ df tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhd eGgfn] o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx?df tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ eGg] tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @@ df lnnfd laqmL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw eGg] zLif{s eO{ To;sf] pklgod -!_ P]gsf] bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd s/ sfof{non] lnnfd laqmL ubf{ crn ;DklQsf xsdf #% lbg / rn ;DklQsf xsdf !% lbgsf] Dofb 6fF;L oyf;Dej :yfgLo kq klqsfdf ;d]t ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L :yfgLo k|zf;gsf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL a9fa9 u/L lnnfd laqmL ug{‘ kg]{ 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] sg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . pQm sfg'gL Joj:yf adf]lhd lgj]bssf] pQm crn ;Dklt lnnfd laqmL ubf{ ljkIfL g+= ! n] #% lbgsf] Dofb 6fF;L oyf;Dej :yfgLo kq klqsfdf ;d]t ;"rgf k|sflzt ug{‘ kg]{df ;f] cg';f/ Dofb g6fF;L uf]/vf kqdf ;"rgf;Dd k|sflztu/L lnnfd a9fa9 u/L laqmL ul/Psf]n] pQm ;Dkflbt lnnfd pQm lgod @@-!_ sf] ljk/Lt eO{ ab/efuL 5 . #% lbgsf] Dofb 6Fl;g' kg]{ afWoftds Joj: yf eO{ kq–klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ s'/f cltl/Qm Joj:yf;Dd ePsf]n] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfn] 6fF: g' kg]{ Dofbsf] :yfg lng ;Qm}g . k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgf 6fF:g' kg]{ Dofbsf] ljsNk xf]Og . lnnfd a9fa9 u/L ldlt @)$).!.@( sf] uf]=k= df k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgf tyf lnnfd a9fa9 ;d]tsf] sfd s/ clws[tsf] ;"rgfaf6 tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Laf6 x'g' kg]{df ;f] cg';f/ geO{ ldlt @)$).!.@) sf] l6Kk0fL cg';f/ ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] / To:t} ldlt @)$).#.# df lnnfd a9fa9sf] d'r'Nsf ul/Pssf]n] pQm ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL tyf ;Dkflbt lnnfd cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_ sf] ljk/Lt eO{ ab/efuL 5 . cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @@-@_ df pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug{‘ eGbf cl3 :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] / glhssf] cGo s'g} Ps c•fsf] k|ltlglw ;fIfL /fvL lnnfd ul/g] ;DklQsf] k~rs[lt df]n sfod ug{‘ kg]{5 eGg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;f] cg';f/sf] ;fIfL /fvL k~rs[lt df]n sfod ug{‘ kg]{df ;f] cg';f/ sfod gu/L ldlt @)$).@.@%.$ sf] d'r'Nsf adf]lhd d"Nof+sg ;ldltaf6 k+rs[lt df]n sfod u/]sf] klg u}/sfg'gL 5 . ;f] d"Nof+sg ;ldlt s'g P]g cGtu{t s;/L u7g ePsf] xf] < To:sf] sfg'gL cl:tTj s] 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf ;f] d'r'Nsfdf s]xL pNn]v 5}g / pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod @@ df To;sf] d"Nof+sg ;ldltsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yf ePsf] kfOFb}g ;fy} ;f] d'r'Nsfdf pQm lgod @@-@_ cg';f/sf] ;fIfL ;d]t g/fvL pkl:yt ;b:ox? eGg] n]vL sr u/L tn ;b:ox?sf] gfd gfd];L pNn]v 5 . k+raf6 sfod x'g' g} k+rs[lt df]n eGg' k5{ eGg] Goflos l;4fGt ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] km'na]~raf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] l:yltdf pQm d"Nof+sg -k+rs[lt df]n_ pQm lgod @@-@_ sf] ljk/Lt ePsf]n] To:tf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfw/df ul/Psf] pQm lnnfd a9fa9sf] tyf cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfd u}/sfg'gL ePsf]n] ab/efuL 5 . cfos/ ;+=;=P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_-3_ tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL, )#( sf] lgod @@ adf]lhdsf] lnnfd a9fa9 ;d]tnfO{ ;b/ ab/ ug{ ;f] P]gn] ljkIfL g+= # nfO{ s'g} clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sf]n] ldlt @)$).#.% sf] pQm lg0f{o cglws[t eO{ sfg'gL k|efj ljxLg 5 / ;f] lg0f{o g} sfg'gL k|efj ljxLg ePkl5 To:tf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df ljkIfL g+= $ n] ldlt @)$).#.& df u/]sf] bf=vf=;DaGwL lg0f{o klg u}/sfg'gL eO{ ab/efuL ePsf]n] ljkIfL g+=% n] kfPsf] sfuh lg:;f klg u}/sfg'gL eO{ ;f] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL ab/efuL 5 . ljkIfL g+= % n] Dofbleq ;Dk"0f{ /sd a'emfPsf] klg 5}g . t;y{ of] lhls/ tyf sfg'gL a'Fbf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL g+= ! sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL tyf ;Dkflbt lnnfd ljkIfL g+= @ sf] ldlt @)$).@.@%.$ sf] d"Nof+sg ljkIfL g+= # sf] ldlt @)$).#.% sf] lg0f{o ljkIfL g+= $ sf] ldlt @)$).#.* sf] lg0f{o sf/jfxL tyf ljkIfL g+= % sf] ;Dk"0f{ lqmof u}/sfg'gL tyf j]/Ltk"0f{ ;d]t ePsf] / To:tf] u}/sfg'gL tyf bf]ifk"0f{ lnnfdn] lgj]bssf] sfg'gL tyf ;+j}wflgs xs s'l07t ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ljkIfLx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o tyf sfdsf/jfxL ab/ u/L xgg\ ePsf] xssf] k|rng ul/kfpF / of] lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd ljkIfLx?sf] pQm lg0f{ox? tyf a]/Ltk"0f{, u}/sfg'gL lnnfd sfofl{\Gjt gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfddf ;d]t cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg /x]5 . ljkIfLx?af6 200

lnlvt hjfkm dufpg' / cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ kg]{ xf] xf]Og 5nkmnsf] nflu d=Gof=sf=nfO{ ;"rgf lbg' eGg] ;d]t o; cbfnt l;+una]~rsf] ldlt @)$).$.@$ sf] cfb]zfg';f/ k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmsf] Joxf]/f ;+If]kdf o;k|sf/ /x]5 . #= cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf #&-#_-v_ / cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @@ adf]lhd ePsf] lnnfd laqmL sfo{ sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /xL u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ / k|d'v s/ clws[t s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] p:t} Joxf]/fsf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm . $= sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlw d'tfljs cfZos lgsf;f dfu ePsf] / o; ljefusf dxf lgb]{zsaf6 lnnfd ePsf] hUufsf] rng k'hL{ lbg] lgsf;f dfu lbPsf]df ljkIfL lgj]bsn] ePsf] oyfy{ s'/fnfO{ ljk/Lt cy{ nufO{ sfof{noaf6 sfg'g adf]lhd ePsf] sfddf cgfjZos afwf c8\rg xfNg] p2]Zon] dfq pQm l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t dxf lgb]{zs, s/ ljefu . %= s/ ljefu nufot c? ;a} sfof{non] P]g lgodsf] clwsf/ sf] k|of]u u/L pQm hUufsf] :jfldTj dnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] / d}n] pQm hUuf plrt df]n lt/L /Ltk"j{ssf] ;/sf/L k|s[ofåf/f kfPsf] x'Fbf d]/f] :jfldTjdf lgj]bssf] bfjL cfwf/xLg ePsf]n] lgj]bssf] l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t hubLzk|;fb ;/fjuL . ^= lgod adf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] kmfOn ;d]t cWoog u/L lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}l8of / ljkIfL sfof{nox?sf tkm{af6 vl6O{ pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]t tyf k|ToyL{ hubLz ;/fjuLsf] tkm{af6 /xg'ePsf] ljåfg clwjQmf zf]efv/ pkfWofo ;d]tn] ug{‘ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . &= ca lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] ;f] sf] lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . *= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf # sf] v08 -v_ tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @@ sf] ljk/Lt ePsf] lnnfd laqmL ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] d'Vo l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ b]lvG5 . (= l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ cg';f/ r'gf}tL ul/Psf] pQm lnnfd laqmL sfg'g adf]lhd eP gePsf] s] xf] ;f] sf] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . !)= o; ;DaGwdf eO/x]sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf x]bf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -3_ sf “s/ bftfsf] gfddf /x]sf] rn jf crn ;DklQ ;a} jf s]xL Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tf]lsPadf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / P]=P]gsf] bkmf @-km_ df “tf]lsPsf]" jf “tf]lsPadf]lhd eGgfn] o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx?df tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhd ;Demg' k5{" eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . !!= ca P]=P]gsf] bkmf @-km_ cg';f/ lgoddf lnnfd laqmL ug]{ ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5 egL x]bf{ cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @@ df lnnfd laqmL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw zLif{s cGtu{t pklgod -!_ df P]gsf] bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd s/ sfof{non] lnnfd laqmL ubf{ crn ;DklQsf xsdf #% lbg / rn ;DklQsf xsdf !% lbgsf] Dofb 6fF;L oyf;Dej :yfgLo kq–klqsfdf ;d]t ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L :yfgLo k|zf;g k|ltlglwnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL a9fa9 u/L lnnfd laqmL ug{‘ kg]{5 eGg] / P]=sf] pklgod -@_ df pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug{‘ eGbf cl3 :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] / glhssf] cGo s'g} Ps c•fsf] k|ltlglw /fvL lnnfd ul/g] ;DklQsf] k~s[lt df]n sfod ug{‘ kg]{5 eGg] ;d]t k|i6 Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . !@= o;af6 d'Vo ?kdf lnnfd laqmL ubf{ dfly pNn]v u/] cg';f/sf] /Lt k'of{ O{ Dofb 6fF; ug{‘ kg]{ / lnnfd ul/g] ;DklQsf] k~r s[lt df]n sfod ug{‘kg]{ b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ k|:t't d'2f dfly plNnlvt cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @@ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw gckgfO{ uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf ;Dd k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvg cfpg'sf] ;fy} P]=lgodfjnLsf] lgod @@ sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lnnfd ul/g] hUufsf] df]n sfod gu/L d"NofÍg ;ldltaf6 hUufsf] df]n sfod u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . !#= pk/f]Qmfg';f/ cfos/ afkt l/6 lgj]bs s/bftfsf] hUuf lnnfd laqmL ug]{ u/]sf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{noåf/f ;Dkflbt ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL tyf lnnfd ljkIfL k|d'v s/ clws[t, s/ sf=sf=sf] ldlt @)$).@.@%.$ sf] d"Nof+sg ljkIfL s/ ljefu sf] @)$).#.% sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{ofg';f/sf] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] @)$).#.* sf] lg0f{o sf/jfxL ;d]t cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #& sf] pbkmf # sf] v08 -v_ tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @@ sf] ljk/Lt eO{ q'l6k"0f{ Pj+ u}/sfg'gL x'Fbf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f tL ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{ox? tyf sfd sf/jfxL ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ca k'gM sfg'g adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug{‘ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ;d]tsf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . hfgsf/L lgldQ cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk ljkIfLx? sxfF k7fpg dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fpg kmfOn lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdtL 5 . Gof=?›axfb'/ l;+x Olt ;Djt\ @)$% ;fn cfiff9 @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\=================== . 201

efu M#!, ;fnM@)$^, dlxgf Mkmfu'g, c+s M!!, km};nf ldlt M@)$^.!!.@$, lg0f{o g+=M #(() ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L wg]G›axfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|r08/fh clgn ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !$^# l/6 lgj]bsM lh= k;f{ jL/u+h cfbz{ gu/ g=k+=jf=g+= !# l:yt uf]kfn df]6/ :6f];{sf k|f]= lgd{ns'df/ j]l/jfn lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f jf pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L u/L kfpF · clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ clwsf/sf] ;|f]t vf]lng' kg]{ x'G5 t/ bkmf jf pkbkmf p4[t ug{ 5'6]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq cj}w eGg ldNb}g . d'Vo s'/f s'g} bkmf jf pkbkmfn] To:tf] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ePsf] 5 5}g egL x]g'{ kg]{ . -k|s/0f g+= !)_ lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}l8of k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]t cfb]z k|=Gof= wg]G›axfb'/ l;+xM k|:t't l/6lgj]bg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{t btf{ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf]df tYo o; k|sf/ 5 M– @= lgj]bs kmd{sf] cf=a= )$).)$! lbkfjnLsf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] @)$#.#.@# ut]sf] krf{af6 v"b cfo sfod u/L ldlt @)$#.#.@$ sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z cg';f/sf] /sd ;dod} bflvn ul/;s]sf] lyPF . o:t}df ljkIfL sfof{nosf] ldlt )$%.!@.@( ut]sf] k|fKt kqdf tkfO{sf] cf=a= )#&.)#* b]lv )$).)$! >f=cf= ;Ddsf] ldlt ldltdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf sf/f]jf/ c+sdf $=^^ k|ltztn] cfo sfod x'g'sf] ;fy} s/ axfnaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL ;d]t 5"6 x'g uPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ k/]sf] x'Fbf o:t} lsl;dsf] sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng ug]{ cGo s/bftfx?sf] v"b cfo sfod u/] ;/x tkfO{sf] klg pNn]lvt cf=a= x?sf] v"b cf=a= cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf ##-@_ cg';f/ sfod ubf{ tkfO{sf] s/sf] bfloTj a9\g hfg] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf tkfO{sf] s]xL eGg' kg]{df ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{‘ kg]{ eP k]z ug{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd & lbgsf] Dofb lbOPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]n] Dofb kfpF egL lgj]bg lbPsf]df Dofb yk gx'g] egL ldlt @)$^.!.@* ut]sf] kq k|fKt ePsf] lbg ldlt @)$%.!@.@( ut]sf] kq bkmf ##-$_ ljk/Lt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] cg'/f]w ub}{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/sf] ;"rgf k7fPsf] cj:yfdf ;a"b k|df0f v'nfO{ cfˆgf] s'/f k]z ug]{ x'Fbf ;f] cg';f/ gu/];Dd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f gxf];\ eGg] cg'/f]w u/L x'nfsaf6 /lhi6/L u/L ljkIfL s/ sfof{nodf k7fPsf]df Wofg} glbO{ @)$^.!.@^ ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ eGb} k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;fljs eGbf w]/} /sd a9fO{ ldlt @)$^.!.@^ ut]df cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k7fPF . #= >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{odf cfos/ P]gsf] s'g bkmf cGtu{t lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] v'nfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %^ n] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f jf cltl/Qm lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/L ;f] bkmf %^-!_ df cfo ljj/0f em'¶f bflvn u/L u/fO{ s/sf] bfloTj sd x'g uPsf] / bkmf %^-#_ df s/ lgwf{/0f ablgot;fy jf nfk/jfxLaf6 eO{ jf clgoldt eO{ s/sf] bfloTj 36\g uPsf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . t/ ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] pQm kqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] Joxf]/faf6 k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] cj: yf ;f] bkmf %^-!_ / -#_ cGtu{t kg{ gcfpg] x'Fbf ldlt @)$%.!!.#) sf] lg0f{o / ljkIfL s/ ljefusf kq u}/sfg'gL 5 . olt k|ltztn] g} cfo sfod ug{‘ kg]{ lsl;dsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cfos/ P]gdf 5}g . 3/ axfnsf] xsdf s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ 5"6 x'g uPsf] eP Tolt;Dddf cltl/Qm s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u/L bkmf %^ -v_ cg';f/ ug{‘ kg]{df pQm lg0f{o u}/sfg'gL 5 . bkmf %% adf]lhd ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] g} ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5 . ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$^.!.@^ ut]sf] lg0f{o krf{df ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 a]?h' cf}+NofO{ uPsf] /x]5 . t/ To:tf] a]?h'sf] cfwf/df ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/n] bkmf %^ adf]lhd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] lsl;dsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cfos/ P]gdf gePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o u}/sfg'gL 5 . @)$#.#.@# df ePsf] lg0f{o cg';f/sf] ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f d=n]=k=af6 cf}+NofPsf] /fhZj a]?h' cg';f/ s/sf] bfloTj 36\g uPsf] eGg]egfO{ s]jn axfgfdfq xf] . jf:tljstf 202

$= %=

^=

&= *=

xf]Og lgj]bsnfO{ cgle1tfdf /fvL cndNofpg vf]lhPsf] xf] . ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] k7fPsf] ldlt @)$%.!@.@( ut]sf] kq bkmf ##-$_ ljk/Lt 5 . ;fy} ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGt ljk/Lt u}/sfg'gL 5 . ;f] s'/f pNn]v ;doleq} hjfkm k7fOPsf] tkm{ Wofg glbO{ xr'jf lsl;dn] v"b cfo sfod u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] :ki6 5 . lgj]bsn] /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ cdfGo ug{ g;sL / ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o krf{ cfb]z tyf ;"rgf kq ;d]tdf Ps zAb klg pNn]v gu/L PSsf;L bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] lg0f{o krf{ cfb]z tyf ;"rgfkq bkmf ##-#_ tyf tTsfnLg bkmf %* ;d]t ljk/Lt 5 . cfo cfh{g ug{ vr{ ePsf] /sd s§f u/L v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ;f] cg';f/ gu/L xr'jf s'/f n]vL vr{ /sd ldGxf glbPsf] bkmf ^ / !@ sf] ljk/Lt 5 . ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] & tyf !) k|ltztn] sfod u/]sf] v"b cfodf ckgfOPsf] cfwf/ xr'jf tyf cfwf/lxg eO{ pQm krf{ lg0f{o tyf cfb]z xr'jf 5 . ljkIfLx?sf] lg0f{o krf{ cfb]z ;d]taf6 pQm xssf] cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%, %* ;d]tåf/f k|bQ xs ;d]t s'l07t x'g uPsf]n] ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{o s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)$%.!@.^ sf] kq ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$%.!@.@( ut]sf] ;"rgfkq / ldlt @)$^.!.@^ ut]sf] lg0f{o krf{ tyf cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg . ljkIfL;+u lnlvthjfkm lnO{ k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t >L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)$^.#.* ut]sf] cfb]z . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ k/]sf] Joxf]/f lnlvt ?kdf ldlt @)$%.!@.@( ut]sf] kqåf/f cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd & lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ clGtd df}sf lbOPsf]df s'g} k|ltpQ/ glbPsf]n] k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGt ljk/Lt df}sf g} glbO{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . o; s/bftfsf] $=^^ k|ltztsf b/n] v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf]n] cGo s/bftfsf] sf/f]jf/df sfod ul/Psf] v"b cfo k|ltzt ;/x & / !) k|ltztsf b/n] v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] sfg'g adf]lhd g} ePsf] 5 . n]vf k/LIf0fdf clgoldt 5"6 c;"n u/fpg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ ePsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %^ ljk/Lt eGg ldNb}g . o:t} k|s[ltsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ 8L=kL= O06/ k|fOh]h kmd{sf] v"b cfo sfod ubf{ ckgfOPsf] cfwf/df v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf]nfO{ xr'jf eGg' em'¶f xf] . sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /xL cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cf}lrTo k"0f{ b]lvPsf] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL s/ sfof{no, aL/u+hsf] lnlvthjfkm . k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] s/ ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs jf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %& df Joj:yf ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpF . ldlt @)$#.#.@# ut]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z clgoldt eO{ s/sf] bfloTj lgs} sd b]lvg cfPsf]n] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %^-#_ cg';f/ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ldlt @)$%.!!.#) df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] xf] s'g} q'l6 gePsf] s/sf] bfloTj 36\g uPdf % jifl{\eq k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ P]gn] clVtof/ k|bfg u/L /fv]sf] 5 . ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd & lbgsf] Dofb lbOPsf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_-3_ adf]lhd 8L=kL= O06/ k|fOh]hsf] v"b cfo sfod ubf{ ckgfOPsf] cfwf/df lgj]bs kmd{sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f sfg'g adf]lhd ePsf] 5 . cf=a= @)$).)$! sf] laqmL c+s ?= !,!%,(!,(!&.!# k};fnfO{ sfod u/L lgj]bsn] aofgdf v'nfPsf] v'›f / yf]s laqmLsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df qmdzM !) / & k|ltztn] v"b cfo sfod u/L 5"6 x'g uPsf] 3/ hUuf axfnaf6 k|fKt /sd ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] ;Dd xf] . s/ sfof{no, aL/u+haf6 ePsf] @)$^.!.@^ ut]sf] cfb]z sfg'g adf]lhd x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm . l/6 lgj]bsn] o; ljefusf] ldlt @)$%.!@.^ sf] kq ab/ u/L kfpF eGg] ;Dd pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] >L % sf] ;/ sf/sf] ldlt @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf s/ sfof{no, jL/u+hdf ldlt @)$%.!@.^ sf] kqaf6 n]vL uPsf] ;Dd b]lvFbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm . lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}l8ofn] sf/f]jf/sf] lx;fa lstfa ;d]t b]vfO{ cfo ljj/0f e/]sf] cfwf/df ldlt @)$#.#.@# df v"b cfo sfod eO{ s/ lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd /sd lt/L ;s]sf] 5 . /fhZj a]?h' ;k/LIf0f u/fpg egL k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ gldNg] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -#_ sf] cj:yfdf dfq k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] xf] . t/ ;f] cj:yfdf k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] s'/f l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf]df v'Nb}g . 3/ axfndf s/ lgwf{/0f 5'6]sf]df s/ sfof{non] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] xf] t;y{ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{o / ljefusf] kq tyf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t u}/sfg'gL 5 . lgj]bsnfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ ljk/Lt lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;f] lg0f{ox? ab/ u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t ax; ug{‘eof] . k|ToyL{x? tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a: g]tn] s/bftfsf] ljj/0fnfO{ cdfGo u/]sf] 5}g . k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f u/fpg ;Sg] clwsf/ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %^ cGtu{t 203

>L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ ePsf] / laqmL c+snfO{ sfod u/L k|ltztdf dfq x]/km]/ u/L 5"6 s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug{‘eof] . (= k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] dfu cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < ;f] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . !)= o:df lg0f{otkm{ x]bf{ l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adflhd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] egL ;"rgf lbPsf]df s'g bkmf cGtu{t >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] xf] hfgsf/L lbOPg eGg] l/6 lgj]bsn] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ clwsf/sf] ;|f]t vf]lng' kg]{ x'G5 . t/ bkmf jf pkbkmf p4[t ug{ 5'6]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq cj}w eGg ldNb}g . d'Vo s'/f s'g} bkmf jf pkbkmfn] To:tf] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ePsf] 5, 5}g egL x]g{‘ kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't ljifodf k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;/sf/L jsLnn] Ohnf; ;dIf b]vfpg' ePsf] kmfOn x]bf{ k|yd s/ lgwf{/0fsf] laqmL c+s Ps} sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 . v"b cfo lgsfNg] k|s[ofdf ;fljsdf / xfndf k|ltztdf kl/jt{g u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf l/6 lgj]bssf] lx;fa klxn] :jLsf/ ePsf] / xfn cdfGo u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] b]lvFb}g . l/6 lgj]bs s/bftfn] 3/ axfn afktsf] /sdsf] ljj/0f lbPsf] eGg] kfOG5 . t/ ;fljs cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbf v"b cfodf ;dfj]z x'g gkfOPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bssf] lx;fa lstfanfO{ dfGotf lbP glbPsf] eGg] k|Zg k|:t't d'2fdf ljz]if ljrf/0fLo b]lvFb}g . @)$#.#.@# df s/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbf sfod ePsf] laqmL c+snfO{ l/6 lgj]bs s/bftfn] : jLsf/ u/L ;f]df nfUg] elgPsf s/ /sd a'emfO{ ;s]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bs s/bftf;+u ;fljs sfod ePsf] laqmL c+snfO{ oyfjt sfod /fvL cGo s/bftf ;/x v"b cfo lgsfNg] cfwf/df ;dfg k|ltzt sfod u/L v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^ cGtu{t >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z lbg;Sg] x'Fbf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] clwsf/ If]qleq /xL lg0f{o u/]sf] / k'gMs/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] dfu cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/Lug{ ldn]g . k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfOn lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof= k|r08/fh clgn Olt ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fn kmfNu'0f @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\======================= .

204

efu M#@, ;fnM@)$&, dlxgf Mh]i7, c+s M@, km};nf ldlt M @)$^.!@.!%.$, lg0f{o g+= $)&) ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L wg]G›axfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|r08/fh clgn ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=g+= %^! l/6 lgj]bsM lh=wg'iff uf=k+= d'2fdf vh'/Ldf :yflkt nIdLgf/fo0f /fO; ldnsf k|f]=af}Pnfn ;fx lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no hgsk'/wfd ;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ s] slt v"b cfo sfod x'g] xf] cg'dflgt cfo ljj/0f ;d]t v'nfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvFb}g, ;f] adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq s/bftfn] k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg ;lsg] x'Fbf pQm adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f gv'nfO{ lbPsf] ;"rgfaf6 sfg'g adf]lhd k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbPsf] dfGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= &_ ljkIfL tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L /fh]G› sf]O/fnf cfb]z k|=Gof=wg]G›axfb'/ l;+x != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f &! cGtu{t o; cbfntdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ /x]5 . @= d]/f] k|f]k|fO6/zLkdf nIdLgf/fo0f /fO; ldnsf gfpFdf btf{ eO{ d}n] rnfO{ cfPsf]df ldlt @)#!.(.!@ df xf]Og s'df/ ;+u6fnfO{ dfl;s ?= @))).– sf b/n] lnvt kfl/t ul/lbPsf] / ;f] cg';f/ cf=j= )#!.@)#@ sf] hDdf !) dxLgf !% lbgsf] ?= @))).– sf b/n] ef8f ?= @!,))).– / d lgj]bssf] lghL 3/ hgsk'/ wfg rfdn lgof{t sDkgLnfO{ dfl;s ?= $)).– sf b/n] ldlt @)#!.!.!@ b]lv ef8fdf lbPsf]n] ;f] afkt k|fKt ?= #))).– ;d]t hDdf cfo ?= @$,))).– df tna dhb'/L @))%.– ;d]t u/L hDdf ePsf] vr{ ?= !&%).– 5'6km'6 -l8lk|l;o;g_ ?= !!,&*@.#@ cGo vr{ ?= @))).– ;d]t u/L hDdf ePsf] vr{ ?= !&%#&.#@ s§f u/L cfkm"nfO{ ePsf] v"b d'gfkmf ?= ^,$^@.^* b]vfO{ tf]lsP cg';f/sf] cfo ljj/0f e/L ldlt @)##.@.#! df ljkIfL s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] lyPF . o;} aLr ljkIfL cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldlt dWodf~rnsf] ldlt @)$!.#.$ sf] a}7sn] sfof{nodf k|fKt eP;Ddsf] tYof+s s=lg= sf] uf]Ko k|ltj]bg tyf cGo cfwf/e"t s'/fx?sf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v8f ePsf] lg0f{o krf{ adf]lhd d]/f] v"b cfo ?= !,)$,$(&.)# sfod ePsf] egL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g alv{nfk x'g] u/L v"b cfo lgwf{/0f u/] pk/ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #$-@_ cGtu{t ljkIfL s/ dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg u/]sf]df cfˆgf] sf/f]af/ ;DaGwdf s]xL ;a"t k|df0f / k|ltlqmof ;d]t k]z gu/L a;]sf] b]lvPsf] / cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $)-!_ adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltn] v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)$!.#.* df s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] lg0f{o dgfl;a 7x5{ egL ldlt @)$%.!).!( df lg0f{o ul/of] . o;/L d}n] d]/f] 3/ / ldn ;d]t ef8fdf lbO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] adf]lhd d}n] e/]sf] cfosf] ljj/0f / ;f] ;DaGwL k]z ePsf k|df0fx?sf] ;d'lrt d"Nof+sg g} gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . ldlt @)$!.#.$ sf] lg0f{odf cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ pNn]lvt cj:yfx? dWo] s] s'g cfwf/df v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] xf] v'nfOPsf] 5}g . ctM ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$!.#.* sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] ldlt @)$%.!).!( sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pQm lg0f{ox? pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L k/dfb]z jf hf] rflxg] cf1f, cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6lgj]bg lhls/ /x]5 . #= o;df ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)$^.$.!! sf] cfb]z /x]5 . $= lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ k'i6\ofO{ ug{ aofg lbg gcfPsf] tyf cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd kqåf/f df}sf lb+bf ;d]t sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL lx;fa lstfa k]z ug{ pkl:yt gx'g'sf] ;fy} s'g} k|lts[of ;d]t JoQm ug{ gcfPsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $)-!_ adf]lhd ul7t cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6 v"b cfo ?= !,)$,$(&.)# sfod u/L P]= bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd ldlt @)$!.#.* df s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ldn]s} x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{no hgsk'/sf] lnlvthjfkm /x]5 . 205

%= 5'§f 5'§} # cfly{s jif{sf] ;DalGwt ljjfbdf oL l/6 lgj]bsn] lbPsf] k'g/fj]bgaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . of] l/6lgj]bg s'g cf=j= sf] ;DaGwdf xf] k|i6 5}g . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $)-!_ adf]lhd ul7t cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] s/ sfof{nodf k|fKt eP ;Ddsf] tYof+s s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg tyf cGo cfwf/e"t s'/fx?df ;d]t ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bssf] v"b cfosf] lgwf{/0f bkmf ##-@_ cg';f/ ul/Psf] xf] / P]= bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lb+bf klg s'g} k|ltjfb gu/L :jLsf/L a;]sf]n] v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df s'g} q'l6 gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t s/ ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm /x]5 . ^= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no hgsk'/ ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ax;sf] nflu vl6O{ pkl:yt x'g' ePsf] ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L /fh]G›k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $)-!_ adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltn] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ tyf ##-$_ sf] k|s[of ;d]t ckgfO{ v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfg'g cg's"n g} x'Fbf k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kg]{ egL ax; ug{‘ eof] . &= lg0f{otkm{ x]bf{ o;df d]/f] cfo >f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] /fO; ldn / lghL 3/ ;d]t ef8fdf lbO{ To;af6 hDdf ?= @$,))).– ePsf]df Hofnf dhb'/L dd{t 6'6km'6 ;d]t hDdf vr{ ?= !&,%#&.#@ s§f u/L cfkm"nfO{ ePsf] v"b cfo ?= ^$^@.^* b]vfO{ tf]lsP cg';f/sf] cfo ljj/0f e/L ldlt @)##.@.#! df ljkIfL s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf]df ;f] adf]lhd dfGotf glbO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd ljkIfL ;ldltaf6 d]/f] v"b cfo ?= !,)$$(&.)# sfod ePsf] egL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o / ;f]xL lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] s/ ljefusf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6lgj]bg lhls/ ePsf] kfOG5 . s/bftfn] bflvn u/]sf] ljj/0fnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ s/ clws[tn] s;/L v"b cfo sfod ug{ ;Sg] xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ## sf] pkbkmf @ df “s/bftfn] cfo ljj/0f bflvn gu/]df jf em'¶f ljj/0f bflvn u/]df jf sf/f]af/sf] n]vf g/fv]sf]df jf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] ePdf s/ clws[tn] b]xfosf cfwf/df v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] 5" eGg] pNn]v u/L cfwf/x? ;d]t tf]ls lbO{ /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L s/bftfn] cfkm}+n] klg v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . t/ bkmf ## sf] pkbkmf -$_ df “pkbkmf -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ s/ clws[tn] cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘ k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ s/bftfnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ cfˆgf] cfo ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg jf ;a"t k|df0f k]z ug{ ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kg]{5" eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cyf{t\ bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ bkmf ##-$_ n] To;/L cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘ k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ s/bftfnfO{ ;"rgf lbg' clgjfo{tf ul//fv]sf] kfOG5 . s/ sfof{no hgsk'/n] oL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ pQm ;"rgfdf k]z ePsf ljj/0fdf cfo Joosf] cf}lrTo k'li6sf] nflu cfjZos jlxvftf aLn lahs k]z ug{ g;Sg' ePsf]n] ;f] lx;fanfO{ dfGotf lbO{ cfo lgwf{/0f ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -u_ df pNn]lvt cfwf/ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{ ePsf]n] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] of] df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ s] slt v"b cfo sfod x'g] xf] ;f] cg'dflgt cfo ljj/0f ;d]t v'nfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvFb}g . ;f] adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq s/bftfn] k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg ;lsg] x'G5 . pQm adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f gv'nfO{ lbPsf] ;"rgfaf6 sfg'g adf]lhd k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbPsf] dfGg ldn]g . ctM sfg'gdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd k|ltjfbsf] df}sf g} glbO{ v"b cfo sfod u/L cf=a= )#!.)#@ sf] nflu s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/ sfof{no hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)$!.#.* sf] lg0f{o / ;f]xL lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] s/ ljefu sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)$%.!).!( sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm lg0f{ox? pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca k'gM sfg'g adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ eGg] k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no hgsk'/sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k7fO{ ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=k|r08/fh clgn Olt ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fn r}q !% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\================ .

206

efuM #@ ;fnM @)$& dlxgfM h]i7 c+sM @ km};nf ldlt @)$^.!@.@(.$, lg0f{o g+= $)&& ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff dfggLo GofofwLz >L dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=g+= ^@$ lgj]bs M sf=g=k+= jf=g+= ( l:yt g]kfn O{Dkf]6{ PS;kf]6{ 6]«8;{ -k|f=ln=_ sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] ;~rfns zlzlagf]b zdf{ lj?4 ljkIfL/k|ToyL{M >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhdsf] /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf lbPsf] gb]lvFbf To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= (_ lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}l8of ljkIfL tkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]t cjnlDat ghL/M dx]zs'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f ljifosf] l/=g+= @#^# df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt cfb]z Gof=lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ /x]5 . @= pQm sDkgL cf=j= )#*–)#( dfu{ sflt{ssf] lx;fa lstfajfnf cfo ljj/0f ljkIfL s/ sfof{nodf ldlt @)$@.@.#) df k]z u/L To;sf] ;fydf n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf] gfkmf gf]S;fgL tyf jf;nft ;d]t k]z ul/Psf]df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $% tyf bkmf #!-s_ adf]lhdsf] egL ldlt @)%$.*.!^ df kl5Nnf] kq x'nfsaf6 /lhi6«L u/L k7fO{ ldlt @)$%.!!.* df bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf a'emfpg k7fpFbf km]nf gk/L ldlt )$%.*.!^ df /lhi6«L u/L k7fPsf] eg]sf] ;f] kq w]/} kl5 k|fKt eO{ ;f] k7fPsf] ;"rgf sfg'g adf]lhdsf] gePsf]n] sfg'g adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf kfpF egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fvL cg'/f]w ubf{ csf]{ ;"rgf k7fpg] cfZjf;g lbPsf]df ;f] cg';f/sf] csf]{ ;"rgf gk7fO{ ldlt @)$^.@.@) sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k7fPsf]n] ;f] cfb]z )$^.#.@ df k|fKt eO{ ;f] cfb]zdf pNn]v ul/Psf] ldlt )$^.@.!* sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlksf] nflu lgj]bg lbO{ ldlt )$^.$.@ df ;f] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk k|fKt eO{ ;f] lg0f{o tyf cfb]z ;d]t u}/sfg'gL ePsf] k|i6 5 . ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt )$^.@.!* sf] pQm lg0f{o tyf ldlt )$^.@.@) sf] pQm cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt )$).*.!( sf] g]=/f=k= df k|sflzt ;"rgf ;d]t ;/f;/ u}/sfg'gL tyf cGofok"0f{ ;d]t ePsf] ;DaGwdf ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] lgj]bssf] pQm cf=j=sf] v"b cfo, cfos/ -;+zf]wg ;lxtsf]_ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -s_-v_-3_ / -5_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] pQm lg0f{odf pNn]v 5 / ;f] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf k7fpg' kg]{ sfg'gL afWotf 5 / ;f] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf s:tf] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bs lbkrG› b'u8 ljkIfL s/ ljefu ;d]t ePsf] )$! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @#&# lg0f{o ldlt )$@.#.@) -ck|sflzt_ g]=sf=k= )$% dfu{ lg=g+= #%$$ k[i7 &&*, g]=sf=k= )$@ ef› lg=g+= @#^# k[i7 $%& df ;d]t Goflos l;4fGt k|ltkflbt eO;s]sf] 5 / ;f] k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGt cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] b]xfo v08 -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Dddf pNn]v ePsf cfwf/x? dWo] s'g rflx+ cfwf/df s] slt v"b cfo s;/L sfod x'g] b]lvg cfof] ;f] ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v u/L bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lbO{ ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbOg' kg]{df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ;f] bkmf cg';f/ ;"rgf lbPsf] eg]sf] ldlt )$%.!!.* sf] kqdf lx;fa lstfa k/LIf0f u/fpg ;d]t gNofpg' ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf tkfOsf] k|:t't cf=j=x?sf] sf/f]af/sf] v"b cfo cfos/ P]g, )#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] cfwf/df sfod ug{‘ kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, )#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]n] ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ;"rgf lnPsf] eg]sf] ;f] ;"rgf bkmf ##-$_ / ;f] bkmf ;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt ;=c=af6 k|ltkflbt pQm Goflos l;4fGtsf] klg ljk/Lt eO{ ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] sfg'g adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf glbO{ v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] lg0f{o tyf lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] pQm cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z klg sfg'g k|lts"n eO{ q'l6 5 . vr{ geO{ 207

cfo gx'g] / cfo geO{ s/ nfUg g;Sg] ;j{dfGo sfg'gL l;4fGt cg'?k cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf @-5_ df “v"b cfosf]" kl/efiff u/L cfo cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf P]g adf]lhdsf] vr{ s6fO{ v"b cfodf s/ nfUg] eGg] s'/f ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !@-!_ df ePsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg'?k ;j{k|yd s"n cfo sfod u/L To;af6 vr{ /sd s§f u/L ;s]kl5 v"b cfo lg:sg] / ;f] v"b cfodf s/ nufpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] k|s[of tyf sfo{ljlw bkmf ##-@_ jf @@-#_ dWo] h'g;'s} k|sf/n] v"b cfo sfod ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ eGg] s'/f pQm bkmfsf] cjnf]sgaf6} :ki6 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt ;=c= af6 lgj]bs afns[i0f cu|jfn ljkIfL cfos/ km5f}{6 cfof]u ;d]t ePsf] )#* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !&#* lg0f{o ldlt @)$) Ho]i7 @^ ut] / lgj]bs lbkrG› b'u8 ljkIfL s/ ljefu ;d]t ePsf] )$# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @#!! lg0f{o ldlt )$%.#.#) -k|sflzt_ tyf g]=sf=k= )$@ sflt{s lg=g+= @$$# k[i7 &)^ df -k|sflzt_ df ;d]t Goflos l;4fGt k|ltkflbt eO;s]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] lx;fa lstfajfnf cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] / ljleGg zLif{s cGtu{t vr{ ePsf] /sd To;df pNn]v 5 t/ ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ;f] dWo]sf] s'g vr{ ldGxf glbO{ / ldGxf lbg gldNg] eGg] 7x/ ;d]t gu/L Psf;L v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]t u/]sf]n] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ;f] lg0f{o tyf cfb]z pQm bkmf @-9_ bkmf 5 / bkmf !@-!_ sf] ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy ;fy} pQm k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGtsf] klg alv{nfk eO{ u}/sfg'gL tyf sfg'gL q'l6k"0f{ ;d]t ePsf]n] ab/efuL 5 . ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] pQm lg0f{odf cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] b]xfo v08 -s_-v_-3_ / -5_ adf]lhd tyf s/ clws[tsf] ldlt )$^.@.!^ sf] /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] eGg] n]lvPsf] s'/f klg u}/sfg'gL 5 . bkmf ##-@_-s_ df s/bftfsf] bfloTj ;DklQ cfo Joosf] >f]t / ljj/0fx? eGg] pNn]v 5 / lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] gfkmf gf]S;fgL lx;fa tyf jf;nft ;d]taf6 lgj]bssf] bfloTj, ;DklQ cfo Joosf] ljj/0f ;d]t v'n]sf] 5Fbf 5Fb} ljkIfLn] To;tkm{ s'g} Wofg glbO{ : jljj]sLo cfwf/df xr'jf tj/n] v"b cfo sfod u/]sf]n] ;f] cfwf/sf] cjnDag unt lsl;dn] sk6k"0f{ 9+uaf6 u/]sf] :ki6 5 To:tf] bkmf ##-@_-v_ sf] cfwf/df eg]sf] klg u}/sfg'gL 5 . ;f] bkmf adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg s/ lg/LIfsn] cfo lgwf{/0f x'g] cfo jif{ leq lbg' kg]{df cf=j= )#*.)#( sf] sf/f]af/sf] k|ltj]bg ldlt )$^.!.!* df dfq lbPsf] eGg] s'/f pQm lg0f{odf pNn]v ePsf]n] ;f] cfwf/sf] klg unt tyf xr'jf k|of]u ePsf] :ki6 5 . To:t} b]xfo v08 -3_ sf] cfwf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ lgj]bs h:tf] ;Lldt lsl;dsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ s'g s/bftf;+u lgj]bssf] sf/f]jf/sf] t'ngf u/L v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] xf] ;f] v'nfpg g;lsPsf]n] ;f] cfwf/ klg u}/sfg'gL 5 . To:t} b]xfo v08 -5_ df tYok"0f{ k|ltj]bg jf cfwf/ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]df s:tf] tYok"0f{ jf cfwf/nfO{ ljkIfLsf] sfof{non] eGg vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] klg :ki6 ug{;s]sf] 5}g . ;fy} s/ clws[t :jo+ lg0f{ostf{ ePsf]n] Pp6f lg0f{ostf{ s/ clws[tn] csf]{ lg0f{ostf{ s/ clws[tsf] ;dIf /fo k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ kfpg] lsl;dsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf klg 5}g . p;df klg s/ clws[tnfO{ s/ lg/LIfsnfO{ k|ltj]bg lbg kfpg] sfg'gL k|fjwfg klg 5}g . t;y{ ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] g} cjnDag u/]sf] eg]sf] pQm cfwf/x? klg xr'jf tyf u}/sfg'gL 5 . p;df klg ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ k7fPsf] eg]sf] ;"rgfdf ;f] cfwf/x?sf] ;DaGwdf s]xL pNn]v gu/L bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd dfq eg]sf]n] ;f] cfwf/x?sf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL s/ sf=n] s'g} klg df}sf k|bfg gu/]sf]n] pQm lg0f{o tyf cfb]z u}/sfg'gL eO{ ab/efuL 5 . ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf %(-#_ adf]lhd egL u/]sf] hl/jfgf ?= ($,#%(.&) klg u}/sfg'gL 5 . tTsfn nfu" /x]sf] bkmf %(-#_ df “bkmf @* adf]lhdsf] cfb]z cg';f/sf] Dofbleq cfo ljj/0f bflvn gug]{ JolQmnfO{" eGg] pNn]v eO{ bkmf @* nfO{ c•fn]sf] @ bkmf @*-!_ df “of] P]g jf k|rlnt g]kfn P]g adf]lhd cfos/ nfUg] cfo ePsf] egL s'g} JolQm pk/ z+sf nfu]df s/ clws[tn] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] cfosf] ljj/0f bflvn ug{‘ u/fpg' egL cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5" eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] ;f] bkmf cg';f/sf] cfb]z /]u'n/ s/bftfsf] nflu lbg gldnL s/bftf eO{ g;s]sf] t/ cfos/ nfUg] cfo ePsf] egL z+sf nfuL cfo ljj/0f bflvn u/fpgsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ xf] . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @& df “JolQm eGg] zAbsf] k|of]u geO{ “s/bftf" eGg] zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] / lgj]bs /]u'n/ s/bftf eO{ o;sf] cf=j= )#^.)#& tyf )#&.)#* ;Ddsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]t ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 g} eO;s]sf]n] lgj]bssf] xsdf bkmf @* sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf klg 5}g . p;df klg ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @&-!_ df …s/bftfn] cfˆgf] cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dxLgfleq cfosf] ljj/0f e/L bflvn ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL k|fjwfg ePsf] / lgj]bssf] cfo jif{ sflt{s dfu{ ePsf]n] cf=j= )#*.)#( sf] cfo ljj/0f ldlt )#( ;fn kmfNu'0f;Dd To;} bflvn ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL clwsf/ k|fKt eO/x]sf]df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ;f] eGbf cufj} cyf{t\ ldlt )#(.*.!# df g} bkmf @*-!_ adf]lhdsf] egL ;"rgf k7fPsf] / ;f]sf] Dofbleq cfo ljj/0f k]z gePsf] egL bkmf %(-#_ k|of]u u/L u/]sf] pQm hl/jfgf pQm bkmf @&-!_ sf] klg ljkl/t eO{ pQm hl/jfgf u}/sfg'gL x'Fbf nfUg' kg]{ xf]Og . ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] k|rlnt l;4fGt cg';f/sf] egL @) tyf @% k|ltztn] sfod u/]sf] v"b cfo klg xr'jf tyf u}/sfg'gL 5 . k|rlnt l;4fGt cg';f/ eGg] s'g P]g lgod jf l;4fGtnfO{ eGg vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f pQm lg0f{odf v'nfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd g]kfn /fhkqdf s'g} ;"rgf k|sflzt gePsf] tyf cfos/ lgodfjnLdf ;d]t ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} 208

#= $=

%=

^= &=

Joj:yf of] cf=j= df x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g ;fy} ;f] bkmf !& cGtu{tsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{ ;f] ;"rgfnfO{ kZrftbzL{ cyf{t l/6«f]:k]lS6e c;/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] sfg'gL k|fjwfg klg cfos/ P]gdf 5}g tyf cfos/ P]g, )#! nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&-@_ sf] ;+/If0f klg k|bfg ePsf] b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] k|rlnt l;4fGt egL s'g} kl/kqnfO{ O+uLt ug{ vf]h]sf] eP bkmf !& cGtu{tsf] clwsf/ cfGtl/s lg0f{oåf/f kl/kq u/L k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnonfO{ bkmf !& n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . olb ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt )$).*.!( sf] ;"rgfnfO{ k|rlnt l;4fGt cg';f/ eGg vf]h]sf] xf] eg] ;j{k|yd pQm lg0f{odf ;f] s'/f v'nfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fy} )$).*.!( sf] ;"rgfnfO{ ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnon] kZrftbzL{ c;/ k|bfg ug]{ u/L k|sflzt u/]sf]n] ;"rgf cglws[t tyf u}/sfg'gL ;d]t ePsf]n] To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg gldNg] x'Fbf ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] pQm lg0f{o tyf cfb]z ;f] b[li6sf]0fn] klg xr'jf tyf u}/sfg'gL 5 / ;f] ;"rgf klg ;f] xb;Dd ab/efuL 5 . ;fy} ;f] bkmf !& n] “v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ t/Lsf;Dd tf]Sg] clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lbPsf]df ;f] cg';f/sf] t/Lsf gtf]sL k|ltzt tf]s]sf]n] ;f] ;"rgf bkmf !& sf] egL ljk/Lt eO{ u}/sfg'gL 5 . k|rlnt l;4fGt cg';f/ eGg] s'g lgodsf l;4fGtnfO{ eGg vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f pQm lg0f{odf v'nfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd g]kfn /fhkqdf s'g} ;"rgf k|sflzt gePsf] tyf cfos/ lgodfjnLdf ;d]t ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yf of] cf=a= df x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;fy} ;f] bkmf !& cGtu{tsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{ of] ;"rgfnfO{ kZrftbzL{ c;/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] sfg'gL k|fjwfg klg cfos/ P]gdf 5}g . o:tf] l:yltdf ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] k|rlnt l;4fGt egL s'g} kl/kqnfO{ O{+lut ug{ vf]h]sf] eP bkmf !) cGtu{tsf] clwsf/ cfGtl/s lg0f{oåf/f kl/kq u/L ;f] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clsf/ ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnonfO{ ;f] bkmf !& n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . ctM dfly lnOPsf] lhls/ sfg'gL a'Fbf tyf ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] )$^.@.!* sf] pQm lg0f{o tyf )$^.@.@) sf] pQm cfb]z tyf ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt )$).*.!( sf] pQm ;"rgfaf6 lgj]bssf] jl0f{t xssf] cltl/Qm df}lns xs ;d]t s'l07t ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{okqx? ab/ u/L sfg'g adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] zlzljgf]b zdf{sf] lgj]bg lhls/ . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L ug{‘ gkg]{ xf] < ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . ljkIfL s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fanfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ /Ltk"j{ssf aLn, ef}r/ / ekf{O{ vftfx? k]z ug{ g;s]sf]n] lghn] /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] eO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod ul/g] ePsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf ldlt )$%.!!.* sf] kqaf6 lbOPsf] 5 . ldlt )$^.@.!* sf] pQm ;"rgf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] k|lts"n gePsf] / lgj]bsn] lx;fa lstfajfnf cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . t/ k]z u/]sf] lx;fa lstfanfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ aLn ekf{O{ vftf jxLx? Dofbleq k]z ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 P]gsf] bkmf %*-s_ cg';f/ lghn] k]z u/]sf] n]vf lx;fa lstfanfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] eO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd cGo o:t} k|sf/sf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ s/bftfnfO{ cfo sfod ug]{ ul/Psf] k|rlnt k|s[of Pj+ l;4fGt cg';f/ g} lgj]bssf] klg v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] sfg'g k|lts"n gePsf]n] l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ / cy{ dGqfnosf] ;d]tsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] lnlvthjfkm /x]5 . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /tgnfn sgf}l8ofn] ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt lg=g+= @#^# sf] l;4fGt k|lts"n lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . ;f] ghL/n] ;"rgf lbP/ dfq k'Ub}g . ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw g} gckgfO{ u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] )$^.@.!* sf] lg0f{o / )$^.@.@# sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ eO{ k'gM sfod ug{‘ eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g'k5{ eGg] / ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]tn] lbg' kg]{ cfwf/ lbPsf] b]lvFb}g . To;sf/0f sfg'g adf]lhd xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] s] /x]5 x]/L lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfof] . o;df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] lgj]bssf] cf=j= @)#*.)#( sf] v"b cfo cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -s_-v_-3_ / -5_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] pQm P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd /Ltk"j{s ;"rgf kfpg' kg]{ sfg'gL jfWotf 5 ;f] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf s:tf] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lg=g+= #%$$ ;d]tdf Goflos l;4fGt k|ltkflbt eO;s]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGt cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Dddf pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/x? dWo] pQm s'g cfwf/df s] slt v"b cfo s;/L sfod x'g] b]lvg cfof] ;f] ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v u/L bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lbO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg' kg]{df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ;f] bkmf cg';f/ ;"rgf lbPsf] eg]sf] )$%.!!.* sf] kqdf “lx;fa 209

lstfa k/LIf0f u/fpg ;d]t gNofpg' ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf tkfOsf] k|:t't cf=j= x?sf] sf/f]af/sf] v"b cfos/ P]g, @)#! ;+zf]wg ;lxtsf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] cfwf/df sfod ug{‘ kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lbPsf] 5" eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]n] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ;"rgf lbPsf] eg]sf] ;f] ;"rgf bkmf ##-$_ / ;f] bkmf ;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt pQm Goflos l;4fGtsf] klg ljk/Lt eO{ ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] sfg'g adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf glbO{ v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] )$^.@.!* sf] lg0f{o @)$^.@.@) sf] pQm cfb]z tyf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt )$).*.!* sf] ;"rgfaf6 lgj]bssf] df}lns xs ;d]t s'l07t ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{okqx? ab/ u/L sfg'g adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bsn] d'Vo lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . *= s/bftfnfO{ lghn] k]z u/]sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fanfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ /Ltk"j{ssf] lx;fa lstfa k]z ug{ g;s]sf]n] lghn] /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] eO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod ul/g] ePsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ldlt )$%.!!.* sf] kqaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm ;"rgf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] k|lts"n 5}g eGg] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ df s/bftfn] cfo ljj/0f bflvn gu/]sf]df jf em'¶f ljj/0f bflvn u/]df jf sf/f]af/sf] n]vf g/fv]df jf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] ePdf s/ clws[tn] b]vfPsf] s'g} cfwf/df v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] 5 egL b]xfodf “-s_ b]lv -5_ ;Ddsf cfwf/x? pNn]v u/]sf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ df pkbkmf -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ s/ clws[tn] To;/L cfo lgwf{/0f ug{ k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ s/bftfnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ cfˆgf] cfo ljj/0f ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg] jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ & lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kg]{5" eGg] n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . )$%.!!.* sf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ;"rgf x]bf{ To; k|f=ln= n] cf=a= )#*.#( tyf )#(.)$) df u/]sf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;DaGwdf ldlt )$@.@.!) df k]z x'g cfPsf] cfo ljj/0f tyf ;+nUg gfkmf gf]S;fg vftfnfO{ k'i6\ofO{ ug]{ /Ltk"j{ssf] lx;fa lstfa k]z ug{ tyf To; ;DaGwL cfjZos aofg cflb lbgsf nflu pkl:yt x'g o; sfof{noaf6 ljleGg ldltdf To; k|f=ln= sf] gfpFdf kqåf/f /Ltk"j{ssf] lx;fa lstfa k]z ug{ tyf aofg cflbsf nflu pkl:yt x'g cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf $% cg';f/sf] !% lbg] ;"rgf x'nfsåf/f /lhi6«L u/L k7fPsf]df ;f] adf]lhd lx;fa lstfa k]z ug{ tyf aofg cflb lbg xfn;Dd pkl:yt x'g gcfpg' ePsf] ;fy} lx;fa lstfa k/LIf0f u/fpg ;d]t gcfpg' ePsf] x'Fbf tkfOsf] k|:t't cf=j= x?sf] sf/f]af/sf] v"b cfo cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] cfwf/df sfod ug{‘ kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'Fbf tkfOsf] cfˆgf] sf/f]af/ ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg ;a"b k|df0f s]xL k]z ug{‘ kg]{ eP of] kq k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] & lbgleq k]z ug{ Nofpg' x'g cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 eGg] n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 . (= s/ clws[tn] v"b cfo s] s'g tYo / cfwf/df s] slt lgwf{/0f ug{ nfu]sf] 5 ;f] sf] hfgsf/L s/bftfnfO{ u/fO{ ;f] cfo ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] eGg] df}sf ldnf];\ eGgfsf] nflu g} pQm P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] sfg'gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod ubf{ bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘ k/]sf] s'/fsf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvFb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ df pNn]v ePsf cfwf/x? dWo] s'g cfwf/df s/ clws[tn] slt v"b cfo s;/L sfod u/]sf] xf] ;f] ;d]t v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] cfb]zdf v'n]sf] kfOFb}g . P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhdsf] /Ltk"j{ssf] pQm ;"rgf gb]lvFbf To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ cfos/ P]g, )#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf eGg ldNb}g . lgj]bs dx]zs'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f ljifosf] l/= g+= @#^# sf] d'2fdf s'g cfwf/df s] slt v"b cfo s;/L sfod x'g cfof] ;f] sf] P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lbg'k5{ eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ePsf]n] pk/f]Qm pNn]v eP adf]lhd sfg'g adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf glbO{ v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)$^.@.!* sf] lg0f{o tyf @)$^.@.@) sf] cfb]z ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ / bkmf ##-$_ tkm{ d"n ?kdf ljjfb p7]sf] / ;f]sf] lg/fs/0f ug{‘ kg]{ x'Fbf @)$).*.!* sf] ;"rgftkm{ xfn af]Ng] l:ylt b]lvGg . ctM ljkIfL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] @)$^.@.!* sf] lg0f{o tyf @)$^.@.@) sf] cfb]z ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ca sfg'g adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L k|ToyL{ sfof{nonfO{ lbg k|ltlnlk >L dxfGofoflwQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ kmfon lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=dx]z/fdeQm dfy]df Olt ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fn r}q @( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\============ .

210

efuM #$, ;fnM @)$(, dlxgfM ef›, c+sM %, km};nf ldlt M@)$*.!!.)^, lg0f{o g+= $%#% ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fh+u /fodfemL ;Djt\ @)$& ;fnsf] l/6 g+=!#%& lgj]bs M lhNnf g]kfnu~h l:ylt cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;L / ;'/]z ODkf]l/odsf] k|f]k|fO6/ >L dfd/fh cu|jfn lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no, g]kfnu+h;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f -!_ ;"rgf g} sfg'gsf] /Lt k'u]sf] 5}geg] To:tf] v'b cfo lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhdsf] eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= @$_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ;'lzns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]t cfb]z Gof=lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f lgDg adf]lhd 5 . @= lgj]bs ljb]zL sk8f Pj+ uNnfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ kmd{x? x'g . cf=a= @)##.)#$ df ;'/]z ODkf]l/od kmd{n] ljb]zL dfn;fdfg g]kfn 6' g]kfn k}7f/L u/L laqmL sf/f]jf/ ug]{ u/]sf] / :yfgLo ahf/df v/Lb u/]sf] 5}g . cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;L kmd{n] uNnf g]kfn 6' g]kfn lgsf;L k}7f/L / :yfgLo ahf/df v/Lb laqmL ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . cf=a= @)##.)#$ df ;'/]z ODkf]l/odsf] v'b cfo ? ^*)).– / cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;Lsf] v"b cfo ?= !!,!#^.– b]vfO{ cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df ;f] ljj/0f ;ldltdf k]z g} gu/]sf] / @)#( ;fndf ;fgf s/bftfsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldlt u7g x'Fbf ;f] ;ldltdf klg k]z gu/L cgflws[t ;ldltdf k]z u/L ldlt @)$).!@.!% df s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] / ;f] cfb]z clgoldt x'Fbf ;f] pk/ l/6 k/L sf/jfO{ eO{ ldlt @)$@.@.!) df ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @% n] jflif{s rfnL; xhf/ -$),))).–_ ?k}ofF;Dd v"b cfo x'g] ;fgf s/bftfx?sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] cg'?k z'/]; ODkf]l/od / cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;Lsf] jflif{s v"b cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf sd b]lvof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !&-s_ cGtu{t ul7t ;ldltn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $)-!_ cGtu{t ul7t ;ldltn] u/]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 lgj]bssf] v'b cfo ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ k};f sfod ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt )$@.!@.!# sf] lg0f{oaf6 q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca k'gM sfg'g adf]lhd u/L lg0f{o ug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ egL ldlt )$@.@.!) df l/6 hf/L ePsf]df pQm ldlt )$@.@.!) sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ s/ sfof{non] lgj]bssf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf k]z u/]sf] / ;ldltn] klg lgj]bsnfO{ a'‰b} ga'em]sf] / cfos/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod -@&_ sf] b]xfo -3_ adf]lhd s/ bftf;+u 5nkmn ug{‘ kg]{df ;f] s]xL gu/L xr'jf tl/sfn] PstkmL{ lg0f{o u/L ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L cfo 5 eGb} ldlt )$@.!).@@ df k|d'v s/ clws[t s} ;efkltTj ug{‘ePsf] lg0f{o k"jf{u|xo'Qm x'g'sf] ;fy} cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf s/ clws[tn] k|bfg gu/L u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg'gL 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;"rgf s/ sfof{non] s/bftfnfO{ k7fpFbf ;f] ;"rgfdf v"b cfosf] c+s / ;f] sfod x'g] cfwf/x? :ki6 ?kdf v'nfO{ s/bftfnfO{ v08g ug{ Pj+ ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ df}sf lbg' kg]{ xf] . t/ ldlt @)$#.!!.@! df ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 k7fPsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] eGg] ;"rgfdf g t v"b cfosf] c+s g} v'nfPsf] 5 g t ;f] sfod x'g] cfwf/ o;/L v'b cfosf] c+s / v"b cfo sfod x'g] cfwf/ g} gv'nfPsf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgfnfO{ /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf lbO{ ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbPsf] eGg ldNb}g . P]hg P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L v"b cfo sfod ug{‘ cl3 bkmf ##-$_ sf] /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{df cGoyf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ x'g] egL sfg'gL l;4fGt ;d]t ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ePsf x'g . h:t} lgj]bs df]xgs[i0f v/]n lj= s/ sfof{no /fhlj/fh ;d]t -g]=sf=k=, @)$%, c+s * k[i7 &&*, lg=g+=#%$$ / lgj]bs k|]daxfb'/ dfnL lj?4 cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldlt ;d]t -g]=sf=k=, @)$$, k[i7 !&% c+s @ km'=j]= lg=g+=@((@_ 5g\ .

211

#= k|:t't cf=a= )##.)#$ sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z v'b cfo Psd'i6 ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ pNn]v ug{‘ePsf] 5 . t/ ;f] v"b cfo ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ s;/L sfod x'g cfof] ;f] s'/f cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf v'nfpg' kg]{ afWofTds sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] ljk/Lt ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f %* sf] ljk/Lt x'Fbf To: tf] sfg'g ljk/Ltsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z dfGotf z"Go eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] b]lvPsf] :ki6 5 . o; ;DaGwdf >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lgj]bs ah/+ujnL ;–ldn lj?4 s/ sfof{no ;'g;/L ;d]t -g]=sf=k=, @)$! c+s !, lg=g+=!**#, k[i7 %&_ ;+usf] d'2fdf l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkflbt ePsf] 5 . $= lg0f{o krf{df P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_-u_ -3_ / -r_ sf] cfwf/af6 v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] elgPsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ -u_ cGtu{tsf] s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg tYoo'Qm cfwf/df x'g'kg]{ / ;f] cfwf/sf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsnfO{ v08g ug]{ df}sf lbg' kg]{ lglj{jfb 5 . tYoxLg k|ltj]bgsf] cwf/ lnO{ PstkmL{ ?kn] s/bftfsf] s/sf] bfloTj a9fpg kfpg] clwsf/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_-u_ n] s/ clws[tnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] xf]Og . bkmf ##-@_ -3_ df o:t} lsl;dsf] c? s/bftfsf] o:t} lsl;dsf] sf/f]jf/df s] slt v"b cfo sfod ePsf] 5 ;f] cfwf/ lnO{ v'b cfo sfod ug]{ clwsf/ s/ clws[tnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . %= ;f] bkmf ##-@_-3_ cg';f/ cfo sfod ubf{ s/ clws[tn] lgj]bs kmd{x? h:t} csf]{ s'g sDkgLnfO{ ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ v"b cfo sfod ug{‘ePsf] 5 ;f] gfdfjnL v'nfpg' kb{Yof] ;f] gu/L bkmf ##-@_-3_ pNn]v ub}{df pQm /sdsf] v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] sfg'g;+ut ePsf] eGg ldNb}g ;fy} bkmf ##-@_-r_ cGtu{t s/ clws[tn] :jo+ a'em]sf] 5 eg] ;f] klg v'nfpg' kg]{ / s/bftfnfO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L lbO{ v08g ug{ df}sf k|bfg ug{‘ kg]{ xf] ;f] s]xL gu/L uf]Ko ?kdf cfwf/xLg /fo k|ltj]bg lnPsf] cfwf/df s/ clws[tn] uf]Ko k|df0fsf] e/df nufPsf] s/ cfwf/xLg 5 . ^= dfly pNn]v ul/Psf a"Fbfx?sf] cfwf/af6 s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] ldlt )$$.#.!% sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f]xL ldltsf] krf{ tyf dxflgb]{zs s/ ljefu sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt )$^.!).@@ sf] km};nf ;d]t u}/sfg'gL x'Fbf lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-@_-ª_ / wf/f !% tyf wf/f %* sf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'of{‘pg' ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^ n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ldlt )$$.#.!% sf] s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] u}/sfg'gL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / krf{ tyf ;f] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] dxflgb]{zs, s/ ljefu sf7df8f}+sf] )$^.!).@@ sf] cfb]z ab/ u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"j{ cfb]z adf]lhd ;fgf s/bftfsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf lgj]bssf] ljj/0f k]z u/L ;f] ;ldltn] a'‰g' kg]{ s'/f a'emL ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ ?= $),))).– -rfnL; xhf/_ eGbf a9L v"b cfo x'g] ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]df lgj]bsnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd /Ltk"j{s bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf u/L hjfkm lnO{ ;xL d"Nof+sg u/L v"b cfo sfod ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L xs ;+/If0f u/L kfpF eGg] l/6lgj]bgsf] d'Vo lhls/ . &= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)$&.$.!).$ sf] cfb]z . *= g]kfnu+h l:yt cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;L tyf ;'/]z ODkf]l/od kmd{sf] k|f]=>L dfd/fh cu|jfnn] cf=a= )##.)#$ lbkfjnLsf] pQm b'j} kmd{sf] 5'§f5'§} cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df g]kfn /fhkq efu -#_ df ldlt @)$).*.@^ df k|sflzt >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnosf] ;"rgf cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ @)#! sf] bkmf $) adf]lhd ul7t cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] ldlt @)$).!@.!# sf] a}7saf6 pQm cf=a= )##.)#$ sf] lgh s/bftfsf] oL b'j} kmd{x?sf] hDdf v'b cfo ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ sfod eO{ cfly{s P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd ;f] v'b cfodf s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ ga'emL @)$) ;fn a}zfv dxLgfdf ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] / >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ldlt @)$@.@.!).% sf] km};nfdf o;df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !&-s_ df o; P]gsf] cGo bkmfx?df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg tf]lsPsf] xb;Dd cfo x'g] ;fgf s/bftfx?sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ t/Lsf / sfo{ljlw tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @% n] jflif{s $),))).– -rfnL; xhf/_ ?k}ofF ;Dd v"b cfo x'g] ;fgf s/bftfx?sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . l/6 lgj]bssf] v'b cfo rfnL; xhf/ eGbf sd b]lvof] . ctM o:tf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !&-s_ cGtu{t ul7t ;ldltn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $)-!_ cGtu{t ul7t ;ldltn] cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] v"b cfo ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ sfod ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)$).!@.!# sf] lg0f{o q'l6k'0f{ x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca k'gM sfg'g adf]lhd u/L lg0f{o ug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf] /x]5 . (= ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L eP cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !&-s_ cGtu{t ul7t ;fgf s/bftf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] ldlt @)$#.!).@@ sf] a}7sdf lgh l/6 lgj]bssf] kmfOn k]z x'Fbf ;f] ;ldltaf6 lghsf] pQm cf=a= )##.)#$ sf] v'b cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L g} b]lvg cfPaf6 o; ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q leqsf] gx'Fbf s/ sfof{noaf6} v'b cfo sfod u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ egL lg0f{o ePaf6 kmfOn lkmtf{ eO{ cfPsf] xf] . 212

!)= lgh s/tfbfsf] cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L g} 5 egL ;fgf s/bftf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] / lgh s/bftfnfO{ cfˆgf] cfo ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{sf] nflu & lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ldlt @)$#.!).@# df kq n]lvPsf]df ;f] kq ldlt )$#.!).@* df a'emL lnO{ ;f] kqsf] hjfkmdf d]/f] v'§f efFlrO{ lx+88'n ug{ g;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf a}zfv dxLgf;DdnfO{ ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug]{ Dofb kfpF egL )$#.!!.% df lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] lyof] . !!= k'gM & lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ldlt )$#.!!.@! df kq n]vL k7fPsf] / ;f] kq )$#.!!.@@ df a'emL lnO{ ;a"b k|df0f k]z gu/L a;]sf] x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd ldlt @)$).!@.!) df s/ lg/LIfs dfkm{t lnPsf] k|ltj]bg tYok"0f{ / dgfl;a b]lvPsf]n] lgh s/bftfsf] tTsfnLg sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwdf cGo Jofkf/L ju{;+u a'em]sf] cfwf/ / o:t} s/bftfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ s/bftfsf] v'b cfo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -u_-3_ / -r_ adf]lhd o; sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$$.#.!% sf] krf{ lg0f{o cg';f/ ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ k};f s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] / ;f] v"b cfodf cfly{s P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / lg0f{o sfg'g adf]lhd ePsf]n] of] l/6lgj]bg hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] lnlvthjfkm . !@= lgj]bssf] kmd{sf] cf=a= )##.)#$ -lbkfjnL_ df k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0f cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @^-!_ adf]lhd ul7t ;fgf s/bftf cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf k]z eO{ pQm ;ldltaf6 ldlt )$#.!).@@ df ;j{;DdtLaf6 lgj]bssf] kmd{sf] pQm cf=j=sf] v"b cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L x'g] b]lvg cfPsf]n] P]hg lgodsf] lgod @&-!_ adf]lhd ;ldltsf] sfo{ If]qleqsf] gx'Fbf s/bftfsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf k|fKt x'g cfPsf] tYof+snfO{ Wofgdf /fvL s/ sfof{noaf6} v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf]n] kmfOn s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hdf k7fO{ lbg] u/L lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f -#_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @&-@_ sf] b]xfo -3_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/bftf;+u ;f] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{‘ kg]{ ul/Pg eGg] s'/f 5 . ;f] sfo{ljlw ;fgf cfo s/bftfsf] ;ldltaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw xf] . P]hg lgodsf] @&-@_ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw xf]Og . !#= lgj]bs kmd{x? ljb]zL sk8f Pj+ uNnfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ s'/fdf :jo+ lgj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fnfO{ k'i6fO{ ug]{ s'g} k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . o; cj:yfdf lgj]bs kmd{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ df ePsf Joj:yf cg';f/ ug{‘ kg]{ x'Fbf ;f]xL cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f eP u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;} ;DaGwdf o;} kmd{sf] pNn]lvt cf=a= )##.)#$ sf] ldlt @)$).!@.!# df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6 ;f]xL cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df lgj]bs kmd{sf] ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6lgj]bg k/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 l/6 lgj]bs kmd{sf] cfo ljj/0f ;fgf s/bftf lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf k]z ePsf]df ;f] ;ldltn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{df cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ug]{ u/L ldlt )$@.@.!) df lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm lg0f{oaf6 cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6 lgj]bs kmd{sf] pNn]lvt cf=a=sf] v'b cfo ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ sfod ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df tYodf k|j]z u/L s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] klg 5}g s/ lgwf{/0f x'g cl3 lgj]bsnfO{ @)$#.!).@# / )$#.!).@! df cfo s/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf lbOPsf]df Dofb leq s'g} ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf s/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbf lnOPsf] cfwf/ cf}lrTok"0f{ 5}g egL To;nfO{ v08g ug]{ k|df0f k]z u/L v08g ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . ctM cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf /Ltk"j{s glbPsf] tyf s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg tYodf cfwfl/t gePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ lg/y{s b]lvG5 . !$= s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+haf6 ePsf] ldlt )$$.#.!% sf] v'b cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwL lg0f{o krf{ / ;f]xL ldltdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ lgj]bssf] kmd{sf] o; s/ ljefudf lgj]bg k/L o; ljefuaf6 ;d]t pk/f]Qm cfwf/df s/ sfof{nosf] pNn]lvt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/L ldlt )$^.!).@@ df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ lgj]bssf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-%_ adf]lhd If]qLo cbfntdf lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltdf hfg ;Sg] sfg'gL af6f] cjnDag gu/L lgj]bs ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qdf u'xf{g k'u]sf] / l/6 If]qaf6 tYodf k|j]z u/L lg0f{o lbg gldNg] eGg] ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] dfGotf cg'?k klg gldNg] :ki6 5 . ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ x?af6 o; ljefu ;d]taf6 sfg'g adf]lhd ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxLn] lgj]bssf] sfg'gL xs tyf ;+j}wflgs xsdf s'g} k|sf/sf] cf3ft k'Ug guPsf]n] k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L o; ;DaGwdf s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] ldlt )$$.#.!% sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf o; ljefusf] ldlt )$^.!).@@ sf] lg0f{o krf{ ;d]t oyfjt sfod /fvL kfpF eGg] ;d]t s/ ljefu sf7df8f}+sf] lnlvthjfkm .

213

!%= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;'lzns'df/ l;Gxfn] lgj]bssf] pQm cf=a= sf] v"b cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L 5 eg] xfdL;+u a'‰g' kg]{ lyof] . ;f] ePsf] 5}g . ;fgf s/bftf cfo lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod @& -!_ adf]lhd s/ sfof{nodf kmfOn lkmtf{ k7fpFbf pQm bkmf @&-@_ sf] /Lt k'of{O{ ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L v"b cfo sfod ePsf] b]lvP klg cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf k7fpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f P]gdf 5}g . v"b cfo $),))).– eGbf a9L v"b cfo x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvg' kof]{ / ;f] sxL+ st}af6 b]lvg cfpFb}g . JolQmut wf/0ff agfpg' x'Fb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ug{‘ k/]sf] cfwf/x? v'nfpg' kg]{df ;f] ePsf] u/]sf] s]xL 5}g . ;fy} cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ b]lv -^_ ;Ddsf s'g cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bsn] s] slt v"b cfo s;/L sfod x'g cfof] ;f] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOb}g . o;df P]hg P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod ug]{ ;"rgf u/]sf] gx'Fbf s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] )$$.#.!% sf] v"b cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwL lg0f{o krf{ / ;f]xL ldltdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ lgj]bssf] s/ ljefu sf7df8f}+df lgj]bg k/L ;f]xL cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L ldlt )$^.!).@@ df ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L P]hg P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf u/L hjfkm lnO{ tYoo'Qm cfwf/df v"b cfo sfod ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]sf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF egL ax; ug{‘eof] . !^= ljkIfL s/ sfof{no / s/ ljefusf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L vu]G› a:g]tn] lgj]bssf] pQm cf=a= sf] v"b cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf sd egL ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cl3sf] km};nfdf elgPsf] xf] . t/ of] l/6lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't a'Fbf nfu" x'Fb}g s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;"rgf lbPsf] 5 . h'g sfg'g cg'?k g} 5 . ctM l/6 lgj]bssf] lhls/ ;To tYodf cfwfl/t gx'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL ax; ug{‘ eof] . !&= o;df cfos/ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf s/ sfof{non] s/bftfnfO{ k7fpFbf ;f] ;"rgfdf v"b cfosf] c+s / ;f] sfod x'g] cfwf/ :ki6 ?kdf v'nfO{ s/bftfnfO{ v08g ug{ Pj+ ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ df}sf lbg' kg]{ xf] . t/ ldlt )$#.!!.@! df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] k7fPsf] 5 . kqdf v"b cfosf] c+s / ;f] sfod x'g] cfwf/ v'n]sf] 5}g . To; dfly klg k|:t't cf=a= sf] lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf v'b cfo Psd'i6 ?=#,(*,@*(.&$ pNn]v ug{‘ePsf] 5 . t/ ;f] v"b cfosf] s;/L sfod x'g cfof] ;f] s'/f cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod !^ cg';f/ cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf v'nfpg' k5{ . t/ ;f] v'nfOPsf] 5}g lg0f{o krf{df P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ -u_-3_ / -r_ sf] cfwf/af6 v'b cfo sfod ul/Psf] elgPsf] 5 . pQm P]gs} bkmf ##-@_-u_ cGtu{t s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg tYo'Qm cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'g' kg]{ xf] . s/ lg/LIfssf] JolQmut wf/0ffsf] s'g} :yfg x'Fb}g . To:t} cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_-3_ o:t} lsl;dsf] c? s/bftfsf] o:t} lsl;dsf] sf/f]jf/df s] slt v"b cfo sfod ePsf] 5 ;f] cfwf/ lng] xf] s/ clws[tn] s'g} sDkgLnfO{ ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] xf] ;f] gfdfjnL v'n]sf] 5}g . ;fy} bkmf ##-@_-r_ cGtu{t s/ clws[tn] : jo+ a'em]sf] cfwf/ 5 eg] ;f] v'nfpg' k5{ . ;f] sf] hfgsf/L lbO{ v08g ug]{ df}sf lbg' kg]{df uf]Ko ?kdf cfwf/xLg /fo k|ltj]bg lnO{ v"b cfo sfod u/]sf] u}/sfg'gL 5 . ctM s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] cf=a= @)##.)#$ sf] v'b cfo ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ sfod u/L ldlt )$#.#.!% sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f]xL ldltsf] krf{ tyf dxflgb]{zs s/ ljefusf] ldlt )$^.!).@@ sf] km};nf ;d]t u}/sfg'gL x'Fbf ab/ u/L sfg'g adf]lhd /Ltk"j{ssf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgf u/L v"b cfo sfod ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6lgj]bssf] d'Vo lhls/ b]lvG5 . !*= cfos/ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod ug{‘ kg]{ ePsf]n] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd )$#.!).@# df n]lvPsf] kq s/bftf cfkm}+n] a'emL lnO{ cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{ ef/t hfg k/]sf]n] Dofb kfpF eg]sf] ldlt )$#.!!.@! df k'gM P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;"rgf k7fpFbf ;a"b k]z ug{ g;s]sf]n] pQm cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -u_-3_ / -r_ adf]lhd )$$.#.!% sf] krf{ lg0f{o cg';f/ ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfg'g cg'?k 5 l/6lgj]bg hf/L x'g gkg]{ eGg] s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] / lgj]bssf] sfg'gL tyf ;+j}wflgs xsdf s'g} k|sf/sf] cf3ft k/]sf] 5}g . ldlt )$$.#.!% sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / o; ljefusf] )$^.!).@@ sf] lg0f{o krf{ ;d]t oyfjt sfod /fvL kfpF eGg] s/ ljefusf] lnlvthjfkmsf] d"n egfO{ 5 . !(= s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+haf6 k|fKt kmfOn cWoog ubf{ pQm sfof{non] cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;L tyf ;'/]z ODkf]l/od k|f]= >L dfd/fh cu|jfnnfO{ ldlt )$#.!).@# df n]v]sf] kqdf tkfO{n] ldlt )#$.!@.#! df bflvn ug{‘ePsf] cf=a= @)##.)#$ lbkfjnLsf] cfo ljj/0fdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $)-!_ cg';f/ ul7t ;ldltaf6 ?= #,(*,@*(.&$ v"b cfo sfod u/L ldlt @)$).!@.!% df ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ lrQ ga'emL >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ ug{‘ ePsf]df >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !&-s_ cGtu{t ul7t ;ldltaf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ 214

kg]{df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf $)-!_ adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltaf6 v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf pQm s/ lgwf{/0f ab/ u/L k'gM sfg'g adf]lhd ug{‘ eGg] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] x'Fbf tkfO{sf] k|:t't cf=a= )##.#$ sf] cfo ljj/0f cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !&-s_ adf]lhd ul7t ;fgf s/bftf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] ldlt @)$#.!).@@ sf] a}7sdf k]z x'Fbf ;f] ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 jflif{s cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L x'g] b]lvPsf]n] P]g lgod cg';f/ ug{ ;j{;DdtLaf6 lg0f{o u/L kmfOn s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hdf lkmtf{ k7fO{ lbPsf] x'Fbf cfo ljj/0fdf b]vfpg' ePsf] sf/f]jf/ tyf cfo >f]t ;DaGwdf o; sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf] tYof+s sf/f]jf/sf] :t/ o:t} lsl;dsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ cGo s/bftfnfO{ sfod ul/Psf] v'b cfosf] cfwf/ sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf] ljj/0faf6 / k|fKt cGo hfgsf/L ;d]tsf] cfwf/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd jflif{s v"b cfo ?= $),))).– eGbf a9L sfod ug{‘ kg]{ x'g cfof] . @)= ctM o:tf] x'g' gkg]{ egL cfˆgf] cfo ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg] jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ & lbgsf] df}sf lbOPsf] 5 . ;f] Dofbleq s'g} 7f]; k|df0f k]z x'g gcfPdf jf k]z x'Fbf dfGotf lbg gldNg] ePdf pQm P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ cfpg] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOPsf] 5 egL n]lvPsf] / ;DdfgLt >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$@.@.% df ePsf] km};nf cg';f/ tkfOsf] cf=a= )##.)#$ sf] -lbkfjnL_ s/ lgwf{/0f k'gM /Lt k'of{fO{ ug{‘ eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L eP cg'?k pQm cf=a= sf] s/ lgwf{/0f k'gM /Lt k'of{@O{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd cfˆgf] sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ & lbgsf] clGtd df}sf k|bfg u/L ldlt @)$#.!).@# df n]lvPsf] kq ldlt )$#.!).@* df k|fKt ug{‘ eO{ ;f] kqsf] hjfkmdf b'3{6gfaf6 v'§f efFlrPsf]n] cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{ ldlt )$#.!!.# df ef/ttkm{ uO{ ToxfFaf6 kmsL{ cfPkl5 cfufdL a}zfv dxLgfdf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug]{5' . ta;Ddsf] nflu k|df0f k]z ug{ Dofb kfpF egL ldlt )$#.!!.% df tkfO{sf] b:tvt ePsf] kq ;f]xL ldltdf o; sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] b]lvof] tT;DaGwdf a'‰bf tkfO{ xfn oxLF g]kfnu+hd} /xg'ePsf] eGg] a'lemg'sf] ;fy} tkfOn] sf/f]jf/ oyfjt ?kdf ;+rfng u/L /fVg' ePsf] a'lemPsf] / o;/L tkfO{ oxL x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ;a"b k|df0f k]z gu/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfn6fn ug]{ k|a[lQ lnPsf] b]lvof] . ctM pQm cf=a= )##.)#$ sf] cfˆgf] cfo ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{‘ kg]{ eP of] kq kfPsf] & lbgleq k]z ug{ k'gM n]lvPsf] 5 . cGoyf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g] s'/f ;d]t o;} kqåf/f ;"lrt ul/G5 egL ldlt )$#.!!.@!df kq n]v]sf] kfOG5 . @!= cfos/ -;+=;=_ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ x]bf{ pkbkmf -$_ df …pkbkmf -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ s/ clws[tn] To;/L cfo lgwf{l/t ug{‘ k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ s/bftfnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ cfˆgf] cfo ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ & lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kg]{5Ú eGg] n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf -$_ n] pkbkmf -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ To;/L cfo lgwf{/0f ug{ k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfpg' kg]{ clgjfo{tf tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . @@= t/ s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hn] v"b cfo sfod ubf{ pQm v'b cfo s] s;/L sfod x'g cfof] ;f]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ bkmf ##-$_ sf] /Lt k'u]sf] ;"rgf lbPsf] kfOb}g . bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf eg]/ dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd pQm ;"rgfdf h'g s'/f :ki6 vf]Ng' eg]sf] 5 . ;f] vf]Ng' clgjfo{ 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lb+bf s] s:tf] cfwf/df pQm v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ug{ nfu]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f pNn]v ePdf l/6 lgj]bsn] ;f] adf]lhd v"b cfo gnfUg] xf] egL k|ltjfb v08g ug]{ lyof] . jf:tjdf ;f] s'/f eGgsf] nflu g} P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;"rgf lbg'sf] tfTko{ xf] . t/ pQm P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd lbPsf] ;"rgfdf ;f] s'/f v'Nb}g eg] P]gsf] pQm bkmf ##-$_ n] tf]s]sf] sfg'gL clgjfo{tf k"/f ePsf] dfGg ;lsGg / To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf ;d]t eGg ldNb}g . @#= s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] ldlt )$$.#.!% sf] v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] krf{ x]bf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -u_-3_ / -r_ ;d]tsf] af6 lgh s/bftfsf] k|:t't cf=a= )##.#$ sf] v"b cfo ?= #,*(,@*(.&$ sfod ug]{ 7x/ lg0f{o u/]sf] kfOG5 . @$= pQm v'b cfo sfod ;f]xL ldlt @)$#.!).@# / @)$#.!!.@! sf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ePsf]n] ;"rgf g} sfg'gsf] /Lt k'u]sf] 5}g eg] To:tf] v"b cfo lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhdsf] eGg ldn]g . @%= ctM ljkIfL s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] ldlt )$$.#.!% sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f]xL ldltsf] krf{ / ;f] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] s/ ljefu sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)$^.!).@@ sf] lg0f{o cfb]z ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ctM sfg'g adf]lhd k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=s[i0fh+u /fodfemL Olt;Djt\ @)$* ;fn kmfNu'0f ^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\============== . 215

efu M #$, ;fnM @)$(, dlxgf M c;f/, c+s M #, km};nf ldlt M @)$(.)!.!), lg0f{o g+= $$(^ ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L ?›axfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofo ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fnsf] l/=g+= !)@# l/6lgj]bsM lj/f6gu/ g=kf= jf=g+= * l:yt hulbz /fO; cfon P08 ˆnf]/ ldN;sf k|f]=ej/nfn /f7L lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/;d]t ljifoM pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z -!_ sfg'gsf] csf]{ pkrf/sf] ljsNk eP;Dd o:tf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ToxL pkrf/sf] dfu{ ckgfpg' k5{ ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qaf6 pkrf/sf] dfu ug{ ldNb}g o:tf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntaf6 ;d]t o:tf] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f ul/g' x'Fb}g . -k|s/0f g+= !)_ -@_ s/ ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #$-%_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+znfO{ lglZrt sfg'gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf g} ;Demg' kg]{ . -k|s/0f g+= !!_ -#_ k|:t't l/6lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{sf cj:yf ;Dddf j}slNks pkrf/sf] o:t} k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ePsf] clwsf+z d'2fx?df o; cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] To;af6 o; cbfntn] cfˆgf lg0f{ox?åf/f k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lglZrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf dfGg OGsf/ ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bsn] l/6lgj]bg btf{ u/fpFbfsf] cj:yf;Dd o; cbfntaf6 sfod x'g uPsf] sfg'gL l:ylt cg'?k g} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] dfWodaf6 pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfPsf] b]lvPsf]n] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/ df l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k|:t't l/6lgj]bgaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{ klg Gofo;+ut gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !@_ -$_ lgj]bsnfO{ lbOPsf] s/ ljefusf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf;Dd s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 lghn] ldlt @)$^.#.!) df k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] ;"rgf k|fKt u/]kl5 @)$^.*.@) df lg0f{osf] gSsn s/ ljefuaf6 k|fKt u/L ldlt @)$^.!).@% df l/6lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvPaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{ÿ kg]{ xb;Dd lghn] cg'lrt ljnDa u/L cfPsf] eGg ;d]t Gofo;+ut gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+= !#_ -%_ a]l/t Pj+ sfg'g ljk/Ltsf ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bssf] cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfb]znfO{ ;d]t sfg'g cg'?k eP u/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] . -k|s/0f g+= !$_ l/6 lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg d'Vo GofoflwjQmf >L k|]daxfb'/ lji6 cjnlDat ghL/ M k/z'/fd emf lj= d+=k= ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/=k'=g+= %# g]=sf=k= @)$*, c+s ^, k[i7 @## / g]=sf=k= @)$$, c+s @, k[= !&( cfb]z Gof=?›axfb'/ l;+x != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !^.&! cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 . @= s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] o; pBf]usf] cf=a= )#^.)#& sf] v"b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##$_ adf]lhd s'g tYo / cfwf/af6 v"b cfo s] slt sfod x'g] egL k|i6 ;"rgf lbg' kg]{df glbO{ ck|i6 ;"rgf ldlt @)$).!!.@$ df u/L xr'jf Pj+ slNkt cfwf/af6 v"b cfo ?= @,!&,(#$.$% sfod u/L To;df s/ / hl/jfgf ?= *#,@&%.– nufO{ ldlt @)$@.#.#) df s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{‘ ePsf]df ;f]df lrQ ga'emL s/ ljefudf lgj]bg u/]sf]df pQm ljefuaf6 ;d]t Goflos dgsf] k|of]u g} gu/L @)$%.!@.!* df s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$@.#.#) sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] x'Fbf lrQ ga'emL of] l/6lgj]bg lbg cfPsf] 5' . s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$).!!.@$ sf] ;"rgf cfos/ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ljk/Lt 5 . @)$@.#.#) sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t cfos/ 216

lgodfjnLsf] lgod !^-!_ sf] ljk/Lt eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %* cg';f/ sfof{lGjt x'g g;Sg] l:yltsf] 5 . v'b cfo sfod ubf{ pBf]un] u/]sf] ;+rfng vr{, ldnsf] l8lk|l;ozg, 3/ hUuf dd{t, Hofnf dhb'/L OTofbL sf/f]af/ ;+u ;DalGwt vr{ s§f ul/Psf] gb]vfO{ P]= P]gsf] bkmf !& ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt v'b cfo sfod ul/Psf] 5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] ej/nfn jf;'b]j gfds kmd{af6 :yfgLo vl/b laqmL g} gu/]sf]df lagf k|df0f cg'dfg u/L ?= Ps nfv :yfgLo sf/f]af/ egL pNn]v u/L To;df ?= !,))).– v'b cfo sfod ul/Psf] 5 . #= o;/L s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)$@.#.#) df u}/sfg'gL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{‘ ePsf]nfO{ s/ ljefun] ldlt )$%.!@.!* df ;b/ u/L ldlt )$^.@.@$ sf] kqaf6 ;"rgf ug{‘ ePsf]af6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-@_-ª_ wf/f !% / wf/f !!-#_ wf/f %* n] k|bQ xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]sf] x'Fbf s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt )$).#.#) sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z, )$).!!.@$ sf] ;"rgf / s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)$%.!@.!* sf] lg0f{o tyf )$^.@.@$ sf] ;"rgf ab/ u/L sfg'gsf] /Lt k'of{ O{ bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd s'g tYo / k|df0fsf] cfwf/df v'b cfo sfod ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] k|i6 v'nfO{ ;"rgf u/L v08g ug]{ df}sf k|bfg u/L Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L ;a"b k|df0fsf] cfwf/df jf:tljs v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo l/6lgj]bg lhls/ . $= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfP kl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt )$^.!).@( sf] cfb]z . %= l/6 lgj]bssf] cf=a= @)#^.#& lbkfjnLsf] cfo sfod ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfsf] cfwf/df cfo ljj/0f k]z gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 cGtMz'Ns sfof{noaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] rfdn laqmL kl/df0fdf :yfgLo df]/+u Jofkf/ ;+3n] lbPsf] cf};t ahf/ d"No cg';f/ rfdnsf] laqmL d"No sfod u/L sfof{nodf k|fKt eP ;Ddsf] tYof+s ;"rgf tyf s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] kmfF6jf/L ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L sf]zL wfg rfdn sDkgL / :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL u/]sf] rfdnsf] v'b cfo sfod u/L lgj]bsnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;"rgf lb+bf lgj]bsn] s'g} k|ltjfb lhls/ gu/]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] l/6lgj]bg lhls/ sfg'g;+ut 5}g . lgh s/bftfn] o; sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ s/ ljefudf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df s/ ljefuaf6 lghsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ gk'Ug] egL ldlt )$%.!@.!* df lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df If]qLo cbfnt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt u/L k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg] sfg'gL Joj: yf x'Fbf tx gf3L Ps} rf]6L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] ;/f;/ sfg'gL q'l6 ePsf] 5 . cfos/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfos/ P]gsf] k"0f{ kfng u/L P]gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] Joj:yf ckgfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod u/L cfly{s P]gn] tf]ss ] f] b/aGbL cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . ctM o; sfof{noaf6 lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\ gePsf] x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lnlvthjfkm . ^= s/bftf lgj]bsn] cf=a= @)#^.#& sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ubf{ s'g} vl/b laqmL tyf gfkmf gf]S;fgL gb]vfO{ cfo ljj/0fsf] s}lkmot dxndf /Ltk"j{ssf] lx;fa lstfa gePsf]n] Gofof]lrt cg'dfgaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ul/lbg' eGg] Joxf]/f hgfO{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/df k]z u/]sf] / ;f] ljj/0f k|fKt ePkl5 s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 ;f] sf] k'i6\ofO{sf] nflu cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $% adf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbOPsf] / ;f] Dofbdf lgj]bssf] jfl/; jf;'b]j /f7L pkl:yt eO{ pQm ldnn] rfdn / a|fg pTkfbg u/L laqmL ug]{u/]sf] 5 . sf/f]af/sf] lx;fa lstfa gePsf]n] lgod adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePdf dGh"/ 5 egL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L lx;fa lstfa g/fVg] s/ bftfsf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{ ePsf]n] ;f] sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu P]= P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ lbg & sf] Dofb lbOPsf]df ;f] kq a'emL lnO{ tT;DaGwdf sf/f]af/ ;+u ;Da4 s'g} ;a"b k|df0f lgj]bssf] pBf]usf] tkm{af6 k]z ug{ g;sL Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cfo ljj/0f k]z ubf{s} cj:yfdf Gofof]lrt cg'dfgaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ dfu ug]{ s/bftfn] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $% adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePdf dGh"/ 5 egL :jLsf/ u/L aofg u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf clxn] cfP/ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ sf] ;"rgfdf cfkm"nfO{ v08g ug]{ cj;/ glbO{ ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ xf]; egL lhls/ ;j{yf lg/y{s x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL s/ ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm . &= lgod adf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ ;"rgf lb+bf :ki6 ?kdf lbg' kg]{ jfWofTds sfg'gL k|fjwfg ePsf]df l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ To;/L :ki6 ;"rgf lbPsf] 5}g . v"b cfo sfod ubf{ s] s;/L v"b cfo sfod ul/Psf] xf] ;f] sf] ljj/0f v'nfO{ ;"rgf lbg' kg]{df ;f] cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5}g . o;/L lagf cfwf/ v'b cfo sfod ul/Psf] u}/sfg'gL, q'l6k"0f{ Pj+ ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f k|ltkflbt sfg'gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf]df To:tf] u}/sfg'gL ?kdf v'b cfo sfod u/L ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] s/ ljefusf] ldlt )$%.!@.!* sf] lg0f{o ;d]t q'l6k'0f{ x'Fbf s/ sfof{no 217

lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)$).!!.@$ sf] ;"rgf, @)$@.#.#) sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf s/ ljefusf] ldlt )$%.!@.!* sf] lg0f{o / )$^.@.@$ sf] ;"rgf ;d]t ab/ u/L k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . *= ;f] sf] k|To'Q/df ljkIfL sfof{nox?sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg d'Vo GofoflwjQmf >L k|]daxfb'/ lji6n] l/6lgj]bsnfO{ s/ ljefuaf6 ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf ldlt )$^.@.@$ sf] kqaf6 ul/Psf] / ;f] kq lghn] k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf )$^.*.@) df dfq gSsn k|fKt u/L hfgsf/L kfPsf] eGb} Joxf]/f 9fF6L ;kmf xftn] cbfnt k|j]z gu/]sf] / cfkm"n] s/ ljefusf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L ;s]kl5 klg a]jf:tf u/L oyf ;dodf gcfO{ cg'lrt ljnDa u/L l/6 If]qdf k|jz ] u/]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6lgj]bgaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ldNg] xf]Og l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . (= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]sL lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df lgj]bg lhls/, lnlvthjfkm, ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] ax; lhls/, ;d]taf6 pkl:yt lgDg k|Zgx?sf] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] M– -s_ s/ ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ If]qLo cbfntaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt u/L k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-$_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf Jojl:yt k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+ljwfg cGtu{t c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q ;Gbe{df sfg'gåf/f Jojl:yt j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eGg ldN5 of ldNb}g < -v_ l/6 lgj]bs cg'lrt ljnDa u/L cfPsf] xf] jf xf]Og < -u_ lgj]bs pBf]usf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] v"b cfo sfod ul/lbPsf] ldlt )$).!!.@$ sf] ;"rgf tyf ;f] cg'?k ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t sfg'g;+ut 5 5}g < !)= k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf pkl:yt klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns clwsf/ / cGo sfg'gåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf clwsf/x? pNn]v ub}{ sfg'gdf cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu / cGo ;fdfGo sfg'gåf/f k|bQ clwsf/x?sf] k|rngsf] nflu sfg'gåf/f cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePdf jf To:tf] Joj:yf eP klg ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq o; cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u u/L ;+j}wflgs pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . sfg'gdf csf]{ pkrf/sf] ljsNk eP;Dd o:tf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ToxL pkrf/sf] dfu{ ckgfpg' k5{ ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qaf6 pkrf/sf] dfu ug{ ldNb}g, o:tf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntaf6 ;d]t o: tf] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f ul/g' x'Fb}g . !!= pko{‘Qm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] lgj]bs pBf]usf] cf=a= )#^.#& sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] ;"rgf tyf sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf ;x'lnot ;d]t k|bfg gu/L ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhls/ b]lvFbf lgj]bsn] sfg'gåf/f k|bQ clwsf/sf] k|rngsf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] dfWodaf6 pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfPsf] b]lvof] . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #$-@_ df s/ sfof{nosf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ s/ ljefudf lgj]bg ug{ ;lsg] / s/ ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ ;DalGwt If]qLo cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt u/L k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] pQm P]gsf] bkmf #$-%_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf cfos/ P]gsf] pQm bkmf #$-%_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf Jojl:yt k|fjwfgnfO{ o; cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q k|of]u ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ pQm bkmf #$-%_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf s/ ljefusf] lg0f{odf k|ToIf sfg'gL q'l6 ePsf] b]lvPdf ;f] lg0f{o pk/ If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 / s/ ljefusf] lg0f{odf s'g} k|ToIf sfg'gL q'l6 ePsf] b]lvPdf If]qLo cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt glbg] k|Zg} p7\b}g . sfg'g adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} klg cbfntaf6 cg'dlt glbOPnf eGg] cg'dfg ug{‘ / To:tf] cg'dfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL pQm Joj:yfnfO{ clglZrt pkrf/sf] ;+1f lbg' plrt Pjd ts{;+ut ;d]t b]lvFb}g . ctM s/ ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #$-%_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+znfO{ lglZrt sfg'gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf g} ;Demg' k5{ . !@= o;/L dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ l/6 lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ cf3ft k/]sf] xssf] k|rngsf] nflu sfg'gdf lglZrt pkrf/ x'Fbf x'Fb} ;f] sf] cjnDag gu/L c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qaf6 pkrf/sf] dfu ug{ cfPsf]n] o; cbfntn] cfˆgf c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u u/L lghnfO{ pkrf/ lbg gldNg] xf] ls h:tf] b]lvG5 tfklg l/6 lgj]bsn] o; cbfntdf k|: t't l/6lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{sf cj:yf ;Dddf j}slNks pkrf/sf] o:t} k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ePsf] clwsf+z d'2fx?df o; cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] / To;af6 o; cbfntn] cfˆgf lg0f{ox?åf/f k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lglZrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf dfGg OGsf/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bsn] l/6lgj]bg btf{ u/fpFbfsf] cj:yf;Dd o; cbfntaf6 sfod x'g uPsf] sfg'gL l:ylt cg'?k g} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ 218

If]qsf] dfWodaf6 pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfPsf] b]lvPsf]n] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k|:t't l/6lgj]bgaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{ klg Gofo;+ut b]lvFb}g . o:t} k|Zg pkl:yt /x]sf] lgj]bs k/z'/fd emf lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] @)$& ;fnsf] l/=km'=O=g+= %# sf] pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]zsf] l/6lgj]bg o; cbfntsf] a[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u u/L l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] cfwf/df l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvthjfkm;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . !#= k|:t't l/6lgj]bgdf pkl:yt bf]>f] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+ . ljkIfL sfof{notkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg d'Vo GofoflwjQmfn] lgj]bsn] s/ ljefuaf6 ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf ldlt @)$^.@.@$ sf] kqaf6 oyf;dodf k|fKt u/L ;s]kl5 klg cfˆgf] xs k|rng u/fpg]tkm{ a]jf:tf u/L cg'lrt ljnDa u/L cfpg'sf] ;fy} lgj]bsn] )$^.@.@$ sf] kqaf6 lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L kfO;s]sf]] cj:yfdf @)$^.*.@) df gSsn k|fKt u/]kl5 hfgsf/L ePsf] egL Joxf]/f 9fF6L ;kmf xftn] gcfPsf] x'Fbf l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL lhls/ lng' ePsf] 5 . pQm lhls/sf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ lgj]bsn] cfˆgf] lgj]bgdf @)$^.@.@$ sf] ;"rgfnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ pQm ;"rgf ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpF egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvFbf d'Vo GofoflwjQmfn] lhls/ lng' eP cg';f/ l/6 lgj]bsn] Joxf]/f 9fF6L cfPsf] eGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ca lgj]bs cg'lrt ljnDa u/L cfPsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt )$^.@.@$ sf] kqaf6 lbOPsf] s/ ljefusf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf ;Dd s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 lghn] ldlt @)$^.#.!) df k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] ;"rgf k|fKt u/]kl5 @)$^.*.@) df lg0f{osf] gSsn s/ ljefuaf6 k|fKt u/L ldlt @)$^.!).@% df l/6lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvPaf6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{‘ kg]{ xb;Dd lghn] cg'lrt ljnDa u/L cfPsf] eGg ;d]t Gofo;+ut b]lvFb}g . !$= ca lgj]bs pBf]usf] v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] lbPsf] ;"rgf tyf ldlt @)$@.#.#) sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t sfg'gsf] /Lt k'uL ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] clGtd k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ s'g} s/bftfsf] v'b cfo sfod ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s/ clws[tn] cfjZos ;a"b k|df0f ;+sng u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Dddf pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/df v'b cfo sfod ug{ ;Sg] / To;/L v'b cfo sfod ug{‘ k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ P]= P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd s/bftfnfO{ ;ft lbg] lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ pQm cfo ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg, v08g ug{ jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug]{ df}sf k|bfg u/L sfod ePsf] v'b cfodf dfq s/ clws[taf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm Joj:yf cg';f/ k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 sfod ul/Psf] v'b cfo s] s;/L / s'g cfwf/df sfod ul/Psf] xf] ;f] sf] :ki6 sf/0f vf]nL ;"rgf lbg' kg]{df ;f] cg'?ksf] ;"rgf glbO{ ck|i6 ;"rgf ldlt @)$).!!.@$ df lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs pBf]usf] v'b cfo s] s;/L s'g cfwf/df sfod ul/Psf] xf] < sfg'g adf]lhd kfpg' kg]{ ;'ljwf ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 5}g < OToflb Joxf]/f bzf{pg] u/L cfo sfod ul/Psf] cfwf/ pNn]v gePsf] ;"rgfsf] e/df ;f] cfo ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f eGg v08g ug{ jf ;f] sf] lj?4 ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ ;d]t ;+ej x'Fbg} . To:tf] ;"rgf k|bfg ug{‘ gug{‘df vf; km/s kg{ cfpg] b]lvFb}g . t;y{ To:tf] ;"rgfsf] s'g} cf}lrTo klg /xFb}g ctM To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf dfGg g;lsg] / To:tf] a]l/t Pj+ sfg'g ljk/Ltsf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bssf] cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfb]znfO{ ;d]t sfg'g cg'?k eP u/]sf] dfGg ;lsF+b}g . lgj]bs k|]daxfb'/ dfnL lj?4 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;ldlt s/ ljefu ePsf] k/dfb]z ldl>t pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{Ohnf;af6} ha;Dd s'g} s/bftfnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvFb}g ta;Dd To:tf] v'b cfonfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd sfod ePsf] v"b cfo dfGg ldNb}g . l/tk"j{ssf] v"b cfo sfod geP;Dd To: tf] v'b cfosf] cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ sfg'g ljk/Lt / q'l6k'0f{ dflgg] -g]=sf=k= @)$$, c+s @, k[i7 !&(_ egL l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . !%= t;y{ pko{‘Qm cfwf/ tyf sf/0fx?af6 ljkIfL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] v'b cfo sfod u/L lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ lbPsf] ldlt )$).!!.@$ sf] ;"rgf ldlt )$@.#.#) sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / To:tf] q'l6k"0f{ v'b cfo tyf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] ljefusf] ldlt )$%.!@.!* sf] lg0f{o tyf ldlt )$^.@.@$ sf] ;"rgf ;d]t sfg'g ljk/Lt eO{ q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf]n] tL ;a} ;"rgf, cfb]z lg0f{o Pj+ lgj]bs pBf]usf] cf=a= )#^.)#& sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf cGo s'g} lg0f{o cfb]z ePsf] eP ;f] ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . k'gM sfg'g adf]lhd cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLx?sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k7fO{ kmfon lgod adf]lhd a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=s]bf/gfy pkfWofo Olt;Djt\ @)$( ;fn a}zfv !) ut] /f]h $ z'ed\============ . 219

efuM #%, ;fnM @)%), dlxgfM kf}if, c+sM (, km};nf ldlt M@)%).)%.@), lg0f{o g+= $&*^ ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L ?› axfb'/ l;+x dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]zj k|;fb pkfWofo ;Djt @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !$)( lgj]bsM ;/fkm OG6/k|fO{h]h -k|f=ln=_ sf] tkm{af6 P]= sf] lnSjL8]6/ sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= @) led;]g:yfg a:g] u0f]zNffn >]i7 . lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ . ljifoM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z . -!_ s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg'kg{]df ;f]em} c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf sfg"gn] :ki6?kdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/] cg'?k lgj]bsn] pkrf/ssf] dfu{ cjnDag u/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] . -k|=g+= !#_ lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L z'l;n s'df/ l;Gxf cjnlDat ghL/M lgj]bs >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, s/ ljefu ;d]t lj?4 /fdl/5kfn cu|jfn ePsf] ;Djt @)$^ sf] l/=k'=O=g+= ^&, k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 @)$(.*.( df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt . -g]=sf=k= @)$(, cÍ *, k[= &#!_ cfb]z Gof= ?› axfb'/ l;+x != g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& wf/f @#.**-@_ cGt/ut bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5M– @= o; sDkgLsf] cf=j= @)@(.#) b]lv g} sf/f]af/ aGb u/L @)#).!).!# df sDkgL lnlSj8];gdf u} sf/f]af/ gePsf] cfo ljj/0f klg cl86 u/fO{ df}s}df ldlt @)#).!).!& df k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . tTsflng s/ clws[taf6 k|:t't cf=a=)#) ->fj0f–df3 !# ut]_ ;Dddf s'g} cfo cfh{g ;DaGwL sf/f]af/ gePsf]df k|:t't ^ dlxgfsf] ;d]t xr'jf tj/n] Psd'i6 ?= #,(%,%%) v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k7fOof] . ;f] pk/ s/ ljefudf lgj]bg ubf{ s/ sfof{nosf] cfb]z ;b/ eof] . dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntaf6 cfb]z ;b/ eof] . dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$%.!@.& df s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf s/ ljefusf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/ ePsf] lyof] . #= s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+df k'gM lx;fa cdfGou/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ / ##-$_ sf] ;xL kfngf ;d]t gu/L tYo/lxt Pj+ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]t ljkl/t v'b cfosf] c+s ?= #,(%,%%) sfod ug{ ldlt @)$&.(.!( df ;"rgf k7fO{ ;"rgfsf] Dofb leq} )$&.(.#) sf] ldlt /fvL cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/of] . cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( sf] lgod !^ afWofTds Joj:yf u/] ljkl/t ;d]t pQm cfb]z ePsf] 5 . sltsf] sf/f]af/df ?= #,(%,%%) v'b cfo sfod ePsf] xf] ;f] ;dt gv'NffO{ ePsf] cfb]zaf6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-@_-ª_ !&-!_, !$-!_ tyf wf/f &#-!_ ;d]tsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft ePsf] 5 . $= ctM s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf]ldlt @)$&.(.#) sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf ;f] ;DaGwL krf{ ab/ u/L sfg"g adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ . %= o;df ljkIfLaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . ^= s/bftf lgj]bsn] dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntdf lbg' ePsf] k'g/fj]bgdf lng' ePsf] ljleGg lhls/df ;DaGwdf / sfod ePsf] cfos/ ;DaGwdf pQm cbfntaf6 s]xL gaf]nL s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ tyf >L dxflgb{]zs c d+. s/ ljefusf] lg0f{oNffO{ ;xdlt hgfO{ s]an ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{] ljifosf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! (;+ ;) sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] ;"rgfdf dfq sfg"gL q'l6 cf}+NofO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;"rgf lbg] egL lbOPsf] cfb]zNffO{ cIf/zM kfng u/L ldlt @)$&.(.#).@ df sfod ul/Psf] v'b cfo tyf ;f]xL ldltdf ul/Psf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsfg"g ;+ut 5 . 220

cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘eGbf k"j{ s/bftf lgj]bsNffO{ lbg'kg{] ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{ ;ft lbgsf] ;"rgf klg k|rlnt cfos/ P]g adf]lhd pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . u}/ sfg"gL k|s[ofsf] cjnDag eof] eGg] ;d]t lgj]bssf lhls/ ;To gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] lnlvt hjfkm . &= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L z'l;n s'df/ l;Gxfn] s/ clws[taf6 u}/ sfg"gL tj/n] lx;fa cdfGo ul/Psf] 5 . k"j{fu|xLe} tYo /lxt tj/df v'b cfo sfod ul/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]t ljkl/t ePsf] 5 . lgj]bs ;/fkm O06/k|fOh]h ePsf]df ;/fkm O06/ g]zgnsf] gfddf kq k]|lift ul/of] / c=j+= %( g+= n] yfDg] Dofb leq} cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] sfg"gsf] klg a]jf:tf ul/of] . o; l:yltdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag ug{‘kg{] afWotf klg 5}g . t;y{ ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt@)$&.(.#) df ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / tT;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL ab/ u/L kfpF eGg];d]t jx; k|:t't ug{'eof] . *= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]sL lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf tyf ljåfg ;/ sf/L clwjQmfn] ug{‘ePsf] jx; ;d]tNffO{ dgG u/L lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] < ;f] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg{] x'g cfof] . (= o;df lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs O06/k|fOh]hNffO{ k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] ldlt @)$&.(.#) df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{] u/]sf] cfb]z sfg"g k|lts"n ;d]t ePsf]n] pQm s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ u/L k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ ePsf]df k|ToyL{ sfof{noaf6 sfg"g cg'?ksf] k|s[of cjnDag u/L ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z klg sfg'g ;+ut g} ePsf] lhls/ lnOPsf] kfOG5 . !)= k|f/lDes ?kdf sfg"gL Joj:yf k|lts"n sfg"gL q'l6 u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{] u/]sf] elgPsf] k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pk/ j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] 5 5}g eGg] k|Zgdf g} k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljrf/ ug{‘kg{] b]lvof] . k|:t't ljifodf k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmfn] klg lgj]bsn] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ lrQ ga'em] sfg"g k|bQ j}slNks af6f] cjnDag ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf eO{ /x]sf]df ;f] af6f] cjnDag gu/L o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clws/f If]qdf k|j]z ug{‘ ePsf]n] ;f] k|s[ofaf6 lgj]bssf] dfudf ljrf/ ug{‘ x'Fb}g eGg] ;d]t lhls/ lng' ePsf] 5 . !!= cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z eP pk/ lgj]bsNffO{ dsf{ k/]sf] Joxf]/f bz{fOPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] g;Sg] s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGwdf eO /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{, cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& df /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]M lzif{s cGt/ut “o; P]g adf]lhd s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z jf ;hfosf] cfb]zn] dsf{ kg{] JolQmn] To:tf] cfb]z pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5" . eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] lgj]bsNffO{ lgoldt pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lv+b}g . k|:t't lgj]bgdf kmfOn ;+nUg sfuhft tyf Joxf]/f x]bf{ ldlt @)$&.(.#) ut] s/ clws[taf6 ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ lgj]bsn] P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf cg'?k /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] klg kfOPg . lrQ ga'em]sf] jf dsf{ k/]sf] ljifodf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg gu/]sf] s'/f :jo+ lgj]bs tkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmfn] klg :jLsf/ ug{‘ ePsf] 5 . o;/L sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]af6 s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ lgj]bsn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] sfg"g clwsf/ af6 ;+/lIft b]lvof] . !@= o;} ;Gbe{df o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg=g+= $%(*, lgj]bs >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno s/ ljefu ;d]t lj?4 /fd l/5kfn cu|jfn ePsf] ;Djt @)$^ ;fnsf] l/.k'.O.g+= ^& k/dfb]z ljifosf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ldlt @)$(.*.( df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt klg ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . h;df l/6 pkrf/ c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] xf] sfg"gn] cGo lgoldt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ vf]Hg pko'Qm dflgb}g . k'g/fj]bg k|efjsf/L ;zQm cGo pkrf/ xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g lsgsL k'g/fj]bg txaf6 d'2fsf] tYout cf}lrTo / sfg"gL cf}lrTo b'j} k|sf/sf k|Zgdf ljrf/ ul/g] lg0f{o x'g]x'Fbf lgzt{ k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L / Jofks pkrf/ xf] . pkrf/ vf]Hg]n] pko'Qm pkrf/ cjnDag ug{‘kg{] x'G5 . lgoldt pkrf/ pko'Qm x'g] cj:yfdf c;fwf/0f pkrf/ cjnDag ug{ dgfl;j x'Fb}g . o:tf] x'g uPdf Ps pkrf/sf] If]qdfly csf]{ pkrf/sf] If]qsf] x:tIf]k x'g uO{ h'g s'/f h;/L lg/f]lkt x'g'kg{] xf] To;/L lg/f]lkt x'g guO{ 5\of;ld; x'g hfG5 . ljleGg pkrf/ If]qx?df vnanL c;Gt'ng k}bf x'g cfpFb5 . t;y{ ;fdfGo lgoldt pkrf/ cjnDag ug{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g . of] Goflos ;'Joj:yfsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ s'/f xf] . eGg] ;d]t pNn]v eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . -g]=sf=k= @)$(, c+s *, k[=&#!_ !#= o;/L s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' kg{]df ;f]em} c;fwf/0f pk/rf/sf] If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/] cg'?k lgj]bsn] pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag u/]sf] dfGg ;lsPg o;/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] 5Fbf5Fb} l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] plNnlvt l;4fGt cg's"n klg 221

ePg . o; l:yltdf lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug{‘ ePsf] / lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfn] ax;sf] ;Gbe{df p7fpg' ePsf cGo k|Zgdf ljrf/ u/L /xg' k/]g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . kmfon lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm/fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=s]zj k|;fb pkfWofo Olt ;DaGwdf @)%) ;fn ef› @) ut] /f]h ! z'ed===================.

222

efu M#& , ;fnM@)%@, dlxgf M sflt{s, c+s M&, km};nf ldlt M @)%@.)!.!! , lg0f{o g+=^)#@ k"0f{ Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|=Gof= >L ljZjgfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ff dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L pbo/fh pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/ k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo Gofoflwz >L s[i0f s'df/ adf{ l/=k'=O{=g+= ======== ^! ljifoM pTk|]if0f . lgj]bs M df]/Ë lhNnf lj/f6gu/ g=kf= j8f g+= ( l:yt kL=s]= s]ldsN;sf] k|f]=P]= a:g] k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfn . lj?4 ljkIfL M s/ sfof{no df]/Ë, lj/f6gu/ . s/ ljefu, nflhDkf6 . · j:t'tM cbfntsf ;a} lg0f{x?df sfg"gsf] JofVof jf sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ePsf] klg x'+b}g . To:tf] JofVof jf ljj]rgf gePsf lg0f{ox? ghL/ x'+b}gg\ / d'2fsf kIf afx]s c?sf] nflu jfWofTds klg x'+b}gg\ . -k|=g+= !@_ · s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof u/]/ jf s'g} sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]/ Tof] JofVof jf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 eg] dfq Tof] JofVof jf l;4fGt To:t} k|s[ltsf cGo d'2fx?sf] nflu glh/ x'g] . -k|=g+= !@_ · glh/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfg"g / sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] ljj]rgfnfO{ g} cbfntn] x]g{' kg]{ . -k|=g+= !@_ · k'g/fj]bgsf] sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt x'+bfx'+b} klg s'g} jf s]xL d'2fdf o; cbfntn] l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq tT;DaGwL lg0f{onfO{ glh/sf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ cfjZos gx'g] . -k|=g+= !@_ · s]jn w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ jf yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ sf/0fn] dfq tL sfg"gL pkrf/x?nfO{ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg ;Demg] s'g} ts{;+ut cfwf/ b]lvb}g . To:tf] ;Demg] xf] eg] s/ clws[taf6 ePsf] ;a} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf ;f] s'/f nfu' x'G5 / To; cfwf/df h:tf];'s} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ nfO{ u'xfg{ kfpg] xf] eg] bkmf #$ / bkmf %& sf sfg"gL Joj:yfx? j:t'tM lg/y{s / lgliqmo x'g hfg] l:yltsf] ;[hgf x'g hfg] . -k|=g+= !$_ · Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleq /x]/ u/]sf] h:tf];'s} lg0f{o klg sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 jb/ geP;Dd clGtd x'G5 / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ dfGg ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ s/ nfU5 . ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ ef]Ug' jf Joxf]g{' kg]{ ;hfo jf ljuf] jf cGo s'g} /sd tTsfn ga'emfP/ ;f] jfktsf] k"/} jf s]xL /sdsf] w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{ jf k'g/fj]bg lhls/ dgfl;a g7x/]df s]xL k|ltzt yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ u/L dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf j:t'tM sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] Pp6f tfTsflns ;'ljwf dfq xf] . To:tf] Joj:yfn] sfg"gL pkrf/ g} lg/y{s jf k|efjxLg x'G5 eGg' o'lQmo'Qm / ts{;+ut gb]lvg] . -k|=g+= !$_ · s'g} klg P]g cfˆgf] If]q / ;Ldf leq zlQmzfnL / k|efjsf/L g} x'G5 . o; cy{df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g klg ljleGg pBf]ux?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf ;DaGwdf lgZro g} c? P]gx?eGbf k|efjsf/L 5 t/ To:sf] cy{ ;f] P]g cGtu{t ;'ljwf k|fKt pBf]u jf pBdLn] cGo sfg"g cg';f/ kfng ug{' kg]{ st{Jo jf Joxf]g{' kg]{ bfloTjx? kfngf ug{ jf Joxf]g{ kb}{g eGg] xf]Og . -k|=g+= !%_ 223

· cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g cg';f/ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kn] cfos/ gnfUg] pBf]usf] cf}Bf]lus cfosf] xsdf s/ clws[tn] 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f u/L To:tf] 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -$_ df cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfPsf JolQmx?n] klg ;f] P]g adf]lhd -;fljs k]h g+= %$#_ bflvn ug{' kg]{ cfosf] ljj/0f / To:sf] k'i6\ofO{sf] lgldQ rflxg] ;a} k|df0f s/ clws[t ;dIf bflvn ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvgfn] s'g} pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfPsf] 5 eGb}df To: tf] pBf]un] tL sfg"gL Joj:yfx? adf]lhd ljj/0f bflvn ug{' kg]{ st{Josf] kfng ug{ gkg]{ cyjf s/ clws[tn] ;f] pBf]usf] cfo dWo] s'g cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgaf6 ePsf] cfo xf] / s'g xf]Og eGg] s'/f olsg ug{ / cfos/sf] /sd lgwf{/0f ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf b]lvGg . To:tf] pBf]usf] xsdf klg sfg"g adf]lhd 5'6 lbg' kg]{ s/sf] /sd 5'6 lbO 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f ug{' kg]{ pko'Qm pkbkmf -@_ sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] tT;DaGwdf s/ clws[tnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0fug]{ clwsf/ If]q ePs} b]lvg cfpg] . -k|=g+= !%_ · ;+ljwfg jf sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt Goflos jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leq /x]/ u/]sf] s'g} Goflos lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd:j?k s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQdf c;/ kg{ uPsf] jf lgh pk/ s'g} cfly{s bfloTjsf] ;[hgf x'g uPsf] 5 eg] klg ;f] sf/0fn] dfq ;f] lg0f{oaf6 df}lns xssf] ckx/0f ePsf] jf To:tf] xsdf ;f] lg0f{on] cltqmd0f u/]sf] ;Demg gldNg] . -k|=g+= !^_ · Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 lg?k0f x'g] k|To]s ljjfbdf dflg;sf] lhp Hofg, ;DklQ, OHht jf x}l;ot ;DaGwL s'/fx? ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . To:tf] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ eg]/ ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] To:tf clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . To:tf] ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ubf{ k|df0fsf] d'Nof+sgdf jf sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|of]udf q'6L ePsf] x'g ;Sb5, tyflk sfg"g adf]lhd dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 ab/ geP;Dd Tof] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df j}w g} x'G5 . To;}n] To:tf] q'6LnfO{ ;Rofpg ;DalGwt kIfn] klxn] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] g} cg'z/0f ug{' k5{ . cGoyf, To:tf] lg0f{oaf6 k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ kIfn] cfˆgf] ;DklQ jf lhpHofg ;DaGwL df}lns xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] 5 egL ;f]em} l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ vf]Hg kfpg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{ Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg ug{' / To:tf] lg0f{o pk/ lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ug{'sf] s'g} cy{ jf k|of]hg g} gx'g] . -k|=g+= !^_ · Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z clwsf/ If]qljlxg 5 jf lghn] k|of]u u/]sf] sfg"g g} ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5}g jf clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfon] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 cyjf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt jf sfg"g ljkl/ t dsf{ kg]{ kIfnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf g} glbO{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 eGg] lhls/ lnP/ ;DalGwt kIf To:sf] pkrf/sf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/df cfPsf] 5 / lghsf] lhls/ plrt b]lvG5 eg] To; cj:yfdf lghnfO{ o; cbfntn] lgZro g} d2t ug{ ;Sb5 / ug{' k5{ . To:tf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df z"Go ;/x x'g] x'gfn] tT;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg jf cGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] s'g} cy{ g} gx'g] . -k|=g+= !^_ lgj]bs tkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/z+s/ lg/f}nf . ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljåfg clwjQmf >L an/fd s]=;L= cjnlDat ghL/ M lg=g+= !)*$, g]=sf=k= @)#$ df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt . lg=g+= $#)), kz'/fd emf lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, dGqLkl/ifb\ df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt . cfb]z k|=Gof= ljZjgfy pkfWofoM k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 M– @= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhd pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldltn] ^ jif{;Dd zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf cg';f/ lgj]bs pBf]usf] pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhd cfos/ ltg{‘ j'emfpg' kg]{ xf]Og . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* n] pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt b]lv ^ jif{;Dd cfos/df zt k|ltzt 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . @)$#.!.!% sf] g]kfn /fhkqsf] v08 #^ ;+Vof # sf] ;"rgf g+= ! sf] /fhkqdf 8fO;n] j}6«L pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 gx'g] eGg] pNn]v 5 tyflk cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-@_ df pQm adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfPsf] pBf]un] To:tf] ;'ljwf k"0f{ cjlwe/ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ldlt @)$#.!.!% sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cfpg' k"j{ b]lv g} pQm ;'ljwf pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] pBf]usf] xsdf pQm /fhkqn] s'g} c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] b]lvFb}g. ;fljs b]lv s} sfg"g adf]lhd pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] 224

#=

$=

%= ^=

&=

*=

;'ljwfnfO{ kl5 /fhkqsf] ;"rgfn] k|lts"n c;/ kfg{ g;Sg] x'Fbf 3/]n' tyf u|fld0f pBf]u ljsf; zfvf df]/ªn] s/ ljefunfO{ l;kmfl/z ;d]t u/L lbPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* n] pTkfbg k|f/De ePsf] ^ jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ jf:tf gu/L ljkIf s/ sfof{non] cf=j= @)$@.)$# v'b cfo sfod u/L krf{ v8f u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df @)$*.(.@* sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z dnfO{ )$*.!).* df j'emfpg] sfd eof] . o;/L v'b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ k|yd ^ jif{sf] cjlw;Ddsf] nflu ldNg] xf]Og . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* n] ^ jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] pBf]unfO{ ljkIf s/ sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f u/]af6 cfBf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx? ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !)-!_ åf/f clelglZrt sfg"gL ;dfgtfsf] xs wf/f -!!_-@_ ª tyf !% åf/f k|bQ ;DklQ ;DaGwL df}lns xs wf/f %* adf]lhdsf] ;+j}wflgs nufot cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ tyf @)-s_-@_ / @! ;d]tsf] sfg"gL xssf] k|rngdf cj?4 x'g uPsfn] cGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] dfu{ ;d]t gx'Fbf wf/f &! cGtu{t pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z cGo hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L u/L ljkIf s/ sfof{no s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z jb/ u/L ljkIfx?sf] gfddf pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ b]lv ^ jif{;Ddsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < ljkIfx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 k]z ug{‘ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* df ePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ x]bf{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -s_-!_ df pTkfbg d"ns 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ ;~rfng ldlt b]lv ^ jif{sf nflu zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 lbOg]5 eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ P]=P]= sf] v08 -s_ sf] pkv08_ -!_ sf] -!_ df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cfos/ 5'6 gkfpg] egL tf]s]sf] 3/]n' pBf]un] cfos/ ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yfn] cfos/ 5'6 gkfpg] 3/]n' pBf]u tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ P]gn] clVtof/ k|bfg u/L /fv]sf] :ki6 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u dGqfnon] pk/f]Qm pNn]v eP adf]lhd @)$#.!.!% v08 #^ ;+Vof # sf] ;"rgfn] k|:t't pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 gkfpg] pBf]usf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] klg 5 / cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfO{ pkef]u u/L ;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvFb}g / cfos/ 5'6 kfO;s]sf] egL lgj]bsn] eGg ;s]sf] klg b]lvFb}g . To;sf/0f sfg"gn] lbPsf] clVtof/ k|of]u u/L pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt x'g' cufj} lgj]bs pBf]un] cfos/ 5'6 kfO g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs pBf]usf] lhls/ adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf / o; ljefusf] sfd sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bssf] xslxtdf ;d]t s'g} k|sf/n] c;/ kg]{ sfd sf/fjxL eP u/]sf] ;d]t gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] s/ ljefusf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bs pBf]usf] xsdf pBf]u k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt 3/]n' tyf u|fld0f pBf]u ljefu tyf pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 pQm adf]lhd 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg] u/L lg0f{o x'Fbf k|:t't pBf]unfO{ cfTdlgi7f tj/n] pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u dfgL cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] xf]Og. cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf -(_-!_-s_ df 8«fO;]n pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ pTkfbg d"ns pBf]usf] ?kdf kl/eflift gu/]sf] x'Fbf pQm pBf]unfO{ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u cGtu{t jlu{s[t u/L cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] tTsfn k|rlnt bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . lgj]bs pBf]un] cfos/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k]z ug{ g;s]sf] / cfos/ -;+=;=_ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-!_ adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f bflvn ePsf] ldltn] $ jif{ leq s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ljj/0f km5f}{6 ug{‘kg]{ sfg"gL jfWotf ;d]t ePsfn] sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd g} cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] / s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] sfg"g adf]lhd w/f}6 /fvL cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-@_ jf bkmf %& adf]lhd dxflgb]{zs s/ ljefudf lgj]bg jf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs clwsf/ x'Fbf x'Fb} ;Ddflgt cbfnt ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ af6 cf}Bff]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhd ^ jif{;Dd zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg]df k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 lgj]bssf] gfddf cf=j= @)$@.)$# sf] ldlt )$&.$.@% df s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bssf] pBf]un] pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] ldlt )$!.!$.$ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 lbg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . ;xof]uL dfggLo GofofwLz >L nId0f k|;fb cof{nsf] l/6 vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt gePsfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)@! sf] lgod #-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L uh]G›s]z/L jf:tf]nfsf] /fo .

225

(= k'g/fj]bg h:tf] ;zQm pkrf/ ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} ;f] pkrf/ cjnDag gu/L c;fwf/0f cj:yfdf cjnDag ul/g] l/6 pkrf/sf] cg';/0f ug]{ pkrf/sf] 5gf}6 u/L lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ;xof]uL dfggLo GofofwLz >L uh]G›s]z/L jf:tf]nfHo"sf] l/6 hf/L ug]{ /fo;Fu ;xdt gePsfn] lgod cg';f/ k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L nId0f k|;fb cof{nsf] /fo . !)= lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf xl/z+s/ lg/f}nfn] d]/f] kIf lgj]bs pBf]un] @)$!.!@.$ b]lv 8«fO;]n Jof6«L pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhd pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt ^ jif{;Dd cfos/ a'emfpg' ltg{‘kg] xf]Og . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t k|fKt ePsf] cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ePg eg] To; pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf pQm P]gn] u/]sf] gx'\Fbf d]/f] kIf l/6 If]qdf cfPsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* n] k|bfg u/]sf] cfos/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf s'g} pBf]un] gkfPsf] l/6 If]qdf cfpg] k/Dk/f g} /xL cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( nfu' ePsf] cj:yfdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'gf;fy l/6 vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf lyof] t/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePdf klg cGo pkrf/ k|efjxLg xf] eGg] nfu]df l/6 hf/L x'g] Joj:yf 5 . jt{dfg cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf %& cg';f/ s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ubf{ %)% w/f}6 /fVg' kg]{ k'g/fj]bg lhls/ gk'u] @%% hl/jfgf x'g] Joj: yfn] pQm, pkrf/ k|efjxLg x'g hfg] x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* åf/f k|bQ cfos/sf] 5'6sf] ;'ljwf xgg\ ePsf] v08df pQm P]gdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf gePsf]n] l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ax; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] / ljkIf cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf an/fd s]=;L=n] s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z pk/ lrQ ga'em]df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& adf]lhd /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' kg]{df /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg gu/L l/6 If]qdf cfpg ldNg] xf]Og . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ tyf @)!( ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! cGtu{tsf lgj]bgx?sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] l;nl;nfdf ;Ddflgt cbfntn] cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf]df cGo pkrf/df guO{ Ps} k6s l/6 lgj]bgdf k|jz ] u/]sf]df l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] w]/} glh/x? 5g\ . k|:t't lgj]bgx?sf] ;Gbe{df k'g/fj]bg lnO{ ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL sfg"g agfO{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f u7g ePsf] 5 o;/L :ki6tM Ps If]qnfO{ dxTj lbO{ ;[lht lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{‘kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} wf/f ** cGtu{t lgj]bg lbg] k|lqmofn] / o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ sfg"gL lgsfo c;Ifd aGg] / lg/y{s x'g hfg] x'G5 . lgj]bsn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f uO{ k'g/fj]bg ug{‘kg]{ kl5 ;f] Gofoflws/0faf6 lbOg] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] elgg] xf] eGg] sf/0f b]vfP/ dfq **-@_ cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qdf cfO{ pkrf/sf] dfu ug{‘ kg]{df /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lbg' kg]{ k'g/fj]bg glbO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; gf]6 k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] b]lvG5 . !!= of] d'2f @)$(.!.# sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z x'Fbf ;f] Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz uh]G›s]z/L jf:tf]nfn] lgj]bssf] pBf]unfO{ 5 jif{;Dd zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{df glbO{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ ug]{ lg0f{o ug{‘ ePsf] / dfggLo GofofwLz nId0f k|;fb cof{nn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& df To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} lgj]bsn] ;f] pkrf/sf] cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ dfUg cfPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o ug{‘ ePsf]n] dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf] /fo jflemg u} k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ cfb]z ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] cg';f/ of] d'2f @)%).(.* df k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf]df ;f] Ohnf;af6 lgj]bs k/z'/fd emf lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, dGqL kl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]tsf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kfpg] sfg"gL pkrf/ ePsf] 7x/ ubf{ub}{ klg lgj]bsnfO{ l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ @)$*.^.!) sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o -@)$* g]=sf=k= @##_ / lgj]bs >L % sf] ;/sf/, eG;f/ ljefu ;d]t lj?4 /fd l/Ifkfn cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfg"gL pkrf/sf] cjnDag gu/L lgj]bs l/6 If]qaf6 cfPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ @)$*.*.( sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o -@)$( g]=sf=k= &#!_ sf] pNn]v u/L ;f] dWo] s'g lg0f{oåf/f k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] cjnDag ug]{ eGg] k|Zg p7fP/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -@_ cGtu{t j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{ cfb]z lbP cg';f/ of] d'2f o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . !@= o; ;Gbe{df dfly pNn]lvt k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] cWoog ubf{ k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dltsf] nflu o; cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg kfOg] ;fljssf] lghfdlt ;]jf P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] Joj:yf Pp6f lglZrt / k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf xf] eGg] lgisif{df k'u]kl5 k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf j}slNks pkrf/ sf] cfwf/df lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug{‘ kg]{ xf] ls eGg] k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf]df o; cbfntn] lgj]bs s'ngf/ fo0f 8+uf]n lj?4 k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, nlntk'/sf] d'2fdf / To;kl5 To;}sf] cg'z/0f u/L cGo d'2fx?df ;d]t 226

k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ lglZrt / k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf dfGg c:jLsf/ u/L l/6 If]qaf6} pkrf/ k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] ;Gbe{df lgj]bs k/z'/fd emfn] ;f] pkrf/sf] cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qaf6 cfPsf]df lghn] af6f] la/fPsf] egL bf]if nufpg / lghsf] lgj]bgkq vf/]h ug{ Gofo;+ut gx'g] egL lghnfO{ l/6 If]qaf6} pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 lgj]bs s"n gf/fo0f 8+uf]nsf] pko{‘Qm d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{osf] ljj]rgf ub}{ @)$*.^.!) sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n] ;fljssf] Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -%_ cGtu{t k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|fKt ug{df s]xL c:ki6 / clglZrt aGb]hx? /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;f] d'2fdf @)$*.^.!) sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{on] cGo sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?sf xsdf ;d]t nfu' x'g] u/L s'g} ;fdfGo l;4fGt k|ltkflbt gu/]sf]n] To;nfO{ cGo sfg"gdf Jojl:yt k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] ;DaGwdf ghL/sf] ?kdf ;f]em} u|x0f ug{ ldNb}g eGb} ;fljssf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf Jojl:yt k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL pko{‘Qm Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf dfg]tfklg To; jvt;Dd dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ o; cbfntaf6 :yflkt ePsf glh/ x?nfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug{ Gofo;+ut gx'g] 7xof{sO{ l/6 If]qaf6} pkrf/ lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] ;Dd b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{on] j}slNks sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} klg l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ lbg ldN5 eGg] s'g} ;fdfGo l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . s'ngf/fo0f 8+uf]nsf] d'2fdf k"0f{ Ohnf;n] u/]sf] JofVof, lg0f{o / To;sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf cGo lg0f{ox?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fdf @)$*.^.!) sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgj]bsnfO{ l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ lbg] lg0f{o ubf{ h'g cfwf/ / kl/l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ ul/of] To:tf] cfwf/ jf kl/l:ylt k|:t't d'2fdf ljBdfg b]lvGg . k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf lg0f{ox?af6 dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ :yflkt ePsf] glh/ h:t} k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/ lglZrt jf k|efjsf/L pkrf/ xf]Og eg]/ o; cbfntaf6 s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] kfOFb}g . oyfy{df, o; cbfntaf6 ePsf sltko lg0f{ox?df k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L pkrf/ dfg]/} l/6 lgj]bgx? vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bgsf] sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s]xL d'2fx?df o; cbfntn] l/6 If]qaf6} pkrf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5, tfklg tL d'2fx?df ePsf lg0f{ox?nfO{ x]bf{ sfg"gdf To:tf] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ lbg' kg]{ sf/0f s] kof]{ < Tof] pkrf/ lsg kof{Kt jf k|efjsf/L dflgPg < To; ;DaGwdf s]xL gegL l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{‘ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f @ sf] cg's"n x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < OToflb s'/fx?sf] s'g} ljj]rgf gu/L ;f]em} pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ;Dd ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f] cg';f/ s'g} JofVof jf ljj]rgf gul/Psf] jf pQm ;+j}wflgs wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f @ df /x]sf] ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLgsf] aGb]hnfO{ km'sfpg] sf/0f jf cfwf/ pNn]v gePsf] lg0f{ox?n] cflwsfl/s glh/sf] :yfg u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . j:t'tM cbfntsf ;a} lg0f{x?df sfg"gsf] JofVof jf sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ePsf] klg x'Fb}g . To:tf] JofVof jf ljj]rgf gePsf lg0f{ox? ghL/ x'Fb}gg\ / d'2fsf kIf afx]s c?sf] nflu jfWofTds klg x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof u/]/ jf s'g} sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]/ Tof] JofVof jf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 eg] dfq Tof] JofVof jf l;4fGt To:t} k|s[ltsf cGo d'2fx?sf] nflu glh/ x'G5 . glh/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfg"g / sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] ljj]rgfnfO{ g} cbfntn] x]g{‘ kg]{ x'G5 . k'g/fj]bgsf] sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s'g} jf s]xL d'2fdf o; cbfntn] l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq tT;DaGwL lg0f{onfO{ glh/sf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ cfjZos x'Fb}g . t;y{ of] d'2fdf k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] h:tf] l:ylt ljBdfg gePsf]n] @)%)/(/* sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 p7fOPsf k|Zgdf c? s]xL ljrf/ ug{ k/]g . !#= pko{‘Qm ljj]rgfaf6 ca ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf] /fo aflemPsf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] k|Zg xfd|f] ;fd' ljrf/0fLo x'g cfpFb5 . o; ;Gbe{df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] cWoog ubf{ ;f] P]gn] s/ clws[tsf] sf/afO jf lg0f{odf ePsf clgoldttf jf q'6Lx?nfO{ ;Rofpg] b'O6f j}slNks pkfox?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf #$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df s/ lgwf{/0f e} g;Sb} tT;DalGw s'g} sf/afO clgoldt ?kdf x'g nfu]sf] jf ePsf] 5 eGg] s'g} ljZj;gLo ;"rgf k|fKt ePdf dxflgb]{zsn] sf/0f vf]nL krf{ v8f u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;DalGwt s/ clws[tnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] / pkbkmf -@_ df s/ clws[tn] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ kfng ug{‘ kg]{ s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL s'g} s'/f kfng gu/L jf clgoldt jf nfk/jfxL u/L s/sf] bfloTj a9\g uPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f s/bftfn] lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 ;fFrf] b]lvg cfPdf sf/0f vf]nL krf{ v8f u/L dxflgb]{zsn] ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z /2 u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z lbg' kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] OG5. ;f] cg';f/ s/ clws[t eGbf dflyNnf] ljefuLo clwsf/Laf6} klg cj:yfg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf ePsf q'6Lx? ;RrLg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . t/ s'g} s/bftfn] ;f] sfg'gL pkrf/sf] cjnDag ug{ grfx]df lghn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf %& cGtu{t /fh:j oflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ j}slNks pkrf/ klg /f]Hg ;Qm5 . o; k|sf/ s/ clws[tsf] cfb]zaf6 k/]sf] k|lts"n c;/sf ;DaGwdf oyf]lrt pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ sfg'gn] s/bftfnfO{ b'O{6f lglZrt / k|efjsf/L ljsNkx? k|bfg u/]sf]n] lghn] ;f] dWo] s'g} Pp6f ljsNk /f]h]/ pkrf/ k|fKt ug{‘ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

227

!$= dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ sfg'gL pkrf/ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu s/bftfn] a'emfpg afFsL s/sf] /sd s]xL k|ltzt /sd w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{, yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ h:tf zt{x?sf] kfng ug{‘ kg]{ x'gfn] tL pkrf/x? kof{Kt jf k|efjsf/L 5}gg\ eGg] klg lgj]bstkm{sf] ljåfg clwjQmfsf] lhls/ 5 . lgj]bs :jo+n] cfˆgf] lgj]bgdf o; k|sf/sf] s'g} lhls/ lnPsf] kfOFb}g . tyflk ljåfg clwjQmfsf] ax; lhls/df ljrf/ ubf{ s]jn w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ jf yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ sf/0fn] dfq tL sfg'gL pkrf/x?nfO{ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg ;Demg] s'g} ts{;+ut cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . To:tf] ;Demg] xf] eg] s/ clws[taf6 ePsf] ;a} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf ;f] s'/f nfu" x'G5 / To; cfwf/df h:tf];'s} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/nfO{ u'xfg{ kfpg] xf] eg] bkmf #$ / bkmf %& sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfx? j:t'tM lg/y{s / lgliqmo x'g hfg] l:yltsf] ;[hgf x'g hfG5 . Goflos lg0f{oaf6 bf]ifL 7x/]sf] jf s'g} ;hfo jf bfloTj Joxf]g{‘ kg]{ ePsf] JolQmn] ;f] lg0f{o pk/ dflyNnf] clwsf/L ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ jf lgj]bg lbg cj:yfg';f/ w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbg' kg]{ jf ;hfosf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfTd ;dk{0f ug{‘ kg]{ xfd|f] b]zsf] Gofo zfl:qo cjwf/0f / tbg'?ksf cGo sfg'gL Joj:yfx? cg';f/ g} bkmf #$ / %& df klg To:tf k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvg cfpFb5 . oyfy{df Goflos jf c4{ Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon] cfˆgf] clwsf/If]qleq /x]/ u/]sf] h:tf];'s} lg0f{o klg sfg'g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 ab/ geP;Dd clGtd x'G5 / ;f] lg0f{onfO{ dfGg ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ s/ nfU5 . ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ ef]Ug' jf j]xf]g{‘ kg]{ ;hfo jf lauf] jf cGo s'g} /sd tTsfn ga'emfP/ ;f] afktsf] k'/} jf s]xL /sdsf] w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{ jf k'g/fj]bg lhls/ dgfl;a g7x/]df s]xL k|ltzt yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ u/L dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf j:t'tM sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf] Pp6f tfTsflns ;'ljwf dfq xf] . To:tf] Joj:yfn] sfg'gL pkrf/ g} lg/y{s jf k|efjxLg x'G5 eGg' o'lQmo'Qm / ts{;+ut b]lvGg . !%= lgj]bstkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmfn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, pBf]ux?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf Pp6f zlQmzfnL P]g ePsf]n] ;f] P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ cfos/ P]g cGtu{t cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]/ ckx/0f ug{ ldNb}g, To;sf] k|lts"n cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df k'g/fj]bg ug]{ jf cGo sfg'gL pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf gePsf]n] l/6 If]qaf6} lgj]bsn] pkrf/ kfpg' kb{5 eGg] lhls/ klg k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] 5 . s'g} klg P]g cfˆgf] If]q / ;Ldfleq zlQmzfnL / k|efjsf/L g} x'G5 . o; cy{df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g klg ljleGg pBf]ux?nfO{ k|bfg ul/ g] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf ;DaGwdf lgZro g} c? P]gx? eGbf k|efjsf/L 5 t/ To:sf] cy{ ;f] P]g cGtu{t ;'ljwf k|fKt pBf]u jf pBdLn] cGo sfg'g cg';f/ kfng ug{‘ kg]{ st{Jo jf Joxf]g{‘ kg]{ bfloTjx? kfng ug{ jf Joxf]g{ kb}{g eGg] xf]Og . ljleGg lsl;dsf pBf]ux?sf] cfjZostfg';f/ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotx? k|bfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;Dd ag]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf tT;DaGwL ljjfbx?sf] lg/k0f ug]{ jf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] Joj:yf gx'g' :jefljs g} xf] . To:tf] pBf]un] k|fKt u/]sf] cGtMz'Ns, s/, eG;f/ ;DaGwL s'g} ;'ljwfdf s'g} Goflos jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] lg0f{oaf6 s'g} k|lts"n c;/ k/]df To:sf] pkrf/sf] nflu sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt dflyNnf] txsf] clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf lgj]bg lbg jf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfx? ;DalGwt sfg'gx?d} x'g] ePsf]n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf To; ;DaGwdf ls6fgL;fy s'g} Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos klg 5}g . hxfF;Dd ljjfbf:kb cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] k|Zg 5, cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g cg';f/ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs?kn] cfos/ gnfUg] pBf]usf] cf}Bf]lus cfosf] xsdf s/ clws[tn] 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f u/L To:tf] 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -$_ df cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfPsf JolQmx?n] klg ;f] P]g adf]lhd bflvn ug{‘ kg]{ cfosf] ljj/0f / To;sf] k'i6\ofO{sf] lgldQ rflxg] ;a} k|df0f s/ clws[t ;dIf bflvn ug{‘ kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvgfn] s'g} pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfPsf] 5 eGb}df To:tf] pBf]un] tL sfg'gL Joj:yfx? adf]lhd ljj/0f bflvn ug{‘ kg]{ st{Josf] kfng ug{ gkg]{ cyjf s/ clws[tn] ;f] pBf]usf] cfo dWo] s'g cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgaf6 ePsf] cfo xf] / s'g xf]Og eGg] s'/f olsg ug{ / cfos/sf] /sd lgwf{/0f ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf b]lvGg . To:tf] pBf]usf] xsdf klg sfg'g adf]lhd 5'6 lbg' kg]{ s/sf] /sd 5'6 lbO{ 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kg]{ pko'Qm pkbkmf -@_ sf] sfg'gL k|fjwfgn] tT;DaGwdf s/ clws[tnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/If]q ePs} b]lvg cfpF5 . To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ s/ clws[tn] olb sfg"g adf]lhd lbg' kg]{ cfos/ 5'6 glbP/ jf clgoldt ?kdf sf/afxL u/]df cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]n] cfkm"nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] 5 eGg] s;}nfO{ nfUb5 eg] lghn] dfly plNnlvt bkmf #$ jf bkmf %& adf]lhd lgj]bg lbP/ jf k'g/fj]bg u/]/ To;nfO{ ;RofO{ dfUg ;Sg] pkfo sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]s} b]lvgfn] o; ;DaGwdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lhls/ klg ts{;+ut b]lvPg . !^= s/ clws[tsf] ljjfbf:kb cfb]zaf6 ;DklQ ;DaGwL df}lns xssf] ckx/0f ePsf]n] j}slNks sfg'gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yfn] l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ dfUg] lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/nfO{ 5]Sg ;Qm}g eGg] lhls/ klg lgj]bs tkm{sf ljåfg 228

clwjQmfn] k|:t't ug{' ePsf] 5 . t/ ;+ljwfg jf sfg'g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt Goflos jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leq /x]/ u/]sf] s'g} Goflos lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd:j?k s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQdf c;/ kg{ uPsf] jf lgh pk/ s'g} cfly{s bfloTjsf] ;[hgf x'g uPsf] 5 eg] klg ;f] sf/0fn] dfq ;f] lg0f{oaf6 df}lns xssf] ckx/0f ePsf] jf To:tf] xsdf ;f] lg0f{on] cltqmd0f u/]sf] ;Demg ldNb}g . Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 lg?k0f x'g] k|To]s ljjfbdf dflg;sf] Ho" Hofg, ;DklQ, OHht jf x}l;ot ;DaGwL s'/fx? ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . To:tf] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ eg]/ ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gn] To:tf clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . To:tf] ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ubf{ k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sgdf jf sfg'gsf] JofVof jf k|of]udf q'6L ePsf] x'g ;Qm5, tyflk sfg"g adf]lhd dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 ab/ geP;Dd Tof] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df j}w g} x'G5 . To;}n] To:tf] q'6LnfO{ ;Rofpg ;DalGwt kIfn] klxn] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] g} cg'z/0f ug{‘ k5{ . cGoyf, To:tf] lg0f{oaf6 k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ kIfn] cfˆgf] ;DklQ jf Ho"Hofg ;DaGwL df}lns xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] 5 egL ;f]em} l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ vf]Hg kfpg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{ Goflos jf cb{\w Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg ug{‘ / To:tf] lg0f{o pk/ lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ug{‘sf] s'g} cy{ jf k|of]hg g} x'\Fb}g . xf], olb To:tf] Goflos jf c4{ Goflos clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z clwsf/ If]q ljlxg 5 jf lghn] k|of]u u/]sf] sfg'g g} ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5}g jf clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfon] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 cyjf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt jf sfg'g ljk/Lt dsf{ kg]{ kIfnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf g} glbO{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 eGg] lhls/ lnP/ ;DalGwt kIf To;sf] pkrf/sf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/df cfPsf] 5 / lghsf] lhls/ plrt b]lvG5 eg] To; cj:yfdf lghnfO{ o; cbfntn] lgZro g} d2t ug{ ;Qm5 / ug{‘ k5{ . To: tf] lg0f{o sfg'gsf] b[li6df z'Go ;/x x'g] x'gfn] tT;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg jf cGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] s'g} cy{ g} x'Fb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] ;+j}wflgstf jf k|fs[lts Gofo ;DaGwL k|Zg ;dfj]z gePsf] / lgj]bstkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmfn] s/ clws[tsf] clwsf/ If]qnfO{ lnP/ z+sf p7fpg k|of; u/]sf] eP tfklg pQm cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ sf] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] ;DaGwdf dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 lghsf] lhls/ ts{;+ut gb]lvPsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf c? lj:tf/df s]xL egL /xg' kg]{ b]lvGg . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df dfggLo GofofwLz nId0fk|;fb cof{nn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/L JoQm ug{‘ ePsf] /fo dgfl;a 5 . k|ToyL{sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t k7fO{ ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf xfdLx?sf] ;xdtL 5 . Gof=df]xgk|;fb zdf{, Gof=c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{, Gof=pbo/fh pkfWofo, Gof=xl/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ffsf] /fo M cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ n] o; pBf]unfO{ pTkfbg z'? ePsf ldlt @)$#.!@.$ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd cfos/ zt k|ltzt 5'6 lbOPsf] 5 . k|ToyL{x?n] @)$#.!.!% sf] g]kfn /fhkqsf] v08 #^ ;+Vof # sf] ;"rgf g+= ! sf] Ohfhtdf o; k|sf/sf] 8«fO;]n Aof6«L pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 gx'g] pNn]v ePsf] 5 egL cfly{s jif{ @)$@.)$# sf] v"b cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/L d]/f] gfddf ;"rgf lbg] sfd uof]{/ . ldlt @)$#.!.!% sf] ;"rgf cfpg k"j{ b]lv g} o; pBf]un] pQm ;'ljwf pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf]n] pQm ;"rgfn] o; pBf]unfO{ c;/ kfg{ g;Sg] x'Fbf k|ToyL{ sfof{non] u/]sf] krf{ tyf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]t ab/ u/L @)$!.!@.$ b]lv ^ jif{;Ddsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo lhls/ b]lvG5 . ldlt )$#.!.!% sf] /fhkq v08 #^ ;+Vof # sf] ;"rgf g+= ! sf] /fhkqdf lgj]bssf] pBf]u h:tf] 8«fO;]n Aof6«L pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 gx'g] pNn]v eP tfklg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-@_ df pQm adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfPsf] pBf]un] To:tf] ;'ljwf k"0f{ cjlw kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cfpg' k"j{ b]lv g} pQm ;'ljwf pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] xsdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bssf] pBf]unfO{ pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ af6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhd ^ jif{;Dd zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg] x'Fbf k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 lgj]bssf] gfddf @)$@.)$# sf] ldlt )$&.$.@% df s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bssf] pBf]unfO{ pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 lbg] eGg] k/fdfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L uh]G›s]z/L jf: tf]nfsf] /fo ePsf]df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& df s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ ga'‰g] JolQmn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ ;;Qm k|efjsf/L cGo pkrf/ ljBdfg ePsf]n] ;f] pkrf/ cjnDag gu/L c;fwf/0fcj:yfdf cjnDag ul/g] l/6 pkrf/sf] cg'z/0f ug]{ pkrf/sf] 5gf}6 u/L lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvFbf l/6 vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] df=Gof= nId0f k|;fb cof{nsf] /fo ePsf] kfOG5 . 229

;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf df=Gof=x?df pk/f]Qm /fo km/s k/L l/=k'=O=g+= ^! df btf{ x'g cfO{ # tLg GofofwLzx?sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf] /x]5 . k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f k/z'/fd emf lj= d=k=;= ;d]tsf] -lg=g+= $#)) g]=sf=k= @)$* cf]bz ldlt @)$*.^.!)_ ;d]tsf] d'2fdf cg'dltnfO{ j}slNks pkrf/ dflgP klg of] eGbf cufl8 To:tf] l/6df o; cbfnt -;jf]{Rr cbfnt_ af6 ;'gjfO{ x'g] u/]sf]n] l/6 vf/]h geO{ hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm s'/fsf] k|Zg p7L ljj]rgf eG;f/ ljefu ;d]t lj= /fd l/5kfnsf] d'2f -lg=g+= $%(* g]=sf=k= )$* k[= &#!_ df ePsf] b]lvFb}g . pQm d'2fsf] lg0f{o ldlt )$(.*.( df ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|:t't l/6 pQm lg0f{o x'g' cufj} ldlt )$&.^.@ df btf{ ePsf] / /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cj:yfdf klg l/6 nfUg] u/]sf] b]lvFbf k/z'/fd emf lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt ghL/ cg'?k k|:t't l/6 ;'g'jfO{ x'g] xf] xf]Og ;f] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug{‘ kg]{ ePsf]n] j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ eGg] ldlt @)%).*.* df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6 lgj]bg -lg=g+= $#)) g]=sf=k= )$*_ df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt ;DaGwL pQm Joj:yfnfO{ clglZrt pkrf/sf] ;+1f lbg plrt jf ts{;+ut b]lvFb}g egL ;fd'lxs ljrf/ u/]sf] 5 . t/ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/]g . o; k"j{ klg l/6 If]qdf k|jz ] u/]sf JolQmx?nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Gofo lbO{ cfPsf]n] k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6 hf/L uof]{ lg=g+= !))! g]=sf=k= )## k[= !(& df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt lglZrt sfg'gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eGg gldn]sf] l;4fGt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k|ltkflbt ePsf] kfOG5. t/ eG;f/ ljefu lj= /fd l/5kfn -lg=g+= $%(* g]=sf=k= )$(_ sf] l/6 lgj]bg cg'?ks} o; cl3sf ljjfbdf s/ sfof{nosf cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] ePklg l/6 lgj]bgaf6 cGo l/6 lgj]bsx?n] pkrf/ kfP . /fd l/5kfnnfO{ k/z'/fd emf h:t} klxn] pkrf/ lbO{ cfP h:tf] ul/Psf] geO{ cGo pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag gu/]sf] egL l/6 vf/]h u/]sf]n] Gofosf] /f]xdf k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;df cGof}nsf] cj:yf x6fpg k7fPsf] cf}lrToo'Qm b]lvPsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm b'j} lg0f{ox?sf] cGt/fndf / ;f] eGbf cl3 / kl5sf ljleGg k"0f{ Ohnf; Pj+ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;x?af6 o:t} cj:yfsf l/6 lgj]bgx?df s'g} l/6 vf/]h / s'g}df hf/L ePsf] kfOG5. lg=g+= !!&% g]=sf=k= @)#% df cf}=Jo= P]gsf] 5'6 glbO{ cfos/ nufpg] lg0f{o pk/ k/]sf l/6 hf/L ePsf] 5 . lg=g+= !!*@ g]=sf=k= @)#% df cfos/df 5'6 x'g' kg]{df 5'6 glbO{ cfos/ nufOPsf]df cfos/ lgwf{/0f pk/ l/6 u/]sf]df l/6 hf/L ePsf] 5 . lg=g+= $@&* g]=sf=k= @)$* k[= !$# k/j]h cfndsf] l/6df laqmL s/ gnfUg]df nufO{ c;'n pk/ u/]sf]df l/6 @)$*.#.!* df hf/L ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf]df cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #$-$_ cg'?k gePsf]df lg=g+= $$(^ g]=sf=k= @)$( -@)$^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !)@# cfb]z ldlt @)$@.!.!)_, @)$( ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !$%$ lgj]bs ;'lgn P08 sdkgL k|f=ln= lj= s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ cfb]z ldlt @)%).%.!^ df l/6 hf/L ePsf] ;d]tsf pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf b]lvG5 . ca Goflos k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f tkm{ x]bf{ dfly ljj]rgf u/] cg';f/ ljleGg cj:yfdf l/6 If]qdf cfpFbf klg lgj]bsn] sfg"g cg'?ksf] Gofo kfO{ cfPsf] x'Fbf o; k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf klg d]/f] /fodf k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6 hf/L ePsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ g} l/6 hf/L ug{‘ kg]{ Gofof]lrt x'g] Pj+ lg0f{o eP pk|fGt btf{ x'g] l/6 lgj]bgx?df dfq l/6 vf/]h ul/g' kg]{ x'g'k5{ . j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ax'dtn] b'O{ /fodf ;Lldt eO{ /fo lbPsf] x'Fbf o; k|Zgtkm{ c? lj:tf/df ljj]rgf ug{‘ plrt gb]lvPsf]n] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 /fo km/s ePsf] ;DaGwdf ;Lldt /xL dfq ljj]rgf u/f}+ . ca ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] @ b'O{ dfggLo GofofwLzHo"x?sf] /fo leGgtf cyf{t Ps GofofwLzn] cf}=Jo= P]g cg';f/ l/6 hf/L ug]{ / csf]{ GofofwLzn] cfos/ P]g cGtu{t k'g/fj]bgdf hfg' kg]{ lg0f{o lbg' ePsf] ;Gbe{df lgDg lnlvt k|Zgx?df ljrf/ ug{‘ kg]{ b]lvG5 . -!_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] cGtu{t cfos/sf] 5'6 kfpg] x'Fbf To:tf] cfos/ 5'6 kfpF eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL ePsf]n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] ;+/rgf s:tf] 5 / k|:t't pBf]un] lgj]bgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] xf] jf xf]Og < -@_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 glbPdf g]kfn cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ Pj+ bkmf %& cfslif{t x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < -#_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 < lgj]bs pBf]un] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ b]lv 8«fO ;]n Aof6«L pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ n] s'g} pTkfbg d'n's pBf]unfO{ ;+rfng ldlt b]lv ^ jif{sf] nflu zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 lbOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ldlt @)$#.!.!% sf] /fhkq v08 #^ ;+Vof # sf] ;"rgf g+= ! df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L 8«fO;]n Aof6«L pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 glbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5. t/ lgj]bs pBf]u pQm ;"rgf cfpg' cufj} :yflkt e} @)$!.!@.$ b]lv cfˆgf] pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-@_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfPsf] pBf]un] To:tf ;'ljwf cjlw e/ kfpg] 5 egL n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhd cfos/ ;'ljwf kfPsf] pBf]un] To:tf] ;'ljwf k"0f{ cjlw 230

cyf{t ^ jif{;Dd kfpg] x'Fbf ldlt @)$#.!.!% sf] ;"rgfn] lgj]bs pBf]un] kfO/x]sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] b]lvGg . s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] lgj]bs pBf]udf cf=j= @)$@.$# sf] cfodf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvg5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] g} ^ jif{ cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] s/ sfof{noaf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ pQm bkmfsf] ljk/Lt b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] ;+/rgf x]bf{ pQm P]g cGtu{t :yflkt x'g] pBf]ux?nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot cGtu{t cfos/ 5'6 ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cfkm}+df Pp6f ljz]if P]g xf] . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @! df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx?n] n]lvP hlt s'/fdf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g]5 egL sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf]n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] pBf]un] ;f] P]g cGtu{t h] hlt cjlwsf] nflu cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] xf] ;f] cjlwe/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd cfos/ gnfUg]df ljjfb b]lvGg . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] pBf]unfO{ cfos/ 5'6 glbPdf To:tf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf pQm cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* df /x] ePsf] kfOGg . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* pBf]unfO{ ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] ljz]if P]g ePsf]n] ;f]xL P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf pNn+3gLo 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lg=g+= !)*$ g]=sf=k= @)#$ df k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] cfos/ P]g s/ nufpg] / P]g / pBf]u vf]Ng] jf vf]Nbf kfpg] ;x'lnot af/]df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g ePsf] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePdf ;f] pkrf/ kof{Kt jf k|efjsf/L 5 eGg] sfg'gL xssf] ;DaGwdf pQm pkrf/sf] vf]hL tkm{ hfg' kg]{ xf] . t/ k|:t't s]z cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{tsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* df csf]{ pkrf/ cyf{t\ k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf gePsf]n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhd cfkm"n] kfPsf] sfg'gL xs k|rng u/fpg lgj]bs ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf cfPsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL 5 . dfly n]lvP adf]lhd pBf]un] cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]df ljjfb b]lvGg . t/ s/ sfof{non] lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ cf=a= @)$@.$# sf] v"b cfo sfod u/L c;'nLsf] nflu s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $ df ;fn a;fnL jf s'g} ;fnsf] lgldQ cfos/ nufpg] u/L s'g} P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePdf To:tf] cfos/ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd s/bftfn] cfo jif{ leq cfh{g u/]sf] jf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf To:tf] cfo jif{sf] clGtd P]g nfu" /x]sf] cfos/ b/ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 egL n]lvPsf] kfOG5 pk/f]Qm sfg'gL Joj:yfaf6 ;fn a;fnL jf s'g} Ps ;fnsf] lgldQ cfos/ nufpg] u/L s'g} P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePsf]df ;DalGwt s/ sfof{non] cfos/ P]g adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n ug]{ xf] / s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf $@-@_ xf]. t/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* n] lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ af6 ^ jif{sf] nflu cfos/ 5'6 lbPsf]n] To:tf] 5'6 lbPsf] cjlwdf s/ sfof{non] cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ c;"n ug]{ lqmof clwsf/sf] cltqmd0f xf] . clwsf/sf] cltqmd0f u/L ePsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z z'Go (Void) x'G5 . To:tf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ lgj]bs pBf]u l/6 If]qdf cfpg ;Sb5 . ca a}slNks pkrf/ tkm{ x]/f}+ sfg'gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf]df To:tf] pkrf/ k|o'Qm x'g' kb{5 . t/ pkrf/ k|efjsf/L jf kof{Kt 5}g eg] To:tf] pkrf/ k|o'Qm ug{‘k5{ eg] xf]Og . j}slNks pkrf/df hfg] d'2fsf] tYo cj:yf kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 . k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] ufx|f} Pj+ ef/L -Burden Some_ x'G5 eg] To:tf] pkrf/ k|efjlxg x'g ;S5 . Tof] d'2fsf] tYosf] kl/l:ylt cj:yfdf lge{/ x'g] x'Fbf ;do ;dodf ljj]rgf x'g] s'/f xf] . ca pkrf/sf] Joj:yf tkm{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ n] s] s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 ;f] tkm{ x]/f}+ . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ df “o; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/fåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf ePklg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjlxg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg'gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pkof]uL cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xs k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k|rngsf] nflu k"0f{ ?kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5" eGg] n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf dfly klg ljj]rgf ul/Ps} 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ n] o; cbfntnfO{ k"0f{?kdf Gofo lbg] plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd t'NofOPsf]n] k"0f{?kdf Gofo lbg s] s:tf] ug{‘ k5{ ;f] tkm{ cbfnt ;b}j ;r]t / hfu?s /xg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] s8fkg -Rigidity_ nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fdf dfly pNn]v u/] adf]lhd k|ydt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* :jo+n] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] k|bfg gu/]sf]n] lgj]bs pBf]un] ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] dfWod l/6åf/f o; cbfntdf cfPsf] 231

ldn]s} b]lvG5 . bf]>f] s/ sfof{non] sfg"gn] cfos/ gnfUg] pBf]udf cfos/ nufO{ s/ c;'n ug]{ lqmof cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldfsf] cltqmd0f u/]sf]n] clwsf/sf] cltqmd0f ePsf]df j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] eP klg To;n] clwsf/sf] cltqmd0fdf To:tf] pkrf/ k|o'Qm x'g' k5{ eGg ldNb}g . ca o;} k|Zgdf o; cbfntaf6 xfn;Dd k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx? x]bf{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] :yflkt pBf]unfO{ ;f] P]g adf]lhd lbOPsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|bfg ul/Psf] cfos/, eG;f/, cGtz'Ns / s/ laqmLs/ ;'ljwf, s/ sfof{noaf6 glbO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df To:tf] pBf]u c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;f]em} o; cbfntdf cfPsf] / o; cbfntaf6 To:tf] ;'ljwf lbg' egL k/dfb]z ;lxtsf] l/6 dfly pNn]v u/]sf] pbfx/0fsf] l/6 ;d]tdf hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ghL/x? cg'?k g} lgj]bs pBf]u klg l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . ghL/ sfg"g ;/x g} x'G5 . h'g j]nf h'g ghL/ lyof] ;f] ghL/sf] cfwf/df o; cbfntdf k|j]z ug{nfO{ Tof] af6f] unt xf] . l/6 lgj]bsn] af6f] lj/fPsf] eGg' / pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{‘ Gofo;+ut b]lvgg . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ n] k"0f{ ?kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ eg]s} kfOG5 . lg0f{o g+= $#)) lgj]bs k/z'/fd emf lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlgqkl/ifb\ ePsf] pTk]|if0fsf] d'2f o;} cbfntdf & hgf GofofwLzx? ePsf] j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;n] l/6 hf/L u/L pk/f]Qm l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf]n] pQm l;4fGtnfO{ c;xdlt hgfpg' kg]{ sf/0f b]lvFb}g . ctM cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& adf]lhd j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] k'g/fj]bgdf hfg'k5{ egL pQm P]gsf] bkmf #$ nfO{ cf}+nfO{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] ax'dtsf] /fo;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . ;fljs ghL/ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf k|j]z ug{nfO{ ;fljs ghL/ cg';f/s} ;'ljwf lbg' g} k"0f{ ?kdf Gofo kg{ hfg] ;d]t x'Fbf / dfly n]lvPsf] a'Fbfaf6 ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] df=Gof=nId0f k|;fb cof{nsf] /fo;+u ;xdt hgfOPsf] a'xdtsf] /fo;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . k|ToyL{ s/ sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{ tyf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L pTkfbg z'? ePsf] ldlt @)$!.!@.$ b]lv ^ jif{;Ddsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg' egL ljkIfLs/ sfof{nosf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7xof{Psf] df=Gof= uh]G› s]z/L jf:tf]nfsf] /fo dgfl;a 7x5{ . pk/f]Qm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 . Gof=s[i0f s'df/ adf{ Olt;Djt\ @)%@ ;fn j}zfv !! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ ========================.

232

;fnM)%$, dlxgf M!, c+s M!, km};nf ldlt M@)%#.%.@).%, lg0f{o g+=– ^#)& ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ff dfggLo GofofwLz >L cf]deQm >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fh+u /fodfemL ;Djt\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @%%@ ljifoM– g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#.**-!_-@_ cg';f/ pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF . l/6 lgj]bsM– sf7df08f} lhNnf sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsf sflGtky Hof]tL ejgdf sfof{no /x]sf] Hof]lt l:klgª ldN; lnld6]8sf tkm{af6 P]=P]= sf clVtof/ k|fKt k|jGw ;+rfns >L ?kHof]tL . lj?4 ljkIfLM– >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno . >L % sf] ;/sf/, eG;f/ ljefu . >L % sf] ;/sf/, eG;f/ sfof{no jL/uGh . >L % sf] ;/sf/, pBf]u ljefu . · s/sf] ljleGg ?k x'G5 . cfly{s P]gdf g} st} b:t'/ st} dxz'n st} s/ / st} z'Ns eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s P]gdf pNn]lvt oL ;j} b:t'/ dx;'n z'Ns s/sf] ?k x'Fbf o;nfO{ s/ xf]O{g cGoyf xf] eGg] l:ylt 5}g . -k|=g+= !$_ · lgj]bsnfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] eG;f/ dx;'n;Dd 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . cGo s'g} z'Ns nufpg / c;"n ug{ gkfpg] u/L pQm P]gn] s'g} aGb]h nufPsf] kfO{Gg . sfg"gn] h'g s'/fsf] ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 ;f] ;'ljwf;Dd ckx/0f gx'g] xf] . -k|=g+= !$_ · eG;f/ z'Ns p7fO{Psf] j:t'df cGo s'g} z'Ns nfUg ;Sb}g egL P]gdf jGb]h 5}g, sfg"gåf/f s/ nufpg / p7fpg ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]df ljjfb b]lvGg . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufpg] / p7fpg] Joj:yf Colourable 5 eGg] l:ylt gx'g] . -k|=g+ !$_ · lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns eGg] zJb /x]af6 lgj]bsnfO{ lgsf;L z'Ns lnP jfkt ;]jf k'of{lpg' kg]{ ;f] k'of{gPsf] 5}g eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ pQm cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns jfkt ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 eGg] st} pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . sfg"gn] h'g s'/fsf] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] 5}g ;f] kfpg' k5{ eGg gldNg] . -k|=g+= !%_ · lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufPaf6 lgsf;L pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k5{ / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] xfnsf] cfly{s Pj+ cf}Bf]lus gLlt;Fu d]n vf+b}g eGg] xsdf of] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gLltut s'/f xf] . cbfntn] o:tf] cfly{s gLlt ckgfpg' k5{ eGg] l:ylt gx'g] . -k|=g+= !%_ · cfly{s P]g sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ jdf]lhd lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufPsf]n] ;f] cj}w 5 eGg ldNb}g . pQm sfg"g jdf]lhd lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] / c;"n ul/g] x'Fbf pQm lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns p7fpg] j]Un} lgsfo /x]sf] gb]lvP klg sfg"gaf6 p7fpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] To:tf] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] ;'ljwf cg';f/ s'g} c88af6 p7fpg] ;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g] l:ylt gb]lvg] . -k|=g+= !^_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M– ljåfg clwjQmf >L lqe"jgb]j e§ ljåfg clwjQmf >L lqnf]rg uf}td . ljkIfL tkm{af6M– ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L gGb jxfb'/ ;'j]bL . cjnlDat ghL/M– x cfb]z Gof=lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ffM– g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#.**-!_ / -@_ cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 M– 233

@= lgj]bs sDkgL k;f{ lhNnf k/jfgLk'/ l:yt cfˆgf] sf/vfgfaf6 ;'tL kf]lni6/ / ldl>t u/L ljleGg k|sf/sf] wfuf] pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /fvL v8f ePsf] sDkgL xf] . o; sDkgLn] cTofw"lgs d]zLgx? h8fg u/L ldlt )$*.!).! b]lv Joj;flos pTkfbg ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . pBf]uåf/f pTkflbt wfuf] ef/t nufot a]nfot ;d]t lgsf;L x'g] ub{5 . lgj]bs pBf]u cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @)-@_ adf]lhd ;'ljwf k|fKt pBf]u xf] . #= >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] @)$(.%) sf] jh]6 efif0fsf] j'Fbf g+= &( df k|fs[lts ;+kbf / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] ;fy} b]znfO{ cfjZos j:t'x? dfq lgsf;L dx;'n sfod /fvL c? ;j} dfnj:t'x?sf] lgsf;Ldf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufpg] Joj: yf u/]sf] 5 eGg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 eg] @)%).%! sf] jh]6 jQmJosf] j'Fbf g+= &) df )=% k|ltztsf b/n] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nflu cfPsf ;fdfgdf cj b]lv @ k|ltztsf b/n] ;]jf z'Ns nufOPsf] 5 . o;af6 p7g] /fhZjsf] s]xL c+z lgsf;L k|j4{gdf vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 eGg] 3f]if0ff cfly{s P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # sf] cg';"rL @ df pNn]v ePsf jfx]s cGo dfnj:t' g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 ljb]zdf lgsf;L ubf{ lgsf;L d'Nosf] k|ltxhf/ ?= %. -lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufO{ c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eGg] csf]{tkm{ cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf # sf] cg';"rL @ df pNn]v ePsf afx]s cGo dfn j:t' g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 ljb]zdf lgsf;L ubf{ lgsf;L d'Nosf] @ k|ltztn] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufO{ c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 cfly{s P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # / cly{s P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf # sf] k|of]u u/L ljb]zdf wfuf] lgsf;L x'Fbf k6s k6s u/L ?= ##,#*$(@.^# c;"n ul/Psf] 5 eg] lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ dfUbf cfˆgf]] ljleGg ldltsf] kqaf6 cf}=Jo=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-k_ df sRrf kbfy{df nfu]sf] ljqmLs/ cGtz'Ns eG;f/ tyf lk|ldod lkmtf{ x'g] t/ lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . $= eG;f/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @ -u_ n] eG;f/ dx;'n eGgfn] lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ul/g] dfn j:t'x?df ;do ;dodf nfUg] g]kfn sfg"gn] tf]sL lbPsf] b/aGbL adf]lhd nfUg] eG;f/ dx;'n ;+Demg' k5{ eGg] JofVof ePsf] x'Fbf lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug]{ dfn jf j:t'x?df h'g;'s} gfdu/L /sd c;"n u/]klg ;f] /sd eG;f/ dx;'n g} 7xb{5 . ;f]xL jdf]lhd cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-k_ n] pBf]un] cfˆgf] pTkfbg jf pTkfbgdf k|of]u u/]sf] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbf{y cflbdf lt/]sf] eG;f/ ljlqms/ cGtMz'Ns tyf lk|ldod lgsf;L u/]sf] kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbOg]5 eGg] jfSof+zsf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z cGt/ut cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !&-v_-#_ adf]lhd !)-u_ -%_ jd]lhd ;+rfng ldltn] # jif{sf] nflu cGtMz'Ns 5'6 k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . %= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @)-@_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] t/ To:tf] pBf]u btf{ jf cg'dlt kfpFbfsf jvt sfod /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g jdf]lhd kfpg] cjlw lsl6Psf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot o; P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot eGbf j9L cjlwsf] ePdf jf o; P]g jdf]lhd gkfpg] ePdf tTsfn k|rlnt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, adf]lhd kfpg jfwf kg]{ 5}g' elgPsf] 5 eg] P]gsf] bkmf @( n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg o; P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx?df n]lvPh:tf] s'/f ;f]xL jdf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePaf6 pBf]usf] ;'ljwf / ;+/If0fsf xsdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g g} ;jf]{k/L xf] / cGo P]gsf] o; P]gnfO{ sf6\g ;Sg] xf]O{g . ^= cfly{s P]g, @)$( / @)%) df e+;f/ dx;'nsf] gfddf /sd c;"n u/]df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-k_ jdf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ x'Fbf ;f] glbgsf] nflu cGo k|rlnt P]g sfg"g jdf]lhd k|fKt ;'ljwf ;d]t ckx/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f] sfg"gåf/f 5'6 x'g cfpg] /sd eGbf klg a9L x'g] u/L /+lug ljw]ossf] ?kdf cfly{s jif{ @)$( sf] bkmf # / cfly{s P]g @)%) sf] bkmf # NofOPsf] x'Fbf pQm P]gdf Joj:yfx? g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!,!@ -@_ -ª_ !&-!_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'Fbf P]= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ jdf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt )%!.%.!^ sf] k=;+= !)!&*, !)!^#, !)!^^, !)!^% dfkm{t lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] egL n]lvPsf] kq pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] a"emfpb} cfPsf] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns ?=##,#*,$(@.^# lkmtf{ lbg' egL k/dfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF ;fy} lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns c;"n gug{sf nflu cGt/Ld cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . &= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod jdf]lhd k]z ug{‘ ;fy} cGt/Ld cfb]zsf] nflu ljkIfLnfO{ & lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ lgodfg';f/ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . *= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( df lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns lkmtf{ kfpg] s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-k_ cg';f/ pBf]un] cfˆgf] jf pTkfbg k|of]u u/]sf] sRrf kbfy{ cflbdf lt/]sf] e+;f/ ljlqms/ cGtMz'Ns tyf lk|ldod dfq lgsf;L u/]sf] kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbOg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] g} ljefun] pQm lg0f{o u/]sf] 234

xf] l/6 lgj]bsn] e+;f/ P]g, @)!( jdf]lhd ;]jf z'Ns ;d]t e+;f/ dx;'n cGtu{t kg]{ s'/f xf] egL bfjL lnPsf] ;DjGwdf cfly{s P}g, @)$( sf] bkmf @ / # df qmdz e+;f/ dx;'n leq lgsf;L ;]jf z'Nssf] kl/efiff u/L e+;f/ dx;'n leq lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns gkg]{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 / cf}=Jo=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-k_ cg';f/ lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns lkmtf{ lbg gldNg] ePsf]n] ljkIfL pBf]unfO{ dfu u/] jdf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg gul/Psf] xf] . o; ljefuaf6 ePsf] pQm sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL lgj]bssf] s'g} k|sf/sf] xs xgg\ gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= e+;f/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @-u_ n] lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ubf{ j:t'x?df dx;'n nfUg] g]kfn sfg"gn] tf]lslbPsf] b/aGbL adf]lhd e+;f/ dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;do ;dodf nfUg] g]kfn sfg"g eGgfn] cfly{s P]g, @)$(,@)%) cfly{s cWofb]z @)%! cBfjlw /x]sf] ljkIfLn] klg pNn]v ug{‘ ePs} 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%) tyf cfly{s cWofb]z @)%! sf] bkmf # n] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ ls6fgL Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f] ;]jfz'Ns ;f]xL P]gsf] cg';"rL @ df pNn]lvt dfn;fdfg eGbf cGo j:t'nfO{ @ k|ltztn] ;]jf z'Ns tf]lsPsf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf] k|fjwfg leq /xL ljkIfL;Fu lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns lnOPsf] xf] . ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xssf] pNn+3g gePsf] gul/Psf] / e+;f/ P]g, @)!( cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( tyf cfly{s P]g tyf cWofb]zn] clgjfo{ ?kdf lng'kg]{ ;]jf z'Ns lnOPsf] e} ljkIfLsf] s'g} xs pNn+3g gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lj/u+h e+;f/ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= sfg"g cg';f/ pBf]un] kfpg] k"0f{ ;'ljwf pkef]u u/]sf] s'/f lgj]bg n]vfO{ d} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5, hxf+;Dd lgsf;L ;]jfz'Ns nufOPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ xf] ljwflosfn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfly{s cWofb]z @)%! sf] bkmf # jdf]lhd nufOPsf] xf] / To:tf] z'Ns lgsf;L ug]{ cGo pBf]ux?n] klg ltg]{ a"emfpg] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ sfg"g cg';f/ z'Ns nufOPsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ c;dfgtf eof] jf ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\ eof] eGg] cfwf/ g} gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfno / e+;f/ ljefusf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm . !!= o;df g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ cGtu{t cj}w 3f]lift u/L kfpF eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lv+bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ If]qflwsf/ :k]zn j]GrnfO{ x'Fbf :k]zn j]Grdf k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . !@= ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t cfO{;s]sf] b]lv+bf tTsfn cGt/Ld cfb]z hf/L ug{‘kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_-v_ cg';f/ l/6 lgj]bg g} ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu lgod jdf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . !#= lgod adf]ldh b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o; ljz]if Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk'0f{ ldl;n k|df0f x]/L l/6 lgj]bs pBf]usf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf åo >L lqe"jgb]j e§ / lqnf]rg uf}tdn] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns s/ p7fpg e+;f/ clws[tnfO{ s'g} sfg"gn] clVtof/ lbPsf] :ki6 k"j{zt{ -Pre-condition_ sf] cefjdf lghaf6 p7fOPsf] kl/0ffTds sfo{ -Consequentian action_ n] j}Btf k|fKt u/]sf] ts{ ug{ ldNb}g . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf cd]/LsL ;+ljwfgdf h:t} Due Process Clause gePklg wf/f &# :j+on] g} s/ nufpg] / p7fpg] b"j} sfo{ sfg"g jdf]lhd x'g'kg]{ Due Process nfO{ cfb]z hf/L ug]{ Goflos ljsNk dfq cbfntnfO{ /xG5 eGg] / ljkIfL cy{ d+qfno ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L gGb jxfb'/ ;'j]bLn] s:tf] /fhZj s] slt ;+sng ul/g'k5{ / To;af6 pBf]u jf Jofkf/df s:tf] c;/ k5{ eGg] s'/f ;/sf/n] jf ;+;bn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f xf], Gofokflnsfsf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] ljifo xf]O{g . s:tf] cf}Bf]lus gLlt jf l;4fGt cg's"n s:tf] /fhZj k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'G5 jf x'Fb}g egL cbfntn] ljrf/ ug]{ ljifoj:t' xf]O{g . cg'lrt / plrtsf] k/LIf0f cbfntn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ldf / P]gsf] k|i6 k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df g} ub{5 . olb lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! df jl0f{t hfthftL wd{ j0f{ lnË jf j}rf/Ls cf:yfsf cfwf/df nufPsf] jf lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ dfq nufPsf] jf lgj]bsnfO{ pBf]u Joj;fo ug{ cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf] eP cg'lrt eGg ldNg] lyof] s'g} s/ z'Ns dxz'n cflb nufpFb}df cg'lrt sfg"g eGg ldNb}g egL ug{‘ ePsf] jx; lhls/ ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]O{g ;f] df lg0f{o ug{‘kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . !$= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* tyf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] ;d]t k|:t't pBf]unfO{ e+;f/ dx;'n 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)$( cfly{s P]g, @)%) tyf cfly{s cWofb]z @)%! n] cg';"rL @ df pNn]v ePsf jfx]s cGo dfnj:t' g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 ljb]zdf lgsf;L ubf{ lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufO{ c;"n pk/ ug]{ Joj:yfn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ckx/0f u/]sf] 5 . e+;f/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @u_ df e+;f/ dx;'n eGgfn] lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug]{ dfn j:t'x?df ;do ;dodf nfUg] g]kfn sfg"gn] tf]sLlbPsf] b/ adf]lhd nfUg] e+;f/ dx;'n ;+emg'k5{ eGg] ePsf]n] lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug]{ dfn jf j:t'x?df h'g;'s} gfd u/L /sd c;"n u/]klg ;f] e+;f/ dx;'n g} x'g] x'Fbf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] e+;f/ 5'6nfO{ lgsf;L ;]jf z'Nssf] 235

gfd /fvL c;"n ug]{ sfg"g Colourable lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns ;]jf lbP jfkt p7fpg] z'Ns x'Fbf lgj]bs pBf]un] lbPsf] ;]jf z'Nsaf6 s'g} ;]jf pknJw x'g gcfPaf6 of] ;]jf z'Ns p7fpg ldNb}g eGg] lgj]bssf] d'n egfO{ ePsf] / ;f]xL cg'?k lgj]bs tkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmfx?n] jx; / jx;gf]6 ;d]t k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] s/ nufpg] p7fpg] vf/]h ug]{ 5'6 lbg] kl/jt{g ug]{ jf s/ k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug]{ ljifodf cy{ ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] / pk/f]Qm cfly{s P]gx? ;f] cg'?k k|:t't eO{ cfly{s P]gsf] ?kdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm cfly{s P]gdf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns lng] p7fpg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns egL jf]nL k/]sf]n] of] s/ xf]O{g cfly{s P]g jdf]lhd s/ nufO{ p7fpg kfO{g] xf]O{g eGg] lgj]bssf] dfu ePsf]df s/sf] ljleGg ?k x'G5 . cfly{s P]gdf g} st} b:t'/ st} dxz'n st} s/ / st} z'Ns eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s P]gdf pNn]lvt oL ;j} b:t'/ dx;'n z'Ns s/sf] ?k x'Fbf o;nfO{ s/ xf]O{g cGoyf xf] eGg] l:ylt 5}g . lgj]bsnfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] eG;f/ dx;'n;Dd 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . cGo s'g} z'Ns nufpg / c;"n ug{ gkfpg] u/L pQm P]gn] s'g} jGb]h nufPsf] kfO{Gg . sfg"gn] h'g s'/fsf] ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 ;f] ;'ljwf;Dd ckx/0f gx'g] xf] . e+;f/ P]gdf e+;f/ dx;'n;Dd lgoldt -Regulate_ u/]sf] 5, e+;f/ dx;'n eGgfn] cGo h'g;'s} dx;'n z'Ns b:t'/ ;d]t hgfpF5 eGg] e+;f/ P]gdf Joj:yf gePsf]n] e+;f/ dx;'n j[4L eGg] cj:yf /x]g . lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns Ps csf]{ ?kdf e+;f/ dx;'n x'g] xf] eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ tkm{ x]bf{ eG;f/ z'Ns p7fO{Psf] j:t'df cGo s'g} z'Ns nfUg ;Sb}g egL P]gdf jGb]h 5}g, sfg"gåf/f s/ nufpg / p7fpg ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]df ljjfb b]lvGg . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufpg] / p7fpg] Joj:yf Colourable 5 eGg] l:ylt ePg . !%= lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns eGg] zJb /x]af6 lgj]bsnfO{ lgsf;L z'Ns lnP jfkt ;]jf k'of{fpg' kg]{ ;f] k'of{ Psf] 5}g eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ pQm cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns jfkt ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 eGg] st} pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . sfg"gn] h'g s'/fsf] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] 5}g ;f] kfpg' k5{ eGg ldNb}g . pQm lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufPaf6 lgsf;L pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k5{ / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] xfnsf] cfly{s Pj+ cf}Bf]lus gLlt;Fu d]n vf+b}g eGg] xsdf of] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gLltut s'/f xf] . cbfntn] o:tf] cfly{s gLlt ckgfpg' k5{ eGg] l:ylt x'Fb}g . !^= cfly{s P]g sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ jdf]lhd lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufPsf]n] ;f] cj}w 5 eGg ldNb}g . pQm sfg"g jdf]lhd lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] / c;"n ul/g] x'Fbf pQm lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns p7fpg] j]Un} lgsfo /x]sf] gb]lvP klg sfg"gaf6 p7fpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] To:tf] lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] ;'ljwf cg';f/ s'g} c8\8faf6 p7fpg] ;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g] l:ylt b]lvPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x{5 . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a"emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=cf]deQm >]i7 Gof=s[i0fh+u /fodfemL Olt ;Djt @)%# ;fn ef› @) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ===== .

236

efu M#(, ;fnM@)%#, dlxgf Mdf3, c+s M!), km};nf ldlt M@)%#.!).@#.$, lg0f{o g+=^@&@ ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ff dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/gfy cfrfo{ ;+jt @)%) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ========= @*!@ ljifoM k|ltif]w . lgj]bsM lhNnf df]/ª xflQd'8f l:yt :jl:ts cfon O08l6«h -k|f=_ ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L lh=df]/ª lj/ f6gu/ g=kf= j8f g+=* b'u8 lgjf; j:g] g/]z b'u8 lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/, s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ · :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=k|zf]lwt vfg]t]n pTkfbg ug]{ 7'nf] pBf]usf] ?df :yflkt ePsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] l:yltsf] pBf]u ePsf] cfwf/df cfos/ 5'6 k|fKtLsf] nflu sf/jfxL rnL /x]sf] / s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug ;sL /x]sf] gePklg cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/L ul/ lbg] egL ;DjlGwt ljefuaf6 kqfrf/ eO /x]sf] l:ylt / ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk'0f{ hfgsf/L s/ sfo{no lj/f6gu/nfO{ eO{ /]sf] b]lv+bf tyf c? j9L a'‰g" kg]{ jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{' kg]{ cfjzSotf b]lvP tT;DjGwL hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt laefuaf6} k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5+bf5b} klg s/ sof{no la/f6gu/faf6 ldlt @)%).^.!$ df pQm pBf]unfO{ cfo ljj/0f ;xltsf] jf;nft tyf gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ jxLvftf jLn e/kfO{ cflb lnO{ vftf kl/If0f u/fpg] sfo{sf] nfuL ;ft lbg leq pkl:yt x'g] ;"rgf lbPsf] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] kqsf] kmf]6f] k|ltaf6 b]lvG5 . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf tyf ;'ljwf k|fKtL tkm{sf] sf/jfxL g6'+lªb} / ;DjlGwt laefu Pj+ dGqfnoaf6 hfgsf/L lb+bf lbb} klg s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 ;ft lbg] pkl:yt x'g] ;"rgf kfPaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f k|s[of k|f/De x'g nfu]sf] b]lv o; cbfntdf k|ltif]w ;DjGwL lgj]bg kg{ cfO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf]df s/ sfof{no, la/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)%).(.@^ df ;"rgf j'emL @)%).!).* df lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;;s]sf] geO{ lgl/If0f k/LIf0fsf] sfo{;Dd k|f/De ePsf] b]lvPsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t pTkfbg d'ns 7'nf pBf]un] cfos/ ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]af6 / To; tkm{ sf/jfxL ;d]t rnL /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] To; tkm{ Wofg glbO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ tkm{sf] k|s[of k|f/De u/]sf] d'gfl;a eGg gldnsf]n] :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf= cfos/ ;'ljwf ;DaGwL sf/jfxL lg0f{o geP;Dd lgj]bssf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{' eGg] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] gfddf k|ltif]w hf/L x'g] . -k|=g+=!!_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M lj4fg clwjQmf >L sdn gf/fo0f bf; . lakIfL tkm{af6M lj4fg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L an/fd s]=;L= . cjnlDat ghL/M cfb]z Gof=s]bf/gfy cfrfo{M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf **-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5 M @= >L % sf] ;/sf/, pBf]u laefusf] k=;+=)$!.$@ p=lj=O{=zf= #!!%.&-@% r=g+= %^@% ldlt @)$!.^.* sf] kqaf6 pTkfbg d'ns 7'nf] pBf]usf] ?kdf o; :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] Ohfht k|fKt eO{ ldlt @)$!.*.@^.# sf lbg sDkgL btf{ eof] . ljleGg sf/0fj; cf}Bf]lus Ohfhtsf] Dofb leq pTkfbg k|f/De x'g g;sL cf}Bf]lus Ohfhtkqsf] bkmf !& cGtu{t Dofb yk ug{ lgldQ lgj]bg ubf{ >L % sf] ;/f/ pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)$#.!.@# / ldlt @)$%.!.% sf] kqaf6 @)$^ r}q d;fGt ;Ddsf] lgldQ Ohfht kqsf] Dofb yk ul/Psf]df ldlt @)$^.@.@ b]lv sDkgLn] pTkfbg k|f/De uof]{f] . #= o; aLr cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] ldlt @)$$.&.! b]lv bf]>f] ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] ePtfkgL P]=;+zf]lwt P]gsf] bkmf !) pkbkmf -@_ df ;+zf]lwt P]gnfu' x'g'eGbf cl3 o;} P]g jdf]lhd cg'dlt k|fKt u/L of] P]g k|f/De x'g' cufj} pTkfbg z'? ug]{ jf cg'dlt kqdf, tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq pTkfbg z'? ug]{ pBf]un] cjlw lsl6Psf] hlt ;'ljwf ;x'lnot / 237

$=

%=

^=

&=

;+/If0fsf] xsdf cg'dlt k|fKt ubf{sf] jvt sfod /x]sf] Joj:yf adf]lhdg} kfpg] egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'gfn] d'n P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !) sf] k'0f{ ?kdf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] ePtf klg ;+zf]lwt P]gsf] bkmf !)-@_ n] cjwL lsl6Psf] ;'ljwfsf] xsdf d'n P]gsf] Joj:yf cGtu{t g} ;'ljwf kfpg] sfg"g ePsf]n] d'n P]gsf] bkmf !)-u_ -@_ cGtu{t ;+rfng ldltn] # jif{sf] lgldQ cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwfsf] nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u laefusf] ldlt @)$*.!@.@! sf] kqAbf/f ;'ljwf l;kmfl/; e} cfPsf] / cGtMz'Ns laefusf] ldlt @)$(.!.!$ sf] kqAbf/f pTkfbg k|f/De ePsf] ldlt @)$^.@.@ b]lv # jif{sf] nflu cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwf kfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf 9-!_-s_ df kl/eflift ul/P cg';f/ pTkfbg d'ns pBf]udf sf]/fdfn jf cw{ k|z]lwt dfn jf pk pTkfbg jf v]/ uO{ /x]sf] dfnsf] k|of]u jf k'gM k|of]u u/L k|zf]wg jf pTkfbg ug]{ b]xfosf pBf]u pTkfbg d'ns pBf]u x'g elg pNn]lvt ePsf] gfdfjnLdf t]nl3p ;d]tsf ljleGg j:t'x? pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u klg ;dfj]z ePsf] x'gfn] k|:t't :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=pTkfbg d'ns pBf]u ePsf] :ki6} 5 / Ohfht kqdf ;d]t pTkfbg d'ns pBf]us} ?kdf jlu{s[t ul/Psf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf @-s_ df d'No clej[l4 ;DjGwdf lbO{Psf] kl/efiff cg';f/ p?Tkfbg nut d'Nodf d'No clej[l4sf] u0fgf ubf{ k|:t't pBf]un] !) k|ltzt eGbf j9L d'No clej[l4 ePsf] b]lvPsf] / !) k|ltzt b]lv %) k|ltzt ;Dd d'No clej[l4 ug]{ pTkfbg d'ns 7'nf pBf]unfO{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !)-s_ @-s_ cGtu{t pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] lgldQ zt k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / P]=P]gsf] bkmf 9-!_-s_ -!_ df t]n l3p ;d]tnfO{ cfjZos pkef]Uo j:t'sf] ?kdf jlu{s[t ul/Psf] x'gfnn] d'n P]gsf] bkmf !)-s_-#_ cGtu{t @ jif{sf] lgldQ yk clwsf/ 5'6 kfpg] x'+bf ;f] 5'6 kfpg lgldQ k=;+=#^!^.)$* ldlt @)$*.&.!) sf] kqåf/f pBf]u laefunfO{ lgj]bg r9fPsf] / ;f] sf] jf]wfy{ ljkIfLnfO{ ;d]t lbOPsf]df pBf]u laefun] @)$*.*.!sf] kqåf/f ljleGg s'/fx?sf] hfgsf/L dfu u/]sf] lyof] . o; aLr ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] cfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL k|s[of k|f/De ug{ yfn]sf] x'gfn] o; sdkgLsf] ldlt @)$*.*.@$ sf] kqAbf/f cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL rnL /x]sf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|lt/IfLnfO{ u/fO{ kfpg >L pBf]u laefudf lgj]bg u/]sf]df pBf]u laefun] @)$*.(.@ sf] kqåf/f o; pBf]usf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DaGwdf sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] lakIfLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] lyof] . pBf]u laefun] @)$*.*.! sf] kqåf/f dfu u/]sf] ljj/0fx? tof/ kfg{ ;do nfUg] ePsf]n] ;f] ;a} ljj/0f tof/ u/L sDkgLn] ldlt @)$(.&.@^ sf] kqåf/f pBf]u ljefudf k]z ul/ ;s]sf] / ;f] k]z ePsf] ljj/0f cndn kg{ uO{ o; ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ c;'ljwf ePsf] s'/f ljlbt x'g cfPsf] x'gfn] o; sDkgLn] @)%).^.!* sf] kq;fy k'gM ;f]xL ljj/0f bflvn u/L pQm cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL ljifo xfn pBf]u ljefusf] ljrf/fwLg g} /x]sf] 5 . o; jLr k|lt/IfL s/ sfof{non] k=;+=@)%).%! r=g+=!%# ldlt @)%).^.!$ sf] kqAbf/f cf=j= @)$^.)$& sf] / k=;+= @)%).%! r=g+=!%$ ldlt @)%).^.!$ sf] kqåf/f cf=j=@)$&.)$* sf] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0f ;fy k]z u/]sf] jf;nft tyf gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fanfO{ k'li6 ug]{ axLvftf jLn e/kfO{ cflb lnO{ vftf k/LIf0f u/fpg lgldQ & lbg leq xflh/ x'g kq k7fOPsf] x'gfn] k|lt/IfLn] cfos/ ltg{‘kg]{ bfloTjg} gePsf] cjlwsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|s[ofsf] k|f/De ul/]sf] x'gfn] jfWo eO{ ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] z/0fdf kg{ cfPsf] 5' . ctM cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf @-!_-s_-!_ cGtu{tsf] pTkfbg d'ns cfjZos j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ 7'nf pBf]unfO{ P]=sf= bkmf !)-s_-@_ cGtu{t !)% b]lv %)% d'No clej[l4sf] cfwf/df 5 jif{sf] tyf P]=P]gsf] bkmf !)-s_#_ cGtu{t cfjZos pkef]Uo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] b[li6n] yk @ jif{ u/L hDdf & jif{sf] zt k|ltzt cfos/ o; pBf]un] 5'6 kfpg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / o:tf] ;'ljwf ljj]sflwsf/sf] cfwf/df geO{ afWofTds ?kdf lbg' kg]{ / pBf]un] klg xssf] ?kdf kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfeO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf dfyL pnn]v eP adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 ;DaGwdf pBf]u laefudf larf/fwLg /x]sf] laifodf, ;dfg cfj:yfsf] >L/fd l/kmfOg cfon k|f]6S; k|f=ln=lj/f6gu/nfO{ cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf o; sfg"gL Joj:yf cGtu{t k|bfg u/L ;s]sf] ;d]t s'/fnfO{ j]jf:tf u/L cfos/ 5'6 cjlwsf] ;Dk'0f{ sf/f]jf/ cfosf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ x]t'n] ldlt @)%).^.!$ sf] kqAbf/f cfo Joo ;lxtsf] jf;nftnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ n]vf lnO{ pkl:yt x'g ;"rgf u/]sf] x'gfn] cfos/ 5'6 cjlwsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ g] gePsf] lgsfo ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 x'g nfu]sf] cglws[t u}/sfg"gL / ;'ljwf k|Tofe'tLdf cf3ft kg]{ sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg" kg]{ ck/Lxfo{ cj:yf kg{ cfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @#.**-@_cGtu{t lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . P]= ;+ljwfg wf/f !! -!_, !@-@_ -ª_ tyf !& Abf/f k|Tofe't df}lnsxsx?df k|lt/IfLAbf/f cf3ft kfg]{ sfd x'g nfu]sf] x'+bf P]=;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#.** -@_ cGtu{t k|ltif]w nufotsf] hf] rflxg] pko'Qm /L6, cf1f, jf cfb]z Abf/f k|lt/IfLnfO{ cfos/ 5'6 ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{‘ egL k|ltif]w u/L d]/f] df}lns / sfg"gL xs ;+/If0f u/L kfp+ eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg lhsL/ .

238

*= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg" egL lakIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnfzaf6 ePsf] cfb]z . (= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g jdf]lhd :yfkgf e} ;+rfng x'g] pBf]ux?n] ;f] P]g adf]lhd pbf]usf] sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng cj:yf Pj+ ljlQo :t/ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL rnfO{ pBf]u laefuaf6} cfos/ 5'6 lbg ldNg] gldNg] lg0f{o e} hfgsf/L cfPkl5 dfq cfos/ 5'6 lbg ldNg] gldng] ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf x'+bf l/6 lgj]bsn] cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfPsf] s'g} cfwf/ o; sfof{nodf k]z gu/]sf] ;fy} cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf $@ jdf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfPsf s/bftfx? ;d]tsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L 5'6sf] k|df0f k]z ePdf ;f]xL cg';f/ k|fKt cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6 ug{‘kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] / ljkIfL lgj]bsn] ;Ddflgt cbfntdf r9fPsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] j'+bf $ tyf * df v"nfPsf] Joxf]/f ;d]taf6 xfn;Dd klg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] ;+zf]wg ;lxtsf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ ;+zf]lwt P]g nfu' x'g' k'j{ o;} P]g cg';f/ cg'dtL k|fKt u/L k|:t't P]g k|f/De x'g' cufj} pTkfbg z'? ug]{ jf cg'dtL kqdf tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq pTkfbg z'? u/]df dfq ;fljs ;/x 5'6 kfpg] eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]df ljIfLn] pBf]u ljefuaf6 cg'dlt kqdf tf]lsPsf] cjwL leq pTkfbg z'? u/L ;s]sf]n] ;+zf]lwt P]g cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] eGg] s'g} cflwsfl/s kq ;d]t k]z gu/]sf]n] cfos/ P]g @)#! -;+=;=_ adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]z ePsf] lglZrt cjwL leq} cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/;Sg" kg]{ Joj:yfcg';f/ g} ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] o; sfof{nodf pNn]lvt ldltdf k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fx?sf] s/ lgwf{/0f x'g nfu]sf] sfg"g ;+ut x'+bf ljkIfLsf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lakIfL s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't k|ltif]wsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L l/6 lgj]bs tkm{sf lj4fg clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;n] ug{‘ ePsf] ax; Pj+ k]z ug{‘ ePsf] ax/ gf]6df k|ltif]wsf] lgj]bgdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] u/]sf] 5}g, ljz]ifflwsf/o'Qm clwsf/ If]q /fv]sf] o; lgj]bgaf6 sfg"gåf/f k|Tofe't xsdf c;/ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvP cbfntn] To:tf] sfo{ lglif4 ug]{ ub{5. k|:t't pBf]u cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* nfu' /x]sf] cj:yfdf Ohfht kfO{ :yflkt ePsf] pBf]u xf] tyf klxn] :yflkt pBf]u ePsf] x'+bf d'n P]gs} Joj: yf cGtu{t s} ;fjlws ;'ljwfx? pkef]u ug{ kfpg] klg xf] . cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljlwf kfO{ klg ;s]sf] 5 . d'n P]gsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd cfjZos pkef]Uo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbg d'ns pBf]u ePsf] x'gfn] sfg"g adf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf d'No clej[l4sf] cfwf/df kfpg] s'/f xf] / o; ;DaGwdf xfn k|rlnt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, cGtu{t ;DjlGwt lgsfodf larf/flwg /x]sf] cj:yf tyf s/ 5'6 gkfpg] eGg] lg0f{o eO g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cf}Bf]lus cfodf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . clwsf/ If]qsf] k|ltqmd0f ePsf] l:ylt 5 . ;Ddflgt cbfntdf k|ltif]wsf] lgj]bg k/L sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf] / cfb]z tfd]n eO;sL k|lt/IfLn] lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t nufO{ ;s]sf] 5 . k|ltif]wsf] /L6 cfkm}df lgif]wsf/L k|s[ltsf] x'gfn] / l/6df sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L x'gf;fy} dfldnf cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf tNnf] lgsfon] x:tIf]k ug{‘ eg]sf] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] cl:ttjnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] x'ghfG5 tyf lgif]wsf/L k|s[ltsf] l/6 lgj]bg cbfntsf] ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf tNnf] lgsfon] x:tIf]k jf lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . clwsf/ lgnlDjt /x]sf] cj:yfdfGg' kb{5 . k|lt/IfLåf/f lg0f{o x'g uP g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f *% -!_ -s_ / wf/f *^.** ;d]tsf] pNn+3g / ckdfgo'Qm /x]sf] k|df0fLt x'G5 . o:tf] k[i7e'lddf pBf]usf] sfg"gL clwsf/sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-@_ -ª_ / wf/f !& sf] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe'tLdf c;/ kg]{ s[of k|lt/IfLAbf/f x'g nfu]sf] :ki6 cj:yf x'+bf k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] ;j} kl/jGb, sf/0f / cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] x'+bf k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] / ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L jn/fd s]=;L=n] ug{‘ ePsf] ax; lhsL/df lgj]bsn] cfos/ 5'6 kfpg" kg]{ lhls/ ;Dd lnPsf] 5 . cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;Sg" ePsf] 5}g / cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+=;=_ bkmf @& -!_ sf] Dofb g3fP/ k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fx?, jf;nft tyf gfkmf gf]s;fg ;DjGwL lx;fjnfO{ km5f}{6 ug]{ tkm{ sf/jfxL gu/L To;} /fvL /fVg gldNg] ePsf]n] sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|fjwfg cg'?k hf+rj'em u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf ## -#_ adf]lhd ug{‘kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf ePsf]n] ljj/0fx? k]z ug]{ ;"rgf ul/Psf] / sfg"g jdf]lhd e} lx;fj axLvftf lg/LIf0f kl/If0f ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] xf] . k|ltif]w ;DaGwL /L6 lgj]bgsf] k|s[lt / bfo/f leq /x]/ lgj]bg lbg] xf] . sfg"g ;Ddt sf/jfxLsf] lj?4 of] /L6 hf/L x'g ;Sg] x'+b}g . lgif]wfsf/L k|s[lt /x]sf] k|:t't /L6 sfg"g adf]lhd gePsf] xb;Dd hf/L x'g ;Sg] xf] . s/ ltg{‘ kg]{ ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] eP To;sf] k|df0f bflvn x'g ;Sg' kb{5 . k|df0f bflvn x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf 5'6 kfPsf] cg'dfg ug{ klg ldNb}g / cfos/ P]gsf] Joj:yfg";f/ sf/jfxL gu/L j:g klg ldNb}g . t;y{M k|ltif]w ;DaGwL ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k lgj]bsn] k|:t't lgj]bg lbg ldNg] gb]lv+bf ;d]t lgj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] eGg gldn]af6 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ eGg] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . 239

!!= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg lhsL// k|ToyL{sf] lnlvt hjfkm Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] ax; lhsL/ tyf ax;gf]6 ;d]t cWoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t cg'dtL k|fKt u/L ;+rfng eO{ /x]sf]df ljjfb b]lvb}g . cGtMz'Ns 5'6 ;'ljwfg kfO{ /x]sf] s'/f ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns laefu nflhdkf6sf] k=;+=-k|_ #-@ :jl:ts cfO{=)$*.$( r=g+= !(& ldlt @)$9.!.!$ sf] kmf]6f] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] pBf]u laefu ;'ljwf zfvfsf] k=;+= )$*.$( p=lj=;'=@# -:jl:ts cfon O{_ ldlt @)$*.@.( df s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/nfO{ pQm :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fPsf] tyf ;f]xL laefuaf6 ldlt )%!.^.!* Pj+ )%!.(.!) df s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/nfO{ n]v]sf] kqdf cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL 6'ËL g;s]sf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] / ;f]xL laefuaf6 s/ laefu nflhDkf6nfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/Psf] kqdf :jl:ts cfon ;d]tsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL 6"ªL g;s]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] / ;f]xL ljefuaf6 s/ ljefu nflhDkf6nfO{ ;+jf]wg ul/Psf] kqdf :jl:ts cfon ;d]tsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DaGwL sf/fjxL 6'ËL g;s]sf]n] xfnnfO{ cfos/ btf{ k|df0f kq gjLs/0f u/L lbg] cfj: os Joj:yf x'g elg n]lv uPsf] b]lvG5 . pBf]u dGqfnosf] cf=k|=zfvfaf6 s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/sf] gfddf ldlt @)%#.(.!^ df :jl:ts cfon O08li6«hsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DaGwL lg0f{o 6'Ëf] gnfu'Gh]n dfu cg'?k cfos/ lgwf{/0f gx'g / cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/L lbg n]lv uPsf] ;d]t kfOG5. k|d'v s/ clws[t s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf l/6 ljg]bsn] cfos/ 5'6 kfpg" kg]{ eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] t/ lghn] oyf ;dodf ;DjlGwt laefuaf6 cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] elg pNn]v u/]sf] b]lv+bf hDdf @ s'/fsf] lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . klxnf] s'/fdf 5'6 kfPsf] k|df0f gePsf] eGg] / bf]>f] s'/fdf bflvn ePsf] ljj/0f cg';f/ ;dod} km5f}{6 ug{‘ kg]{ afWotf 5'6 ;DaGwL k|df0fkq gePsf] eGg] tkm{ sf/jfxL ePsf] hfgsf/L s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/fnfO{ ePsf] tYo dfly pNn]v ePsf] kq k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 tyf ;dod} km5f}{6 ul/g' kg]{ eGg] tkm{ ;d]t dfly pNn]v ePsf pBf]u laefu jf pBf]u dGqfnosf] kqAbf/f cfos/ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/L lbg n]vL cfPsf]af6 ;f] cg';f/ ug{ gldNg] eGg] s/ sof{nosf] lhsL/ b]lvb}g . ug{ gldNg] eP ;f]xL cg';f/ n]vL uPsf] ;d]t kfOb}g . 5'6 ;DaGwL ;'ljwf lbg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;DaGwLt sfof{nosf] cg'/f]w cg';f/ ug{ gldnL km5f}{6 g} ug{‘ kg]{ jfWotf s] xf] b]lvb}g . o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bg x]l/+bf pQm pBf]u >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u laefusf] k=;+= @)$!.$@ p=lj=O=;f=#!!%.&-@% r=g+= %^@% ldlt @)$!.^.* sf] kqaf6 pTkfbg d'ns 7'nf pBf]usf] ?kdf Ohfht k|fKt u/L @)$!.*.@^.# sf lbg sDkgL btf{ ePsf] /x]5 . Dofb leq pTkfbg k|f/De x'g g;sL Dofb yksf] lgj]bgdf pBf]u laefusaf6 )$^ ;fn r}q d;fGt ;Ddsf] nflu Dofb yk ePsf] / ldlt @)$^.@.@ b]lv pQm pBf]un] cfˆgf] pTkfbg k|f/De u/]sf] egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . @)$$.&.! b]lv cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* df bf]>f] ;+zf]wg ePsf] ePklg z+zf]lwt bkmf !)-@_ sf] k|fjwfg cg'?k tf]lsPsf] cjwL leq pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] eP cg'dtL k|fKt ubf{sf] avt sfod /x]sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd g} ;'ljwf kfpg] egL Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u laefudf lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL rln /x]sf]df tyf cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg g;Sg] eGg] lg0f{o gx'+b} s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/af6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ nfu]sf] n] cfos/ 5'6 ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{‘elg k|lt/IfLsf] gfddf k|ltif]w hf/L u/L kfp+ elg pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] ;+zf]lwt bkmf !)-@_ sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ of] bkmf k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 o;} P]g adf]lhd cg'dtL k|fKt u/L of] bkmf k|f/De x'g' cufj} pTkfbg z'? ug]{ jf cg'dtL kqdf tf]lsPsf] cjwL leq pTkfbg z'? ug]{ pBf]un] cjwL lsl6Psf] htL ;'ljwf ;x'lnot / ;+/If0fsf] xsdf cg'dtL k|fKt ubf{sf] avt sfod /x]sf] Joj:yf adf]lhdg} kfpg] 5 / cjwL glsl6Psf] ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot / ;+/If0fsf] xsdf o;} bkmfdf ul/Psf] Joj: yf adf]lhd kfpg]5 . egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5. ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] kmf]6f] k|ltaf6 lgj]bsn] ldlt @)$*.(.* df k|d'v s/ clws[t, s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/nfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/ n]v]sf] kqaf6 pQm pBf]un] pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] ldltaf6 xfn;Dd ePsf] sfo{ k|ult x]bf{ @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L d'No clej[l4 u/L pTkflbt j:t' pknJw u/fp+b} cfPsf]n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g -;+zf]wg ;xLt_ @)#* sf] tTsflng bkmf !) -s_ -@_ -s_ adf]lhd kf+r jif{sf] nfuL cfos/ 5'6 ;'ljwf kfpg lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=k|zf]lwt vfg]t]n pTkfbg ug]{ 7'nf] pBf]usf] ?df :yflkt ePsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] l:yltsf] pBf]u ePsf] cfwf/df cfos/ 5'6 k|fKtLsf] nflu sf/jfxL rnL /x]sf] / s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug ;sL /x]sf] gePklg cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/L ul/ lbg] egL ;DjlGwt ljefuaf6 kqfrf/ eO /x]sf] l:ylt / ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk'0f{ hfgsf/L s/ sfo{no lj/f6gu/nfO{ eO{ /]sf] b]lv+bf tyf c? j9L a'‰g'kg]{ jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{‘ kg]{ cfjzSotf b]lvP tT;DjGwL hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt laefuaf6} k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5+bf5b} klg s/ sof{no la/f6gu/faf6 ldlt @)%).^.!$ df pQm pBf]unfO{ cfo ljj/0f ;xltsf] jf;nft tyf gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ jxLvftf jLn e/kfO{ cflb lnO{ vftf kl/If0f u/fpg] sfo{sf] nfuL ;ft lbg leq pkl:yt x'g] ;"rgf lbPsf] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] kqsf] kmf]6f] 240

k|ltaf6 b]lvG5 . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf tyf ;'ljwf k|fKtL tkm{sf] sf/jfxL g6'+lªb} / ;DjlGwt laefu Pj+ dGqfnoaf6 hfgsf/L lb+bf lbb} klg s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 ;ft lbg] pkl:yt x'g] ;"rgf kfPaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f k|s[of k|f/De x'g nfu]sf] b]lv o; cbfntdf k|ltif]w ;DjGwL lgj]bg kg{ cfO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf]df s/ sfof{no, la/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)%).(.@6 df ;"rgf j'emL @)%).!).* df lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;s]sf] geO{ lgl/If0f k/LIf0fsf] sfo{;Dd k|f/De ePsf] b]lvPsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t pTkfbg d'ns 7'nf pBf]un] cfos/ ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]af6 / To; tkm{ sf/jfxL ;d]t rnL /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] To; tkm{ Wofg glbO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ tkm{sf] k|s[of k|f/De u/]sf] d'gfl;a eGg gldnsf]n] :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf= cfos/ ;'ljwf ;DaGwL sf/jfxL lg0f{o geP;Dd lgj]bssf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{‘ eGg] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] gfddf k|ltif]w hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofofwLjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lakIfLnfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg";f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ff Olt ;Dat )%# ;fn df3 @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\================= .

241

efuM #( ;fnM @)%$ dlxgfM df3 c+sM !), km};nf ldlt M @)%#.!).@#.$, lg0f{o g+= ^$$( ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ff dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/gfy cfrfo{ ;Djt\ @)%! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= == #%)) ljifoM pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z . lgj]bsM lhNnf df]/ª xflQd'8f l:yt :jlts cfon O{08li6«h -k|f_ln= sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf= clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L lh= df]/ª lj/f6gu/ g=kf= j8f g+= * g/]z b'u8 . lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ · k|ltif]w ;DjGwL lgj]bg pk/ ;'gjfO{ eO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z eO ;s]sf] / pQm cfb]z s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/df k'Ubf tyf lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fp+bfsf] ca:yf;Dd s/ lgwf{/0f eO;s]sf] gx+'bf o; cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg /x]sf] laifodf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g' ;a{yf plrt eGg ;lsg] ca:yf gb]lv+g] . -k|=g+= (_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L z'lzn s'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf, >L jn/fd s]=;L= cjnlDat ghL/M x cfb]z Gof= s]bf/gfy cfrfo{M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf **-@_ jdf]lhd o; cbfntdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5 . @= pTkfbg d'ns 7'nf] pBf]usf] :yfkgf u/L k|zf]lwt vfg] t]n pTkfbg ug{ >L pBf]u ljefuaf6 ldlt @)$!.^.* df Ohfht k|fKt u/L ldlt @)$!.*.@^ df sDkgL btf{ u/L >L pBf]u ljefuaf6 ldlt @)$%.!.% df pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ Dofbyk @)$^ r}qd;fGt ePsf]df ;f] Dofb leq} ldlt @)$^.@.@ df pBf]u :yfkgf e} pTkfbg z'? ePsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] d'n bkmf !)-u_-@_ cGtu{t # jif{sf] cGtz'Ns 5'6sf] ;'ljwf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmf/L;df cGtz'Ns ljefuaf6 ldlt @)$(.!.!$ sf] kqaf6 k|fKt eof], t/ cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf d"No clej[l4sf] cfwf/df cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ -@_-s_ cGtu{t % jif{ / cfjZos pkef]Uo j:t'df t]n ePsf] cfwf/df P]=P]gsf] bkmf ( -!_-s_ -!_ / bkmf !)-s_-#_ jdf]lhd yk @ jif{ kfpg] ;DjGwdf >L pBf]u ljefudf xfn ;Dd sf/ jfxL rnL /x]sf] ljifodf pBf]u ljefun] ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] lx;fj lstfj hfFrj'em ug]{ cf]6df ;'ljwf ;DjGwL sf/ jfxLsf] 6'+uf] gnfUb} ;'ljwf cjlw leqsf cfly{s jif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sf/jfxL z'? ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f] sf/jfxL /f]Ssf u/L kfpF egL k|ltz]wsf] l/6 cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg] o; ;Ddflgt cbfntdf l/6 g+= @*!@ ldlt @)%).^.@) df btf{ u/L sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 . #= pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkm klg @)%).!).* df k|:t't e} ;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f] l/6 lgj]bg o; cbfntsf] ljrf/lwg 5 / ;f] s'/f ljkIfL s/ sfof{nonfO{ klg yfxf hfgsf/L ePs} xf] . pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf o; pBf]un] cGt/Ld cfb]zsf] nfuL z'?df g} dfu u/]sf] lyof], To;df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 cfo ljj/0f ;lxtsf] jf;nft tyf gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ k|df0f vftf kl/If0f sfo{sf tTsfn} lgj]bsnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n u/L pk/ ug{ nfu]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsf]n] hjfkm cfPkl5sf] ljBdfgtf ePdf pko'Qm cfb]z ug{ ldNg] g} x'Fbf tTsfn} cGt/Ld cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg' k/]g elg cfb]z eof] . t/ ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] pNn]lvt l/6 lgj]bg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] larf/ lwg /x]sf] cj:yf / pBf]u ljefudf s/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL rln /x]sf] hfgsf/L ;d]t k|fKt /x]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntL sf/jfxL / pBf]u ljefudf s/ 5'6 ;DjGwL e} /x]sf] sf/jfxLdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ;f] s/ 5'6 cjlw leqsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ g} gePsf]df ;'ljwf kfpg] cjlw leqsf] cf=j= @)$%.$^ sf] v'b cfo/ ?=!,^($#&.## / s/ ?=^*,@!*.^& tyf cf=j= @)$^.$& sf] v'b cfo ?=#),^@,)^).## / s/ ?=!%,!$,%#).!& nufO s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z qmdzM ldlt @)%).!@.@^ / @)%).!@.#! df u/L s/sf] /sd dfu ug{‘ ePsf] u}/sfg"gL 5 . pQm cfb]zx? qmdzM ldlt @)%!.!.!! / @)%!.!.!$ df k|fKt ePsf]af6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bt ;dfgtfsf] xs tyf cf}=Jo=P]g, @)#* sf] 242

$= %=

^=

&=

bkmf !)-s_ -@_-s_ / bkmf (-!_-s_-a_ / bkmf !) -s_ -#_ ;d]tsf] sfg"gn] ;+/If0f / ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] xs clwsf/ df u}/ sfg"gL cf3ft k'of{pg' ePsf] k|i6} 5 . t;{yM dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cfwf/ a"+bfaf6 k|i6 5 ls s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] cf}wf]lus Jofj;fo P]g, @)#* n] s/ 5'6 kfpg] cjlw @)$%.$^ b]lv & jif{;Ddsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ bflvnf ug{ dfu ug{‘ gkg]{ ;DjGwL k|ltz]wsf] l/6 g+= @*!@ btf{ e} o; ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf sf/jfxL rln sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z ;d]t hf/L e} ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t k|:t't u/L ;f] /L6 lgj]bsf] 6'+uf] gnfUb} tyf pBf]u ljefun] s/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL x'Fb}5 eGg] ;"rgf u/]sf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-@_-s_ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ ;d]tsf] jf:tf gu/L sfg"gn] pBf]unfO{ 5'6 k|bfg ug]{ cjlw tf]lsPsf] cj:yfsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ bflvnf ug{ dfu ug{‘ gkg]{df pQm 5'6 cjlw @)$%.$^ / @)$^.$& sf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/sf] /sd bflvnf ug{ dfu ug{‘ ePsf] cgflwsf/ x'Fbf lgj]bssf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_ wf/f !& tyf wf/f &# / cf}wf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s--@--s_ / !)-s_-#_ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ ;d]tsf] xs clwsf/df u}/ sfg"gL cf3ft k'of{pg' ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 hf/L u/L cf=j= @)$%.$^ / @)$^.$& sf] s/ c;'n ug]{ ;DjGwL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zx? jb/ u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_ @-s_ / bkmf !)-s--#_ jdf]lhd & jif{sf s/ 5'6 k|bfg ug{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L pk/f]Qm xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' elg ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod jdf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . ljkIfL :jlts cfon O08li6h -k|f=_ ln= xfltd'8f df]/+un] cGtz'Ns sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)$^.#.@ sf] kqfg';f/ ldlt @)$^.@.@ b]lv ;f] pBf]un] pTkfbg sfo{ ;+rfng u/]sf]df cf=j= @)$%.$^ / @)$^.$& sf] cfo ljj/0f jf;nft gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj ;d]t qmdzM ldlt @)$&.!!.@@ / ldlt @)$*.*.@& df o; sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] /x]5 . cf}Bf]lus Jof;f P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @)-!_ adf]lhd cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t cg'dlt k|fKt u/L jf btf{ u/L ;+rfng ePsf] pBf]un] cjlw lsl6Psf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotsf] ;DjGwdf ;f]xL P]g, jdf]lhd kfpg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] s'g} k|df0f jf sfuhft o; sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] 5 eGg g;]s]sf] x'Fbf lgh l/6 lgj]bsn] sfg"g jdf]lhd cfos/ 5'6 kfO{ ;s]sf] xf] eGg ldn]g . o; l:yltdf l/6 lgj]bs s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] cf=j= @)$%.$^ / @)$^.$& sf] cfo ljj/0fx? cfos/ P]g, @)#! -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf ##-!_ adf]lhd lglb{i6 ;dfofjlw leq km5{of]{6 ug{‘ kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! Pj+ cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#! jdf]lhd cfjZos hfFr j'em u/L qmdzM ldlt @)%).!@.@^ / @)%!.!@.#! df ;f] cf=j= x?sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfb]z sfg"g ;Fut x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{sf ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L z'lzn s'df/ l;Gxfn] ug{‘ ePsf] jx; gf]6df :jlts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln= h:t} cGo t]n pBf]u h:tf] ls >L /fd l/kmfO{08 cfon k|f]8S;g k|f=ln= jf kz'klt vfB pBf]un] cl3 g} pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmf/L;df % jif{sf] cfos/ 5'6 k|fKt u/]sf]df cfjZos pkef]Uo j:t' gePsf] elg @ jif{sf] yk ;'ljwf k|fKt gePsf]df ;Ddflgt cbfntdf l/=g+= $&@ / #$*% bfo/ ePsf]df o;} cbfntaf6 @ jif{sf] yk ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L cfb]z ePsf]5 . o;/L ;dfg lsl;dsf] ;dfg j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ Pp6f pBf]un] ;'ljwf kfpg] / ;'ljwf kfpg' kg]{ u/L P]gåf/f :ki6 Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o; pBf]unfO{ pQm cfos/ ;'ljwf lsg lbg gx'g] xf] eGg] sf/0f gb]vfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'gf;fy o; cbfntdf k|ltz]w ;DjGwL l/6 bfo/ eO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L eO{ s/ sfof{non] pQm cfb]z a'lem lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fPkl5 cj cfP/ s/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 eGg] pQm lg0f{o sfg"g ;Ddt sfo{ ePg / cbfntsf] ljrf/lwg /x]sf] ljifodf cltqmd0f x'g uPsf] :ki6 5 . k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfnsf] ghL/ o; lgj]bgsf] xsdf nfUg ;Sg] xf]Og lsgeg] k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z eO ;s]kl5 dfq o; cbfntdf l/6 btf{ x'g cfPsf] xf] . t/ k|:t't s]zdf s/ lgwf{/0f x'g eGbf cl3 g} o; cbfntdf k|ltz]w ;DjGwL lgj]bg btf{ ePkl5 s/ lgwf{/0f ePaf6 cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg ljifodf c6]/ ePsf]n] s/ lgwf{/0f ePkl5 o;} cbfntdf lgj]bg btf{ ul/g' kg]{ cfjZos x'g cfpF5 . j}slNks pkfo tkm{ hfg ;fGbl{\es gx'g] x'Fbf k|bLk cu|jfnsf] ghL/ o;df lng ldNb}g . cfos/ ;'ljwf ;DjGwL sf/jfxL rNbfrNb} s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df To:tf] cfb]z jb/ x'g] egL g]=sf=k= @)$( lg=g+= $%^$ k[i7 %&* c+s ^ df l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ;d]t ePaf6 s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)%).!@.@^ / @)%).!@.#! df ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z jb/efuL 5 eGg] / >L % sf] ;/sf/ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L jn/fd s]=;L= åf/f k|:t't jx; lhsL/df cfos/ 5'6 jf ;x'lnot kfPsf] eP ;f] ;DjGwL k|df0f jf sfuhft k]z ug{‘kg]{ k]z ug{ g;s]kl5 cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL ;'ljwf kfO{ 243

;s]sf] eGg ldn]g csf]{ tkm{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-!_ jdf]lhd lglb{i6 ;do cjlwleq km5of]{6 ul/g' kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf ePaf6 )%).!@.@^ / @)%).!@.#! df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfb]z sfg"g ;Ddt ePaf6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf ;fy} >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] j[xt km'nj]Graf6 k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfnsf] o;} ljifo ;DjGwL l/6 lgj]bgdf j}slNks pkfo /x+bf/x+b} ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6sf] dfWodaf6 cfpg g;Sg] l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ePsf] tyf ljleGg l/6 lgj]bgx?df o; cbfntdf o; cbfntsf ;j} h;f] Ohnf;af6 k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfnsf] ghL/df s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ dxf lgb]{zs s/ ljefu jf /fhZj GofofwLs/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ j}slNks pkfosf] cjnDjg gu/L ;jf]{Rr cbfndf l/6 dfWodaf6 k|:t't x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg nfUg} g;Sg] ePaf6 ;d]t lgj]bg vf/]h x'g kb{5 elg pNn]v ug{‘ ePsf] 5 . *= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg elg k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf pNnlvt ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] jx; lhsL/nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] lgj]bs :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln= sf] cfos/ ;DjGwdf ldlt @)%).!@.@^ / )%).!@.#! df u/]sf] cfb]z jb/ x'g] jf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] s] xf] < ;f] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . (= lgj]bg lhsL/df :jlts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln= k|zf]lwt vfg] t]n pTkfbg ug]{ 7'nf] pBf]usf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t ;'ljwf kfpg] vfnsf] pBf]u xf]O{g eGg] lhls/ lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ;d]t b]lv+b}g . ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] pBf]u ljefu ;'ljwf zfvfsf] k=;+= )$*.$( p=lj=;'= @# -:jl:ts cfon O=_ ldlt @)$*.@.( df s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/nfO{ pQm :jlts cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fPsf] tyf ;f]xL ljefuaf6 ldlt @)%!.^.!* pj+ @)%!.(.!) df s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/nfO{ n]v]sf] kqdf cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL 6'+uL g;s]sf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] / ;f]xL ljefuaf6 s/ ljefu, nflhDkf6nfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/Psf] kqdf :jlts cfon ;d]tsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL 6'+uL g;s]sf]n] xfnnfO{ cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/L lbg] cfjZos Joj:yf x'g egL n]vL uPsf] . pBf]u dGqfnosf] cf=k|= zfvfaf6 s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ sf] gfddf ldlt @)%#.(.!^ df :jl:ts cfon O08li6«hsf] cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL lg0f{o 6'+uf] gnfu'Gh]n tT;DjGwdf lgj]bssf] dfu cg'?k cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL s/fjfxL gu/L lbg' x'g egL n]vL uPsf] ;d]t b]lv+bf :jl:ts cfon O08li6«h cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ @)#* cGtu{t ;'ljwf kfpg g;Sg] pBf]usf] ?kdf /x]5g b]lvPg . lgj]bg dfu x]/L+bf o; pBf]un] pTkfbg z'? ldltb]lv xfn;Dd ePsf] sfo{ k|ultaf6 @) k|ltzt eGbf j9L d"No clej[l4 u/L pTkflbt j:t' pknJw u/fpb} cfPsf]n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ @)#* sf] ;fljs bkmf !)-s_ @-s_ cGtu{t % jif{sf] nflu cfos/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] / pQm k|fjwfgnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] ;+zf]lwt bkmf !)-@_ n] sfod /fv]sf] x'Fbf / pBf]u ljefudf sf/jfxL e}/x]sf] x'Fbf cfos/ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL g6'+luP;Dd pQm pBf]usf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{‘ eGg] k|ltz]wsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF elg lgj]bsn] ldlt @)%).^.@).$ df o; cbfntdf lbPsf] lgj]bg pk/ ;'g'jfO{ eO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf]df s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)%).(.@^ df ;"rgf k|fKt u/L ldlt @)%).!).* df lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t lkm/fPsf] / k|ltz]w ;DjGwL lgj]bgsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pQm :jlts cfon O08li6«hsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] tyf k|rlnt sfg"gåf/f 5'6 kfpg ;Sg] cj: yfsf] pBf]u eO{ 5'6 ;DjGwL sf/jfxL ;d]t rln /x]sf] b]lv+bf cfos/ 5'6 lbg] glbg] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o geP;Dd lgj]bssf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f gug{‘ elg o;} Ohnf;af6 k|ltz]wsf] cfb]z hf/L eO{ /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . k|ltif]w ;DjGwL lgj]bg pk/ ;'gjfO{ eO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z eO ;s]sf] / pQm cfb]z s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/df k'Ubf tyf lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fpbfsf] ca:yf;Dd s/ lgwf{/0f eO;s]sf] gx'bf o; cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg /x]sf] laifodf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g' ;a{yf plrt eGg ;lsg] ca:yf b]lvb}g . k|:t't lgj]bg ;DjGwdf s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lnlvt hjfkm x]l/+bf pQm cfon O08li6«hsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z qmdzM @)%).!@.@^ / @)%).!@.#! df ePsf] eGg] kfO{G5 . k|ltif]w ;DjGwL lnlvt hjfkmaf6 sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z pQm sfof{non] @)%).(.@^ df a'em]sf] / @)%).!).* df lnlvt hjfkm lkm/fPsf] kfO{G5 . sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] # dlxgf kl5 uP/ s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] b]lv+bf o; cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg ljifodf x8a8fP/ lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ cf}lrTo s] xf] s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lv+b}g . lnlvt hjfkmdf cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] k|df0f k]z gePsf] eGg] ljj/0fx? k]z ePkl5 lglb{i6 ;do leq} km5of]{6 ug{‘ kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]n] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] eGg] ;Dd b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd 5'6 ;DjGwL k|df0f gePsf] eGg] s'/f 5 To; ;DjGwdf sf/jfxL eO /x]sf] eGg] tkm{ pBf]u ljefu jf pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 pQm sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] tkm{ dfly pNn]v ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 sf/jfxL g} gePsf] eGg] cj:yf /x]g . sf/jfxL rn]sf] cj:yfdf s:tf] lg0f{o x'g] eGg] tkm{ s/ sfof{non] ;DjlGwt sfof{noaf6 cem j9L hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ gldNg] eGg] lhsL/ klg gePsf] tyf To;tkm{ s/ sfof{non] cfˆgf] sfg"gL jfWotf bzf{O kqfrf/ u/]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lv+b}g / tt\ ;DjGwL cfwf/ k'u]sf] l:ylt klg kfO{b}g . ljj/0f bflvn ePkl5 lglb{i6 ;do leq km5{\of}6 ug'"kg]{ eGg] lhls/sf] 244

;DjGwdf ljrf/flwg /xL ;s]sf] ljifo x'Fbf / o; cbfntaf6 sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z ;d]t hf/L eO{ pQm sfof{noaf6 b]vfPsf] k|:t't cfwf/ klg b/Lnf] /x]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf ePg . cj ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmfn] pNn]v ug{‘ ePsf] k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfn ;DjGwL ghL/sf] xsdf ljrf/ u/L+bf k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfnsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] s/ sfof{nosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg tx 5+bf5+b} pQm pkrf/sf] dfWod ckgfO{ ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf af6f] ckgfPsf] b]lvPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf klxn] k|ltz]w ;DjGwL l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] l:ylt lyPg . k|:t't lgj]bgdf cfos/ 5'6 kfpg' kg]{ eGg] lhls/ lnO{ /x]sf lgj]bssf] lgj]bg pk/ ;DjlGwt lgsfodf sf/jfxL rln lg0f{o eO{ g;Sb} cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ nfu]sf]n] k|ltz]wsf] cfb]zåf/f /f]sL kfpg o; cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ eO{ sf/0f b]vf cfb]z hf/L u/L lgj]bg pk/ ljrf/ eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf lyof] . s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 o; cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg x'g k'u]sf] s'/fdf cbfntnsf] lg0f{o gx'Fb} s/ lgwf{/0f u/]af6 klxn] lbPsf] k|ltz]w ;DjGwL lgj]bgs} ;]/f]km]/f] / ;/f]sf/sf] cfwf/df k|:t't lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] eGg'kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . o; l: yltdf k|:t't lgj]bgdf j}sNkLs dful{\yof] elg dfGg gldn]sf] cj:yfdf k|bLk s'df/ cu|jfn ;DjGwL lgj]bg / k|: t't lgj]bgsf] l:ylt Ps} k|sf/sf] gb]lv+bf pQm ghL/sf] cf8df k|:t't lgj]bg nfUg g;sL vf/]h x'g' kg]{ eGg] ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmfsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . !)= t;{yM o; cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg /x]sf] ljifodf cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] k|ltIff gu/L x7ft\ u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Fut /x]sf] eGg gldn]af6 s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/af6 :jl:ts cfon O08li6«hsf] cf=j= @)$%.$^ / @)$^.$& sf] cfos/ ;DjGwnfO{ lnP/ ldlt @)%).!@.@^ / @)%).!@.#! df u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zx? pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ x'G5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfnfO{ k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ff Olt ;Djt\ @)%# ;fn df3 @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\========================.

245

g]=sf=k= @)%^, cÍ @, km};nf ldltM @)%%.%.!*, lg0f{o g+= ^^^% ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L nId0fk|;fb cof{n dfggLo Gofolwz >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fn ;+Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ==== @^)& ljifoM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] nufotsf hf] rflxn] cf1f cfb]z k'lh{ hf/L u/L kf+p . lgj]bsM ;'g;/L lhNnf w/fg g=kf=df 3/ eO{ xfn nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= !( j:g] clwjQmf sf]lkn k|;fb clwsf/L lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t cf7 hgf · cfoft ljGb' cyf{t eG;f/ sfo{nodf w/f}6L :j?k p7fOg] d"No clej[l4 jfktsf] /sd dWo] slt /fhZj vftfdf bflvnf x'g] / slt /sd bflvnf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg] eGg] s'/f s/ bftfn] kl5 k]z ug{ ljj/0faf6 dfq olsg x'G5 . pQm Joj:yfaf6 jf:tljs /fhZj :j?ksf] s/ /sd of] olt eof] egL kl5 ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf hDdf ubf{ olsg x'g] / ;f] jfx]s pQm /sd cGo vftfdf /fVg gkfpg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ n] s'g} cfly{s jif{sf] lgldQ ag]sf] cfly{s P]gdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf s/ nufO{ c;"n pk/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;Dd of] P]gn] lbPsf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf @! df P]g adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ePsf] s/ To;/L lgwf{/0f ePsf] ldltn] ^ jif{ kl5 c;'n ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfgaf6 ;f] bkmf ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] 5 elg lgisif{ lgsfNg ldNg] s'/f klg b]lvb}g / ;fy} /fhZj c;"nLsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ /fhZj c;"n gug]{ eGg] cy{ nufpg klg ldNb}g . P]gsf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ pkbkmf ! af6 cnu u/]/ x]g{ ldNg] klg xf]Og / bkmf @)-!_ df s/ c;"nLsf] ;DaGwdf cjnDjg ul/g] tl/sfsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] Dofb leq s/ ga'emfpg] s/bftfaf6 pNn]lvt tl/sf ckgfO{ s/ c;"nL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] x'Fbf P]gsf] bkmf @!-@_ df jl0f{t pQm k|fjwfg a9Ldf ^ jif{ leq /fhZj p7L ;sf]; eGg] x]t'n] ljwflosfn] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . · t;y{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ ;+u d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-@_ / P]hgsf] lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %!-!_-@_-#_ aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . -k|=g+ !& / !*_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M lj4fg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L jf;'b]j 9'+ufgf, ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tL, ljåfg clwjQmf >L sf]lknk|;fb clwsf/L ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L jn/fd s]=;L cjnlDat glh/M X km};nf o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o; k|sf/ 5M @= b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos /fhZj c;'n pk/ ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L /fh:j ;+sng k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug]{ s'/f P]gsf] k|:tfjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug]{ s'/f P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%@.!@.& df k|sfzg ePsf] d'No clej[l3 s/ P]g, @)%@ / o;} P]gsf] bkmf $! n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lgld{t Pj+ :jLs[t e} ldlt@)%#. !!.!@ sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, )%# ldlt @)%$. *.! b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L tf]ls;s]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt P]gsf bkmf @!-@_ df ePsf] ^ jif{ kl5 /fhZj c;'n ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] ge} cg'lrt ePsf] / lgodfjnLsf] lgod %!-!_ -#_ df ePsf] d"No clej[l4 sf]if /fVg] tyf ;+rfng ug]{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &^ df /x]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_-@_ sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n /x]sf] d'No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @!-@_ sf] k|fjwfg tyf wf/f &$ sf] ;lGrt sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|lts'n /x]sf] d'No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %!-!_-@_-#_ sf] k|fjwfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] 246

;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf wf/f **-!_-@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z nufotsf hf] rflxn] cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L k|f/De b]lvg} jb/ u/L lgis[o Pa+ c;+j}wflgs 3f]lift u/L kfp ;fy} pNn]lvt P]g lgodx? ldlt @)%$.*.! ut] b]lv nfu' e} df}lns xs k|lts'n lgld{t P]gsf] cg'lrt bkmf tyf lgodfjnLsf] c;+j}wflgs lgodx? ;s[o x'g] x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %!-!_-@_-#_ sf] d"No clej[l4 sf]if v8f ug]{ /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ / sf]if ;+rfng ug]{ nufotsf c;+j}wflgs sfo{ gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL k|ToyL{x?sf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bs clwjQmf sf]lkn k|;fb clwsf/Lsf] l/6 lgj]bg . #= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < kG„ lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL lakIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug{‘ ;fy} cGtl/dcfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf nflu ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ ljz]if Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ eGg] Joxf/fsf] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . $= o; dGqfnosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bgdf v'nfO{sf] 5}g, o; dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljw]os th{‘df eO{ ;Dk'0f{ k|s[ofx? k'/f ePkl5 ;+;bdf k]z ug{ cfjZos k|ltx? ;lxt ;DalGwt dGqfnon] o; dGqfnodf k7fpg] x'Fbf ;f] eGbf a9L o; dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf /xg] u/]sf] 5}g, pNn]lvt lgodfjnL tof/ ug]{ sfd o; dGqfnoaf6 gePsf] x'Fbf o; dGqfnosf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} klg xs xgg gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm %= o; dGqfnosf] s'g sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfg k|lts"n sfd x'g uof] . ;f] s'/fsf] ls6fgL lgj]bsn] ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Dd Jojl:yt tl/sf ckgfO{ s/ c;'n ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf lgwf{/0f ePsf]n] ^ jif{ k"j{ g} P]gsf] bkmf @!-!_ df tf]lsPsf] tl/sf ckgfO{ c;'n pk/ xf];\ eGg] P]gsf] dg;fo /x]sf] / d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %! sf] pklgod -!_ df s/bftfaf6 lkmtf{ x'g] /sd d"No clej[l4 s/ sf]ifsf] vftfdf hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ;Dd ul/Psf] xf] . pklgod -@_ df lkmtf{ lbO{ afFls /x]sf] /sd b}lgs ?kdf tf]lsPsf] /fhZj vftfdf hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Ps} b]lvFbf pQm k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ lakl/t eGg ldNb}g, lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf] sfg"g aflemPsf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h of]Uo 5, vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . ^= ;lrjfno :jo+ ljwflosf xf]Og, s]jn Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw k"/f ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfo dfq xf], t;y{ ;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{ lakIfL agfpg' ts{k"0f{ / sfg"g ;Ddt b]lvb}g, lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;+;b ;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . &= d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf @!-@_ -^_ sf] Joj:yf >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g' kg]{ /fhZj ;/n / lglZrt ;do lgwf{/0f u/L k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 c;'n pk/ ug{ nfdf] ;do;Dd jSof}tf /xg uO{ /fhZj k|zf;gdf pJhg ;Sg] l9nfO{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 clek|]l/t 5 ;+ljwfg ljkl/t 5}g / ;fy} d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod %!!_ -@_ -#_ sf] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf @$ tyf @% nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf], h'g Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ k|lts'n /x]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfn]vf lgoGq0fsf] sfo{nosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . *= d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf @!-@_-^_ n] ;dod} /fhZj c;'n pk/ ug]{ / l9nfO{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zo u|x0f u/s]f] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg ljkl/t /x]sf] 5}g . d'No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod %!-!_-@_-#_ df ePsf] Joj:yfn] w/f}6 ?kdf /xg cfPsf] /fh:j /sdsf] Joj:yfkg dfq ug]{ x'Fbf ;f] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ ljkl/t eof] egL eGg ldNg] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm. (= lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fpg' ePsf] ljifo >L % sf] ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)$& adf]lhd cy{ dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]q leq kg]{ xf] lakIfLn] o; ;lrjfnosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/df xgg ePsf] xf] To;sf] :ki6 lhls/ glnO{ pQm ljjfbdf c;+nUg o; ;lrjfno ;d]tnfO{ k|ToyL{ agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5, vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @! -@_ n] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] ldltn] ^ jif{kl5 c;'n ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yf s] s;/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_ / -@_ sf] lakl/t x'g uof] eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bg :ki6 x'g g;s]sf] c:ki6 ljifoj:t'df l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g g;Sg], d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %! cGtu{tsf] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf @$ tyf @% nfO{ sfo{Gjog ug{ cfslif{t x'g], e+;f/ ljGb'df ;+slnt x'g] d"No clej[l4 s/nfO{ Pp6f 5'§} sf]ifdf hDdf u/L P]gsf] bkmf @$ tyf @% adf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ /sd lkmtf{ ePkl5 dfq /fhZj vftfdf 247

hDdf ug]{ eGg] pNn]lvt lgodsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] s/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;'Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ ?kdf ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu jg]sf] sfg"gnfO{ ;+ljwfg k|lts'n eof] eGg gldNg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h of]Uo 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . !!= eG;f/ ljefusf tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't gePsf] . !@= lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L sf]lkn k|;fb clwsf/Ln] lgodn] cGo sf]if v8f ug{ g;Sg] P]gåf/f g} sf]if v8f ug{‘kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{df d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL @)%# sf] lgod %! n] csf]{ sf]if v8f ug]{ /x]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg lakl/t 5, ;fy} d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf @! -@_ sf] Joj:yf ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt ljkl/t 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . lgj]bs tkm{s} csf{ ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L af;'b]j 9'+ufgfn] No Taxation without Representation sf] l;4fGt /x]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ub}{ P]gsf] bkmf @$ / @% cg';f/ lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ /sd lkmtf{ lbO{ afsL /sd ;j{;lGrt sf]ifdf hfg] xf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘eof] eg] ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]ltn] P]gsf] bkmf @!-@_ df s/ ltg{‘ kg]{ bfloTj ^ jif{kl5 k"/f ug{ gkg]{ eg]af6 s/ ltg]{ / ^ jif{ ;Dd gltg]{sf lar c;dfgtf eof] s]xL ;dosf nflu klg P]gn] v8f gu/L lgodn] v8f u/]sf] sf]ifsf /fhZj /sd /fVg gldNg] x'Fbf lgodfjnLsf] lgod %! sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|lts'n 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘eof] . !#= ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L tkm{af6 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L an/fd s]=;L= n] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] k|s[lt g} klxn] p7fPsf] s/ kl5 lx;fa u/L lkmtf{ lbg] vfnsf] ePsf] / To;/L lkmtf{ lbg] sfo{df ;/ntf Nofpg] p2]Zon] 5'§} sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf], First entry Point df nufPsf] s/nfO{ c;'n ePsf] s/ dfGg ldNb}g, To:tf] s/ eG;f/af6 dx;'n ltg]{ ljlQs} /fhZjdf hfg] xf]Og, ^ dlxgf kl5 dfq lkmtf{ lbg kg]{ gkg]{ 6'+uf] nfUb5 . tTkZrft lkmtf{ lbg gkg]{ eP hlt dfq /fhZj /sd x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . !$= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf lgj]bs Pj+ lakIfLx? tkm{af6 pkl:ylt ljåfg clwjQmfx?n] ug{‘ ePsf] jx; lhls/ ;d]t ;'gL kmfOn sfuhft cWoog u/L lgjb]g dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{‘ kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og< eGg] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . !%= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf @)%$ ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] b]lv nfu' ePsf] d'No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-@_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %!-!_-@_-#_ ePsf] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_-@_ / wf/f &$ sf] ljkl/t x'Fbf pNn]lvt P]g Pj+ lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf lgis[o Pjd\ c;+j}wflgs 3f]lift u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ b]lvG5 . s/sf] cfwf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ / s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ /fhZj pTkfbg nIo ;Ifd tyf kf/bzL{ agfpg] lgof{tnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, Go"g ljhsLs/0f tyf rf]/L k}7f/LnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ k|d'v nIosf ;fy d+l;/ !, @)%$ b]lv d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / P]hg lgodfjnL, @)%# nfu' ePsf] / ;f] P]g Pjd\ lgodfjnL cGt/utsf s'g} klg k|fjwfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg wf/f ;+u aflemPsf] 5}g, l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; elg ljkIfL tkm{sf lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 . !^= ;j{k|yd d"No clej[l4 s/ ;+aGwdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf /x]5 elg ;dli6ut ?kaf6 sfg"gL Joj:yf tkm{ x]bf{ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufpg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] / u'7L /sd afx]s >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf /fhZj, /fhZjsf] lwtf]df lnOPsf ;j} shf{x? / P]gsf] clwsf/ cGt/ut lbOPsf] h'g ;'s} C0f c;'n x'Fbf k|fKt ePsf] ;a} wg P]g4f/f csf]{ s'g} Joj:yf gul/Pdf Ps ;/sf/L sf]ifdf cfDbfgL aflwg]5 h;nfO{ ;lGrt sf]if elgg]5 eGg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &#-!_ / wf/f &$ df Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO /fhZj kl/rfng a9fpg j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ljqmL ljt/0f x: tfGt/0f, cfoft jf lgof{t nufotsf ;j} sf/f]jf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ nufOg] / c;'n pk/ ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl: yt u/L /fhZj ;+sng k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug]{ ;d]tsf] p2]Zo lnO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ / P]hgsf] lgodfjnL @)%# d+l;/ !, @)%$ ;fn b]lv nfu' ePsf] kfOG5 . !&= g]kfn clw/fHo leq cfk"lt{ ePsf], cfoft ul/Psf] jf aflx/ lgof{t ul/Psf] j:t' jf ;]jfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] s'/f d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf %-!_ n] :ki6 ub{5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @* adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cGoyf tf]s]sf]df afx]s cfoft x'g] j:t'df eG;f/ clws[tn] o; P]g adf]lhd s/ c;"n ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ;f]xL bkmfdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L P]g adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf cg'?ksf] s/ cfoft ljGb' cyf{t eG;f/ sfo{nodf c;"n pk/ ug]{ / lgodfjnLsf] lgod %-!_adf]lhd ;+k"0f{ s/ /sd d"No clej[l4 s/ sf]if vftfdf hDdf ug{‘ kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ sf]ifdf hDdf x'g cfpsf] /sdaf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefun] P]gsf] bkmf @$ / 248

@* adf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ 7x/ ul/, cfb]z lbO{ ttkZrft afFls /sd dfq /fhZj s/ x'g] x'gfn] ;f] /sd ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd ;lGrt sf]ifdf bflvnf ug{‘kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt lgod %! sf] Joj:yfaf6 s/sf] /sd cflv/ ;j{ ;lGrt sf]ifdf g} bflvnf gul/ >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf cGo s'g} klg JolQm ljz]ifn] pQm /sd :j}lR5s ?kaf6 vr{ ug{ kfpg] s'/f b]lvFb}g . o;/L cfoft ljGb' cyf{t eG;f/ sfof{nosf w/f}6L :j?k p7fOg] d"No clej[l4 jfktsf] /sd dWo] slt /fhZj vftfdf bflvnf x'g] / slt /sd bflvnf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg] eGg] s'/f s/ bftfn] kl5 k]z ug]{ ljj/0faf6 dfq olsg x'G5 . pQm Joj:yfaf6 jf:tljs /fhZj :j?ksf] s/ /sd of] olt eof] elg kl5 ;j{ ;lGrt sf]ifdf hDdf ubf{ olsg x'g] / ;f] jfx]s pQm /sd cGo vftfdf /fVg gkfpg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g= @)%@ n] s'g} cfly{s jif{sf] lgldQ ag]sf] cfly{s P]gdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf s/ nufO{ c;"n pk/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;Dd of] P]gn] lbPsf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf @! df P]g adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ePsf] s/ To;/L lgwf{/0f ePsf] ldltn] ^ jif{ kl5 c;'n ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfgaf6 ;f] bkmf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 elg lgisif{ lgsfNg ldNg] s'/f klg b]lvb}g / ;fy} /fhZj c;"nLsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj: yfnfO{ /fhZj c;"n gug]{ eGg] cy{ nufpg klg ldNb}g . P]gsf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ pkbkmf ! af6 cnu u/]/ x]g{ ldNg] klg xf]Og / bkmf @)-!_ df s/ c;"nLsf] ;DaGwdf cjnDag ul/g] tl/sfsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] Dofb leq s/ ga'emfpg] s/bftfaf6 pNn]lvt tl/sf ckgfO{ s/ c;"n ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] x'Fbf P]gsf] bkmf @!-@_ df jl0f{t pQm k|fjwfg a9Ldf ^ jif{ leq /fhZj p7L ;sf]; eGg] x]t'n] ljwflosfn] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . !*= t;y{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ ;+u d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-@_ / P]hgsf] lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod %!-!_ -@_-#_ aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg";f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf xfd|f] ;xdtL 5 . Gof= >L s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo Gof= >L nId0fk|;fb cof{n Olt ;+jt\ @)%% ;fn ef› !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ======

249

efuM $! ;fnM @)%^ dlxgfM h]i7 c+sM @, km};nf ldlt @)%%.%.!*.%, lg0f{o g+= ^^^^ ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwL; >L s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L nId0fk|;fb cof{n dfggLo GofofwL; >L e}/j k|;fb nD;fn ;+Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/ g+=====@^@# ljifoM ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] sfg"g wf/f **-!_ adf]lhd k|f/De b]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF . lgj]bsM ;nf{xL lhNnf x/k'/ uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+= ( 3/ e}/ xfn sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= jf8{ g+= !) afg]Zjo/ led;]g uf]nf a:g] clwjQmf yfg]Zjf/ sfˆn] . lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno ;d]t . · b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fhZj kl/rfng a9fpg j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ljqmL, ljt/0f, x:tfGt/0f cfoft jf lgof{t nufotsf ;j} sf/f]jf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] / c;"n pk/ ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L /fhZjo ;+sng k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] th{'df ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn clw/fHoleq cfk'lt{ ePsf cfoft ul/Psf / g]kfn clw/fHo aflx/ lgof{t ul/Psf j:t' jf ;]jfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] / To:tf] s/ nufpg] / c;'n pk/ ug]{ k|s[of;Fu dfq pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvFbf P]gsf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts'n 5 eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . -k|=g+= !@_ · ;+ljwfgsf] efu ( df ljw]os k|:t't ug]{, kfl/t ug]{, lkmtf{ lng], :jLs[t ug]{ / cWofb]z hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] / d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cg';'lrdf cfjZos yk36 tyf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L P]gdf >L % sf] ;/ sf/nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/ b]zsf] cfly{s gLlt;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] / b]zsf] cfly{s gLltsf] to ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/s} sfo{ If]q leq kg]{ x'Fbf o;/L lgwf{l/tul/Psf] cfly{s gLlt;Fu ;fk]If x'g] u/L ;/sf/n] P]gsf] cg';'rLdf ;Dd yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ;f] P]gåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvb}g . cyf{t P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] c'g;'rL g} x]/km]/ ug]{ clwsf/L k|bfg u/]sf] ge} ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]uaf6 cg';"rLdf /x]sf d'No clej[l4 s/ ;DaGwL gLltut s'/fdf cfjZos km]/abn ;Dd dfq ul/g] xf] o:tf] clwsf/ ljwflosfn] ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] 5 eg] ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;+ljwfg ljkl/t eof] eGg gldNg] . -k|=g+= !@_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQf >L clgn s'df/ l;Gxf, ljåfg clwjQmf >L yfg]Zj/ sfˆn] ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L jn/fd s]=;L= cjnlDjt glh/M x cfb]z Gof= e}/jk|;fb nD;fnM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf wf/f **-!_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f Pa+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M @= d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] k|of]uaf6 b]zsf ljleGg efudf a;f]jf; ug]{ gful/s, hf] jf:tljs pkef]Qmf x'g n] Pp6} ;fdfg ljleGg b/ /]6df vl/b ug{ jfWo x'g' kg]{ x'G5, t;y{ pQm P]g ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_ ljkl/t 5, P]gsf] cg';"rLx? P]gsf] cleGg cË ePsfn] ;f] sf] x]/km]/ ug]{, To;df ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ljwflosfnfO{dfq x'G5, o; ;DaGwdf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^* b]lv &@ ;Dd sfo{ljlw lgwf{l/tul/Psf] 5. ;+j}wfgLs Joj:yfsf] ljkl/t uO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] P]gsf cg';'rLdf yk36 ug]{ / x]/km]/ ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnon] ldlt @)%$.%.! sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] c'g;'rL ! / cg';'rL @ sf] ;§fdf csf]{ cg';"rL /fvL x]/km]/ ul/Psf] sfo{ ;d]t ;+ljwfg 250

#=

$=

%=

^=

&= *=

(=

k|lts'n /x]sfn] ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] xb;Dddf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx? cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF ;fy} k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ tyf ;+zf]lwt cg';'rL sfo{lGjt gug{‘ egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/Lx'g gkg]{ xf] < kG„ lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfddf ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug{‘ ;fy} @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @^)& df klg ;dfg k|Zg ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] l/6 lgj]bg k]z x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg klg cGtl/d cfb]zsf nflu k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsåf/f lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt ljifosf ;DaGwdf o; dGqfnosf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]n] o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ sf/0fsf] cefjdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg jb/ efuL 5, d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf $@ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cg';"rLdf x]/km]/ u/]sf] sfo{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *^, ^(, &), &! adf]lhdsf] k|s[of ljkl/t ePsfn] jb/of]Uo 5 eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ ts{ ;+ut 5}g, s'g sfg"g agfpg], vf/]h ug]{, ;+zf]wg ug]{ nufot s'g P]gåf/f s;nfO{ s] slt clwsf/ s] s:tf] k|of]hgsf nflu lbg] eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] clwsf/ cGtu{tsf] s'/f ePsfn] k|Tofof]lht ljwfog cGtu{t ePsf] sfo{ ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . l/6 lgj]bgdf lnOPsf] lhls/ cg';f/ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_ sf] ljkl/t e} c;dfg sfg"g ePsf] / pQm P]gsf] bkmf $@ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^* b]lv &# ;Ddsf] Joj:yfsf] ljkl/t eO{ c;+j}wfgLs ePsf] elgPsf]df o; ;DaGwL ljw]os tof/ u/L ;+;bdf k|:t't ug]{ sfd o; dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]q leq gkg]{ eO{ o; dGqfnoaf6 gePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] s'g} klg bkmf jf pkbkmfsf] k|fjwfgn] s'g} klg JolQm pk/ c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5}g, of] P]g ;a} gful/snfO{ ;dfg ?kdf nfu" ePsf] / of] P]g ;f/jfg sfg"g -Substantive Law_ geO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"g Procedural Law_ ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf k|s[ofut ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt lgoldt tyf cBfjlws ug]{ k|of]hgaf6 ag]sf] x'Fbf ;d]t o:tf] sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] JolQmsf] xs clwsf/ / bfloTj dfly c;/ gkfg]{ s'/f :jtM :ki6 5, ljwflosfn] ljwfgsf] th{‘df ubf{ ;f] s'/f sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljleGg lgsfonfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L clVtof/L k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5, o;/L k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t /xL ePsf] cg';"rLdf x]/km]/ ug]{ sfo{ ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljjfbsf] ljifo o; ;lrjfnosf] sfo{ If]q leq kg]{ ljifo xf]Og, o; ;lrjfnoaf6 ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf] s'g} klg xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfnosf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . d"No clej[l4s/n] ahf/ d"NonfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ge} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] d"No clej[l4df s/ nfUg] xf], d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs ljkl/t 5}g, P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] cg';"rLdf yk36 tyf x]/km]/ ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5, P]gsf] cg';"rL ! df ;dfj]z ePsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] vl/b ljlqmdf s/ gnfUg] x'G5 eg] cg';"rL @ df >L % tyf /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 v/Lb tyf k}7f/L x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?, s'6gf}lts ;'ljwf k|fKt JolQmn] k}7f/L ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfx?, g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/ lgof{t x'g] j:t'x? / g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/sf JolQmx? cfk"lt{ x'g] ;]jfx?df z'Go b/df s/ nfUg] :ki6 5, pk/f]Qm cg';"rLdf k/]sf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] s/sf] bfloTjdf yk gug]{, s/ 5'6 k|bfg ug]{ x'Fbf cg';"rL x]/km]/ ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg cg's'n g} /x]sfn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . o;df lgj]bs ljåfg clwjQmf >L yfg]Zj/ sfˆn]n] P]gsf] bkmf $@ df cg';"rLdf cfjZos yk36 x]/km]/ ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lbOPsf] Joj:yf c;+j}wflgs 5, cg';"rL P]gsf] cleGg c• ePsfn] To;/L ;+zf]wg ug{ ldNg] xf]Og, s/ nufpg] ljifodf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf 5}g, o;/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{ No Taxation without representation sf] l;4fGt k|lts'n x'g hfG5 eGg] ;d]tsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘ eof] eg] lgj]bs tkm{af6} /xg' ePsf csf{ ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgn s'df/ l;Gxfn] P]gsf] cg';'rL / lgodsf] cg'';"rLdf leGgtf x'G5, Schedule is a part of Statute eGg] l;4fGt /x]sf] 5, P]gsf] h'g bkmfn] cg';'rL agfPsf] 5 Tof] bkmf / cg'';"rL ;dfg x'g] x'Fbf cg';"rL kl/jt{g ug]{ eg]sf] P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ xf] . s/sf] 3]/f a9fpg P]g rflxG5, ljwflosfnfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ 251

sfo{kflnsfnfO{ lbg' eg]sf] c;+j}wflgs x'G5 eGg] ;d]tsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf >L an/fd s]=;L= n] cg'';"rLdf x]/km]/ ug{‘ eg]sf] cg'';"rL g} abNg' xf]Og, d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf %-!_ df ;"lrt j:t'df dfq s/ nfU5 egL eg]sf] / To;} cg';f/ c'g;"rL aGg] x'Fbf bkmf $! / bkmf %-!_ sf] ;dGjofTds JofVof ul/g' kb{5 cg';"rLdf x]/km]/ ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf %-!_ sf] clwgdf /xL x]/km]/ ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] c;+j}wflgs eof] eGg gldNg] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . !)= l/6 lgj]bs tyf ljkIfL b'j} tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsåf/f dfu eP adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] ;DjGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'gcfof] . !!= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] k|of]uaf6 b]zdf ljleGg efudf a;f]jf; ug]{ gful/sn] Pp6} ;fdfg ljleGg b//]6df vl/b ug{ jfWo x'g' kg]{ x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts'n /x]sf] 5, P]gsf] cg';"rL P]gs} cleGg cË x'g] / To:tf] c'g";"rL x]/km]/ ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^*,^(,&),&! / &@ sf] sfo{ljlw k"/f ug{‘kg]{df To; cg';f/ gu/L d"No clej[l4s/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 ePsf] c'g;"rLdf x]/km]/ ug]{ sfd c;+j}wflgs 5, t;y{, ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xb;Dd pNn]lvt P]gsf k|fjwfgx? jb/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] d'Vo lgjb]g lhls/ /x]sf]df d"No ;d]tsf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf]df d"No clej[l4 s/ ahf/ d"NonfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ s/ ge} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] d"No clej[l4df dfq nfUg] s/ ePsfn] o; s/n] ;dfgtfsf] xsdf cf3ft k'of{]pb}g, d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cg';"lrdf x]/km]/ ug]{ sfo{ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 x'g] x'Fbf k|Tofof]lht ljwfog cGtu{tsf] sfo{nfO{ c;+j}wflgs eGg gldNg] eGg] ljklIf tkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 . !@= ;j{k|yd, d"No clej[l4 s/af6 ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsdf cf3ft k'of{tPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/sf ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fhZj kl/rfng a9fpg j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ljqmL, ljt/0f, x:tfGt/0f cfoft jf lgof{t nufotsf ;j} sf/f]jf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ nufOg] / c;"n pk/ ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L /fhZj ;+sng k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] th{‘df ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn clw/fHo leq cfk'lt{ ePsf cfoft ul/Psf / g]kfn clw/fHo aflx/ lgof{t ul/Psf j:t' jf ;]jfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] / To:tf] s/ nufpg] / c;"n pk/ ug]{ k|s[of;Fu dfq pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvFbf P]gsf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts'n 5 eGg] lgjb]g lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . ca d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L P]gsf] cg';"rL x]/km]/ ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu ( df Jojl:yt Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdf ljBdfg ;+j}wfgLs Pa+ sfg"gL Joj:yf tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu ( df ljw]os k|:t't ug]{ kfl/t ug]{, lkmtf{ lng], : jLs[t ug]{ / cWofb]z hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] / d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf $@ df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L c'g";"rLdf cfjZos yk36 tyf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L P]gdf >L % sf] ;/sf/s} sfo{ If]q leq kg]{ x'Fbf o;/L lgwf{l/tul/Psf] cfly{s gLlt;Fu ;fk]If x'g] u/L ;/sf/n] P]gsf] cg';"rLdf ;Dd yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{‘ kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ;f] P]gåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvb}g . cyf{t P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] c'g;"rL g} x]/km]/ ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ge} ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]uaf6 cg';"rLdf /x]sf d'No clej[l4 s/ ;DaGwL gLltut s'/fdf cfjZos km]/jbn ;Dd dfq u/Lg] xf] o:tf] clwsf/ ljwflosfn] ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] 5 eg] ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;+ljwfg ljkl/t eof] eGg ldNb}g . !#= t;y{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_ åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] / P]= P]gsf] bkmf $@ ;+ljwfgsf] efu ( ;+u aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsPsf] x"Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof= s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo Gof= nId0fk|;fb cof{n Olt ;+jt\ @)%% ;fn ef› !* ut] /f]h z'ed============================.

252

efuM $#, ;fnM @)%*, dlxgfM c;f/, c+sM #, km};nf ldltM @)%&.%.@.^, lg0f{o g+= ^(*$ k"0f{ Ohnf; ;DdfgLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L s]zj k|;fb pkfWofo dfggLo GofowLz >L nId0fk|;fb cof{n dfggLo GofowLz >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofo dfggLo GofowLz >L s[i0fh+u /fodfemL dfggLo GofowLz >L uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 dfggLo GofowLz >L c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{ dfggLo GofowLz >L pbo/fh pkfWofo dfggLo GofowLz >L xl/ k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofowLz >L lbnLk s'df/ kf}8]n ;Djt @)%$ ;fnsf] l/=k"=O{=g+=====*& ljifoM pTk|]if0f ld>Lt k/dfb]z . lgj]bsM lhNnf s+rgk'/ bf]wf/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= jfjfyfg a:g] dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/ . lj?4 ljkIfLM s/ sfof{no dx]G›gu/, sGrgk'/ ;d]t . · k"j{ lg0f{o ePsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt glh/x?NffO{ dfGotf lbg'kg{] l;4fGt xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] :ki6?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / xfd|f] k/Dk/fdf ;f] l;4fGtn] dfGotf k|fKt u/L cfPsf] / ;f]xL adf]lhd k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf / k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] ?lnª km/s kms/ dfgL cfPsf] cj:yf ;d]t /x]af6 cfTglgi7 b[li6sf]0f lnO{ jf lkmtnf] ts{ pkl:yt u/L ePsf glh/x?NffO{ To;} vf; sfg"gL cj:yf / sf/0f ljBdfg ePdf ug{' kg{] l:ylt cfpFb}g . cbfntn] u/]sf k"j{ lg0f{ox?af6 lglZrt?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf sfg"gL l;4fGt cfkm} klg sfg"g ;/x x'G5 . Ps} l;l;dsf] sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] cnu cnu d'2fx?df sfg"gsf] cnu cnu JofVof eP/ jf cnu cnu l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg eP/ Goflos c/fhstfsf] l:ylt pTkGg gxf]; eGg] p2]Zon] Ps?ktf sfod ug{ glh/sf] l;4fGt ckgfOPsf] x'G5 . ;f] l;4fGtsf] kfng ePdf sfg"g / sfg"gL l;4fGt lglZrt x'G5 . To;sf] a]jf:tf ePdf sfg"gsf] JofVofdf cGof]nsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . o:tf] Goflos cGof]ntf x6fpg' o; cbfntsf] st{Jo / cGt/lglxt clwsf/ ePsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf k"j{dfGo sfg"gL l;4fGt jf JofVofNffO{ cg'z/0f ug{' Goflos cg'zf;gdf /xg' xf] . o; cbfntsf] k"j{ km};nfdf Psk6s k|Zg p7L cfl;g Ohnf;sf] dfggLo GofofwLx? eGbf a9L GofofwLzx?sf] Ohnf;n] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf sfg"gL JofVof jf sfg"gL l;4fGt kl5Nnf] lg0f{o ug{] sd ;+Vof ePsf] Ohnf;n] k|Zg p7fpg dgfl;j x'Fb}g . ;f] u/]df Goflos cjwf/0ff/ xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] dd{sf] ;d]t k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . o;y{ s'g} klg ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ jf ljjfbdf p7]sf] k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ k"j{ lg0f{ox?NffO{ a9L xf]lzof/L;fy uDeL/ eO{ Goflos ljrf/ wf/faf6 pTk|]l/t eO{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf x'g'kb{5 . lsgsL To:tf k"j{glh/x? jfWofTds k|+s[ltsf x'G5g . olb ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 eg]dfq sf/0f ;lxt c;xdt x'g ;lsg] / To:tf] cj:yfdf a[xb Ohnf;df d'2f k7fpg ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ a[xb Ohnf;af6 ePsf lg0f{o jf ePsf] sfg"gL JofVof jf k|ltkflbg l;4fGtx?NffO{ cGoyf egL ;f] eGbf sd ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;n] eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . tLg ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] ;f] eGbf j[xt Ohnf;sf] ghL/NffO{ dfGotf glbO{ lg0f{o ug{'kg{] Goflos dfGotf (Judicial Norms) xf] . :yflkt dfGotf (Norms) NffO{ gdfGg] xf] eg] Goflos c/fhstf >[hgf x'G5 . ;fy} d'2fsf] lg/fs/0f jf ;dfKtL (Finality) slxn] gx'g] clglZrttf sfg"gL cj:yf pTkGg e} d'2fsf kIfx? tyf GofosdL{x?NffO{ sl7gfO{ k}bf x'G5 . · ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg0f{o x'Fbf g} o; cbfnt & ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{odf g} k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2f;Fu lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fsf] a:t'l:ylt / kl/l:ylt g} cnu /x]sf] egL Pp6f lglZrt dfu{bz{g ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;DaGwdf p7]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg (Settle) e};s]sf] x'Fbf k'gM ;f]xL k|Zg p7fpg' pko'Qm / dgfl;j eGg ldNb}g . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fsf tLg hgf dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n] km]/L ;f]xL ljifodf g} o; a[xb k"0f{ Ohnf;df ?lnË aflemPsf] egL k7fOPsf] cfb]z ldn]sf] b]lvb}g . -k|=g+= !$ / !%_ 253

· cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-@_ df s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] gfd g/fvL c?sf] gfd jf s'g} gfdaf6 s'g} sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f jf sf/f]jf/sf] aGbf]a:t lghn] g} ul/ cfPsf] / To:tf] sf/f]jf/ af6 ePsf] cfosf] ;a} jf d'Vo lx:;f lghn] g} k|fKt ug{] u/L cfPsf] eGg] s'/f s/ clws[tNffO{ olsg ePdf ;f] sf/f]jf/af6 ePsf] cfo lghsf] cfo dfgL s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] Psf3/sf efO k]|daxfb'/sf gfddf u0f]z j:qfno btf{ u/L cfkm"n] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] eGg] bf]wf/sf Jofkf/L tyf e›enfbdL ;d]tsf] egfOsf] cfwf/df s/ lg/LIfsaf6 pQm j:qfnosf] sf/f]jf/ dfly ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] dfgaxfb'/sf] lgoGq0f /lx/x]sf] eGg] s/ lgl/Ifssf] k|ltj]bg k/]kl5 ;f] s'/f xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifodf ;Dj4 k|df0fx? ;d]t a'emL To:tf] vf; sf/f]jf/ ug{] JolQm lgj]bsNffO{ g} 7xo{fO{ lghsf gfpFdf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]b]lvg cfpF5. o;/L P]gsf] bkmf @$-@_ cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] eGg] s'/f ljjflbg lg0f{odf v'nfOPsf] / o:sf] cfwf/ k|df0f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{ cs{fsf] gfpFdf kmd{ btf{ u/fO{ lgj]bsn] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] eGg] 7x/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf If]qflwsf/sf] cefu eGg ldng] . · lgj]bsn] k|fs[lts Gofo ljk/Lt lgj]bsNffO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg gu/L lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] csf]{ ckjfbfTds cj:yf ljBdfg 5 5}g eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf gfpFdf s/ sfof{noaf6 k7fPsf] ;"rgf Dofb uf=lj=;=n] lgj]bsn] ga'em]sf] egL lkmtf{ k7fPsf] ttkZrft @)%).!@.% sf] kqaf6 ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ lgj]bssf gfpFdf Dofb k7fOPsf]df u0f]z j:qfnosf :6fkm b]j lu/Ln] a'em]sf] / @)%).!@.!% df lgj]bsn] cfkm" ;f] kmd{sf] d'Vo JolQm g/x]sf] eGg] hjfkm k7fPsf] / lghsf] hjfkm ;d]tNffO{ dWogh/ /fvL s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] cfkm\gf] s'/f eGg] df}sf k|bfg gu/]sf] eGg] egfO{ klg :jLsf/of]Uo b]lvPg . · jblgotk"j{s s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] csf]{ sygtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] jb\lgotsf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ k|df0f lbg u'hfg{ g;s]sf] tyf jblgotsf] cf/f]k nufpg'dfq ko{fKt x'Fb}g . j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'g'kg{] x'G5 . To:tf] cfwf/ ljBdfg b]lvPg . ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/x? pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tL cfwf/ k|df0fx? ko{fKt eP gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq jblgot eGg ldNb}g t;y{ lgj]bssf] o; egfO;Fu klg ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . -k|=g+= !& / !(_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx? >L /tgnfn sgf}l8of, >L u0f]z/fh zdf{, >L ;'lzns'df/ l;Gxf tyf ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg dxfGofoflwjQmf >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{, ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›k|;fb kf7s cjnlDjt glh/M cfb]z Gof=xl/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ cGtu{t k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzx? aLr /foafemL e} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z eO{ # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] cfb]zfg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-@_ cGtu{t o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 . @= lgj]bs bf]wf/ uf=lj=;=sf] cWoIf kbdf lgj{flrt eO{ sfo{/t 5' . d]/f] s'g} sf/f]jf/ 5}g . u0f]z j:qfno kmd{sf] k|f]kfO6/ k|]d axfb'/ ;'gf/ xf] . lghn] s/ sfof{no dx]G›gu/df ;f] kmd{ d]/f] xf] egL lnvt u/L :jLsf/ ;d]t u/]sf] / lghs} gfpFdf s/ sfof{no dx]G›gu/n] cfos/ btf{ k|+df0fkq k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lghn] g} ;f] kmd{sf] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] s'/f cf=j=)$&.)$* ;Dd lghsf gfpFdf cfos/ lgwf{/0f eO{ lghn] g} s/ lt/L a'emfO{ cfO/x]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] /s8{af6 k|i6 b]lvG5 . xfn s/ sfof{non] ;f] kmd{sf] cf=j= )$*.)$( sf] cfo ljj/0f tyf lghn] k]z gu/]sf] tyf lghn] s/ sfof{nosf] lr¶Lx? ga'em]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f lg0f{o krf{df pNn]v u/L ;f] sf] bf]ifL uf=lj=;= cWoIf d dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/NffO{ ;+emL l/;/fu /fvL b'/fzosf ;fy dNffO{ k|]d axfb'/ ;'gf/sf] u0f]z j:qfno kmd{sf] d'Vo eO{ sf/f]jf/ ug{] JolQm egL cfkm"v'zL ;f] kmd{sf] v"b cfo ?= #$,^#,))). xr'jf tj/n] sfod u/L To;df s/ ?= !&,)),%)). nufpg'sf ;fy} : ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf lx;fa ;d]t k|i6 gkf/L k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt cfos/ P]g, @)#! tyf lgodfjnL @)#( sf gnfUg] k|fjwfg nufO{ ljgfs;"/ hl/jfgf ?= #,(@,!)!. sfod u/L ldlt )%!.!.!$ df a'emfOof] . u0f]z j:qfno kmd{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f;Fu d]/f] ;DaGw 5}g . d d'Vo eO{ ;f] kmd{sf] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] 5}g egL k6sk6s ljkIfL s/ sfof{noNffO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFb} cfO/x]sf] / d}n] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] eP d]/f] gfpF jf x:tfIf/af6 ;f] kmd{sf] a}+s vftf ;+rfng tyf vl/b laqmL daf6 eO{ e'QmfgL / cfDbfgL klg d]/f] xftdf jf Psfp06df cfpg' kg{]df tL k|df0fx? j]u/ Psfsf] gfpFsf] kmd{sf] sf/f]jf/sf] bfloTj / hl/jfgf cs{fsf] gfpFdf af]sfpg' / c;"n ug{ ldNb}g elg ;f] kmd{sf] 254

gfdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z kmsf{pg hfFbf ;f] u}/sfg"gL s/ / hl/jfgf d}n] ltg{‘ kg{] glt/] d]/f] ;DklQaft c;"n pk/ u/fpg] wDsL lbO{ ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z lkmtf{ lng' ePg . s/ ljefudf To:tf] clgoldt Pj+ cgflwsf/ s/ / hl/ jfgf ;DaGwdf ph'/ ug{ hfFbf cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z eO;s]sf]n] ;f] ab/ u/fpg cfos/ -;+=;=_ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-@_ adf]lhd nfu]sf] s/sf] Ps ltxfO{ / hl/jfgf k"j{ w/f}6L g/fvL lgj]bg btf{ x'Fb}g eGg] hjfkm lbPsf]n] plNnlvt s/ ?= !&,)),%)). sf] Ps ltxfO ?= %,^^,*##.#$ / hl/jfgf ?= #,(@,!)!. sf] ;d]t hDdf ?= (,%*,(#$.#$ gub bflvn ug{ d]/f] ;fdYo{n] gEofpg] eO{ sfj' aflx/sf] x'Fbf wg hdfgL jf dfyj/ hdfgL /fvL lgj]bg ug{ kfpF elg ldlt )%!.@.!# df s/ ljefudf lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;f] adf]lhd hdfgt lbO{ lgj]bg ug{ :jLs[t klg glbPsf]n] pQm P]gsf] bkmf #$-@_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bgsf] af6f] klg aGb eO{ ;f] pkrf/sf] af6f] cko{fKt Pj+ k|efjxLg eO{ csf]{ ljsn\k gePsf] / To;} r'k nflu a:bf pQm u}/sfg"gL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zaf6 lgj]bssf] ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ckx/0f eO{ 3/jf/ljxLg x'g] cj:yf ePsf] / gnfUg] hl/jfgfdf 7"nf] ;hfo ef]Ug'kg{] ePaf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$ / !& ;d]tn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs xs clwsf/df k|ToIf cf3ft kg{ uPsf] 5 . u0f]z j:qfno eGg] kmd{sf] k|f]kfO6/ k|]d axfb'/ ;'gf/NffO{ ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf % s cGtu{t sf/f]jf/ ug{ cfo s/ btf{ k|df0fkq lbPsf] / ljut jif{x?df lghsf gfpFdf s/ lgwf{/0f ub{} cfPsf]df cf=j= @)$*.)$( sf] cfo ljj/0f lghn] k]z gu/]sf] / s/ sfof{nosf] lr¶L ;d]t ga'em]sf] eGg] cfwf/df lghk|]d axfb'/sf] bflotj d lgj]bs dfly af]sfpg vf]hsf] :ki6 5 . lghsf] ;§f d lgj]bs g} pQm kmd{sf] d'Vo lgoGqs jf sf/f]jf/sf] j:bf]j:t ug{] JolQm eO{ sf/f]jf/ u/L cfPsf] eP ljut jif{x?df lghsf] gfpFdf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z gx'g' kg{] / cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd d}n] g} pQm kmd{sf] lgoGq0f jGbf]j:t jf ;+rfng u/]sf] eP ;f] kmd{sf] vl/b laqmL d af6 ePsf] k|df0f x'g'kg{], kmd{sf] a}+s vftf daf6 ;+rfng x'g'kg{] tyf ;f] sf] cfh{g d}n] k|fKt u/]sf] d]/f] vftfaf6 b]lvg'kg{]df ;f] s]xL k|df0f gb]vfO{ v08g ug{] df}sf klg glbO{ ljgfcfwf/ ljgf k|df0f cfkm}+n] k|]d axfb'/NffO{ sf/jfxL u/L s/ c;"n pk/ ug{‘kg{]df clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L nfk/jfxLk"j{s ;f] gu/L lghsf] bfloTj d dfly af]sfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %(-@_ nufO{ Psd'i6 ?= #,*(,^)!. bkmf ^#-v_ cg';f/ ?= !))). tyf bkmf ^! cGtu{t ?=!%)). hl/jfgf ;d]t nufPaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$ sf] bkmf !$sf] xs clwsf/df ;d]t cf3ft k'u]sf] 5 . ctM ldlt )%!.!.!! sf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] v'b cfo lgwf{/0f cfb]zaf6 nfu]sf] s/ / hl/jfgf d}n] ltg{‘kg{] u/L :j]R5frf/L, b'/fzoo'Qm / u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o ePsf] / lgj]bsNffO{ kqmfp ug{], ;DklQaf6 s/ c;"n ug{] sf/jfxL eO/x]sf]af6 lgj]bssf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !& wf/f !$ / wf/f !!-!_ Pj. wf/f !@-@_-ª_ ;d]tsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] x'Fbf wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t pTk|]if0f jf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%!.!.!! sf] u}/sfg"gL krf{ / ;f] cg';f/ ;f]xL ldltsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z jb/ u/L ;f] cfos/0f lgwf{/0f cfb]z cg';f/ s/ / hl/jfgf lgj]bg;Fu c;"n gug{‘ egL ljkIfL s/ sfof{no dx]G›gu/sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . #= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bgsf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] < ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt )%!.@.@@ sf] cfb]z . $= l/6 pkrf/ c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] xf] . sfg"gn] cGo lgodlt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ vf]Hg ldNb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z jf ;hfosf] cfb]zn] dsf{ kg{] JolQmn] To:tf] cfb]z pk/ /fhZj Gofooflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] jf bkmf #$-@_ cg';f/ dxflgb{]zs ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg]df ;f] gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ . lgj]bsn] @)#( ;fndf bf]wf/f Snf]y ;]G6/ gfdsf] kmd{af6 cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq lnO{ @)$% dfu{;Dd sf/f]jf/ u/L sf/f]jf/df a[l4 ePkl5 a9L s/ ltg{‘kg{] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] gfpFdf k|df0fkq lkmtf{ u/L cfkm\gf] efO k|]d axfb'/ ;'gf/sf] gfpFdf u0f]z j:qfno eGg] kmd{ bf]wf/f Snf]y ;]G6/ ePsf] cfkm\g} 3/df k'/fg} Jofkf/NffO{ kmd{sf] dfq gfd km]/]/ sf/f]jf/ lg/Gt/ ub{} cfPsf / lghn] s/ sfof{nodf u0f]z j:qfnosf] k|ltlglw eO{ )$$.)$% / )$%.)$^ sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf lbPsf] aofgdf k|]d axfb'/ cfkm\g} efO x'g elg aofg u/]sf] / o; sfof{non] ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsNffO{ k7fPsf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] clGtd ;"rgf lghsf] :6fkmn] a'em]sf] ;d]taf6 lgh u0f]z j:qfno;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 . cf=j= )$*.)$( df u0f]z j:qfnon] u/]sf] sf/f]jf/sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z gePsf] ;f] cjlwdf ?= &,!*,)),))). sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ePsf] /]s8{ b]lvPsf], k|f]. k|]d axfb'/ ;'gf/ u0f]z j:qfnosf] 7]ufgfdf gePsf], lghsf] kqx? ga'emL 6fF; ul/Psf] d'r'n\sf k|fKt ePsf], u0f]z j:qfnosf] sf/f]jf/ k|f]. k|]d axfb'/sf] Ps3/sf] bfh' x'F egL ;sf/ ug{] dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] 3/df oyfjt rfn' /x]sf] cj:yfdf 5fgljg ubf{ sf/f]af/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f / aGbf]j:t ljkIfL dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/af6 u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] To:tf] n's]/ a;L d'gfkmfsf] k|dv ' lx:nf lng] Jofkf/Laf6 255

s/ c;"n ug{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-@_ n] s/ clws[tNffO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ cg';f/ pknAw tYofÍ adf]lhd sfg"g;+ut ?kdf s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . sfof{noaf6 s/ lg/LIfs;Fu k|ltj]bg dfu ul/Psf]df k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf sf/f]jf/ dfgaxfb'/sf] eGg] :ki6 b]lvPsf], s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg / k"j{ jif{x?sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf tYox? ;d]t dgg u/L k|d'v s/ clws[t ;f] If]qsf] lg/LIf0f ubf{ sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f / aGbf]j:t dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/n] g} u/]sf] eGg] s'/f olsg ePsf]n] P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;ft lbg] ;"rgf hf/L u/L k7fpFbf To;sf] hjfkmdf lgh sf/f]jf/df OGsf/L /xL cfkm\gf] gfpFdf s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] cfz+sfn] s/sf] bfloTjaf6 aRg] p2]Zon] s/ sfof{non] af/ Daf/ kqfrf/ ubf{ ge]l6Psf ef/t v6Ldf /xg] efO k|]d axfb'/ ;'gf/NffO{ lemsfO{ lgof]lht ?kdf lgb{]lzt Joxf]/fsf] hjfkm lbg nufPsf] b]lvG5 . s/ gltg{] p2]Zon] lgof]lht ?kdf cs{f]sf] gfdsf] kmd{af6 Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{] JolQmsf] ;+nUgtfsf] k|ToIf k|df0f gkfOg] ePsf]n] g} P]gsf] bkmf @$-@_ n] cs{fsf] gfpFaf6 sf/f]jf/ u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf s/ clws[tNffO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/] cg'?k P]gåf/f lglb{i6 cfwf/ / k|lqmofx? k'/f ul/ ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f tyf ;dodf cfo ljj/0f k]z gug{] s/bftfNffO{ P]gsf] bkmf %(-!_ adf]lhd nfu]sf] s/sf] !) k|ltzt / bkmf @*-!_ cg';f/ cfo ljj/0f glbg] s/bftfNffO{ !% lbgsf] ;do lb+bf klg cfo ljj/0f k]z gu/]df bkmf %(-@_ n] nfu]sf] s/sf] jflif{s !% k|ltzt hl/jfgf nfUg] Joj:yf cg'?k u0f]z j:qfno nufOPsf] hl/jfgf sfg"g;Ddt ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no, sGrgk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . %= cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z jf ;hfo pk/ dsf{ kg{] JolQmn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] / bkmf #$-@_ cg';f/ dxflgb{]zs ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] :ki6 sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbf x'Fb} ;f] pkrf/sf] k|of]u gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hof]Uo 5 . ;fy} s/ clws[tn] cfos/ P]g adf]lhd k|fKt clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfjZos k|df0f ;+sng u/L k|fKt tYo / tYofÍsf] cfwf/df u0f]z j:qfno kmd{sf] k|f]k|fO6/sf] gfddf k|]d axfb'/ pNn]v ePtfklg ;j'6 k|df0faf6 pQm kmd{sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f / aGbf]j:t ;d]t ljkIfL dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/n] g} ug{] u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePkl5 ljBdfg sfg"gL kl/lwleq /x]/ lghsf] gfpFdf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 If]qaf6 tYoleq k|j]z u/L ;a'b k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L x]g{ ldNg] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} sfg"gåf/f lglb{i6 k|lqmof k'/f gu/]sf] lgj]bg o; ljefun] btf{ ug{ g;Sg] eO{ lgj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft kg{] u/L s'g} klg sfo{ o; ljefuaf6 gul/Psf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . ^= s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z jf ;hfosf] cfb]zn] dsf{ kg{] JolQmn] To:tf] cfb]z pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/ 0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& df ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lgj]bsNffO{ sfg"gn] g} lgoldt k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] af6f] k|bfg u/]sf]df ;f] pkrf/tkm{ gnfuL o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cfPsf] b]lv+bf ljsn\ksf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/af6 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . dfggLo GofofwLz >L g/]G› axfb'/ Gof}kfg]sf] l/6 hf/L ug{] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g g;s]sf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xg k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo . &= s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%).!.@@ df k|]d axfb'/sf] kq ;"rgf a'emfpg n]lv uO{ ldlt @)%).^.!! df kq 6fF; ul/Psf] d'r'n\sf s/ sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf], o; cjlwdf s] s'g sf/jfxL, cfwf/ k|df0f / kl/l:ylt jf cfb]zsf] cfwf/df s/ lg/LIfsn] ldlt @)%).^.!% df k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] xf] < ;f] ldl;naf6 v'Nb}g . Psfsf] kmd{sf] jf/]; eO{ u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL jf aofgNffO{ cGo ;a'bsf] cefjdf lghn] cfkm\gf] xsdf u/]sf] eGg dfGg sfg"gtM ldNg] xf]Og . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-@_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu To:tf] s'/f olsg ug{] ;a'b k|df0f b]lvg'k5{ . s]jn s/ lg/LIfssf] xr'jf k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df dfq pQm bkmf @$-@_ nfu' ug{ ;lsb}g . o;/L k|dv ' s/ clws[t dx]G›gu/af6 lgj]bsNffO{ u0f]z j:qfnosf] k|f]k|fO6/ 7x/fO{ ldlt @)%).!.!! df ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z k|ToIf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ b]lv+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca sfg"g adf]lhd kmd{sf] k|fk] |fO6/ k|]d axfb'/ ;'gf/ ;d]tNffO{ a'emL cfjZos ;a'b k|df0f ;d]t ;+sng u/L s/ ltg{‘kg{] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf JolQm kmd{sf gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ elg k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xg k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo;Fu x'g g;s]sf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L g/]G› axfb'/ Gof}kfg] /fo ;lxtsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)%#.(.@ sf] km};nf . *= pNn]v ul/P adf]lhd sfg"gdf k'g/fj]bg gu{] clwsf/ eP;Dd ;f] pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDjg gu/L Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]qflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ gldNg] eg]/ k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] l/6 lgj]bg tyf o; cbfntaf6 cGo sltko d'2fx?df l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ePsf/ ;fdfGotM a]nfot tyf ef/tdf ;d]t o:t] l;4fGt cËLsf/ u/L km};nf ePsf 5G, t/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf o; l;4fGtsf] ckjfb /x]sf] kfOPsf]n] o; l;4fGtNffO{ ;fdfGos/0f u/L x]g{ ldNg] b]lv+b}g . lgj]bs dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf xsdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-#_ adf]lhd sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmof k"/f gu/L s/ 256

clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] q'l6k"0f{ k|of]u (Wrongful exercise of the discretionary power) cfjZos k|df0f ga'emL kmd{sf] btf{jfn g/x]sf] JolQmNffO{ s/bftf sfod u/]sf] lghsf] sfo{ sfg"gL clwsf/ gf3]/ (Exceeding the statutory) u/]sf] ldnf] dtf] sf] 7x/ ug{‘kg{]df sfg"gsf] kfngf gu/L (Non Complaince of Law) dfgaxfb'/NffO{ s/ a'emfpg pQ/bfoL agfO{ cf=j= )$^.)$& sf] t'ngfdf cf=j= )$*.)$( sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos k|df0fx? ga'emL s/sf] /sd ;o u'0ff eGbf a9L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt Pj+ pko'Qm ;d]t gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] df}lns xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] /x]g5 eGg gldn]af6 j}slNks pkrf/sf] (Alternative Remedy) af6f] eP klg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t lgj]bg nfUg ;Sg] b]lv+bf ;f] pk/ ljrf/ eO{ df=Gof=>L g/]G›axfb'/ Gof}kfg]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f s/ clws[tsf] gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7xo{ffPsf] /fo dgfl;j b]lvG5 tfklg dfly ljj]rgf eP cg'?k o; cl3 k/z'/fd emf lj.d.k.;. ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf (-@_ cg';f/sf] Joj: yfNffO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] ;Ifd af6f] :jLsf/ ul/P klg pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] v08 -v_ cg';f/sf] krf{ v8f ubf{ sf/0f gvf]lnPsf] sf/0faf6 l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] b]vfO{ lgj]bsNffO{ jlGrt ug{ gldNg] cfwf/df l/6 hf/L ul/Psf] / k|lbks'df/ cu|jfn lj= s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-@_ / bkmf %& df ljefudf lgj]bg lbg] jf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] ljBdfg /x]sf], w/f}6 jf yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg{] sf/0fn] dfq sfg"gdf k|fKt pkrf/ ko{fKt / k|efjzLn g/x]sf] eGg gldNg] cfwf/df oBkL cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !) s cGtu{t lgj]bssf] pBf]un] ^ jif{;Ddsf] cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] / ;f] 5'6NffO{ :jo+ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@ n] dfGotf lbPsf]df ;f] Joj:yfNffO{ j]jf:tf u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t k'g/fj]bssf] Joj:yf gul/Psf]df klg cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg u/L pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] egL s/ clws[tsf] sfg"gL T?l6k'0f{ lg0f{o x'Fbfx'Fb} klg l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 lgj]bsNffO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ o; cbfntsf] ;+. k|=Gof= ;lxtsf] j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf lg0f{ox? dWo] s'g lg0f{oNffO{ glh/sf] ?kdf cjnDjg ug{] eGg] k|Ztg pkl:yt x'g cfPsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-@_ cg';f/ plNnlvt d'2fx?df eGbf a9L GofofwLzx?sf] Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)%^.!!.!( sf] cfb]z . (= lgodfg';f/ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx? >L /tgnfn sgf}l8of, >L u0f]z/fh zdf{, >L ;'lzns'df/ l;Gxf tyf ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] k7fPsf] ljifo ;fGble{s 5 . k/z'/fd emf lgj]bs ePsf] d'2fdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] elgPklg l/6 ;'g'jfO{ u/L l/6 hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] cj:yf klg ;dfg 5 . k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] lgj]bs ePsf] d'2fdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] egL l/6 vf/]h ePklg Tof] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{tsf] lhls/ /x]sf] d'2f lyof] . ;f] d'2fdf h] h:tf] ePklg o; Ohnf;n] Gofo ug{sf nflu csf]{ 9f]sf vf]Ng g;Sg] xf]Og . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @* sf] ;"rgf k|]d axfb'/sf gfpFdf k7fPsf] 5, hl/jfgf eg] lgj]bs dfgaxfb'/NffO{ ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ k"/f ug{‘kg{] k|lqmof k"/f ul/Psf] kfOb}+g. cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf s'g} cf2f/ v'nfPsf] 5}g . hl/jfgf nufPsf] klg ldn]sf] 5}g . s/ lgwf{/0f tYout cf2f/df gePsf] x'Fbf To;/L ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zNffO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g . x/b]j l;+x jgf/;Lsf] d'2fn] ;f] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g 5f]8]/ s/ nufOPsf] 5 . d'nrGb cfhfbsf] d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{odf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] s/ clws[tsf] ;f] sfo{ jb/ of]Uo 5 . d'Vo sf/f]jf/ ug{] JolQm eGg] cfwf/df lgj]bssf gfpFdf s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5, d'Vo JolQm eGg] olsg x'g] cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfpg' kg{] Tof] klg b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . lg0f{o k"j{fu|xL 5 . k|ToIf / u+eL/ sfg"gL q'l6 To:tf] lg0f{odf b]lvPdf l/6 hf/L x'g ;Sb5 . c? d'2fdf h]yf hdfgL lbO{ k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ s/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf gub{} /fVg' kg{] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ePsf] k'FhL hlt w/f}6Ldf /fVg'kg{] cj:yf cfO{ s'g} pBf]u aGb ug{‘ kg{] cj:yf kg{ hfG5 . To;}n] o:tf] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/NffO{ ko{fKt / k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] af6f] dfGg ;lsb}g . hdfgt lbg ;lsg] jf csf]{ ;fnsf] s/ lgwf{/0f gx'g] xf] eg] lglZrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf dfGg ;lsGYof] . k/z'/fd emf / k|lbk s'df/ cu|jfn b'a}sf] ?lnª pn\6fpg of] Ohnf; ;Ifd 5 . j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] af6f] aGb ul/Psf] 5 . cko{fKt / k|efjlxg 5, 5}g 5'6\ofpg Gofost{fNffO{ k"0f{ clwsf/ lbPsf] x'Fbf o; d'2fdf Gofo x'g'kb{5 . # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 l/6 hf/L ug{] u/]sf] cfb]z ;b/ sfod x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d'Vo jx; lhls/ ug{‘eof] . ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg dxfGofoflwjQmf >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{, ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›k|;fb kf7sn] lgj]bs k/z'/fd emf / k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] ?lnª Ps cfk;df aflemPsf] 5}g . k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf k/z'/fd emf sf] d'2fsf] ?lnª ;d]t ljj]rgf eO{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2f & ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o ePsf]n] # ;b:oLok"0f{ Ohnf; ;f] d'2fdf k|ltkflbg l;4fGt dfGg afWo x'G5 . ?lnª aflemPsf] egL k7fPsf] ldn]sf] 257

5}g . k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] kl/l:ylt / tYo g/x]sf] egL :ki6 zAbdf eg]sf] 5 . clxn] km]/L s;/L ?lnª aflemPsf] eGg] s'/f cfof] . k|lbks'df/sf] d'2fdf l/6 hf/L ug{ ;lsg] ckjfbfTds Joj:yf u/]s} 5 . s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{odf To:tf] ckjfbfTds l:ylt /x]sf] lgj]bsn] b]vfpg ;s] pkrf/ gkfpg] xf]Og . ;fdfGo cj: yfdf pkrf/sf] af6f] g/x]sf] eGg] egfO /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ?lnª aflemPsf] eGg] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] syg ldNbf] 5}g . k"j{ glh/x?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{‘kg{] cj:y} 5}g . dfgaxfb'/n] @)#* ;fnb]lv @)$%.*.!@ ;Dd bf]wf/f Snf]y ;]G6/ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] ;f]xL 7fpF ;f]xL 3/df u0f]z j:qfno @)$%.*.!# b]lv ;+rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf=j= )$%.)$^, )$^.)$& sf] cfo ljj/0f dfgaxfb'/n] :jo+ lbPsf] 5 . dfgaxfb'/ / k|]d axfb'/ Psf ;uf]nsf bfh' efO eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . k|]d axfb'/sf] gfpFsf] ;"rgf k6s k6s a'emfpFbf ga'em]sf], dfgaxfb'/sf] gfpFdf ;"rgf k7fPsf] x'Fbf k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5}g . s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg tYout / a:t'lgi7 ?ksf] ePsf] cfwf/df g} d'Vo sf/f]jf/ ug{] JolQm lgj]bs g} x'g eGg] olsg u/L lgj]bssf gfpFdf s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] . o;/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] clwsf/ s/ clws[tNffO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! n] k|bfg u/]s} x'Fbf lg0f{o If]qflwsf/ leq} /x]/ ul/Psf] 5 . k"j{fu|xL /xg'kg{] cfwf/ / sf/0f s]xL 5}g . sfg"gL st{Jo k'/f ul/Psf] sfo{NffO{ k"j{fu|xL e} lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg] bf]if/f]k0f ug{‘ Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g .s/ clws[tn] olsg u/]sf] s'/f ko{fKt 5, 5}g Tof], k'g/fj]bsLo dfu{ cjnDjg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf k/LIf0f x'g] ljifo xf] . l/6 If]qaf6 k|df0f k'Uof] k'u]g eGg] s'/fsf] d"NofÍg ug{ ldNb}g . sfNklgs dflg;NffO{ s/ nufPsf] xf]Og . lgj]bsn] cfos/ P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf #$-!_ adf]lhd w/f}6L g/fvL klg ph'/ ug{ ;Sg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{sf] ;fy} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #$-@_ / bkmf %& sf] j}slNks k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] dfu{ 5f]8L l/6 If]qaf6 k|j]z u/]sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xg k|;fb zdf{sf] /fodf kl/jt{g ug{‘kg{] cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . !)= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg] tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftsf ;fy} s/ clws[t s/ sfof{no sGrgk'/sf] lg0f{o ldl;n o; cbfnt tLg ;b:oLokk"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)%^.!!.!( sf] lg0f{o / lgj]bstkm{sf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx? >L /tgnf; sgf}l8of, >L u0f]z/fh zdf{, >L ;'lzns'df/ l;Gxf / ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] / ljkIfL tkm{af6 ljåfg dxfGofolwjQmf >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{n] k|:t't ug{‘ ePsf] jx;gf]6 ;d]t cWoog ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf b]xfosf k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg{] b]lvg cfof] . -!_ # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] lg0f{odf pNn]v eP adf]lhd lgj]bs k/z'/fd emf lj?4 d+qLkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{o / lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{o Ps cfk;df k[ys k[ys /xL s'gNffO{ cjnDjg ug{] eGg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5, 5}g < -@_ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf k|jz] ug{‘kg{] cj:yf 5, 5}g < / l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5, 5}g < !!= -!_ klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k/z'/fd emf lj= dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf (-!_ cg';f/sf] Joj:yfNffO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] ;Ifd af6f] :jLsf/ ul/P klg pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] v08 -v_ cg';f/sf] krf{ v8f ubf{ sf/0f gvf]lnPsf] cfwf/df l/6 hf/L ul/Psf] / k|lbks'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 s/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfos/ P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf #$-@_ / bkmf %& df ljefudf lgj]bg lbg] jf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f k'g/fj]bg lbg] j}slNks pkrf/ ljBdfg /x]sf], w/f}6 jf yk z'Ns aemfpg' kg{] sf/0fn] dfq sfg"gåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] pkrf/ ko{fKt / k|efjzLn g/x]sf] eGg gldNg] cfwf/df vf/]h ul/Psf] 5. oBkL cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)s cGtu{t lgj]bssf] pBf]un] ^ jif{;Ddsf] cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf] / ;f] 5'6NffO{ :jo+ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@ n] dfGotf lbPsf]df ;f] Joj:yfNffO{ j]jf:tf u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t k'g/fj]bsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf]df klg cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg u/L pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] egL s/ clws[tsf] sfg"gL T?l6k'0f{ lg0f{o x'Fbfx'Fb} klg l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 lgj]bsNffO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ o; cbfntsf] ;+. k|=Gof= ;lxtsf] j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf lg0f{ox? dWo] s'g lg0f{oNffO{ glh/sf] ?kdf cjnDjg ug{] eGg] k|Ztg pkl:yt x'g cfPsf] eGg] # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] df=Gof= x?sf] /fo /x]sf] b]lv+bf tL b'O{ d'2fsf] ?lnªsf] ;fy ;fy} glh/sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf x'g'kg{] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . !@= lgj]bs k/z'/fd emf sf] d'2fdf o; cbfnt & ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] lg0f{o ug{‘ k"j{ ;f] d'2fdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df lg0f{o ug{‘ x'g] dfggLo GofofwLzx? dWo] df=Gof= >L lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffn] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dtLsf] af6f]NffO{ j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] dfGg gldNg] eGg] lgj]bs s'ngf/fo0f lj?4 ;lrbfgGb >Ljf:tjsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt ghL/sf] cfwf/df ;f] l/6åf/f pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ldNg] /fo JoQm ug{‘ eO{ lgj]bsNffO{ x6fPsf] q'6Lk"0f{ /x]sf] egL l/6 hf/L ug{‘ ePsf] / df=Gof= >L dx]z/fdeQm dfy]dfn] lgj]bsNffO{ cjsf; lbPsf] sfo{df q'l6 g/x]sf] egL l/6 vf/]h u/] pk/ ;f] l/6 k"0f{ Ohnf;df ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf sfg"gdf csf]{ pkrf/sf] ljsn\k eP;Dd clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ToxL pkrf/sf] vf]hL ug{‘k5{, ;f]em} o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u'xfg{ jf o; cbfntn] Tof] clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{ x'Fb}g . sfg"g adf]lhd 258

k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dtL lbg kg{] Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cg'dlt glbOPnf eGg] cgdfg ug{‘ / To:tf] cg'dfgNffO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dtL ;DaGwL pQm Joj:yfNffO{ clglZrt pkrf/sf] ;+1f lbg' plrt jf ts{;ut b]lvb}g . lglZrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg l/6 lgj]bsn] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|fKt ug{] k|of; u/]sfn] lghn] af6f] la/fPsf] xf] ls h:tf] b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ j}slNks pkrf/sf] o:t} k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf cl3sf d'2fx?df o; cbfntn] cfkm\gf] c;fwf/0f If]q k|of]u ub{} cfPsf] -sdn zDz]/ lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)$#, k[=#, lkt[eQm kf]v/]n lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ lg0f{o ldlt @)$$.$.!&, e}/jk|;fb pkfWofo lj=g=k=;= ;d]t g]=sf=k= @)$$, k[= $*!, b'uf{k|;fb bfxfn lj?4 k|zf;sLo cbfnt g]=sf=k= @)$^, k[= *(@ / To;af6 o; cbfntn] cfk\mgf] lg0f{ox?åf/f lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -#_ NffO{ lglZrt pkrf/ sf] Joj:yf dfGg c:jLsf/ u/L cfPsf] b]lvgfn] lgj]bsn] af6f] lj/fPsf] egL bf]if nufpg' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g eGg] cfwf/ lnO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dtLsf] af6f]NffO{ j}slNks af6f] :jLsf/ u/]sf] uf]kfnk|;fb pkfWofo lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ ePsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] lg0f{oNffO{ :jLsf/ u/L ;f] l/6 lgj]bgaf6 lgj]bs k/z'/fd emfNffO{;Dd pkrf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . !#= lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df ;'gjfO{ x'Fbf s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] )$&.$.@% df lgj]bssf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] df=Gof= >L uh]G› s]z/L jf:tf]nfsf] /fo / s/ sfof{no / ljefusf] tkm{af6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df lrQ ga'em\g] JolQmn] cfos/ P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf %& adf]lhd /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{] ;zQm k|efjsf/L cGo pkrf/sf] af6f] ljBdfg ePsf] egL df=Gof= >L nId0fk|;fb cof{nn] k[ys /fo JoQm u/] cg'?k ;f] d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf]df # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] dfly pNn]v ePsf k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2f / eG;f/ ljefu, lj/f6gu/ eG;f/ sfof{no ;d]t lj?4 /fd l/bkfn cu|jfn ePsf] k/dfb]z d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{o cg"?k k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;'g'jfO{ x'g] xf], xf]Og < l;4fGtdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{‘ k/]sf] egL # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] ;f] lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2f j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;df k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . s'ngf/fo0f 8+uf]nsf] d'2fdf k"0f{ Ohnf;n] u/]sf] JofVof, lg0f{o / To:sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dtLsf ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf cGo lg0f{ox?NffO{ b[li6ut u/L k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fdf )$*.^.!) sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgj]bsNffO{ l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ lbg] lg0f{o ubf{ h'g cfwf/ / kl/l:yltNffO{ ljrf/ ul/of], To:tf] cfwf/ jf kl/l:yt k|:t't d'2fdf b]lvb}g . o; cbfntaf6 ePsf sltko lg0f{ox?df k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/NffO{ k|efjsf/L pkrf/ dfg]/ l/6 lgj]bgx? vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bgsf] sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s]xL d'2fx?df ePsf lg0f{ox?NffO{ x]bf{ sfg"gdf To:tf] pkrf/sf] Joj;yf x'Fbfx'Fb} l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ lbg'kg{] sf/0f s] ko{f] < Tof] pkrf/ lsg ko{fKt jf k|efjsf/L dflgPg < To; ;DaGwdf s]xL gegL l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] cg's"n x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < OTofbL s'/fx?sf] s'g} ljj]rgf gu/L ;f]em} pkrf/ k|bfg ug{] lg0f{o ;Dd ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . of] d'2fdf k/z'/fd emf sf] d'2fsf] h:tf] l:ylt ljBdfg gePsf]n] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 p7fPsf] k|Zgdf c? s]xL ljrf/ ul/ /xg k/]g . oyfy{df Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]q leq /x]/ u/]sf] h:tf];'s} lg0f{o klg sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt dflyn\nf] clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 jb/ geP;Dd clGtd x'G5 / ;f] lg0f{oNffO{ dfGg ;DalGwt kIfNffO{ s/ nfU5 . ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ ef]Ug' jf Joxf]g{‘ kg{] ;hfo tTsfn ga'emfP/ ;f] jfktsf] k'/} jf s]xL /sdsf] w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{ jf k'g/fj]bg lhls/ dgfl;j g7x/]df s]xL k|ltzt yk z'Ns a'emfpg' kg{] u/L dflyn\nf] clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf j:t'tM sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] Pp6f tTsflng ;'ljwf dfq xf] . To:tf] Joj:yfn] sfg"gL pkrf/ g} lg/y{s jf k|efjxLg x'G5 eGg' o'lQmo'Qm / ts{;+ut b]lvGg eGb} j}slNks pkrf/ /x]sf] cfwf/af6 dfggLo GofofwLz >L nId0f k|;fb cof{nn] JoQm u/]sf] /fo dgfl;j 5 egL & ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;åf/f lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . !$= o; k|sf/ # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 km};nf ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf )%^.!!.!( sf] lg0f{osf] k[i7 !! sf] bf]>f] k|s/0fsf] rf}yf] kª\tLsf] j}slNks pkrf/ ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOPdf l/6 If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ gldNg] / k/z'/fd emf sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf sfod ePsf] ghL/ k|lbks'df/sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf nfu" x'b}g eGg] JofVof ePsf] kfOG5 . tL lg0f{ox? ;Fu c;xdt x'g] cj:yf 5}g eGg] pNn]vgaf6 ;f] Ohnf;sf] j}slNks pkrf/ ljBdfg eP ;Dd l/6sf] pkrf/ u|x0f ug{ gldNg] :jLsf/ u/]sf] eGg'kg{] x'g cfpF5 . t/ ;f]xL lg0f{oxf] k[i7 !& sf] clGtd afSoaf6 lgj]bs k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf] lg0f{o / lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfn ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf] lg0f{odf km/s km/s ?lnª ePsf] cj:yf b]lv+b}g . lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug{] / & ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ax'dtsf] lg0f{odf lgj]bs k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] k|s[lt / a:t'l:ylt g} km/s ePsf] eGg] :ki6 zAbdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . k"j{ lg0f{o ePsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt glh/x?NffO{ dfGotf lbg'kg{] l;4fGt xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] :ki6?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / xfd|f] k/Dk/fdf ;f] l;4fGtn] dfGotf k|fKt u/L cfPsf] / ;f]xL adf]lhd k|lbks'/df cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf / k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2fsf] ?lnª km/s km/s 259

dfgL cfPsf] cj:yf ;d]t /x]af6 cfTdlgi7 b[li6sf]0f lnO{ jf lkmtnf] ts{ pkl:yt u/L ePsf glh/x?NffO{ To;} vf; sfg"gL cj:yf / sf/0f ljBdfg ePdf jfx]s glh/sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{‘kg{] l:ylt cfpFb}g . cbfntn] u/]sf k"j{ lg0f{ox?af6 lglZrt?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGt cfkm} klg sfg"g ;/x x'G5 . Ps} lsl;dsf] sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] cnu cnu d'2fx?df sfg"gsf] cnu cnu JofVof eP/ jf cnu cnu l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg eP/ Goflos c/fhstfsf] l:ylt pTkgg gxf]; eGg] p2]Zosf] Ps?kdtf sfod ug{ glh/sf] l;4fGtsf] kng ePdf sfg"g / sfg"gL l;4fGt lglZrt x'G5 . To;sf] j]jf:tf ePdf sfg"gsf] JofVofdf cGof]nsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g] ;+efjgf /xG5 . o:tf] Goflos cGof}ntf x6fpg' o; cbfntsf] st{Jo / cGt/lglxt clwsf/ ePsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf k"j{ dfGo sfg"gL l;4fGt jf JofVofNffO{ cg'z/0f ug{‘ Goflos cg'zf;gdf /xg' xf] .o; cbfntsf] k"j{ km};nfdf Ps k6s k|Zg p7L cfl;g Ohnf;sf] dfggLo GofofwLzx? eGbf a9L GofofwLx?sf] Ohnf;n] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf sfg"gL JofVof jf sfg"gL l;4fGt kl5Nnf] lg0f{o ug{] sd ;+Vof ePsf] Ohnf;n] k|Zg p7fpg dgfl;j x'Fb}g . ;f] u/]df Goflos cjwf/0ff / xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] dd{sf] ;d]t k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . o;y{ s'g} klg ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ jf ljjfbdf p7]sf] k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ k"j{ lg0f{ox?NffO{ a9L xf]lzof/L;fy uDeL/ eO{ Goflos ljrf/wf/faf6 pTk|]l/t eO{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf x'g'kb{5 . lsgsLTo:tf k"j{ glh/x? jfWofTds k|+s[ltsf x'G5g . olb ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o epsf] /x]5 eg] dfq sf/0f ;lxt c;xdt x'g ;lsg] / To:tf] cj:yfdf a[xb Ohnf;df d'2f k7fpg ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ a[xb Ohnf;af6 ePsf lg0f{o jf ePsf] sfg"gL JofVof jf k|ltkflbg l;4fGtx?NffO{ cGoyf egL ;f] eGbf sd ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;n] eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . tLg ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] ;f] eGbf j[xt Ohnf;sf] ghL/NffO{ dfGotf lbO{ lg0f{o ug{‘kg{] Goflos dfGotf (Judicial Norms) xf] . :yflkt dfGotf (Norms) NffO{ gdfGg] xf] eg] Goflos c/fhstf >[hgf x'G5 . ;fy} d'2fsf] lg/fs/0f jf ;dfKtL (Finality) slxn] gx'g] clglZrttf sfg"gL cj:yf pTkGg e} d'2fsf kIfx? tyf Gofosd{Lx?NffO{ sl7gfO{ k}bf x'G5 . !%= ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg0f{o x'Fbf g} o; cbfnt & ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{odf g} k/z'/fd emfsf] d'2f;Fu lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fsf] a:t'l:ylt / kl/l:ylt g} cnu /x]sf] egL Pp6f lglZrt dfu{bz{g ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;DaGwdf p7]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg (Settle) e};s]sf] x'Fbf k'gM ;f]xL k|Zg p7fpg' pko'Qm / dgfl;j eGg ldNb}g . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fsf tLg hgf dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n] km]/L ;f]xL ljifodf g} o; a[xb k"0f{ Ohnf;df ?lnË aflemPsf] egL k7fOPsf] cfb]z ldn]sf] gb]lvg] . !^= -@_ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf k|j]z ug{‘kg{] cj:yf 5, 5}g < eGg] ;d]t k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6df dfgaxfb'/ pk/ cfos/ ;DaGwL sf/jfxL rnfpg] / lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ljkIfL s/ clws[tNffO{ 5}g eGg] l/6 lgj]bg / cfos/ P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf @$-@_ cg';f/ c?sf] gfd jf s'g} gfdaf6 s'g} sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f jf sf/f]jf/sf] aGbf]a:t lghn] g} ul/cfPsf] / To:tf] sf/f]jf/af6 ePsf] cfosf] ;a} d'Vo lx:;f lghn] g} k|fKt ug{] u/L cfosf] Plsg ePsf]n] To:tf] jf:tljs sf/f]jf/ ug{] JolQm pk/ cfos/ ;DaGwL sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;flwsf/ 5 eGg] lnlvt hjfkm e} clwsf/If]qsf] k|Zg k|:t't l/6df p7fOPsf]n] o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfnsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt cg';f/ cGo j}slNks pkrf/ eP klg ckjfbfTds cj:yfdf h:tf] Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z clwsf/If]qljlxg 5 jf lghn] k|of]u u/]sf] sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5}g jf clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfon] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 cyjf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt k|ltjfb ug{] df}sf glbO lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]df l/6 lgj]bg nfUg ;Sg] eGg] l;4fGt cg';f/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf k|j]z ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvof] . t;y{ clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 ljBdfg 5, 5}g x]g{‘ kg{] x'g cfof] . !&= cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-@_ df s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] gfd g/fvL c?sf] gfd jf s'g} gfdaf6 s'g} sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f jf sf/f]jf/sf] aGbf]a:t lghn] g} ul/ cfPsf] / To:tf] sf/f]jf/af6 ePsf] cfosf] ;a} jf d'Vo lx:;f lghn] g} k|fKt ug{] u/L cfPsf] eGg] s'/f s/ clws[tNffO{ olsg ePdf ;f] sf/f]jf/af6 ePsf] cfo lghsf] cfo dfgL s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5. lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] Psf3/sf efO k]|daxfb'/sf gfddf u0f]z j:qfno btf{ u/L cfkm"n] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] eGg] bf]wf/sf Jofkf/L tyf e›enfbdL ;d]tsf] egfOsf] cfwf/ df s/ lg/LIfsaf6 pQm j:qfnosf] sf/f]jf/ dfly ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] dfgaxfb'/sf] lgoGq0f /lx/x]sf] eGg] s/ lgl/Ifssf] k|ltj]bg k/]kl5 ;f] s'/f xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifodf ;Dj4 k|df0fx? ;d]t a'emL To:tf] vf; sf/f]jf/ ug{] JolQm lgj]bsNffO{ g} 7xo{fO{ lghsf gfpFdf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L P]gsf] bkmf @$-@_ cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] eGg] s'/f ljjflbg lg0f{odf v'nfOPsf] / o:sf] cfwf/ k|df0f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{ cs{fsf] gfpFdf kmd{ btf{ u/fO{ lgj]bsn] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] eGg] 7x/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf If]qflwsf/sf] cefj eGg ldn]g. !*= lgj]bsn] k|fs[lts Gofo ljk/Lt lgj]bsNffO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg gu/L lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] csf]{ ckjfbfTds cj:yf ljBdfg 5 5}g eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf gfpFdf s/ sfof{noaf6 k7fPsf] ;"rgf Dofb uf=lj=;=n] lgj]bsn] 260

ga'em]sf] egL lkmtf{ k7fPsf] ttkZrft @)%).!@.% sf] kqaf6 ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ lgj]bssf gfpFdf Dofb k7fOPsf]df u0f]z j:qfnosf :6fkm b]j lu/Ln] a'em]sf] / @)%).!@.!% df lgj]bsn] cfkm" ;f] kmd{sf] d'Vo JolQm g/x]sf] eGg] hjfkm k7fPsf] / lghsf] hjfkm ;d]tNffO{ dWogh/ /fvL s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] cfkm\gf] s'/f eGg] df}sf k|bfg gu/]sf] eGg] egfO{ klg :jLsf/of]Uo b]lvPg . !(= jblgotk"j{s s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] csf]{ sygtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] jblgotsf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ k|df0f lbg u'hfg{ g;s]sf] tyf jblgotsf] cf/f]k nufpg' dfq ko{fKt x'Fb}g . j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'g'kg{] x'G5 . To:tf] cfwf/ ljBdfg b]lvPg . ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/x? pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tL cfwf/ k|df0fx? ko{fKt eP gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq jblgot eGg ldNb}g t;y{ lgj]bssf] o; egfO;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . @)= ctM ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 lgj]bssf gfpFdf v'b cfo lgwf{/0f krf{ v8f ug{‘ k"j{ cfos/ P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf @*, bkmf #! s bkmf $% ;d]tn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|s[of k'/f u/L bkmf ## adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lv+bf l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf g'xFbf l/6 hf/L ug{] u/]sf] # ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] /fo ;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug{] u/]sf] xb;Dd ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofowLz >L df]xg k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo dgfl;j 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg' . pko'Qm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . k|=Gof= s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo Gof= >L nId0fk|;fb cof{n Gof= s]bf/gfy pkfWofo Gof= s[i0fh+u /fodfemL Gof= uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 Gof= c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{ Gof= pbo/fh pkfWofo Gof= lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n Olt ;Djt @)%& ;fn ef› @ ut] /f]h z'ed======================

261

;jf{]Rr cbfnt,;+o'\Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L c/ljGb gfy cfrfo{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L lbnLk s'df/ kf}8]n ;Djt\ @)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+====#)(( cfb]z ldlt M @)%&.!!.@(.@ ljifo M k|ltif]w k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ . lgj]bLsf M lh=sf7df08f}+ sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=@ j:g] k'ikfb]jL a/fn lj?4 ljkIfL M >L % sf] ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t cfb]z Gof=c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{ M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg sf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 . @= d lgj]bLsf g]kfnL gful/s ePsLn] /fHosf ultljlw ;+ljwfg cg's"n / k|rlnt P]g sfg"g ;Ddt ?kn] ;~rfng ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg' :jefljs e} ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbx¿nfO{ sfg"gL?kdf lg/f]k0f ug{ cfkm" / cfkm' h:tf cGofodf k/]sf cGo JolQmx¿sf] xs xt ;+/If0fsf] nflu of] l/6 lgj]bg k|:t't u/]sL 5' . #= d lgj]bLsf slxn] sf+xL xf]6n /]i6'/fFdf vfglkg ug]{ ljut b]lvsf] jfgL ePsf]n] dgf]/Ghg / vfg lkgsf nflu ljleGg ;dodf tfGf;]g /]i6'/]i6 P08 af/, efG5f 3/ / xf]6]n ;f]N6Ldf ;d]t vfg] s'/fvf+bf lbPsf] ljndf TSC, N.T.B= Charge / TSF sf] gfdaf6 hyfefjL ?kn] b'O{ k|ltzt ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns ;d]t lnPsf] / To:tf] z'Ns cfkm"nfO{ nfUg' gkg]{ egL ;\DjlGwt kIf;+u eGbf To;sf] s'g} ;'g'jfO{ ge} hyfefjL ?kn] g]kfnL gful/s;+u klg ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns c;'Nb} cfPsf]df s'g} ljjfb b]lvPg . $= To;/L g]kfnL gful/saf6 s/ jf z'Ns nufpg kfpg] clwsf/ ljkIfLnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f &#-!_ n] clVtof/L glbPsf] ko{6g jf]8{ P]g lgodn] ljb]zL ko{6saf6 dfq ;]jf z'Ns lng kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / d ko{6ssf] kl/efiff leqsf] JolQm e} g]kfnL gful/saf6 ;f] ;]jf z'Ns lng gkfpg]df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] klg To:tf sfd s'/f x'g glbg' kg]{df emg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt / cfkQLhgs /x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/ u}/sfg"gL ?kaf6 k|ToyL{ nufot cGo xf]6n /]i6'+/faf6 d nufot cGo g]kfnL gful/sx¿af6 o; k|sf/sf] ;]jf z'Ns c;'n ug]{ sfo{ eO{ /x]sf] :jefljs lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . t;y{ ko{6s / ko{6s Joj;foL jfx]s cGo JolQmx¿af6 ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns c;'n ug]{ sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L k|:t't lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f geP;Dd u}/ sfg"gL ?kn] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns c;'n gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg] ljIfLx¿sf gfp+df cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t k'ikfb]jL j/fnsf] l/6 lgj]bg . %= lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L lsg x'g' gkg]{ xf] < !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{ ljkIfLsf gfp+df ;"rgf hf/L u/L k7fpg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)%&.&.@* sf] cfb]z . ^= cfly{s P]g, @)%& sf] bkmf !^ df ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns ;DjGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] ko{6g Joj;foLn] cfk"lt{ u/]sf]df d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* df b'O{ k|ltztsf b/n] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] / c;'n ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . h;cg';f/ o; xf]6]nsf] /]i6'/]i6df vfgf vfg]nfO{ klg b'O{ k|ltztsf b/n] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns nfUg] x'+bf lgj]bLsfaf6 klg ;f]xL cg';f/ c;'n ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] z'Ns d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf j'emfpg' kg]{ / pQm /sd o; xf]6nsf] cfDbfgL xf]Og . g]kfnL gful/s;+u ;f] z'Ns lng' gkg]{ eGg] sxLst} sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ j'emfpg'kg]{ /sd c;'n ub}{ cfPsf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t ;f]N6L xf]6n lnld6]8sf] lnlvt hjfkm . &= d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] ko{6g Joj;foLn] cfk"lt{ u/]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfdf @ k|ltztsf b/n] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] / c;'n pk/ ul/g] Joj:yf cfly{s P]g, @)%&÷)%* df 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ gePsf] ko{6g Joj;foLaf6 s/ c;'n pk/ ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]sf] k|zf;g ko{6g ljsf; jf]8{af6 x'g] x'+bf ;f] jf]8{af6 cfpg] hjfkmdf :ki6 x'g] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefu, >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno, ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p88\og dGqfno ;d]tsf] k[ys k[ys lnlvt hjfkm . 262

*= ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{ P]g @)%# sf] bkmf & / g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{ lgodfjnL @)%% sf] lgod # -v_ tyf cfly{s P]g @)$& sf] bkmf !^ adf]lhd nufOPsf] x'+bf sfg"g ljkl/t p7fPsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bg lg/fwf/ x'+bf vf/]h u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t tfG;]g /]i6'/f+ P08 af/ k|f=ln=sf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cy{ ;DjGwL k|:tfjnfO{ sfo{Gjog ug{ ljlw ;Ddt k|lqmof k"/fu/L cfly{s P]g @)%%÷)%^ b]lv g} ;f] z'Ns nufpb} cfPsf] xf] . To;nfO{ u}/ ;+j}wflgs eGg ldNb}g . Jofkf/Ls sf/f]jf/sf] ;Gbe{df ko{6sLo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ pBf]usf ?kdf /x]sf xf]6n /]i6'/f+df ko{6ssf] >]0fLdf g]kfnL ko{6s ;d]t kg]{ Joj:yf ko{6s -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ P]g sfo{sf/L ;ldlt g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{ e[s'6L d08k / g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{ e[s'6L d08k ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{ P]g @)%# tyf lgodfjnL @)%% adf]lhd p7fOPsf] geO{ cfly{s P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ adf]lhd pQm z'Ns c;'n ul/Psf] xf] . cfly{s P]g @)%& sf] bkmf !^ df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] ko{6s Joj;foLn] cfk"tL{ u/]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfdf cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷)%* df b'O{ k|ltztsf b/n] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns nfUg] / c;'n ul/g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'+bf ;f] cg';f/ lnOPsf] s/ u}/sfg"gL ge} sfg"g ;Ddt x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t >L % sf] ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbsf] lnlvt hjfkm . !!= cfly{s P]g, @)%&÷%* df Joj:yf eP adf]lhd o; /]i6'/fn] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns c;'n pk/ ub}{ cfPsf] / ;f] sfo{ sfg"g\;Ddt x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t sdnfbL l:yt efG5f3/ k|f=ln=sf] lnlvt hjfkm . !@= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'4fdf l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf kmfOn ;+nUg sfuhftx¿sf] cQoog lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf lj4fg clwjQmf >L xl/ k|;fb pk|+]tLn] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf] xsdf dfq nfu' x'g] xf] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns nufpg' u}/sfg"gL xf] . ljb]zL d'n'saf6 e|d0fsf] nflu g]kfn cfpg] u}/ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ko{6s ;Demg' kg]{ / To:tf ko{6saf6 kfq ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns pk/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ df lgj]bs nufotsf u}/ ko{6gaf6 ;f] z'Ns p7fpg] u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] sfd sf/jfxL u}x| sfg"gL x'+bf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] . To:t} ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb| k|;fb kf7sn] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns ko{6s:t/sf] ;]jf k'¥ofPjfkt >L % sf] ;/sf/n] sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/] cg';f/ @ k|ltzt z'Ns c;'n ub}{ cfPsf] xf] . ko{6s :t/sf] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ h'g;'s} JolQmn] /fHonfO{ ;f] jfktsf] z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj x'G5 . ljb]zL ko{6saf6 dfq ;f] ;]jf z'Ns c;'n ug'{kg]{ eGg] P]gdf Joj:yf gePaf6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kg]{ eGg] / ljkIfL g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{sf tkm{af6 lj4fg clwjQmf >L sf]lknk|;fb clwsf/Ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] sfg"g ;Ddt tl/sfn] @ k|ltzt ;]jf z'Ns lng] Joj:yf u/]sf] / To;af6 ko{6sLo ;]jf kfP jfkt hg;'s} JolQmn] klg tg'{kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnssf] gful/snfO{ ;]jf z'Ns gnfUg] eGg ldNb}g . To;}n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kg]{ eGg] / ljkIfL efG5f3/ k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 lj4fg clwjQmf >L dx]Gb| sfGt d}gfnLn] cfly{s P]g,@)%&÷%* sf] tkmf !^ n] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns lng] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f] z'Ns s'g} xf]6]n jf /]i6'/fn] cfDbfgL ge} >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] /fh:j vftfdf hDdf x'g] /sd ePsfn] z'Ns lng] sfo{ ljwfg ;Dddt g} ePsfn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . !#= pko'{Qm ax; ;d]t ;'lg o;df lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] < To;sf] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . !$= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ xf]6n tyf /]i6'/fx¿n] ko{6sLo ;]jf z'Ns ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf] nflu dfq c;'n pk/ ug'{kg]{df d / d h:tf cGo g]kfnL gful/sx¿af6 ;f] ;f] ;]jf z'Ns c;'n ub}{ cfPsfn] ;f] sfo{ u}/ ;+j}wflgs / u}/sfg"gL x'+bf z'Ns lng gkfpg] u/L k|ltif]w k/dfb]z nufotsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] lgj]bLsf / ko{6sLO :t/sf] ;]jf k'/\ofPjfkt xf]6n ty /]i6'/fx¿n] cfk"lt{ u/]sf] d"NO clej[l4 s nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfdf b'O{ k|ltztsf b/n] ko{6s ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] / c;"n ul/g] eGg] cfly{s P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf @) df Joj:yf eP adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] /fh:j vftfdf hDdf x'g] u/L z'Ns p7fpb} cfPsf] xf] . ;f] z'Ns xf]6n jf /]i6'/fsf] cfGbfgL xf]Og . ljb]zL ko{6snfO{ dfq ;]jf z'Ns lng] u/L g]kfnL gful/snfO{ 5'6 lbPsf] 5}g eGg] ljkIfL x¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmePsf] kfOG5 . !%= cfly{s P]g,@)$^ sf] bkmf @) -!_ df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] ko{6g Joj;foLn] d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ u/]df To:tf] j:t' jf ;]jfdf cfly{ s jif{ @)%^.)%& df b'O{ k|ltztsf b/n] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] / c;"n pkk/ ul/g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / P]=bkmf @)-$_ df pkbkmf ! adf]lhd c;"n pkk/ ePsf] z'Ns 5'6\6} sf]if v8f u/L hDdf ul/g] 5 . ;f] z'Nssf] /sd >L % sf];/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/Ltf]lslbP adf]lhdsf ko{6g k|j4{g ;DjGwL sfo{df vr{ ul/g]5Æ eGg] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f] Joj:yf cfly{s P]g,@)%& df ;d]t oyfjt /x]sf] b]lvof] . ljkIfL xf]6n / /]i6'/fx¿ d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf ko{6g Joj;foL x'g eGg] ljifodf ljjfb b]lvb}g . To;/L d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf ko{6g Joj;foLx¿n] d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg] j:t' jf 263

;]jfdf b'O{ k|ltztsf b/n] ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns nufOg] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f] z'Ns h'g;'s} JolQmn] klg xf]6n /]i6'/fdf uO{ vfgf vf+bf ko{6s :t/sf] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ / To;/L kfPsf] ;]jf jfkt >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ z'Ns ltg'{kg]{bfloTj xf]6n jf /]i6'/fdf vfglkg ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . hxf+;Dd g]kfnL gful/s ko{6s gePsfn] ko{6g z'Ns ltg'{ gkg]{ eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ ;DjGwdf g]kfnL gful/sn] ko{6s :t/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt u/] klg ;f] ;]jf k|fKt u/] jfkt /fHonfO{ z'Ns ltg'{ gkg]{ u/L P]gn] 5'6 lbPsf] ge} ;f] ko{6sLo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ :jb]zL jf ljb]zL h'g;'s} JolQmn] klg ;]jf z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ u/L P]gdf Joj:yf u/]sfn] ko{6s :t/sf] ;]jf k|fKt u/] klg d :jb]zL JoQmL ko{6s gePsfn] ko{6s ;]jf z'Ns ltg'{ gkg]{ eGg] lgj]bLsfsf] lhls/ o'lQm;;+ut b]lvg cfPg . lgj]bLsf / lgj]bLsf h:t} ko{6s gePklg xf]6n /]i6'/fdf uO{ ko{6s :t/sf] vfgf / ;]jf lng O{R5's /xg] JolQmn] /fHon] tf]s]sf] TGo"gtd ?ksf] cyf{t b'O{ k|ltzt ;]jf z'Ns ;/sf/ nfO{ ltg'{ j'emfpg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ ljkIfLx¿sf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bLsfsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL xs xgg ePsf] cj:yf gx'+bf ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns c;"n ug{ gkfpg] u/L cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ sfg"g ;Ddt gb]lv+bfl/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L j'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof= lblnk s'df/ j:g]t Olt ;Djt @)%& ;fn kmfu'g @( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\======.

264

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L s]zj k|;fb pkfWofo dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L ;Dat\ @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+========!$(# cfb]z ldlt M @)%(.%.#!.@ ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t lgj]bs M ;fp08 OSo"kd]06; P08 On]S6Lsn PKnfOg;]h O08li6h k|f=ln= ;fg]kf, nlntk'/sf] tkm{af6 ;+rfns sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=jf8{ g+=@( 7d]n a:g] ljgf]b s'df/ rf}w/L lj?4 ljkIfL M s/ sfof{no,sf7df08f}+ ;d]t k|ltkflbt glh/÷l;4fGt Ø sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] cltqmd0f u/L s/ sfof{noaf6 ul/Psf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf clwsf/If]qsf] q'6L eO/x]sf] :ki6tM b]lvO/x]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL?kdf z"Go To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ ug{ k"j{ k|l;tkflbt l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cfslif{t x'g;Sg] . Ø lgj]bs pBf]u4f/f k]z u/]sf] lx;fa lstfasf] cfwf/df sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] . cfb]z k|=Gof= s]zj k|;fb pkfWofo M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f tyf cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M @= lgj]bs pBf]u nlntk'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . o; pBf]un] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] cf=j=@)$!÷)$@ sf] /Ltk"j{ssf] cfo ljj/0f ldlt @)$$÷!÷@) df s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}+df k]z u/]sf] lyof] . nlntk'/ lhNnf If]qsf] nflu s/ sfof{no nlntk'/ :yfkgf eO{ s/ clws[t lgo'Qm eO;s]kl5 s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}+n] kf6g If]qsf] pBf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f x'g jfFsL kmfOn s/ sfof{no nlntk'/ k7fpg' kg]{ / s/ sfof{no nlntk'/n] cfkm\gf] If]qsf sDkgLx¿sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g af+sL kmfOn lemsfO{ v'b cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sf/jfO{ ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}n] xfd|f] cl868{ cfo ljj/0f cg';f/ jf:tljs gf]S;fgL ?=^%,@%^.@& nfO{ jf:tf gu/L x'+b} gePsf] v'b d'gfkmf ?=%#,%%,^&&.^# sfod u/L ldlt @)$*÷!.!% df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-#_ adf]lhd s"n ljqmL c+s ?=!,$%,^&,%@%.)% nfO{ gdfgL ?=!,*!,)(,#)^.%$ ljqmL sfod u/L km/s /sd ?=#%,$!,&*!.$( / lj1fkg / cltly ;Tsf/ vr{tkm{ ?= ^$$,^@(.%) / ?=#*,$$*.^$ cdfGo u/L v'b cfotkm{ ;dfj]z u/L ?=%#,%%,^&&.^# v'b cfo lsg sfod gug]{ egL P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ ldlt @)$*÷!÷% df kq lbOof] . P]gsf] bkmf #$-!_ cg';f/ s/ sfof{nosf] sfddf ePsf] clgoldttf /f]s\g ldlt @)$*÷!÷!) df s/ ljefudf lgj]bg lbPsf]df ;f] lg0f{o dgfl;j 7x/fO{ ldlt @)$*÷!÷!& df lg0f{o eof] . #= s/ sfof{nosf] kqsf] hjfkm ldlt @)$*.!.!! df btf{ u/fPsf]df To;tkm{ Goflos dgn] ljrf/ gu/L cfwf/ ;d]t gvf]nL ldlt @)$*.!.!# df s/ sfof{non] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/\of] . xfd|f] pBf]u /]l8of] Sof;]6 P;]Djln8 pBf]u xf] . To; ;DjGwL sf/f]jf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ >]:tf cGtMz'Ns clws[t4f/f k|dfl0ft ug]{ / laqmL s/ sfof{nosf] 5fk lg:;f nfu]sf] ljn4f/f laqmL x'g] / To;sf] kmf+6jf/L ;do ;dodf l;qmL s/ sfo{nodf k7fpg] ul/G5 . /]l8of] Sof;]6 ljqmL u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ljnx¿ / ;dodf g} k]z ul/Psf] To; ;DjGwL kmf+6jf/L nufot sfof{nodf /x]sf] /]s8{tkm{ Wofg glbO{ ljqmL s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$%.!).@# sf] kqsf] cfwf/df ljqmL c+s j9fO{ To;df s/sf] bfloTj af]sfpg] sf/jfxL cgflwsf/ eO{ q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . ljqmL s/ sfof{non] ljqmL s/ k|of]hgsf nfuL sfod u/]sf] a9L ljqmL d"Nosf ;DaGwdf ldlt @)$&÷!)÷@ df l/6 g+=!)%& / !)%^ bfo/ u/]sf] 5' . ;f] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L eO{ cbfntsf] ljrf/flwg /xL/x]sf] cj:yfdf To;/L sfod ul/Psf] ljqmL d"NonfO{ g} cfwf/dfgL s/ nufpg ldNb}g . lj1fkg vr{ / cltly ;Tsf/ vr{tkm{ s"Nf cfosf] qmdzM@ k|ltzt / ! k|ltzt vr{ ldgfxf x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cl:jsf/ u/L cfkm'v';L s'n d'gfkmfsf] qmdzM @ k|ltzt / ! k|ltzt egL ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f :ki6tM q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . s/ lgwf{/0fcfb]zdf v'b cfosf] lx;fjsf] ljj/0f ;d]t gvf]nL Psd'i6 v'b cfo ?=%#,%%,(&&.@^ / hl/jfgf ;DaGwdf ;kmfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ PstkmL{ Psd'i6 ?=!,!*$)(.@# pNn]v u/L ?=@(,%%,#)%.&& bflvn ug'{ egL ePsf] sfg"g ljk/Ltsf] cfb]z u}/sfg"gL x'g'sf ;fy} To;af6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_,!@-@_-8=_, !$-!_, !&-!_ tyf &#-!_ 4f/f k|bQ xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg{ uPsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# / **-@_ adf]lhd ldlt 265

$= %=

^=

&=

@)$*÷!÷!# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z . To; ;DjGwL krf{ tyf s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)$*÷!÷!^ sf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/ u/L lx;fj lstfjsf] cfwf/df sfg"g adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug'{ elg k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L u/Lkfp+ . ;fy} l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] /sd / hl/jfgf ;d]t c;'Nf pk/ gug'{ egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq . o;df ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvthjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ ;fy} of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd ldlt @)$*÷!÷!# sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfx¿sf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fdf] Ps GofowLzdf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)$*.@.@^ sf] cfb]z . lgj]bs k|f=ln=n] ldlt @)$$÷!÷@) df cf=j=@)$!÷)$@ sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-!_ n] lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/ rf/ jif{sf] cjlw leq} ldlt @)$*.!.!# df s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . ;fljsdf lgj]bs k|f=ln=sf] sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo :yfg lvrfk]v/L sf7df08f}+df ePsf]n] cfo ljj/0f o; sfof{nodf k]z ePsf] x'+bf s/ lgwf{/0f o;} sfof{noaf6 ePsf] xf] . cf=j=@)$%÷)$^ b]lv sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo :yfg ;fg]kf nlntk'/df ;/]kl5sf] ;fljsdf o; sfof{nodf k]z eO/x]sf] cf=j=)$$÷)$% ;Ddsf] s/ lgwf{/0f o;} sfof{noaf6 ug]{ u/L cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf #@-v_ cg';f/ s/ ljefuaf6 ldlt @)$^÷!÷@% df kq k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 . cf=j=)$!÷$@ sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] ldlt @)$*÷!÷!) df s/ ljefudf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ldlt @)$*÷!÷% df P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ cg';f/ lbOPsf] kqsf] hjfkmdf cltly ;Tsf/ vr{ Hofb} g} sd ePsf] / lj1fkg vr{ jhf/sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds l:ylt x]/L jf:tljs vr{ ePsf]n] ldGxf x'g'kg]{ eGg];Dd pnn]v 5 . lgj]bssf jf/];nfO{ jofg ;d]t lnO{ ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z To;};DjGwL cfwf/o'Qm 5 . cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] kqdf ljqmL ;DaGwL kl/df0f dfq pNn]v x'G5 . lgj]bs pBf]usf] ljqmL l8kf] ;d]t ePsf]n] To;af6 ePsf] ljqmL /sdnfO{ olsg ug{ kl/df0fsf] ;fy} d'No ;d]tsf] clgjfo{tf x'g] x'+bf s"n ljqmLM d"Nosf] lgldQ ljqmL s/ zfvf sfof{nosf] kqnfO{ ;d]t cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] kq ;/x k|df0fsf] d'Vo c+usf] ?kdf lng'kg]{ x'+bf k|:t't cfly{s jif{df s'g s'g lsl;dsf] /]l8of], /]l8of] Sof;]6 tyf ldS;r/ h';/ slt d"Nodf ljqmL u/]sf] eGg] olsg u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljqmL s/ zfvfsf] kqfg';f/ o; cfly{s jif{df s"Nf ljqmL ?=!,*!,)(,#)^.%$ ePsf]df lgj]bs pBf]un] ?=!,$%,^&,%@%.)% dfq ljqmL b]vfO{ ?=#%,$!,&*!.$( Go"g b]vfPsf]n] ;f];+u ;DalGwt vr{ gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj vftfdf el/;s]sf] cfwf/af6 ;Dk"0f{ km/s /sdnfO{ cfDbfgL dfGg'kg]{ eO{ ;f]xL cfg';f/ v'bcfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] dgfl;j x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}sf] lnlvthjfkm . lgj]bssf] ldlt @)$*÷!÷!) df ljefudf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ldlt @)$*÷!÷!^ df o; cfly{s jif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f s/ sfof{no nlntk'/af6 gu/L sf7df08f}af6} ug]{ eGg] ldlt @)$^÷!÷@% sf] kqsf] Joxf]/f ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fO{ o;df clwsf/If]qsf] k|Zg p7\g g;Sg] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] lyof] . cf=j=)$!÷$@ sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z x'g cfPkl5 s/ lgwf{/0f k|of]hgsf] nfuL s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ljlw ckgfO{ sf/jfxL x'+bf lgj]bsn] clwsf/ If]qsf] k|Zg gp7fO{ clwsf/ If]q :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . s/ lgwf{/0f ePkl5 s/ bfloTjaf6 jRg tyf ;f] /sd bflvn ug{ cfn6fn ug{ dfq lgj]bg u/]sf] xf] . cfos/ P]g,@)## sf] bkmf ##-$_ cGtu{t ldlt @)$*.!.% df lbOPsf] ;"rgfdf cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfOPsf] / ;f] ;"rfgdf pNn]v ePsf] /sdx¿ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ xf]Og elg lgj]bs k|f=ln=n] s/ sfof{nodf ;j'b k|df0f k]z ug{ ;Sg] g} x'+bf s/ lgwf{/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf tYodf k|jz ] u/L pQm sf/jfx¿ G} clgoldt eof] eGg ldNb}g . cf=j=@)$$÷)$% ;Ddsf] cfo ljj/0f s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}df k]z u/fO{ ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f u/fpg] u/L ldlt @)$^!.!* df lg0f{o eO/x]sf] ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] clwsf/ If]qsf] q'6L gePsf] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] u/L ldlt @)$*.!.!^ df ljefuaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lg0f{ox¿ ab/ u/L kfp+ eGg] lhls/ lgj]bsn] lnPsf] b]lvb}g . cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf #@-v_ jdf]lhd dxflgb]{zsnfO{ cfoljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ s/ sfof{no tf]Sg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]n] o; ljefuaf6 ePsf pNn]v b'a} lg0f{ox¿ ab/ x'g' gkg]{ gx'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hu/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . d'Vo sf/f]jf/sf] :Yffg lvrfkf]v/Ldf ePsf] cj:yfsf] sf/f]jf/sf] cfoljj/0f s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}df k]z ug'{kg]{ / ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f x'g'kg]{ x'+bf clwsf/ If]qsf] q'6L u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg gldNg] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hu/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . cf=j=@)$%.)$^ b]lv sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo :yfg lvrfkf]v/L sf7df08f}af6 ;fg]kf nlntk'/df ;f/]kl5 ;fljsdf o; sfof{nodf k]z eO{/x]sf] cfly{s jif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f o;} sfof{noaf6 ug]{ u/L cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf # cg';f/ s/ ljefuaf6 ldlt @)$^.!.@% df sfof{nodf kq k|fKt x'g cfPsf] eGg] s/ sfof{nodf sf7df08f}sf] lnlvthjfkm sf] k|s/0f @-u_ df pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;+u ;DjlGwt cfos/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ bkmf # sf] pkbkmf @ cg';f/ clwsf/ If]q tf]s]sf] jf P]=sf] pkbkmf % cg';f/ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] eP ;f] sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk lemsfO{ cfPkl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%#.!!.@@ sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . 266

*= lgodfg';f/ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 lj4fg jl/i7 clwjQmfx¿ >L /tgnfn sfgf}l8of / >L ;'lzn s'df/ l;Gxf tyf lj4fg clwjQmfx¿ >L zDe' yfkf, >L clgn s'df/ l;Gxf / sNof0fb]j kGtn] s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] :yfkgf eO;s]kl5 nlntk'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL sfdsf/ jfxL s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 x'g ;Sb}g . lgj]bs pBf]usf] cf=j=)$$.$% ;Ddsf] s/ lgwf{/0f s/ sfof{noaf6 / cf=j=@)$%.)$^ b]lv s/ sfof{no nlntk'/af6 ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ug]{ sfg"gL clwsf/ dxflgb]{zsnfO{ 5}g . cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf #@ -v_ k|:t't ljjfbdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf #-@_ jf #-%_ adf]lhdsf] k|s[of cjnDjg u/L s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}nfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] gb]lvPsf]n] s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] clwsf/ If]q leqsf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 ul/Psf] cfos/ lgwf{/0fdf clwsf/ If]qsf] k|ToIf q'6L ePsf]5 . clwsf/ If]qsf] k|ToIf q'6L ePsf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cfslif{t x'G5 eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . To; cg';f/ k|:t't ljjfbdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg gu/]sf] egL l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug{ ldNb}g . o;y{ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfL tkm{af6 lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L s]bf/ k|;fb kf}8]nn] lgjb]s pBf]usf] sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo :yfg sf7df08f} xf] . To; cg';f/ ;fljs b]lv g} lgj]bs pBf]usf] cfo ljj/0f s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}df g} k]z eO{ To; pk/ sf/jfxL rln/x]sf] cj: yfdf s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . cuf8L b]lv s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}sf] clwsf/ If]q leq k/L k]z u/L bflvn eO{ ;s]sf] cfo ljj/0f cg';f/ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL sfdsf/jfxL kl5 :yfkgf ePsf] s/ sfof{nodf :yfgfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g . o;}n] ljjflbt s/ lgwf{/0fdf clwsf/ If]qsf] q'6L 5}g . s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L l/6 If]qaf6 lg/f]k0f ug{ ldNb}g . s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ gj'em] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg jf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] :ki6 j}slNks pkrf/ sf] dfu{ pknJw x'+bfx'+b} ;f] dfu{ cjnDjg gu/L bfo/ x'g cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . (= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ;DjlGwt ldl;n tyf lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿4f/f k|]lift jx; gf]6 ;d]t cWoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bg dfu af]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < eGg] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . !)= o;df lgj]bs pBf]un] cfly{s jif{ @)$!÷)$@ sf] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] >]:tf /lhi68{ n]vf k/LIfs4f/f hf+r kf; u/fO{ ldlt @)$$÷!÷@) df cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ## -!_ cg';f/sf] Dofb leq s/ lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] :yfkgf e};s]kl5 ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f x'g'kg]{df s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cltly ;Tsf/ tyf lj1fkg vr{ ldgfxf lbg'kg]{ eGbf sd dfq ldgfxf lbO{ s/sf] ef/ j9fOPsf], s/ lgwf{/0fdf clgoldttf x'g nfu]sf] egL dxflgb]{zs ;dIf bkmf #$ -!_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] lgj]bgdf lg0f{o gx'+b} s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf], ljqmLs/ zfvf sfof{no sf7df08f}sf] kqsf] cfwf/af6 ljqmL /sd Go"g b]lvg cfPsf] egL ?=#%,$!,&*!.$( v'b cfosf ;dfj]z u/L v'b cfo ?=%#,%%,(&&.@^ sfod u/L To;df cfos/ ?=@*,&^,*(^.%$ / hl/jfgf ?=!,!*,$)(.@# ;d]t hDdf u/L gk'u ?=@(,(%,#)%.&& bflvn ug'{ egL ePsf] s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}sf] ldlt @)$*÷!÷!# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] ;DjGwL krf{ u}/sfg"gL ePsf] / To;af6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_,!@-@_-8=_,!$-!_,!&-!_ / &#-!_ 4f/f k|Tofe't xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg{ uPsfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# / **-@_ adf]lhd pQm ldlt @)$*.!.!# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;f] ;DjGwL krf{ / s/ ljefusf] @)$*.!.!^ sf] lg0f{o ;d]t jb/ u/L lgj]bs pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] lx;fj lstfjsf] cfwf/df sfg"g adf]lhd ldgfxf lbg'kg]{ vr{ s6fO cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf s/ lgwf{/0f cfos/ P]g sf] bkmf ## -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq} ePsf], ;fljsdf lgj]bs pBf]usf] sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo :yfg lvrfkf]v/L sf7df08f} ePsf] / cfo ljj/0f sf7df08f}g} k]z ePsf]n] ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf],cf=j=@)$%._)$^ b]lv sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo :yfg nlntk'/sf] ;fg]kfdf ;g'{eGbf cl3sf] cf=j=@)$$÷)$% ;Ddsf] s/ lgwf{/0f s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 ug]{ u/L cfPsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f ul/ Psf]n] clwsf/ If]qsf] q'6L gePsf], cltly ;Tsf/ tyf lj1fkg vr{ ;DjGwdf P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgfsf] hjfkmdf lgj]bsn] 7f]; ;a't k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf], ljqmLs/ zfvfsf] kqfg';f/ s"n ljqmL ?=!,*!,)(#)^.%$ ePsf]df lgj]bs sDkgLn] ?=!,$%,^&,%@%.)% dfq ljqmL b]vfPsf]n] Go"g /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf],P]gsf] bkmf #@-v_ cg';f/ dxflgb]{zsnfO{ cfo ljj/0f k]z ug]{ sfof{no tf]Sg] clwsf/ ePsf]n] To; cg';f/ cf=j=)$$÷$% ;Ddsf] cfos/ ljj/0f sf7df08f}df k]z u/fO{ ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f u/fpg] u/L ldlt @)$^÷!÷!* df lg0f{o ePsf]n] sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z jb/ x'g'kg]{xf]Og eGg] lhls/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .

267

!!= tTsfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf ! df ;f] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;+Vofdf s/ clws[tx¿ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf @ df s/ clws[tsf] If]q >L % sf] ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cfos/ lgodfjnL,@)#( sf] lgod #-!_-s_df >L % sf] ;/sf/ n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ s/ sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf] s/ sfof{nosf] sfo{ If]q ;f]xL ;"rgfdf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] Joj:yf cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] :yfkgf u/L nlntk'/ lhNnfnfO{ ;f] sfof{nosf] sfo{ If]q tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/Ls/ sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ul/P kl5 pBf]u,Jofkf/,k]zf Joj:y fug]{ JolQmn] ;f] sfof{nodf cfkm\gf] gfd btf{ ug'{kg]{ cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ / ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]t x'g] Joj:yf cfos/ P]g, @)#! / lgodfjnL, @)#( df ul/Psf] kfOG5 . s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm\gf] k|wfg sfof{no tyf sf/vfgf ;d]t nlntk'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] / s/;DjGwL ljj/0fx¿ ToxfF k]z eO{ ;f] ;DjGwL sfdx¿ Tolx+af6 eO{/x]sf]n] o; cl3sf cfos/;DjGwL s/ sfof{no sf7df08f} ePsf kmfonx¿ s/ sfof{no nlntk'/df ;f/Lkfp+ egL lgj]bs pBf]usf tkm{af6 s/ ljefusf dxflgb]{zs ;dIf ldlt @)$%÷(÷@* df lgj]bg u/]sf] ;DjlGwt kmfonaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] lgj]bgdf ljefuLo lg0f{o x'+bf cf=j= )$$ ÷$% ;Dd s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}n] lghsf] ljqmL s/sf] kmfon x]g]{ u/]sf] / cf=j=)$%÷$^ b]lvdfq s/ sfof{no nlntk'/n] x]g]{ u/]sf]n] cf=j=)$$÷$% ;Ddsf] cfoljj/0f s/ sfof{no sf7df08}fdf k]z u/fO{ ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f u/fpg] / cf=j=)$%÷$^ b]lvsf] ljj/0f s/ sfof{no nlntk'/df k]z u/fpg] u/L kmfon ;fg]{ :jLs[lt lbg] egL ldlt @)$^÷!÷!* df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] . pQm lg0f{o;+u ;DjGwL kmfon ;+nUg l6Kk0fL / cfb]zsf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #@-v_ cg';f/ ;f] lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pNn]lvt bkmf #@ sf] v08 -v_sf] Joj:yf cWoog ubf{ æ====klxn] ljj/0f k]z ug]{ s/bftfsf] 7]ufgf kl/jt{g eP5 eg] To: tf] s/bftfn] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/ jf cfo cfh{gsf] d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf] 7fp+sf] s/ sfof{nodf jf :yfoL j;f]jf; ePsf] 7fp+sf] s/ sfof{nodf ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] v08sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofz+df Ps eGbf j9L If]qdf sf/f]jf/ u/L cfocfh{g ug]{ s/bftfx¿sf] ;DjGwdf eg] dxflgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] 7fp+sf] s/ sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . !@= lgj]bs pBf]usf] sf/f]jf/sf] If]q ;fljssf] sf7df08f} lhNnf ePsf]df 7]ufgf kl/jt{g eP/ nlntk'/ lhNnf ;fg]kfdf ;l/;s]kl5 klg t/ nlntk'/ lhNnfdf s/ :yfkgf gePsf] sf/0fn] s/;DjGwL sfdsf/jfxL s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 eO{ cfPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs pBf]usf] k|wfg sfof{no tyf sf/vfgf ;d]t ;fg]kfdf ePsf]n] ;f] If]q;+u ;DjlGwt s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] :yfkgf e};s]kl5 s/;DjGwL sfd sf/jfO{ ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 ;DkGg ul/g'kg]{ :ki6?kdf b]lvg cfpF5 . lgj]bs pBf]usf] sf/f]jf/ Ps eGbf a9L If]qdf /x]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bs pBf]usf] xsdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #@-v_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofz+ cg';f/ dxflgb]{zsn] cf=j=)$$÷$% ;Ddsf] cfo ljj/0f s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}df / To; kl5sf] cfly{s jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f s/ sfof{no nlntk'/df k]z ug]{ egL cfo ljj/0f k]z ug]{ 7fp+ tf]Sg ;Sg] b]lv+b}g . o;sf cltl/Qm P]gsf] pNn]lvt bkmf #@ -v_ n] ljj/0f bflvn ug]{ 7fp+;Dd tf]Sg ;Sg] clwsf/ dxflgb]{zsnfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cg';f/ ljj/0f k]z ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvb}g . s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;d]tsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL P]gsf] bkmf # cg';f/ sfo{If]q ;d]t tf]sL >L % sf] ;/sf/n] s/ clws[t lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ / lgodfjnLsf] lgod # cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] s/ sfof{nosf] If]q ;d]t tf]sL g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L :yfkgf ul/g] ePsf]n] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ pNn]lvt sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ :yflkt sfof{nosf] ;DjlGwt s/ clws[taf6 dfq x'g;Sg] b]lvg cfp+5 . !#= cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nfuL sfo{If]q ;d]t tf]sL s/ sfof{nosf] :yfkgf eO{;s]kl5 klg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df P]gsf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf @ df s'g} Ps If]qsf] s/ clws[tsf] sfo{If]q leq kg]{ sfd sf/jfxL csf]{ s/ clws[t4f/f klg u/fpg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf % df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] of] P]g adf]lhd cfkm'n] kfPsf] clwsf/ dWo] ;a} jf s]lx clwsf/ dxflgb]{zs jf s/ clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] :yfkgf eO{;s]kl5 ;f] sfof{nosf] sfo{If]q leqsf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]tsf sfo{x¿ s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}sf s/ clws[taf6} u/fpg] u/L pNn]lvt sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 jf >L % sf] ;/sf/4f/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dxflgb]{zsaf6 s'g} lg0f{o eP gePsf] eGg] ;DjGwdf o; cbfntaf6 cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] pNn]lvt bkmf #-@_ cg';f/ clwsf/ If]q tf]s]sf] jf pkbkmf % cg';f/ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] eP ;f] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk lemsfpg] egL ldlt @)%#÷!!÷@@ df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cbfntaf6 pQm cfb]z ePsf] ldlt b]lv k6s k6s ePsf] kqfrf/sf] afah't ;f] cfb]z cg';f/sf] s'g} lg0f{o o; ;DjGwL kqsf] s'g} hjfkm ;d]t ljkIfLx¿af6 x'g cfPsf] kfOb}g . ljkIfL s/ ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6 ePsf] dfly pNn]lvt ldlt @)$^÷!÷!* sf] lg0f{odf lgj]bs pBf]usf] cf=j=)$$÷$% ;Ddsf] ljqmL s/sf] kmfon s/ sfof{no 268

sf7df08f}n] x]g]{ u/]sf] / cf=j=)$%÷$^ b]lvdfq s/ sfof{no nlntk'/af6 x]g]{ u/]sf]n] cf=j=)$$÷$% ;Ddsf] cfo ljj/0f s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}df k]z u/fpg] ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f u/fpg] / cf=j=)$%÷$^ b]lvsf] cfo ljjj/0f s/ sfof{no nlntk'/df k]z ug]{ u/fpg] egL lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs pBf]usf] ljqmL s/;DjGwL kmfon x]/]sf] jf lgj]bs pBf]un] ;fljs adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] eGg]dfq cfwf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] s/ sfof{nojf6dfq x'g;Sg] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{ csf]{ s/ sfof{nosf s/ clws[taf6} x'g;Sg] b]lvb}g . o;}n] k|wfg sfof{no tyf sf/vfgf ;d]t nlntk'/df ePsf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] ljjfbLt cfly{s jif{ )$! ÷$@ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt s/ clws[taf6 ePsf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg . sfg"g adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug]{ clwsf/ If]q gePsf] clwsf/L jf lgsfon] sfg"g4f/f lgwf{l/t k|s[of cjnDjg u/]/ cfb]z u/]sf] ePtfklg To: tf] clwsf/ If]qsf q'6L u/L ePsf] cfb]z sfg"gL ?kdf z'Go-Void_ x'g] x'+bf To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zn] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvb}g . pBf]u /x]sf] If]qdf s/ sfof{nosf] :yfkgf gePsf] sf/0fn] lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm'n] k]z ug'{kg]{ cfo ljj/0f ;fljs adf]lhd s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}df j'emfPsf] eGg]dfq sf/0fn] pQm sfof{nosf] clwsf/ If]q : jLsf/ u/]sf] dfgL sfg"g adf]lhd g} clwsf/ g} gePsf] s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf clwsf/ If]qsf] q'6L ePsf]n] ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]znfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf k|bfg ug{ ldn]g . !$= lgj]bs k|lbks'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 s/ sfof{no df]/8= ;d]t ePsf] pTk]|if0f ;d]t ljifosf] l/6 lgj]bg –g]=sf=k=@)%@, lg=g+=^)#@, k[i7 %$@_ df o; cbfnt k'0f{ Ohnf;af6 æGoflos jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z clwsf/ If]q ljlxg 5 jf lghn] k|of]u u/]sf] sfg"gg} ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5}g jf clwsf/L gePsf] lgsfon] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 cyjf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt jf sfg"g ljkl/t dsf{ kg]{ kIfnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf glbO{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 eGg] lhls/ lnP/ ;DjlGwt kIf To;sf] pkrf/sf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/df cfPsf] 5 / lghsf] lhls/ plrt b]lvG5 eg] To; cj:yfdf lghnfO{ o; cbfntn] lgZro g} d4t ug{ ;S5 / ug'{kb{5 . To:tf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df z"Go ;/x x'g] x'gfn] tT;DjGwdf k'g/fj]bg jf cGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] s'g} cYf{ x'b}gÆ eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'4fdf s/ sfof{no nlntk'/sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] clwsf/ If]qsf cltqmd0f u/L s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 ul/Psf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf clwsf/ If]qsf] q'6L eO{/x]sf] :ki6tM b]lvO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL ?kdf z"Go To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f ab/ ug{ pNn]lvt k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] g} b]lvg cfof] . o;}n] s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg] j}slNks pkrf/ /x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g k5{ elg ljkIfLsf] lhls/ ;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . !%= dfyL ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 s/ sfof{no sf7df08f}af6 ldlt @)$*÷!÷!# df ePsf] lgj]bs pBf]usf] cfly{s aif{ @)$!÷)$@ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;f] ;DjGwL krf{ / s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)$^÷!÷!^ sf] lg0f{odf clwsf/ If]qsf] q'6L b]lv+bf pNn]lvt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]tsf lg0f{o tyf To; ;DjGwL sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f ab/ x'G5 . lgj]bs pBf]u4f/f k]z u/]sf] lx;fj lstfjsf] cfwf/df sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfp+df k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ j'emfO{lbg' . pko'Qm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L Olt ;Djt @)%( ;fn efb| #! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\========================.

269

g]=sf=k=@)%(, cÍ (÷!), km};nf ldlt M @)%(.^.!), lg0f{o g+= &!#@ ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fh+u /fodfemL dfggLo GofofwLz >L c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L 6f]kaxfb'/ l;+x ;Djt @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= == %# ljifoM pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z . lgj]bs M lhNnf jf+s] g]kfnu+h gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * 3/ e} xfn sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j:g] clwjQmf l;tf/fd cu|jfn lj?4 ljkIfL M >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno sf7df8f}+ ;d]t · ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfjZos tTjx? dWo]df Pp6f ljifoj:t' sfg"g x'g'kg]{ / To:tf] sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg dfq Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . sfg"g jfx]ssf cGo ljifox?sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g egL wf/f **-!_ jdf]lhd Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . · ;+ljwfg / sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]gsf] kl/efiffx?af6 ljw]os s]jn ;+;bdf k]z ePsf] P]gsf] d:of}bf dfq xf] / To:tf] d:of}bfn] Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L P]gsf] ?k lnO{ ;s] kZrft dfq sfg"gsf] ?k u|x0f ug]{ b]lvg cfp+5 . t;y{ sfg"gsf] ?kdf g/x]sf P]gsf] d:of}bfdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf ljw]ossf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] 5 egL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ jdf]lhd Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] ljifoj:t'sf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ul//xg' kg]{ gb]lvg] . · g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -ª_ n] sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] ;'rLt cfb]z g]kfn sfg"g g} ;+emg' kg]{ ePsfn] To:tf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd jb/ u/fpgsf] nflu lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf wf/f **-!_ sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf h:t} lgj]bssf] x}l;ot g]kfnL gful/ssf] dfq b]vfpg kof{Kt x'b}g . wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhdsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] ljjflbt ljifo pk/ lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of ;d]t k|i6tM b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{ . l/6 lgj]bs sfg"g Joj;foL ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb egL k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ b]vfO{ xsb}of /x]sf] egL lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu hf] ;'s}n] klg wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of x'G5 eGg gldNg] . · /fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg0f{o cfb]zdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;fdlos s/ c;"/ P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf] ;"lrt cfb]zn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ u/]sf] ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf;+u lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] ;fy{s ;DjGw / tflTjs ;/f]sf/ 5 eGg] s'g} pNn]v x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]jn sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x}l;otaf6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] cfwf/df To: tf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t';+u lgj]bssf] ;fy{s ;DjGw / tflTjs ;/f]sf/sf cltl/Qm lghn] ;DjlGwt hg;fwf/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ;lx?kdf u/]sf] /x]5 eGg ;Sg] cfwf/ ;d]t gb]lvg] . -k|=g+= !@ / !#_ lgj]bs tkm{af6 M lj4fg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfL tkm{af6 M lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L ›f]0f/fh /]UdL cjnlDjt glh/ M g]=sf=k=@)$*, c+s !@, k[i7 *!), lg=g+= $$#) cfb]z Gof=s[i0fh+u /fodfemLM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#,**-!_ / **-@_ jdf]lhd bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f o;k|sf/ 5 M @= cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* Pp6f ljw]os dfq xf] . of] ljw]os ;+;baf6 kfl/t ePsf] 5}g / nfndf]x/ klg nfu]sf] 5}g . pQm ljw]ossf] bkmf ^ / cg';"rL $ sf] b]xfo @), @#, @&, ##, $!, $@ Pj+ bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo $# n] d"No celj[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] ljleGg bkmfx?nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ Joxf]/f pNn]v /x]sf] / pQm ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf @)%* ;fn >fj0f ! ut] b]lv k|f/De ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf ;f] ljw]ossf] bkmf !-@_ n] u/]sf] 5 . h'g ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt 5 . cfly{s ljw]osn] cfos/ P]g / d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] xf]Og / ljw]osdf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] Joxf]/f pNn]v x'+b}df P]gsf] ;DjlGwt bkmfx? ;+z]wg ePsf] dfGg ;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g . 270

t;y{, P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ePsf] dfgL cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* sf] klg Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg ldNb}g . ;fdflos s/ c;'n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # / $ n] s/ nufpg] jf j9fpg] ljifo dfq cfslif{t x'g ;S5 eO/ x]sf] s'g} P]gsf] bkmfnfO{ ;"rgf jf cfb]zJbf/f ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ 5}g . t;y{ cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* n] pQm P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ / pQm ;+zf]wg @)%*.$.! b]lv nfu' ug]{ u/L ePsf] Joj:yf Pj+ pQm Joj:yfnfO{ nfu' ug{ egL >L % sf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;"rgf cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ @)%*.$.! b]lv nfu' ePs} ldlt b]lv cdfGo / jb/ 3f]lift u/L kfp+ . ;fy} ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfp+df cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq . #= o;df cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( sf] jh]6 jQmJo jdf]lhd cy{ ljw]os, @)%* sf ;fy} ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd ;"lrt cfb]z g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt e} hf/L ePsf] 5 5}g < k|sflzt eP g]kfn /fhkqsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t cy{ dGqfnoaf6 cljnDj lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)%*.$.% sf] cfb]z . $= o;df cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* ;fn ;+;bJbf/f kfl/t e} P]gsf] ?k lnPsf] 5 5}g lgj]bssf] sfuh u/fO{ lgod jdf]lhd u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] ldlt @)%*.$.!& sf] cfb]z . %= o;df o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.$.% sf] cfb]z jdf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg ePsf] gb]lv+bf ;f] jdf]lhd u/L lgod jdf]lhd u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] ldlt @)%*.$.#@ sf] cfb]z . ^= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy} of] l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug{‘ . cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)%*.%.!# sf] cfb]z . &= ;+;b ;lrjfno :jo+ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ >f]t xf]Og . of] ;lrjfno Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw k'/f ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfo dfq xf] . o;n] ljwfossf] sd ub}{g / sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ k|]l/t ;d]t gug]{ x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . *= cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* ;+;bsf] ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] ljw]os xf] . ljrf/fwgL /x]sf] ljw]osn] s'g} klg P]gsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h jf kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L k|:tfj ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . ljw]osn] P]g]sf] ?k glnP;Dd nfu' ePsf] gdflgg] x'+bf cfos/ P]g, d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/]sf] egL lnPsf] lhls/ cfwf/xLg 5 . s'g} eG;f/ dx;'n cGtz'Ns nufpg] j9fpg] ;DjGwdf ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd cfb]z hf/Lug{ g} ;S5 . t;y{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= sfg"g g} jlgg;s]sf] ljw]ossf] s'/fnfO{ ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ ;+j}wflgs k/LIf0f x'g ;Qm}g . ljw]os eg]sf] sfg"g xf]Og . ljw]ossf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ljifosf] Goflos lg/f]k0f x'g ;Qm}g . e}/fv]sf] P]gsf] Joj: yfnfO{ ljwflosfn] kl5 c? P]g jgfP/ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . t;y{ lgj]bg lhls/ ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"g;Ddt gx'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'§f 5'§} lnlvt hjfkm. !)= lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 ljJbfg clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{sf] cj:yf;Dddf cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* n] P]gsf] ?k wf/0f ul/;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] P]gsf] ?k g} wf/0f u/L g;s]sf] ljw]os nfu' e};s]sf] egL pQm ljw]ossf] bkmf ! n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL 5 . To:tf] u}/sfg"gL s'/f nfu' ug]{ jf/]df ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g jdf]lhd hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z ;d]t cj}wflgs 5 . ;f] P]g jdf]lhdsf] cfb]zn] s'g} e}/x]sf] P]gsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] ;d]t xf]Og . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] jx; ug{‘ eof] eg] ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljJbfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ›f]0f/fh /]UdLn] cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* ;+;baf6 kfl/t ge} P]g jlgg;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] / To:tf] ljw]osdf s'g} ljBdfg P]gsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L ;fy} To:tf] Joj:yf slxn] b]lv k|f/De x'g] eGg] jf/]df ul/Psf] k|fjwfgsf] k|:tfjn] sfg"gsf] ?k wf/0f ul/;s]sf] x'b}g / To:tf Joj:yf lqmofzLn klg x'b}g hj;Dd ;+;baf6 ljw]os kfl/t eO{ P]gsf] ?k lnPsf] x'+b}g . o:tf] sfg"gsf] ?kwf/0f u/L g;s]sf] k|fjwfg k|flzs jx;sf] ljifo ePklg Goflos lg?k0fsf] ljifo x'g ;Qm}g . To: t} ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf] ;"rLt cfb]zn] ljBdfg P]gsf] s/ ;DjGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ g;Sg] eGg ldNg] b]lvb}g . olb ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm}g eGg] xf] eg] cfb]zsf] k|of]hg g} ;dfKt x'G5 . t;y{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] lhls/ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g;Ddt gx'+bf l/6 lgj]bg x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] jx; ug{‘eof] . !!= ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] jx; ;d]t ;'gL cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx?sf] cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* sf] bkmf ^ / cg';"rL $ sf] 271

b]xfo @), @#, @&, ##, $!, $@ n] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@, bkmf !) / cg';"rL ^ sf] b]xfo $# n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/]sf] / pQm ljw]ossf] bkmf !-@_ n] To:tf] ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf @)%*.$.! ut] b]lv k|f/De ePsf] dflgg] egL u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf]n] jb/ u/L kfp+ eGg] ;fy} ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf] ;"lrt cfb]zn] ;d]t dfly pNn]v ul/Psf k|fjwfg cg'?k g} d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L u/]sf] Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb /xL To;/L P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ gkfpg] eGg] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zg ;d]t lg?k0f ug{‘kg]{ eGg] ;d]tsf] lgj]bg Pj+ lgj]bs tkm{sf ljJbfg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] d'Vo lhls/ /xL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ / -@_ jdf]lhdsf] cfwf/ b]vfO{ k|: t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df d'VotM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgDg k|Zgx?s} k|f/lDes ?kdf ljj]rgf x'g cfjZos b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . != g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ cg';f/sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifodf ljw]ossf] k|fjwfg k5{ kb}{g < @= ;fdlos s/ c;'n P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf] ;"lrt cfb]zJbf/f d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L ePsf] Joj:yf pk/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of lo l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ 5, 5}g < !@ k|yd ljifos} ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ n] u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ pQm ;+ljwfgJbf/f k|bQ df}lns xs pk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] b]lvPdf To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ cdfGo / jb/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm pkwf/f jdf]lhdsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfjZos tTjx? dWo]df Pp6f ljifoj:t' sfg"g x'g'kg]{ / To:tf] sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg dfq Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . sfg"g jfx]ssf cGo ljifox?sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g egL ;f] wf/f **-!_ jdf]lhd Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . cj k|:t't ljjfb;+u ;DjlGwt cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] eGg] /x]sf]n] cfly{s ljw]os, @)%* g} ;j{k|yd g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfg"g xf] jf xf]Og egL x]g{‘kg]{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] JofVofdf klg g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu' eP ;/x nfu' x'g] u/L g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @-ª_ n] sfg"gsf] kl/efiff ug]{ qmddf P]gnfO{ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -3_ n] ljw]os eGgfn] ;+;bdf k]z ePsf] P]gsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;+emg' kb{5 egL kl/efiff ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg / P]gsf] pk/f]Qm kl/efiffx?af6 ljw]os s]jn ;+;bdf k]z ePsf] P]gsf] d:of}bf dfq xf] / To:tf] d:of}bfn] Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L P]gsf] ?k lnO{ ;s] kZrft dfq sfg"gsf] ?k u|x0f ug]{ b]lvg cfp+5 . t;y{ sfg"gsf] ?kdf g/x]sf P]gsf] d:of}bfdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf ljw]ossf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] 5 egL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ jdf]lhd Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] ljifoj:t'sf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L tYosf] ljj]rgf e} ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ul//xg' kg]{ b]lvg cfPg . !#= bf];|f] ljifosf] ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf ;"lrt cfb]zn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] xf]Og eGg] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu eGg] lhls/ lgj]bsn] lnPsf] b]lvG5 . hf/L ePsf ;"lrt cfb]z ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # jdf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 @)%*.$.! b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L hf/L ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf lgj]bssf] s'g} ljjfb b]lvb}g . To:t} To:tf] ;"lrt cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ P]gsf] Joj:yf pk/ klg lgj]bssf] s'g} cfklQ ;d]t 5}g . eG;f/ dx;'n jf cGtMz'Ns jf c? s'g} s/ t'?Gt nufpg jf j9fpg jfR5gLo 5 eGg] lrQdf nfu]df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;"lrt cfb]zJbf/f nufpg / j9fpg ;Sg] pQm bkmf # n] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . j9fpg ;Sg] 5 eGg] s'/fn] eO/x]sf] s/sf] Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] s'/f gkg]{ eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . o;/L P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L hf/L ul/Psf g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -ª_ n] sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] ;'lrt cfb]z g]kfn sfg"g g} ;+emg' kg]{ ePsfn] To:tf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd jb/ u/fpgsf] nflu lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf wf/f **-!_ sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf h: t} lgj]bssf] x}l;ot g]kfnL gful/ssf] dfq b]vfpg kof{Kt x'b}g . wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhdsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] ljjflbt ljifo pk/ lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of ;d]t k|i6tM b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{ . l/6 lgj]bs sfg"g Joj;foL ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb egL k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ b]vfO{ xsb}of /x]sf] egL lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu hf] ;'s}n] klg wf/f **-@_ jdf]lhd l/6 272

lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of x'G5 eGg ldNb}g . To:tf] lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ ljifoj:t';+u lgj]bssf] ;fy{s ;DjGw -Meaningful Relation_ / tflTjs ;/fsf]/ -Substantial Interest_ sf cltl/Qm ljjfbdf d'l5Psf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DjlGwt hg;fwf/0fsf] k|l{\tlglwTj lgj]bsn] ;lx ?kdf ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fsf] klg lgj]bsn] cbfntnfO{ ljZjf; u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] /fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lg0f{o cfb]zdf -g]=sf=k= @)$*, c+s !@, k[i7 *!) df k|sflzt lg=g+=$$#)_ ljz]if Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg e} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;fdlos s/ c;"/ P]g, @)!@ jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf] ;"lrt cfb]zn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ u/]sf] ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf;+u lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] ;fy{s ;DjGw / tflTjs ;/f]sf/ 5 eGg] s'g} pNn]v ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . s]jn sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x}l;otaf6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] cfwf/df To:tf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t';+u lgj]bssf] ;fy{s ;DjGw / tflTjs ;/fsf]/ sf cltl/Qm lghn] ;DjlGwt hg;fwf/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ;lx?kdf u/]sf] /x]5 eGg ;Sg] cfwf/ ;d]t b]lvPg . ;fy} lgj]bssf s] s:tf] xsdf k|lts"n c;/ ljjflbt ljifoaf6 kg{ uPsf] 5 eGg] klg b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of /x]5 eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . !$= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0fx?af6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg lhls/ ;+ljwfg;Ddt gx'+bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg' . pko'Qm /fodf ;xdt 5f} . Gof=c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{ Gof=6f]kaxfb'/ l;+x Olt ;Djt @)%( ;fn c;f]h !) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ =============== .

273

efuM $%, ;fnM @)^), dlxgfM ef›, c+sM %, km};nf ldlt M @)^).@.!.%, lg0f{o g+= &@@# ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fs'df/ jdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]kfnk|;fb vqL dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 ;Dat\ @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ======= *$ laifoM– cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';r " L ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / $@-#_ ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf]n] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF . lgj]bsM hglxt ;+/If0f d~rsftkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt tyf cfkmgf] xsdf ;d]t sf= lh=sf=d=g= kf=jf=g+= !$ s'n]Zj/ a: g] clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ ;d]t lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t · lgoldt s/bftfx? aLr klg c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg] jf :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ffåf/f s/ ltg]{x? aLr klg km/s km/s Joj:yf ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ gb]lvg'sf ;fy} To;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf] / s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/sf] bfo/fleq kg]{ JolQmx?nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fleq s;/L kfg]{ eGg] k|Zg jf laifo gLltut laifosf] s'/f ePsf] / >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f ;f]xL gLltut s'/f sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f cfos/ ltg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+bf :jo+ 3f]lift cfosf] s/bftf / lgoldt s/bftfsf jLr c;dfg ePsf] elg+ s/bftfx? :jo+af6 o:tf] k|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yf gb]lvg] . -k|=g+= !#_ · tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! / k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* s/ k|of]hgsf nflu hf/L ePsf] / ;f] P]gsf] p2]Zo kl/ k"lt{sf] nflu cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %# / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &$ / bkmf *$ n] s/ ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/ df s/bftfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L To:tf] s/ ;DaGwdf ePsf sfds'/f;+u ;DjlGwt sfuhft / hfgsf/L uf]Ko /xg] / /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]n] To;/L s'g} vf; P]gn] vf; p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu s'g} ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf]df h'g p2]Zosf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] ;f] xb;Dd pQm Joj:yf nfu" x'g] cg'dfg ug{'kg]{ . · s/ ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/sf ;DaGwdf ePsf hfgsf/L / uf]kgLotfaf6 s'g} klg lgsfon] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ jfwf k'u]sf] dfGg g;lsg'sf ;fy} s/ ltg{'kg]{ t/ s/sf bfo/df gcfPsf s/bftfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fleq Nofpg /fHoåf/f ckgfOPsf] ljz]if gLltut Joj:yfsf] ?kdf ;Dd pNn]lvt Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 lgj]bs kIfsf] egfO cg';f/ wf/f (*-!_ cg';f/sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt / lgolGqt u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . · z'?df @)%* kf}if leq To:tf] :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ff u/L s/ ltg{'kg]{ / kl5 @)%* df3 leq sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;dofjlw ;d]t ;dfKt eO{ ;f] sf] p2]Zo ;d]t k"/f e};s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf]df ;f] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt /x]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*-!_ sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] ;d]t gb]lv+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . -k|=g+= !& / !*_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfx? >L ldlx/s'df/ 7fs'/, >L k|sfzdl0f zdf{ / lbg]z lqkf7L, >L /fh'k|;fb rf}nfufO{ / >L 6]s tfd|fsf/ ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›k|;fb kf7s cjnlDjt glh/M cfb]z Gof=s[i0fs'df/ jdf{M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] Joxf]/f Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M – 274

@= cfly{s P]g, @)%* -o; kl5 ;+If]kdf "cfly{s P]g" elgPsf] 5_ sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / $@-#_ sf s]xL jfSofFzx? g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& -o; kl5 ;+If]kdf ";+ljwfg" elgPsf] 5_ sf] wf/f !!-!_ tyf wf/f (*-!_ ;d]t;+u aflemPsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ cg';f/ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/fpg xfdL lgj]bsx? of] lgj]bg ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bfo/ ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ . cfly{s P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / $@-#_ sf Joj: yfx? ;+ljwfg;+u ljleGg ?kdf jflemPsf] s'/f tnsf k|s/0fx?df pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ . cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-#_ sf ljjflbt jfSof+zx? cGtu{t h:tf] ;'s} >f]taf6 k|fKt ePsf] cfo eP klg, o:tf] ;DklQsf] >f]tsf] af/]df s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu 5fgjLg ul/g] 5}g, s'g} klg sfuhftnfO{ uf]Ko sfuhftsf] ?kdf lnOg]5 / s'g} klg lgsfon] To:tf] sfuhft ;a} jf cf+lzs ?kdf x]g{ jf k|df0f k]z ug{ nufpg] 5}g / ;f] sfuhft s/ ;DaGwL afx]s cGo d'2fdf k|df0f nfUg] 5}g" eGg] k/]sf 5g\ . ljjflbt jfSof+zx?n] d"ntM h:tf] ;'s} >f]taf6 k|fKt cfonfO{ uf]Ko, cgltqmDo / s'g} k|of]hgsf nflu 5fgjLg gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'+bf o:n] e|i6frf/ / cg}lts t/Lsfaf6 sdfPsf] ;DklQnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf / ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] dfq geO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfo cfh{g u/L s/ ltg]{ JolQmx?dfly lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ ;d]t u/]sf] 5 h'g c;+j}wflgs 5 . ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?nfO{ cbfntn] nfu" ug{ gldNg] eP klg olb ;/sf/n] tL gLlt Pj+ l;4fGt lak/Lt sfd u5{ eg] To;tkm{ cf}+Nofpg g;Sg] xf]Og elg o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fx?df JofVof x'+b} cfPsf 5g\ . #= cfly{s P]gsf] ljjflbt jfSofFzx?n] d'4f lgd{nLs/0f -Money Laundering_ nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] 5 . cfk/flws sfo{af6 k|fKt ;DklQnfO{ j}w agfpg] p2]Zon] s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 kl/jt{g jf :yfgfGt/0f ul/g] sfo{nfO{" d'›f lgd{nLs/0f" elgG5 . cj}w tl/sfaf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{ j}w ug{sf] nflu j}wflgs cfly{s ;+:yf tyf lgsfox?sf] dfWodaf6 To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ j}wflgs >f]taf6 k|fKt ;DklQsf] ?kdf b]vfpg cg]s pkfo ckgfOg] ul/G5 . cfly{s P]gsf] pk/f]Qm ;'ljwf / pGd'lQm k|fKt u/L ^ c/a eGbf a9L ;DklQsf] :j]lR5s 3f]if0ffaf6 ^) s/f]8 eGbf a9L cfos/ c;'n ePsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . t/ To;/L 3f]lift ;DklQsf] >f]t tyf j}wtfaf/] s'g} 5fgjLg g} gu/L tyf eljiodf klg 5fgjLg x'g gkfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L hfgL hfgL d'4f lgd{nLs/0f x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt Pj+ ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/fx?n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @% -#_ df pNn]lvt Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ bfloTjaf6 k|ToyL{x? :ki6tM ljd'v x'g vf]h]sf] k|i6 5 . ljjflbt jfSofFzn] 3f]lift ;DklQsf] >f]t af/]df s'g}klg k|of]hgsf nflu 5fgjLg ug{ /f]s nufPsf] 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff ug]{ JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/L cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ ;DaGwdf 5fgjLg ug]{ ljleGg lgsfosf] If]qflwsf/ ;d]tnfO{ ;+s'lrt / ;Lldt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff ug]{ JolQmn] cfly{s P]gn] lbPsf] of] laz]if ;'ljwf cg';f/ s/ a'emfO{ ;s]kl5 e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s'g} s;"/df cleof]u nflu cg';Gwfg txlssft ubf{ cGo s'/fx?sf cltl/Qm lghn] ;DklQ 3f]if0ff u/L s/ a'emfPsf] s'/f klg ;a"b k|df0f x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ljjflbt jfSof+zn] :ki6tM /f]s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*-!_ cg';f/ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]{ clwsf/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ k|fKt 5 . t/ ljjflbt jfSof+zn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;+s'lrt / lgolGqt u/]sf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*-!_ ;+u jflemPsf] x'Fbf cdfGo / ab/ x'g'kg]{ :ki6 5 . $= cfly{s P]gsf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf ! n] cfos/sf] b/ krxQ/ xhf/ ;Ddsf] v"b cfodf !% k|ltzt / To;kl5sf] afFsL /sddf @% k|ltzt cfos/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. csf]{tkm{ ;f]xL cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ n] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd cfos/ nfUg] cfo /x]sf] t/ To:tf] cfodf nfUg] s/ glt/]sf] JolQmn] ;DklQsf] :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f !) k|ltzt cfos/ j'emfpg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;k|sf/ ljjflbt jfSof+zx?n] cfos/ ltg]{ s/bftfx?dWo] lgoldt ?kdf s/ ltg]{ OdfGbf/ s/bftfx? eGbf gofF s/bftfnfO{ a9L ;'ljwf / pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] b]lv+bf tL Joj: yfx? ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_ åf/f k|Tofe"t ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n 5 . OdfGbf/ / lgoldt s/bftfnfO{ Pp6f ju{df /fvL ;'ljwf / pGd'lQm k|bfg ug]{ s'/fsf] s'g} af]wuDo / ljj]sk"0f{ cfwf/ b]lvb}g . s/ g5nL lgoldt ?kdf / ;dod} cfos/ ltg]{ s/bftfx?nfO{ @%% lzlnËsf] s/ ltg{‘kg]{ t/ s/ gltg]{ s/bftfn] kl5 s/ ltbf{ !)% sf b/n] dfq lt/] k'Ug] ljjflbt jfSofFzx?n] Psflt/ s/ 5Ng] s/bftfnfO{ s/ 5Ng -tax evasion_ pTk|]l/t u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ lgoldt OdfGbf/ s/bftfnfO{ xtf]T;flxt t'NofPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] s/ k|zf;g r':t b'?:t /fvL df}s}df ;DalGwt ;j};+u s/ p7fpg' kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTjaf6 k+l5g o; lsl;dsf] e]befjk"0f{ tl/sfsf] ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot lbPsf] cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lv+b}g . ljjflbt jfSof+zx?n] ;DklQ 3f]if0ff ;fy k]z u/]sf] ;a} sfuhftnfO{ uf]Ko sfuhftsf] ?kdf lnOg] / s'g} klg lgsfon] To:tf] sfuhft ;a} jf cf+lzs ?kdf x]g{ jf k|df0f k]z ug{ nufpg gkfpg] Joj:yf v'Nnf ;dfhsf] cjwf/0ff lak/Lt 5 . s/ gltg]{ gofF s/bftfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg /fHon] s]xL dgfl;a ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 t/ To:sf] af]wuDo / ljj]sk"0f{ cfwf/ / sf/0f x'g' kb{5 . sfnf] wgnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fleq Nofpg] dg;fon] 275

To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ ;bfsf nflu j}w / cgltqmDo ug]{ u/L cg}lts, j]dgfl;a / cg'lrt sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ ;Eo gful/sx?sf] ;dfhdf /fHon] ug{ ldNb}g . ljjflbt jfSof+zx?n] sfnf] wgnfO{ -Black money_ j}w wg -white money_ agfpgdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf ;d]t v]Ng] x'Fbf o;n] cg}lts / u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] ;+/If0f ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . cg}lts / u}/sfg"gL t/Lsfn] sfnf] wg cflh{t ug]{ ei6frf/L, t:s/ tyf clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u ug]{x?nfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f lbg] b'lift dg;foaf6 ljjflbt jfSofFzx? k|]l/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . %= t;y{ pNn]v eP adf]lhd cfly{s P]gsf] cg';"lr ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / $@-#_ sf ljjflbt jfSof+zx? ;dfgtf, Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t v'Nnf ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+j}wflgs bz{g lak/Lt u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] cflh{t sfnf] wgnfO{ ;d]t j}w ;DklQ agfpg] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] / To:tf] ;DklQsf] >f]tsf] af/]df s'g} klg k|of]hgsf nflu 5fgjLg ug{ /f]s nufO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufot ;DklQ Goflos hfFrj'em cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;+sl' rt / lgolGqt u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_, wf/f (*-!_ nufot /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?sf] k|lts"n ;d]t /x]sf] x'Fbf tL ljjflbt jfSofFzx? k|f/De b]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . ^= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL lakIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod jdf]lhd k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt )%(.!.^ sf] cfb]z . &= ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] gfd l/6 lgj]bgsf] lakIfL dxndf pNn]v ePklg l/6 lgj]bsn] s] sf/0f / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df ;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{ k|ToyL{ agfpg' k/]sf] xf] < pQm l/6 lgj]bgdf sxL+ st} ;fGble{stf :yflkt ug{;s]sf] kfOb}g . ;+;b ;lrjfno :jo+ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ >f]t xf]Og . of] ;lrjfno Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw k"/f ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfo dfq xf] . o;n] ljwflosfsf] sfd ub}{g / sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ k|]l/t ;d]t gug]{ x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . *= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @%-@_ n] "b]zsf] pknAw cfly{s >f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx?df s]lG›t x'g glbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ s'g} klg ju{ jf JolQm pk/ cfly{s zf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L :jb]zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq Pj+ cfTdlge{/ u/fpg' /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5" egL cfly{s Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf lgb]{zs l;4fGt /x]sf] Pj+ ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *# n] "P]gåf/f ljlgof]lht Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{ zLif{sdf /sd ;fg]{ s'/f / c? cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL s'/f P]gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5" eGg] pNn]v eP adf]lhd pko{‘Qm cfly{s P]gåf/f Joj:yf eP u/]sf s'/fnfO{ cGoyf lng'kg]{ cj:yf gb]lv+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . e|i6frf/ Pj+ cg'lrt sfo{;+u ;Da4 s'/fdf ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfly{s P]gsf] pko{‘Qm Joj:yfn] s'g} lgif]w u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] / s'g P]g agfpg], s:tf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx? /fVg],;+zf]wg ug]{, yk ug]{ eGg] laifo g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& adf]lhd ;+;bsf] Psnf}6L ;Ifdtf -Exclusive Competency_ cGtu{tsf s'/f ePsf] x'+bf o:tf laifodf l/6 hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= lakIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] o; ;lrjfnosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf], To;sf] :ki6 lhls/ glnO{ s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f ug]{ jf vf/]h ug]{ eGg] laifo ;DalGwt lgsfo -Joj:yflksf_ af6 eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ o; ;lrjfno ;d]tnfO{ lakIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} cfwf/ g} gb]lv+bf pQm l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . vf/]h u/L kfp eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= lakIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf $@ sf] Joj:yfn] lgoldt ?kdf s/ ltg]{ / s/ gltg]{ s/bftfsf] jLrdf lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf] eGg] lhls/ lnPsf] ;DaGwdf s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofsf nflu cfos/ P]g, @)#!, cfly{s P]g, @)%* n] s/bftfsf lsl;dsf cfwf/df km/s km/s Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] s/ lgwf{/0f Pj+ c;'nLdf ;/ntf Nofpg] :ki6 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf x]bf{ ;d]t cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@ sf] Joj: yfn] s/bftfx?sf jLrdf e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5}g eGg] bzf{p5 . pQm Joj:yfn] lgoldt ?kdf s/ ltg]{ s/bftf / s/ gltg]{ s/bftfsf] juL{s/0f;Dd u/]sf] / lgoldt k|lqmofaf6 s/ c;'n x'g g;s]sf jf lgoldt s/bftf eP/ klg s/ ltg{‘kg]{ cfo eP/ s/ glt/]sf jf s/ ltg{ 5'6 ePsf s/sf] bfo/fdf gcfPsf s/bftfx?n] nfUg] s/ lt/]df To:tf s/bftfsf] ;DklQsf] >f]tsf] 5fgjLg gug]{ Joj:yf ;Dd dfq cfly{s P]gsf] pQm k|fjwfgn] u/]sf] xf] . cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@ n] lgodlt s/bftfnfO{ eGbf s/ gltg]{ s/bftfnfO{ a9L ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5}g . lgoldt ?kdf s/ ltg]{ s/bftfn] sfg"g adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] vr{x? ;d]t s6fO{ sfod x'g cfPsf] v'b cfodf s/ 276

ltg{‘kg]{ x'G5 eg] o; Joj:yf cg'?k cfosf] :jo+ 3f]if0ff ug]{ s/bftfn] s/ glt/L cflh{t u/]sf] ;DklQsf] @)%* ;fn >fj0f ! ut]sf] d'Nosf] cfwf/df s/ ltg{‘kg]{ x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod ubf{ s§L ug{ kfpg] vr{ Pj+ ;'ljwf s'g} klg k|bfg gul/Psf]n] lgoldt s/bftfnfO{ eGbf s/ gltg]{ s/bftfnfO{ ;'ljwf lbPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/ tYo / sfg"gdf cfwfl/t g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . ;fljssf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %# n] lgoldt jf k6s] s/bftf hf] ;'s} x'g cfos/ jf cGo s/sf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ afx]s cGo sfddf s/bftfaf6 k|fKt sfuhft k|sflzt ul/g] 5}g egL k|Tofe"lt k|bfg u/]sf] ;Gbe{df :jo+s/ 3f]if0ff ubf{ s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] sfuhftnfO{ cGo s'g} k|of]hgsf] nflu v'nf ul/g] 5}g egL cfos/ P]g,@)#! df ePsf] pko{‘Qm Joj:yfnfO{ g} cfTd;ft u/L yk :ki6 ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu k|o'Qm ePsf] cfly{s P]gsf] zAbnfO{ ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bg lbPsf] laifo sfg"g;+ut gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{ u/L sdfPsf] wgdf s/ nufpbf pQm wgnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg x'g] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/sf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg / sfg"g jdf]lhd ul7t lgsfoåf/f cg';Gwfg u/L j}w / cj}w ;DklQ egL k|dfl0ft gx'+bfsf] cj:yf;Dd s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ glt/L cfh{g ul/Psf] ;DklQ s/of]Uo ;DklQ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bsn] s'g s/bftfaf6 cj}w ?kdf sdfPsf] ;DklQdf s/ nufO{ pQm ;DklQnfO{ j}w jgfOPsf] xf] eGg] tYout cfwf/df lhls/ lng ;Sg' ePsf] b]lv+b}g . cj}w ;DklQ egL 5'6[L g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf lgoldt k|lqmofaf6 s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg g;sL s/ c;'n ug{ g;lsPsf s/bftfx?af6 s/ c;'n ug]{ pQm Joj:yfn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ s'l07t kfg]{ k|Zg} p7b}g . cfly{s P]gsf] cg';"rL – ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / bkmf $@-#_ sf pko{‘Qm ljjflbt jfSof+zx?af6 d'›f lgd{nLs/0f -Money Laundering_ nfO{ k|f]T;fxg k'u]sf] 5 eGg] lakIfLsf] lhls/ ;DaGwdf e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{ u/L wg sdfPsf JolQmx?nfO{ cfly{s P]gdf ePsf pko{‘Qm Joj:yfaf6 pGd'lQm lbPsf] 5}g . oBlk xfd|f] d'n'sdf d'›f lgd{nLs/0f ;DaGwL sfg"g algg;s]sf] ePtfklg e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g tyf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g hf/L e};s]sf 5g\ . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo o:tf] e|i6frf/ ug]{ jf cg'lrt sfo{ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ 5'6 lbg] sbflk klg xf]Og . /fHo ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s >f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf kl/rfng ug]{ /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj tyf st{Jo xf] . b]zsf h'g;'s} gful/sn] ljleGg tl/sfaf6 s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/L s/ ltg]{ bfloTj k'/f gu/L jl;/x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf s/bftfaf6 cfly{s P]gsf] dfWodaf6 s/ nufO{ c;'n pk/ u/L b]zsf] pTkfbgzLn sfo{df tyf /f]huf/L clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df To:tf] ;fwg >f]t k|of]u u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg cfjZostf cg'?k sfg"g lgdf{0f e} ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 lgld{t sfg"gaf6 lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu nfu" u/L ;f] cg';f/ sfof{Gjog klg e};s]sf] / ;f] s'/fnfO{ sfg"gn] g} k|Tofe"lt ul/;s]sf] / s/bftfn] ;f] s'/fdf ljZjf; u/L tf]lsPsf] xb Dofb leq ;DklQ 3f]if0ff u/L s/ ltl/;s]kl5 of] k|fjwfg g} ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt ePsf] elg lhls/ lng' o'lQm;+ut gePsf] x'+bf ;d]t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg jb/efuL 5, jb/ u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . !!= lgodfg';f/ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs ljåfg clwjQmf >L ldlx/s'df/ 7fs'/, clwjQmf >L k|sfzdl0f zdf{ / lgj]bstkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf >L lbg]z lqkf7L, clwjQmf >L /fh'k|;fb rf}nfufO{, clwjQmf >L 6]s tfd|fsf/n] cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# / (* -!_ sf] Joj:yf;+u jflemPsf] 5 . ;f] cg';"rLn] d'4f lgd{nLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/L e|i6frf/ / cj}w sf/f]jf/nfO{ k|>o lbO{ lgoldt s/ ltg]{ s/bftfsf jLrdf c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g] l:yltsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . u}/sfg"gL tl/sfaf6 sdfPsf] wgnfO{ j}wflgs jgfpg vf]h]sf] 5 . Joj:yflksfn] cfˆgf] clwsf/If]q eGbf jflx/ uO{ lgdf{0f u/]sf] P]gsf] pQm Joj:yfn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfo{If]q ;d]tnfO{ ;+s'rg u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ lgj]bg df+u bfjL jdf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘eof] . lakIfLtkm{af6 ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›k|;fb kf7sn] cfly{s P]gsf] pNn]lvt Joj:yf Psk6snfO{ ul/Psf] / ;f] sf] cjlw e'Qmfg x'g'sf ;fy} ;f] sfo{ sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t cfO;s]sf] 5 . s/ ;+jGwdf k|:t't ePsf jf s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] sfuhx? uf]Ko /xg] Joj:yf ;fljs cfos/ P]g, @)#! df ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ;f] pk/ lhls/ 5}g . s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] sfuhft uf]Ko /xb}df ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf sfo{/t JolQmsf pk/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] k|of]u ug]{ p;sf] clwsf/ / ;IfdtfnfO{ ;+s'rg u/]sf]] eGg ;ls+b}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! n] s/bftfsf] k|s[lt tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lgoldt s/bftfn] ljleGg k|sf/sf] 5'6 kfpg] ub{5g\ . :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ffdf ;xefuL x'g] s/bftfn] s'g} k|sf/sf] 5'6 kfpb}g . df+u jdf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf ljBdfg gx'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx; lhls/ k|:t't ug{‘eof] . !@= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] pko{‘Qm jdf]lhdsf] jx; lhls/ lgj]bstkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] jx; gf]6, lgj]bg lhls/ / lnlvt hjfkm ;d]tsf ;DalGwt sfuhftx? cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ cfly{s P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -#_ sf] 277

Joj:yfn] lgoldt s/bftfsf] eGbf sd s/ ltg]{ Joj:yf u/L lgoldt s/bftf / :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ff u/L s/ ltg]{ s/bftf jLr c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf], e|i6frf/ / clgoldt tl/sfaf6 cflh{t ;DklQnfO{ j}wtf k|bfg u/]sf] x'+bf ;f] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (* -!_ ;d]t;+u jflemPsf] eGg] pNn]v ub}{ pNn]lvt cfly{s P]gsf] pNn]lvt cg';"rL $@-#_ df k|o'Qm h:tf];'s} >f]taf6 k|fKt ePsf] cfo ePklg o:tf] ;DklQsf] cfo>f]tsf] jf/]df s'g}klg k|of]hgsf] nflu 5fgjLg ul/g] 5}g, s'g} klg sfuhftx?nfO{ 5fgjLg ul/g] 5}g, s'g} klg sfuhftx?nfO{ uf]Ko sfuhftsf] ?kdf lnOg]5 / s'g} klg lgsfon] To:tf] sfuhft ;j} jf cf+lzs ?kdf x]g{ jf k|df0f k]z ug{ nufpg] 5}g / ;f] sfuhft s/ ;DaGwL jfx]s cGo d'2fdf k|df0f nfUg] 5}g" eGg] jfSof+z jb/ u/L kfp+ eGg] lgj]bsx?sf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Ps k6ssf] nflu o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . s/sf] bfo/f leq gcfPsf s/bftfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg o:tf] Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . lgoldt s/bftfn] ljleGg zLif{s cGtu{t 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf eP klg :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ff cGtu{t s/ ltg]{ s/ bftfn] s'g} k|sf/sf] 5'6 kfpb}gg\ . s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu To:tf s/bftfsf] ;DklQsf] >f]tsf] 5fgjLg gug]{ Joj:yf;Dd cfly{s P]gsf] pQm Joj:yf xf] . s/ gltg]{ s/bftfnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf lbPsf] eGg] egfO tYo / sfg"gdf cfwfl/t b]lv+b}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lakIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkm / jx; lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgdf lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . -!_ cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_ ;+u jflemPsf] 5, 5}g < -@_ ;f]xL cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@ -!_ -#_ sf] Joj:yfn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (*-!_ cg';f/sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;+s'rg u/]sf] 5, 5}g < -#_ lgj]bg dfu bfjL jdf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] < xf]Og < !#= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zg cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@ -!_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!!_ ;+u jflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ l/6 lgj]bsn] lgoldt s/bftfn] kfpg] ;'ljwf eGbf a9L ;'ljwf lbO{ lgoldt s/bftf / ;f] P]gsf] Joj:yf cg'?ksf] :jo+ 3f]if0ff u/L s/ ltg]{ s/bftf jLr c;dfgsf] Jojxf/ x'g] u/L ;f] P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] eGg] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_ n] ;j} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljjfbsf] cfly{s P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ ;f] bkmf $@-!_ n] h:tf];'s} >f]taf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo ePklg cfos/ P]g, @)#! tyf ;fljsdf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g jdf]lhd cfos/ nfUg] To:tf] cfoaf6 @)%& c;f/ d;fGt ;Dddf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] t/ o:tf] cfodf nfUg] s/ glt/]sf] JolQmn] @)%* kf}if leq o:tf] ;DklQsf] @)%* >fj0f ! df /x]sf] d"Nosf] !) k|ltztn] :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f cfos/ lt/]df o:tf] ;DklQsf] >f]tsf] jf/] s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu 5fgjLg ul/g] 5}g / o;/L lt/]sf] s/nfO{ clGtd s/ dflgg] 5 / cGo h/Ljfgf tyf z'Ns nfUg] 5}g . o:tf] 3f]lift cfo ;fljs sf/f]jf/sf] s"n cfodf ;d]t hf]l8g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; cg'R5]bdf k|of]u ePsf] " ========== "d"Nosf] !) k|ltzt s/ lt/]df" eGg] jfSof+zaf6 lgoldt s/bftf ;+u d} c;dfg ul/Psf] eGg] egfO lgj]bs kIfx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . ;dfgtf ;dfgx?sf jLr nfu" x'g] laifo ePsf] eGg] l;4fGtx? o; cbfntaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbsf ;fy} lghL xslxt k|rngsf nflu k/]sf l/6 lgj]bgx?df lg0f{o eO{ :yflkt l;4fGtsf ?kdf To;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z gu/]sf / cfos/ glt/]sf JolQmx?af6 cfˆgf] cfo ljj/0fsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ nufO{ s/ ltg]{ df}sf lbg] elg k6s] ?kdf pQm Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgoldt s/bftfx? aLr klg c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg] jf :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ffåf/f s/ ltg]{x? aLr klg km/s km/s Joj:yf ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ gb]lvg'sf ;fy} To;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfpb}g . s/sf] bfo/f leq s/bftfnfO{ NofO{ p7\g g;s]sf s/ c;"n ug]{ elg lgoldt ?kdf s/ ltg]{ s/bftf b]lv jfx]ssf xsdf o:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/sf] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/sf] bfo/fleq kg]{ JolQmx?nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fleq s;/L kfg]{ eGg] k|Zg jf laifo gLltut laifosf] s'/f ePsf] / >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f ;f]xL gLltut s'/f sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f cfos/ ltg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . :jo+ 3f]lift cfosf] s/bftf / lgoldt s/bftfsf jLr c;dfg ePsf] elg+ s/bftfx? :jo+af6 o:tf] k|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yf klg b]lv+b}g . !$= o;y{ gLltut ?kdf >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] laifon] s/bftfx? jLr c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] eGg] :ki6 cfwf/ b]lvg gcfPsf]n] ;f] jfSof+z ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! ;+u jflemPsf] eGg] egfO;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . !%= ca bf]>f] k|Zg ;f]xL cg';"rL ^sf] bkmf $@ -!_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (* -!_ k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] lhls/ tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;f] bkmf $@-!_ / -#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf dWo] $@-!_ sf] Joj:yf dfly k|s/0f -!_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf $@-#_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/bftfn] 3f]if0ff;fy k]z u/]sf] s'g} klg sfuhftnfO{ uf]Ko sfuhftsf] ?kdf lnOg] 5 / s'g} klg lgsfon] To:tf] sfuhft ;j} jf cf+lzs ?kdf x]g{ jf k|df0f k]z ug{ nufpg] 5}g . o:tf] 278

sfuhftsf] cfwf/af6 3f]ifsnfO{ s'g} klg P]g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] 5}g ;f] sfuhftaf6 s/ ;DaGwL jfx]s cGo d'2fdf k|df0f nfUg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . !^= lgj]bs kIfsf] ;f] bkmf $@-!_ sf] ====== o:tf] ;DklQsf] >f]tsf] jf/] s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu 5fgjLg ul/g] 5}g eGg] / pkbkmf -#_ sf] ============== sfuhft uf]Ko /flvg] ======= s'g} klg P]g jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/g] 5}g ===== eGg] jfSof+zn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*-!_ sf] If]qflwsf/df ;+s'rg NofPsf] eGg] egfO /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -!_ n] s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg"g jdf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] / ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f -#_ n] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g jdf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo JolQmx? pk/ sfg"g jdf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg] clwsf/ /x]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . ;+ljwfgåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] sfd st{Jo kfngf ug{ ;+ljwfgn] / tTcGtu{t jg]sf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* n] cfof]unfO{ s'g} jfwf Jojwfg /x]sf] cj:yf b]lv+b}g . !&= hxf+;Dd :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ff ubf{ k|:t't sfuhft uf]Ko /xg] / k|df0f gnfUg] eGg] Joj:yf ;f] wf/f (*-!_ k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] lhls/ 5 ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;f] Joj:yf lgtfGt s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yf xf] . To;k|sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ s/ k|zf;gdf gofF / gf}nf] laifodf /fvL x]g{ ldNb}g . ;fljs cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf %# sfuhftx? uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ d"n zLif{s cGtu{t s/ clws[tn] s'g} JolQmsf] cfos/ ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] cwLgdf cfPsf sfuhkq jf cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 yfxf ePsf s'/fx? uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ 5 . To:tf] sfuhkqx? jf uf]Ko s'/fx? cfos/ jf cGo s/sf] k|of]hgsf] lglDt jfx]s cGo sfddf k|sfz ul/g] jf s'g} cbfntdf k|df0f nfUg] 5}g . clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f x'g' cufj} >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cg'dlt ljgf s'g} clwsf/Ln] lg/LIf0f jf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu df+u ug{ ;d]t kfpg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo -ª_ n] s/ ;DaGwL uf]kgLo s'/fx? o; P]gdf pNn]v eP jfx]s cgltqmDo x'g] clwsf/ s/bftnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . To:t} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf *$ sf] ;/sf/L uf]Kotf d"n zLif{s cGtu{t pkbkmf -!_ df ljefusf] s'g} klg clws[t tyf cGo sd{rf/Ln] o; P]g jdf]lhd cfˆgf] st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf cfˆgf] sJhfdf jf hfgsf/Ldf cfpg] ;a} sfuhft tyf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ n] pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhdsf] sfuh jf hfgsf/L lbg ;lsg] lgsfox?sf] pNn]v ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -#_ n] pkbkmf -@_ jdf]lhd sfuhft / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ s'g} JolQm, cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] cfjZos k/]sf] Go"gtd\ xb;Ddsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s To:tf sfuhft jf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] / k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* s/ k|of]hgsf nflu hf/L ePsf] / ;f] P]gsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %# / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &$ / bkmf *$ n] s/ ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/df s/bftfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L To:tf] s/ ;DaGwdf ePsf sfds'/f;+u ;DjlGwt sfuhft / hfgsf/L uf]Ko /xg] / /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;/L s'g} vf; P]gn] vf; p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu s'g} ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf]df h'g p2]Zosf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] ;f] xb;Dd pQm Joj:yf nfu" x'g] cg'dfg ug{‘kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @@ n] s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt,kqfrf/ jf ;"rgfsf] uf]kgLotf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cj: yfdf jfx]s cgltqmDo x'g]5 egL uf]kgLotfsf] xs k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] cj:yf / ljifo ljifodf 5'6[f5'§} ag]sf sfg"gdf n]lvP hltdf ;f]xL sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] d'n'sL P]g k|f/lDes sygsf] $ g+= df Joj:yf /x]sf] ;d]t kl/k|]Iodf s/ ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/sf ;DaGwdf ePsf hfgsf/L / uf]kgLotfaf6 s'g} klg lgsfon] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ jfwf k'u]sf] dfGg ;lsb}g . s/ ltg{‘kg]{ t/ s/sf bfo/df gcfPsf s/bftfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fleq Nofpg /fHoåf/f ckgfOPsf] ljz]if gLltut Joj:yfsf] ?kdf ;Dd pNn]lvt Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 lgj]bs kIfsf] egfO cg';f/ wf/f (*-!_ cg';f/sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt / lgolGqt u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . !*= lgj]bg df+u bfjL jdf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@ -!_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf s/ ltg{‘kg]{ s/bftfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/f leq Nofpg ul/Psf] gLltut s'/f /x]sf] / cfos/ P]gsf] Joj:yfdf g} cfos/ ;DaGwdf k|fKt sfuhft cGo s'g} k|of]hgdf k|of]u ug]{ jf cGonfO{ hfgsf/L lbOg] 5}g elg k|i6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . z'?df @)%* kf}if leq To:tf] :jo+ cfo 3f]if0ff u/L s/ 279

ltg{‘kg]{ / kl5 @)%* df3 leq sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;dofjlw ;d]t ;dfKt eO{ ;f] sf] p2]Zo ;d]t k"/f e};s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f cg';f/ ;f] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt /x]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*-!_ sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] ;d]t gb]lv+bf l/6 lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf $@-!_ / -#_ sf] jfSof+zx? cdfGo / jb/ 3f]lift ul//xg k/]g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . pko{‘Qm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=uf]kfnk|;fb vqL Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7 Olt ;Dat\ @)^) ;fn h]i7 ! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ================ .

280

efuM $^, ;fnM @)^!, dlxgfM kf}if, c+sM (, km};nf ldltM @)^!.)(.!%, lg0f{o g+= &$## ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fn dfggLo GofofwLz >L lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= ;+jt @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #) ljifoM– g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / wf/f **-!_ -@_ cGtu{t pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF . lgj]bsM afFs] lhNnf g]kfnu+h g=kf=j8f g+= * 3/ eO{ xfn sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= % a:g] jif{ $% sf] clwjQmf ;Ltf/fd cu|jfn lj?4 ljkIfLM >L % sf] ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/ ;d]t · ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ xfn ;+;b gePsf] cj:yfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f cfly{s cWofb]z hf/L eO{ >L % sf] :jLs[t eO;s]sf] / ;f] cWofb]zn] sfg"g ;/x dfGotf kfpg], lgj]bsn] ;d]t cWofb]zsf] j}wflgstfNffO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] To;tkm{ larf/ ul//xg' gkg{] . · ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;/sf/n] cfly{s cWofb]z dfkm{t nufPsf] ljz]if z'Ns tf]Sg jf nufpg gkfOg] eGg pko'Qm / sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] . · cWofb]z sfg"g ;/xg} nfu" x'g] / ToxL cWofb]zn] ljz]if s/ nufPsf], ljz]if s/ nufPsf] s'/fNffO{ lgj]bsn] l;4fGttM c;xdlt ghgfPsf] / s] s;/L cfkm\gf] xs lxtdf cf3ft kg{] jf cg'lrt aGb]h nfUg] sfd x'g uof], ;f] s'/fsf] :ki6 cfwf/ / k'i6fO{ cfpg ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf], sfg"g adf]lhd ljz]if z'Ns nufpg] clwsf/ ;/sf/NffO{ /x]sf] / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ n] lgj]bssf] lhls/NffO{ eGbf lnlvt hjfkm sygNffO{ ;dy{g / k'i6fO{ ug{] b]lv+bf lgj]bsn] dfu u/]adf]lhd ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g;+u cWofb]zsf] ljjflbt c+z k|lts"n /x]sf] jf jflemPsf] gb]lvg] . lgj]bstkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf; ljkIfLtkm{af6M ljåfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›k|;fb kf7s ljåfg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L b'uf{ jGw' kf]v/]n cjnlDjt glh/M cfb]z Gof=e}/jk|;fb nD;fnM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-!_-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo / cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M– @= >L % sf] ;/sf/n] @)^! ;fn >fj0f ! ut] hf/L u/]sf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cy{ ;DaGwL k|:tfjNffO{ sfo{fGjog ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^! sf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -$_ df pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd ltg{‘ kg{] ljz]if z'Ns Ps cfk;df ldnfg ug{ / cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{sf] ?kdf s§L ug{ kfOg] 5}g ……egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pQm bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df eG;f/ k|of]hgsf nflu sfod ePsf] d"Nodf ljz]if z'Ns jfkt c;"n ul/g] / bkmf !^-@_ df s/of]Uo cfodf ljz]if z'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 . ljz]if z'Ns zGbe{df cfos/ P]gdf s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . ljz]if z'NsNffO{ cfos/sf] kl/efiff leq /fVg ldNb}g . cfos/ P]gdf Joj:yf geO{ cWofb]zsf] bkmf !^ df 5'§} Joj:yf u/L ljz]if z'Ns jfktsf] vr{NffO{ cfos/ P]g cGtu{tsf] s/ jfktsf] vr{ eGg / dfGg ldNg] xf]Og . cfos/ P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ sfod x'g] s/of]Uo /sdNffO{ ljz]if z'Ns zGbe{df cfwf/ dfq dfGg ldn\5 t/ ljz]if z'Ns /sdNffO{ cfos/ P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/sf] s/ /sd xf] egL sbflk / s'g} cj:yfdf klg eGg ldNb}g . #= cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu vr{ s§L ug{ kfpg] jf gkfpg] Joj:yf cfos/ P]gdf pNn]v 5 . ljz]if z'Ns jfktsf] vr{NffO{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu vr{sf] ?kdf s§L ug{ gkfpg] Joxf]/fsf] cWofb]zsf] pQmbkmf cfos/ P]g ljk/Lt 5 . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !# df ;f] P]gsf] clwgdf /xL ;Dk"0f{ vr{ s§L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 eg] s§L ug{ gkfpg] vr{ zGbe{df bkmf @! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 h;df ljz]if z'Ns /sd ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g. cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !$@ n] k|rlnt 281

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

(=

sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;fna;fnL nfu" x'g] cfly{s P]gn] o; P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/L s/ nufpg], lgwf{/0f ug{], a9fpg], 36fpg], 5'6lbg] jf ldGxf lbg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]df jfx]s cGo s'g} P]gn] o; P]gadf]lhd s/sf Joj:yfx?df s'g}klg ;+zf]wg, kl/jt{g jf s/ ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df cfos/ P]g, @)%* eGbf afx]ssf] cGo Joj:yf cy{ft cWoofb]zsf] bkmf !^ n] cfos/ P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfNffO{ ;+zf]wg, kl/jt{g jf cGo Joj:yfx? ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{ pQm bkmf !^-$_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# df sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufpg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . ;+ljwfg;+u jflemg] sfg"g jflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] Joj:yf wf/f ! df pNn]v 5 . sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;a} gful/s ;dfg x'g] / sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 a+lrt ul/g] 5}g egL ;dfgtfsf] xs wf/f !! df, k]zf /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug{] :jtGqtf wf/f !@ df / ;DklQsf] xs;DaGwL Joj:yf wf/f !& df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L wf/f &@ df cWofb]zsf] Joj:yf eO{ ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf] s'/fx?sf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;f] hf/L ug{‘k5{ . cWofb]zsf] pQm bkmf !^-$_ sf] Joj:yf pQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt 5 . ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/af6 @)^!.$.! sf] cfly{s cWofb]zsf] bkmf !^-$_ df /x]sf] ……/ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{sf] ?kdf s§L ug{ kfOg] 5}g" eGg] jfSof+z ;f] cWofb]z k|f/De ePsf] ldltb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f u/L xssf] k|rng Pj+ lajfbsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu k"0f{?kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ljkIfLx?sf gfp+df cfjZos pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfp+ ;fy} of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd cWofb]zsf] bkmf !^-$_ / ljz]if z'Nssf] Joj:yf sfo{fGjog gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfp+df cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfp+ / k|:t't ljjfb ;fj{hlgs dxTj / ljifo j:t'sf] k|s[lQaf6 l56f] 6'+ufpg' kg{] x'+bf cu|flwsf/ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . ljkIfLx?af6 !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 k]z ug{‘ ;fy} ^ dlxgf;Dd lqmofzLn /xg] cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^! sf] bkmf !^-$_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!,!@,!& / &@ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !#,@! / !$@ ;+u jflemPsf] eGg] k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] / k|:t't l/6sf] l56f] 6'+uf] nufpg' kg{] cj:yfsf] b]lv+bf lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 cu|flwsf/ lbO{ ljz]if Ohnf;df k]z ug{‘ tyf xfnNffO{ cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# cg';f/ ;+;bsf] clwj]zg rfn' g/xsf] cj:yfdf cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / o:n] cWofb]z sfg"g ;/x dfGo x'g] eGg] pNn]v u/] d'tfljs xfn k|ltlglw ;ef g/x]sf] / ;+;bsf] clwj]zg rfn' /xg ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg g/x]sf] zGbe{df ;+ljwfgsf] ;f]xL wf/f d'tfljs cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^! >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 hf/L ul/aS;]sf] x'+bf cWofb]zdf plNnlvt Joj:yfNffO{ ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"g k|lts"n ePsf] egL dfGg ldNb}g . cfly{s cWofb]z ;fn;fnL ?kdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ultljlwNffO{ lgoldt Pj+ lgb{]lzt ug{ / cfly{s jif{leq >L % sf] ;/sf/n] /fh:j / s/sf ;DaGwdf clVtof/ u/]sf] gLltNffO{ sfo{fGjog ug{] ;DaGwdf dfnj:t' tyf Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/x?df nufOg] s/ dxz'n lgwf{/0f ug{] u/L hf/L ul/g] sfg"gL b:tfj]h xf] . o;/L sfg"gadf]lhd lgw{fl/t s/ b:t"/NffO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . ;f] cWofb]zsf] k|:tfjgfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cy{ ;DaGwL k|:tfjx?NffO{ sfo{fGjog ug{ s]xL dxz'n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/ nufpg, nufO/fv]sf]NffO{ rfn' /fVg jf x]/km]/ ug{ tyf /fhZj k|zf;g ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gNffO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;d]tsf] nflu eGg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf]n] k|:t't cWofb]zdf Joj:yf ePsf /fhZj ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? k"0f{tM sfg"g;Ddt ePsf]n] o;NffO{ u}/sfg"gL egL cy{ ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . ;f] cWofb]zdf plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfx? /fhZj k|zf;g;+u ;DalGwt ljz]if P]gx?;+u jflemPsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t oxL cWofb]z g} nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] cf}lrToxLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] pkk|wfgdGqL tyf cy{ dGqL Pj+ cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm . o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] xf] < To;sf] :ki6 lhls/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ / sf/0f o; sfof{noNffO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] 5 . cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^! g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &@adf]lhd >L % af6 hf/L u/LaS;]sf], of] cWofb]zsf Joj:yfx? b]zsf] k|rlnt sfg"g g} ePsf] / of] sfg"g ;+ljwfg tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"g;+u gjflemPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# cg';f/ sfg"gåf/f s/ nufpg ;lsG5 . wf/f &@ cg';f/ ;+bsf] clwj]zg gePsf] cj:yfdf >L % af6 cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] / ;f] cWofb]z P]g ;/x dfGo x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg'?k cfly{s cWofb]z @)^! hf/L e} ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !^ df ljz]if z'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f] ljz]if z'NsNffO{ cfo u0fgfdf vr{sf] ?kdf s§f ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] ljz]if z'Ns ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ adf]lhd cfly{s P]gn] s/ yk36 ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] 282

bkmf !# cg';f/ cfo u0fgf ubf{ sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? s§f ug{ kfOG5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd o; P]gadf]lhd a'emfpg' kg{] s/ / s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/ tyf ;f] sf] s'g}klg :yfgLo lgsfoNffO{ s'g} sfg"g jf sfg"g cGtu{t ag]sf] s'g} lgod, ljlgod pn\n+3g u/] jfkt a'emfPsf] h/Ljfgf / o:t} cGo z'Ns cfo u0fgfdf s§f gx'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . ;f] Joj:yf cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd nufPsf] h/Ljfgf / cGo z'Ns / v08 -r_ adf]lhd o:t} k|sf/sf cGo s'g} /sdx? ;d]t cfo u0fgfdf s§f x'+b}gg\ . cfly{s P]g, @)^! sf] bkmf @^ cg';f/ nufPsf] ljz]if z'Ns klg log} Joj:yf cGtu{tsf] z'Ns ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] z'NsNffO{ bkmf !^-$_ df cfo u0fgf k|of]hgsf nflu s§f gx'g] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . o; ljefusf] s'g sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf] xf], v'n]sf] 5}g . lghn] cfkm"NffO{ dsf{ kg{] u/L s'g} s/ clws[taf6 yk s/ nufPsf] lg0f{o pk/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b @! sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'?k k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu ljefudf lgj]bg lbg / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfpg] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag gu/L ;fy} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf &^ adf]lhd cfos/;DaGwL s'/ fx?df låljwf k/]df lg/fs/0f ug{ k"jf{b]zsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] / o; ljefuaf6 k"jf{b]z hf/L u/L ;f] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] Joj:yftkm{ Wofg gk'¥ofO{ o; ljefu ;d]tNffO{ b'Mv lbg] lgotn] l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . !)= lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;do k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf; / lgj]bs :jo+n] ljz]if s/ k|ToIfs/ xf]Og . To:tf] s/ lnPsf]df vr{ n]Vg gkfOg] eGg ldNb}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @! df s§L ug{ gkfpg] vr{ egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, ;f] eGbf afx]s cGo cfwf/af6 s§L gkfOg] eGg] ldNb}g . z'Ns lt/]sf] s'/fNffO{ df]ndf ;dfj]z ug{ gldnL s/bftf :jo+n] jxg ug{‘kg{] Joj:yf ubf{ Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{] :jtGqtfdf cg'lrt aGb]h nufpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g}klg s/ nufpg gldNg] eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# ;+u cWofb]zsf] wf/f !^-$_ aflemPsf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ;d]t ljz]if z'Ns k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf s'g s/ xf] tT;DaGwdf s]xL af]n]sf] 5}g . ljz]if z'Ns s/ p7fpg] ;}4flGts cfwf/ / k'i6fO{ s]xL klg /x]sf] 5}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* df ;+zf]wg gu/L gof+ s/ nufpg kfOb}g . k[ystfsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine Of Severabiity) sf] cfwf/df lgj]bsn] dfu u/] hlt cWofb]zsf] bkmf !^-$_ sf] Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ ug{ ldn\5 . cWofb]zsf] pQm bkmf !^-$_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!, !@, !&, &@ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @! / !$@ ;+u jflemPsf] x'+bf jflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift x'g' k5{ egL jxz ug{‘ eof] . !!= ljkIfLtkm{af6 ljåfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]G›k|;fb kf7s / ljåfg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L b'uf{aGw' kf]v/]nn] ljz]if z'Ns nufpg] cWofb]zsf] d"n bkmf !^ NffO{ :jLsf/ u/L To;sf] pkbkmf -$_ NffO{dfq ab/ ug{ dfu ul/Psf] 5 . eG;f/ ljGb' d} nufpg] z'Ns ljz]if z'Ns xf] / cfodf nfu" x'g] cfos/ P]g xf] . oL km/s km/s s'/f ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g;+u hf]8\g ldNb}g . ;}4flGts b[li6n] eG;f/ z'NsNffO{ vr{df b]vfpg kfOb}g . cfly{s cWofb]zsf] ;d'Rrf cWoog gu/L bkmf !^-$_ NffO{ dfq x]/]/ cbfntn] lg:sif{df k'Ug ldNb}g . cWofb]zsf] ;]jf z'Ns nufpg] s'/fNffO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|ToIf ?kdf ;+ljwfg;+u jflemPsf] gb]lvP;Dd cbfntn] ljwflosL sfo{df x:tIf]k ub{}g . ;+ljwfg;+u s'g} sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg aflemof] eGg'dfq ko{fKt x'+b}g, jflemPsf] klg b]lvg' kb{5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ n] ;fn a;fnL ?kdf cfly{s P]gsf] dfWodåf/f cfos/ P]g jf cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg"gNffO{ ;+zf]wg jf ldnfg ug{NffO{ ;/sf/NffO{ clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . @)^!.$.! b]lv nfu" ePsf] cWofb]z ^ dlxgf;Dd hLljt /xg] / ^ dlxgf JotLt x'g nfu]sf] cfj: yf ;d]t ePsf], ljz]if z'Ns nufPsf] s'/fNffO{ lgj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] / cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf @! cg';f/ To:tf] z'Ns vr{df s6fpg gkfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf /x] ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg{] cj:yf 5}g, l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] jxz k|:t't ug{‘ eof] . !@= pk/f]Qm jxz a'+bf ;d]tsf zGbe{df lgj]bssf] lgj]bg lhls/, ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkm / ;Da4 sfg"g ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ o;df lgDg lnlvt k|Zgx?df lg0f{o ug{‘kg{] b]lvof] . -!_ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfly{s cWofb]zsf] dfWodåf/f ljz]if z'Ns nufpg ldn\5 jf ldNb}g < -@_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd ljz]if z'Ns nufpg] cWofb]zsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg / cfos/ P]g;+u jflemPsf] 5, 5}g < -#_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] xf] ls xf]Og < !#= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ larf/ ubf{, @)^! ;fn >fj0f ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g]u/L hf/L ul/Psf] cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^! sf] k|:tfjgfdf >L % sf ;/sf/sf] cy{ ;DaGwL k|:tfjx?NffO{ sfo{fGjog ug{ s]xL dxz'n, s/ kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/ nufpg, nufO{ /fv]sf]NffO{ rfn' /fVg jf x]/km]/ ug{ tyf /fh:j k|zf;g ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gNffO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ tTsfn cfjZos ePsf] / xfn ;+;bsf] clwj]zg gePsf]n] >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/af6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &@ cg';f/ hf/L ul/aS;]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !^ df ljz]if z'Ns zLif{s /fvL cfly{s jif{ @)^!.^@ df ljb]zaf6 g]kfn clw/fHodf k}7f/L x'g] dfnj:t'df eG;f/ k|of]hgsf nflu sfod ePsf] 283

d"Nodf b]xfosf b/n] x'g] /sd ljz]if z'Ns jfkt eG;f/ ljGb' d} nufOg] / c;"n pk/ ul/g] 5 egL tT;DaGwL Joj:yf ub{} ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf -$_df æpkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd ltg{‘\kg{] ljz]if z'Ns Ps cfk;df ldnfg ug{ / cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{sf] ?kdf s§L ug{ kfOg] 5}g" eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] pkwf/f $ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfNffO{ lgj]bsn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!, !@, &@ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# / !$@ ;+u jflemPsf]n] ab/ u/L kfpF eGg] dfu u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ xfn ;+;b gePsf] cj:yfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f cfly{s cWofb]z hf/L eO{ >L % sf] :jLs[t eO;s]sf] / ;f] cWofb]zn] sfg"g ;/x dfGotf kfpg], lgj]bsn] ;d]t cWofb]zsf] j}wflgstfNffO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] To;tkm{ larf/ ul//xg' kg{] ePg . j}wflgs x}lzot k|fKt cWofb]zsf] bkmf !^ n] ljz]if s/ nufpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;NffO{ lgj]bs ;d]tn] s'g} cfklQ ug{‘ ePsf] 5}g . sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ nufOPsf] To:tf] z'NsNffO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsg] l:ylt b]lvb}g . lgj]bsaf6 To:tf] ljz]if z'Ns nufPsf] sf/0faf6 cfkm\gf] xs lxtdf s] s;/L cg'lrt aGb]h nfUof] jf xsdf k|ToIftM cf3ft k¥of] eGg] s'/f lgj]bgdf :ki6 pNn]v x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;/L ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;/sf/n] cfly{s cWofb]z dfkm{t nufPsf] ljz]if z'Ns tf]Sg jf nufpg gkfOg] eGg pko'Qm / sfg"g;Ddt x'Fb}g . lgj]bs ;d]t To:tf] s/ nufpg] l;4fGt;+u ;xdt g} /x]sf] b]lv+bf ;/sf/n] ljz]if z'Ns nufpg jf tf]Sg ;Sg] g} b]lvof] . !$= cj bf]>f] k|Zgtkm{ larf/ ubf{, lgj]bsn] cWofb]zsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -$_ df /x]sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd ltg{‘ kg{] ljz]if z'Ns Ps cfk;df ldnfg ug{ / cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ ?kdf s§L ug{ kfOg] 5}g eGg] k|fjwfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!, !@, !& / &# tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# / !$@ ;+u jflemPsf] 5 eGg] lhls/ lng' ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! df ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !@ df :jtGqtfsf] xs, wf/f !& df ;DklQ ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf x'g'sf] ;fy} wf/f &# df sfg"gadf]lhd jfx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# df cfos/ P]gsf] clwgdf /xL ;Dk"0f{ vr{ s§L ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !$@ df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;fn a;fnL nfu" x'g] cfly{s P]gn] o; P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/L s/ nufpg], lgwf{/0f ug{], a9fpg], 36fpg], 5'6 lbg] jf ldGxf lbg];DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]df afx]s cGo s'g}klg P]gn] o; P]gadf]lhdsf s/sf Joj:yfx?df s'g}klg ;+zf]wg, kl/jt{g jf s/ ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfgsf] h'g wf/f jf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] h'g bkmf ;+u cWofb]zsf] Joj:yf jflemPsf] egL bfjL lng' ePsf] 5, To;NffO{ pk/f]Qm ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfx?n] d4t ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . cWofb]z sfg"g ;/xg} nfu" x'g] / ToxL cWofb]zn] ljz]if s/ nufPsf], ljz]if s/ nufPsf] s'/fNffO{ lgj]bsn] l;4fGttM c;xdlt ghgfPsf] / s] s;/L cfkm\gf] xs lxtdf cf3ft kg{] jf cg'lrt aGb]h nfUg] sfd x'g uof], ;f] s'/fsf] :ki6 cfwf/ / k'i6fO{ cfpg ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf], sfg"g adf]lhd ljz]if z'Ns nufpg] clwsf/ ;/sf/NffO{ /x]sf] egL dfly k|Zg g+= ! df ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] / cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ n] lgj]bssf] lhls/ NffO{ eGbf lnlvt hjfkm sygNffO{ ;dy{g / k'i6fO{ ug{] b]lv+bf lgj]bsn] dfu u/]adf]lhd ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g;+u cWofb]zsf] ljjflbt c+z k|lts"n /x]sf] jf jflemPsf] eGg] b]lvPg . !%= cj t]>f] / clGtd k|Zgtkm{ larf/ ubf{, dfly k|Zg g+= ! / @ df ul/Psf] ljj]rgf cg';f/ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f hf/L u/]sf] cWofb]zNffO{ sfg"g dfGg' kg{], To:tf] sfg"gadf]lhd nufOPsf] ljz]if z'NsNffO{ cGoyf eGg gldNg], lgj]bsn] ;d]t ;f] z'Ns nufPsf] s'/fNffO{ :jLsf/ g} u/]sf] s]jn vr{df s§L ug{ gkfpg];Ddsf] c+zNffO{ ab/ ug{ dfu u/]sf]df ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sf/0faf6 lgj]bssf] xslxtdf ;f/tM c;/ kg{] jf cg'lrt aGb]h nfUg] cj:yf af/] :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / ;+ljwfg;+u :ki6 ?kdf jflemPsf] eGg] gb]lvPsf] ;d]t x'+bf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n Gof=jn/fd s]=;L= Ohnf; clws[tM -/f=k=lå=_ gl/Zj/ e08f/L Olt ;+jt @)^! ;fn kf}if !% ut] /f]h % z'ed ============== .

284

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L ch'{g k|;fb l;+x ;+jt @)%^ ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/====#%#% cfb]z ldlt M @)^@.!.!(.@ d'2f M pTk|]if0f ;d]t . lgj]bs M Po/ cgGof k|f=ln=sf] Psn :f+rfns sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!! a:g] jgjf/Lnfn ldQn lj?4 ljkIfL M >L %sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno,afub/jf/, sf7df08f} ;d]t k|ltkflbt ghL/÷l;4fGt Ø ;DalGwt lgsfon] clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ lg0f{o gu/L cgflws[t lgsfon] clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf s/ ljefuaf6 n]lvPsf] lgb]{zgfTds kqsf] ;fy} lgj]bs sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ /f]Ssf /fVg] nufotsf cfb]z ;d]t jb/ x'g] . cfb]z Gof= cg'k/fh zdf{ M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#,**-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 . @= Po/ cgGof k|f=ln= lgj]bssf] Psnf}6L :jfldTjsf] l;ldt bfloTjsf] sDkgLdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ e} o; sDkgLn] gful/sf p8\8og k|flws/0f tTsflng xjfO{ ljefusf] :jLs[lt adf]lhd jfo';]jf ;+rfngsf] Ohfht u/]sf] x]lnsK6/x¿ dWo] s]xL g]kfn Po/j]h ln=gfd s} g]kfnL sDkgLn] vl/b ug]{ / s]xL :sfO6]s OG6/g]zgn gfdsf] ljb]zL sDkgLnfO{ laqmL ug]{ sfd d} vl/b ;Demf}tf cGtu{t g]kfn leq k}7f/L ePsf] x]lnsK6/x¿ ;d]t /x]sf] lyP . pQm x]lnsK6/x¿ g]kfn Po/j]hn] vl/b ;Demf}tf cGtu{t l/tk"j{s ltg''{kg]{ eG;f/ /sd ;d]t wgLsf] x}l;otn] lt/L g]kfn leq cfoft u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn Po/j]hsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgsf] sf/0faf6 pNn]lvt x]lnsK6/x¿sf] d"No jfkt ltg'{kg]{ ls:tf /sdx¿ dWo] af+sL /x]sf] s]xL /sd g]kfn Po/j]hn] r'Qmf e'QmfgL ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] l/tk"j{s nutdf :jfldTjsf] ?Kfdf g]kfn Po/j]hsf] gfdf sfod x'g g;s]sf] ePtfklg :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f x'g g;s]sf] x'gfn] g]kfn Po/j]hsf] ;+rfnssf] x}l;ot;Dd sfod ePtfklg :jfldTj eg] gfd;f/L e} ;s]sf] lyPg . o;/L g]kfn Po/ j]hn] g]kfn leq vl/b ;Demf}tf cGtu{t k}7f/L eg] u/]sf] t/ df]n r'Qmf ug{ g;s]sf] jfo'ofgx¿ Vl/b ug{sf nflu o; sDkgLn] rfv b]vfP kl5 jfo'ofg egL sDkgL, g]kfndf k}7f/L ug]{ sDkgL / o; sDkgLsf] lardf lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf e} jfo'ofg vl/bsf] ljifodf 6'+uf] nflu ;f] adf]lhd sfd ;DkGg ;d]t ePsf] lyof] . pNn]lvt x]lnsL6/x¿sf] gfd;f/L x'g' k"j{ gful/s p88\ofg k|flws/0faf6 ljkIfL @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{no;+u :jLs[lt dfu ubf{ of] sfof{non] ?=!),)),))).– w/f}6L lng] / sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn Po/j]hn] ;f] x]lnsK6/x¿ vl/b u/] jfkt ltg'{kg{ s'g} s/ /sd aSof}tf ePdf ;f] w/f}6L / cfkm\gf] ;|f]tn] ltg{ eGg] sfuh daf6 u/fO{ x]lnsK6/x¿ d]/f gfp+df gfd;f/L ug{ lbg] km's'jf kq lbP adf]lhd pNn]lvt x]lnsK6/x¿ o; Po/ cgGof k|f=ln= sf gfp+df gfd;f/L e} cfPsf] lyof] . x]lnsK6/ x¿ vl/bdf ;fljs b]lv s'g} s/ NfUg] Joj:yf gePsf] / g]kfn k}7f/L ePsf] s'g}klg jfo'ofgsf] vl/bdf s'g}klg Po/nfOG;n] s'g} s/ /sd ltg'{ sfg"gL Joj:yf klg ;fljsdf gePsf] / To:tf] s'g} g]kfnL jfo';]jf sDkgLn] lt/]sf] klg gePsf] s'/f lgj]bssf] hfgsf/Ldf ePsf] x'gfn] w/f}6L :j?k /flvPsf] /sd ;d]t kl5 lgSof}n eP kl5 lkmtf{ kfpg] lj:jf;df lyP+ . o;} jLrdf ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%^÷@.!! Sfllbg lgj]bssf] gfp+df ?=(&,(^,^&&.)# / ;f]df nfUg] !% k|ltzt yk z'Ns ;lxt /sd a'emfpg cfpg' eGg] kq k|fKt ePsf]n] cfZro{df k/L s'g sfg"g adf]lhd s] s'g b/df s;/Ldaf6 ;f] s/ dfluPsf] xf],;f] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk dfu ubf{ dnfO{ lbOpg . tTkZrft ljkIfL s/ sfof{nodf b=b+=!!(%$ df nfUg] b:t'/ lnO{ ;DjlGwt cfb]z lg0f{o h]hf] ePsf] xf] gSsn kfp+ egL lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf]df pNn]lvt lg0f{o of] sfof{noaf6 ePsf]ge} >L % sf] ;/sf/ s/ ljefuaf6 ePsf] x'gfn] ;f] sfof{noaf6 pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] Joxf]/fsf] kq ;fy hfgsf/L u/fOof] . #= o;/L d}n] gSsn kfpgsf] nflu cg'/f]w u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)%^÷*÷!& sf lbg ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 o; sDkgLsf] gfp+df Pp6f km\ofS; k|fKt eof] h;df æo; sfof{nosf] r=g+=^@* ldlt @)%^÷@÷!! Rf=g+=@#* ldlt @)%^.$.!& sf] clu|d s/ jfktsf] /sd bflvnf ug]{ ;DjGwL kq k|fKt eO{ Joxf]/f cjut ePs} xf]nf . ;f] ;DjGwdf 285

To; k|f=ln=n] gfd;f/L u/L lnPsf] $ j6f x]lnsK6/x¿sf] ls:tf e'QmfgLdf cfly{s P]g cg';f/ clu|d cfos/ jfkt nfUg] ?=(&,(^,^&&.)# / cfly{s P]g cg';f/ clu|d cfos/ ;dodf gj'emfPjfkt !% k|ltzt yk z'Ns ;d]tsf] of] kq k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] # lbg leq bflvnf ug'{ x'g k'gM cg'/f]w ul/G5 . cGoyf To k|f=ln=sf] sf/f]jf/ /f]Ssfug]{ tkm{ sf/jfxL ul/g] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .ÆeGg] Joxf]/f n]lvPsf] /x]5 . o; sDkgL pk/ s'g} bfloTj yKg' k"j{ o; sDkgLnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg' kg]{df ;f] glbO o; sDkgLn] s/ ltg'{ kg]{ u/L ljkIfLn] u/]sf] lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ s/ ljefunfO{ gePsf]n] clwsf/If]q ljlxg lgsfon] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ljkIfLsf] pko'{Qm sfd sf/jfxLaf6 o; sDkgLsf] ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\ ePsf] / ;f] sf] pkrf/sf] cGo k|efjsf/L dfu{ cefj df of] l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' . ctM o; sDkgLnfO{ u}/ sfg"gL tj/n] slyt s/ nufpg] p7fpg] sfo{ / o; sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ ;d]t /f]Ssf /fVg] eGg] ljkIfLsf] lg0f{o cfb]z / ;f];+u ;DjlGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxLx¿ Nfufot ldlt @)%^÷*÷!& df ljkIfL s/ ljefuaf6 n]lvPsf] lgb]{zfTds kqsf ;fy} o; sDkgLn] u/]sf sf/f]jf/;+u ;DjlGwt s'g} s/sf] bfloTj af]sfpg] / o; sDkgL;+u o; sDkgLsf] sfd sf/jfxL g/f]Sg', sf/f]jf/ ;+rfngdf s'g} afwf cj/f]w v8f gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . $= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/ x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvthjfkm lnO{ pkl:yt x'g' elg ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfP kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . %= ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] x]lnsK6/x¿ vl/b ug]{ ;DjGwdf g]kfn Po/j]h;+u u/]sf] ;Demf}tfdf g]kfn Poj]hn] sfg"g adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lt'g{ j'emfpg' afFsL aSof}tf /sd cfkm'n] ltg{ a'emfpg dGh' u/]sf] x'+bf clu|d s/ sl6\6 ;DjGwdf cfly{s P]gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] ltg{ a'emfpg g} kg]{ ePsf]n] lghn] lnPsf lhls/ x¿ u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] vf/]h u/L kfp eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 / ;f]xL ldnfgsf] @ Gf+=If]q s/ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] k[ys k[ys lnlvthjfkm . ^= x]lnsK6/x¿ vl/b ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn Po/j]h;+u lgj]bs sDkgLn] u/]sf] ;Demf}tfdf :ki6 ?kdf g]kfn Po/j]hsf] s'g} s/ bfloTj aSof}tf ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] s/ bfloTj e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj ;d]t ;f]xL sDkgLn] ug]{ s'/f :ki6 PNn]v /c]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ;Demf}tfnfO{ l;/fgL xfnL cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 lgj]bs sDkgL pGd'Qm x'g ;Sg] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s/ ljefusf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvthjfkm . &= lgod adf]lhd k]zL k"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{sf lj4fg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L u0f]z/fh zdf{ tyf ljåfg clwjQmf åo >L ;ltz s[i0f v/]n tyf clgn s'df/ l;Gxfn] g]kfn Po/j]h ln= gfdsf] g]kfnL sDkgLn] :sfO6]s OG6/g]zgn gfdsf] ljb]zL sDkgL l;t x]lnsK6/ vl/b u/L k}7f/L t/ df]n r'Qmf ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs sDkgL, jfo'ofg wgL :sfO{6]s sDkgL / g]kfndf k}7f/L ug]{ g]kfn Po/j]h sDkgL aLr lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf ePsf] o;/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;Demf}tf u/L x]lnsK6/ lng' eGbf klxn]sf s/sf] bfloTj lgj]bs dfly yf]kg{ ldNb}g . o;sf] ;fy} lgj]bsnfO{ s/ ltg'{kGf]{ eGg] lg0f{o clVtof/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 ge} cglws[t lgsfon] lg0f{o u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g' k5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] . *= ljåfg sfg"gL Joj;foLx¿sf] jx; ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhft cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu bfjL cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf] xf]Og ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'g cfof] . (= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfLn] u}/sfg"gL ?kn] slyt s/ nufpg] p7fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f pQm lg0f{o jb/ u/LkfpF eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL ePsf]df lgj]bnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhdsf] s/ a'efpg kqfrf/ ul/Psf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg dfu bfjL cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] vf/]h u/LkfPF eGg] lvlnthjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . rf/ j6f x]lnsK6/x¿sf] ls:tf e'QfgLdf cfly{s P]g cg';f/ clu|d cfos/ jfkt nfUg] ?= !,)&,(^,^&&.)# df klxn] w/f}6L /fv]sf] ?=!),)),))). s6fO{ afFsL ?= (&,(^,^&&.)# / cfly{s P]g cg';f/ clu|d cfos/ ;dodf ga'emfP jfkt !% k|ltzt yk z'Ns ;d]tsf] /sd of] kq k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq a'emfpg Nofpg' x'g egL @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{non] lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)%^÷@÷!! Df kq n]v]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] pQm kqsf] 5fofF k|ltaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm s/ j'emfpg] ;DaGwdf ePsf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk kfpF egL lgj]bsn] ldlt @)%^÷#÷@! Df pQm @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbPsf]df pQm clu|d cfos/ dfu ug]{ lg0f{o o; sfof{noaf6 ge} lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L dfq o; sfof{nonfO{ s/ ljefjaf6 k|fKt ePsf] eGg] pQm @ g+=If]q s/ sfof{non] r=g++ @%) sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/ u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . clu|d cfos/ dfu ug]{ lg0f{o kug]{ lgsfo ;DjlGwt s/ sfof{no ePsf]df ;f] sf] ljkl/t k|:t't d'2fdf cglws[t lgsfon] clu|d cfos/df ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/ ;DjlGwt lgsfon] clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ lg0f{o gu/L cglwlqmt lgsfon] clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd 286

ljkIfL s/ ljefuaf6 n]lvPsf] lgb]{zfTds kqsf] ;fy} lgj]bs sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/ /f]Ssf /fVg] nufotsf cfb]z ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nfuL km};nfsf] hgfp dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfOlbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=ch'{g k|;fb l;+x Olt ;Djt @)^@ ;fn j}zfv !( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\====================.

287

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo Gofoflwz >L cg'k/fh zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;Dat\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+======@^)! cfb]z ldltM @)^^.#.!$ sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=#@ sflnsf:yfg l:yt cd[tef]u Sof6;{ k|f=ln=sf] clwsf/ k|fKt k|aGws lgb]{zs ljgf]b s'df/ cu|jfn====================================================================================! lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=! aa/dxn========================================================================= !

lgj]bs ljkIfL

d'2f M pTk|]if0f tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @#,**-@_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5 M ljkIfL sfof{nosf] k=;+=@)%*.)%( r=g+=#)$! ldlt @)%(.#.#@ sf] cfos/ /sd bflvnf ug]{ ljifosf] kq ldlt @)%(.$.!$ df k|fKt x'+bf pQm kqdf cf=j+=@)%%.)%^ / @)%^.)%& sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DjGwdf tTsflng >L d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefuaf6 ldlt @)%&.^.^ df s/ lgwf{/0f x'+bf blvn ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] /sd, cf=j= @)%&.)%* sf] :jo+ s/ ljj/0f dWo]sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf b]vfOPsf] ldGxf gx'g] egL v'b cfo tkm{ :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfj]z u/L s/ lt/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]df ;f]xL k|s/0fdf ltg'{kg]{ d"=c=s/ klg d"=c=s/ P]g,@)%@ adf]lhd bfvLnf u/L ;s]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]df pNn]lvt laqmL c+sdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd nfUg] s/ hl/jfgf bfvLn u/]sf] s'/f clen]vaf6 b]lvg gcfPsf] x'+bf pQm s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z adf]lhd cf=j=@)%%.)%^ df ?=@,#%,$*^.– sf] laqmL cfo tyf cf=j=@)%^.)%& df ?=(,)*##).– sf] laqmL cfodf nfUg] cf=j=@)%%.)%^ sf] s/ ;d]t ?= !,@(,%!&.#) / cf=j=@)%^.)%& sf] s/ ;d]t ?=$,&^,*&#.@% ;d]t hDdf /sd ?=^,)^,#().%% bfvLn ug'{x'g egL ;"lrt u/]sf] kq . pQm cf=a=df s/ lgwf{/0f / c;'n pk/ ;+jGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! cfslif{t x'g] k|i65 . k|f/lDes 5fgljgaf6 cf=j=@)%%.)%^ df bflvn ug'{kg]{ /sd b]lvPsf] lyPg . @)%^.)%& df ?=(,*%@.%) bfvLnf ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] /sd ldlt @)%*.#.& df bfvLn u/L ;s]sf] 5f}+ . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-s_-@_ cg';f/ ljkIfLaf6 clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] 5}g . bkmf %^-!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofz+ cg';f/sf] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfb]z ;d]t ePsf] 5}g . pQm kq cg';f/sf] /sd sDkgLaf6 ljkIfLn] c;'n pk/ ug{ u/fpg kfpg] xf]Og . k|f/lDes 5fgljg x'+bf bkmf ##-s_ / bkmf %^-!_ cg';f/sf] q'6L km]nf gk/]sf] k|i6 5 . cf=j=@)%%.)%^ df @,#%,$*^.– / @)%^.)%& df ? (,)*,##).– sf] laqmL sfo{ ul/g] Joxf]/f pQm kqdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 . sfod ePsf] k'/} ljqmL /sdnfO{ v'b cfo dfgL ;f]df nfUg] s/ ;/rfh{ ;d]tsf] /sd hf]l8 k|s/0f @ -s_ -!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ æs/Æ elgPsf] ;f] /sd dfu ul/Psf] pQmkq q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . ljqmL /sdnfO{ k'/} cfo /sd dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g / k'/} cfo /sdnfO{ v'b cfo klg dfGg ;lsb}g . cfos/, v'b cfodf nfUg] s/ xf] laqmL /sddf nfUg] s/ xf]Og . ljkIfLaf6 ;kmfO{ k|:tt' ug]{ df}sf g} glbO{ Ps} rf]6L s/ /sd bfvLn ug]{ ;d]tsf] kq k7fpg' k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)) / !)! cg';f/sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 x'g] If]qflwsf/sf] Joj:yf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 . ;f] Jof]x/f pQm bkmf !)),!)!,&@ ;d]taf6 k|i6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . hjsL ;fljssf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! Dff s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf / If]qflwsf/ pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L cfos/ P]g, @)%* / cfos/ P]g, @)#! Dff s/ lgwf{/0f;DjGwL If]qflwsf/ ;d]tdf km/s km/s Joj:yf /x]sf] cfwf/df klg Pp6f P]g cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] / k'g/fj]bg ug{ cs}{ P]g k|of]u ug]{ ;f] Joj:yf klg k|i6 5}g . t;y{M ljkIfLsf] pQm kq q'6Lk"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f] kq ab/ u/fO{ kfpg cGo pkrf/sf] af6f] gePsf]n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ cg';f/ pQm kq / kqdf pNN]v eP adf]lhdsf] s/ c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;DjGwdf lakIfLaf6 ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L u}/ sg"gL / clgoldt s/ /sd lgj]bsaf6 c;'n pk/ ug{ gkfpg] u/L ljkIfLsf gfp+df pTk|]if0f ;lxt k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z 288

hf/L u/L pQm kq sfof{Gjog gug'{ / ljj]bsaf6 clgoldt / u}/ sfg"gL s/ c;'n gug'{ egL ljkIfLsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjwL gf3]kl5 lgofdfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.%.!* sf] cfb]z . ljkIfL cd[tef]u Sof6;{ k|f=ln=n] cf=j= @)%%.)%^. / )%^.)%& df cfkm'n] u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ dWo] n'h ljnaf6 ljqmL u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ ljqmL vftfdf ;dfj]z gu/]sf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df ldlt @)%&.^^ df d"=c=s/ P]g, @)%@ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] / ;f] s/ /sd s/ bftfn] Jofh / h/Ljfgf ;d]t bfv]n u/L ;s]sf]df s/bftfn] o; sfof{nodf k]z u/]s]f pQm b'j} cfly{s jif{df qmdzM ?=@,#%,$*^.– / (,)*,##).– sf] ljqmL cfo ;DalGwt cf=j=sf] cfo ljj/0f ;fy ;+nUg gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfO{Pg . o;/L pQm k|f=ln=n] cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ cfo gb]vfO{ cfo n'sfP l5kfPsf] kfOPsf]n] s/bftfaf6 cfos/ /sd c;'n pk/ ug{ kfpg] cfwf/x¿ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$#-$_ n] ;'lglZrt u/L lbPsf]n] o; sfof{nosf] r=g++ #)$! ldlt @)%(.#.#@ df cfos/ /sd ?=^,)^#().%% bfv]n ug{ n]lvPsf] kq q'6Lk"0f{ ge} sfg"g;Ddt ePsf]n] ljkIfLn] sfg"gL bfloTjaf6 ljd'v x'g] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . sf/bftfn] pQm cf=j=sf] ljj/0f cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-s_ ! adf]lhd :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L k]z ug'{kg]{ / :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f kmf/ddf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fx¿ 5fgljg ubf{ s'g} q'6L km]nf k/]df jf 36L s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvPdf s/ clws[tn] clGtds/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL k|jwfg /x]sf] / s/bftfn] cfkm'n] j'emfpg'kg]{ s/x¿ ;DjlGwt cfly{s P]g adf]lhdsf] ls:tfjGbLdf bfv]n ug'{ kg]{df ;f] bfv]n u/]sf] 5}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" eO{;s]kl5 dfly pNn]v ePsf] /sd bfvLnf ug{ s/bftfnfO{ ;"rgf ul/Psf]df ;f]df lrQ gj'em]df P]gsf] bkmf !!%-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] u/L lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] sfg"gL clwsf/ s/bftf ;dIf lglxt ePsf]df l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug{ ldNb}g . s/bftfn] k]z u/]s]f cfo ljj/0fdf n'h ljnaf6 ljqmL u/]sf] cfonfO{ n'sfO{ l5kfO{ s/ 5Ng] lgotaf6 k|]l/t ePsf], cj:yfdf j:t'ut cfwf/df bfvLnf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] s/, hl/jfgf / ;/rfh{ dfu ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^-!_ adf]lhd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z gePsf] eGg] lhls/ lnO{ k|:t't u/]sf] lgj]bg jb/ u/L kfp+ . cfly{s P]g,@)%% / @)%^ adf]lhd cfkm'n] j'emfpg' kg]{ cfos/ ls:tfdf bfvLnf ug'{ kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj ljjf{x gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s/bftfnfO{ s/ bflvnf ug{ n]lvPsf] kq sfg"g;Ddt b]lvbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df08f}+ If]q Gf+=! aa/dxnsf tkm{af6 ;f]xL sfof{nosf k|d'v l8NNfL k|sfz l3ld/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ cWoog dgg\ u/L lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf lj4fg clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd cu|jfnn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)) / !)! cg';f/sf] s/ lgwf{/0f eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . bkmf !)) n] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f / bkmf !)! n] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;DjGwsf] Joj:yf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;fljs cfos/ P]g, @)#! Dff pQm gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] / ;f] adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyPg . cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/ s/ clws[taf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg / ;f] kl5 k'g/fj]bgdf hfg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lv+b}g . lgj]bsnfO{ ;kmfO{sf] df}sf g} glbO{ Ps}rf]6L s/ ;d]tsf] /sd bfvLnf ug]{ kq k7fpg' k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt x'Fbf /L6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; tyf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=! Afa/dxnsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'ePsf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf lj4fg pk GofoflwjQmf >L s[i0f kf}8]nn] s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fdf n'h ljnaf6 ljqmL u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ ljqmL vftfdf ;dfj]z gu/]sf]n] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-s_-!_ adf]lhd :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L k]z ug'{kg]{ / :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f kmf/ddf k]z u/]s]f ljj/0fx¿df 3l6 s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df s/ clws[tn] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]s]f b]lvPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL sfof{nosf] k=;++ @)%*.)%( r=g+=#)$! ldlt @)%(.#.#@ sf] cfos/ /sd bflvnf ug]{ ljifosf] kqd pQm s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z adf]lhd cf=j=@)%%.)%^ df ?=@,#%,$*^. sf] ljqmL cfo tyf cf=j= @)%^.)%& df ?=(,)*,##). sf] laqmL cfodf nfUg] cf=j=@)%%.)%^ sf] s/ ;d]t ? !,@(,%!&.#) / cf=j= @)%^.)%& sf] s/ ;d]t ? $,&^,*#&.@% ;d]t hDdf ? ^,)^,#().%% bfvLn ug'{ eGg] pNn]lvt kq q'6Lk"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f] kq tyf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L u}/ sfg"gL tj/n] lgj]bsaf6 s/ c;"n pk/ gug'{ egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL ePsf]df cd[tef]u Sof6;{ k|f=ln=n] cf=j=@)%%.)%^ / )%^.)%& df cfkm'n] 289

u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ dWo] n'h ljnaf6 ljqmL u/]s]f sf/f]jf/ ljqmL vftfdf ;dfj]z gu/L ;Dk"0f{ cfo gb]vfO{ cfo n'sfP l5kfPsf] kfOPsf] / s/bftfaf6 cfos/ /sd c;'n pk/ ug{ kfpg] cfwf/x¿ cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf !$#-#_ n] ;'lglZrt u/L lbPsf]n] cfos/ /sd ?= ^,)^#().%% bfvLnf ug{ n]lvPsf] kq sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf]n] lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xsdf k|lts'n c;/ k/]s]f gx'+bf lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF egL lnlvt hjfkm kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cj lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ;+jGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf tTsflng @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no jj/dxndf lo lgj]bsn] cf=j= @)%%.)%^, @)%^.)%& sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ljj/0f bflvnf u/]sf] ldl;n ;+nUg k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . cf=j=@)%%.)%^ df bflvnf ug'{kg]{ /sd gb]lvPsf]df @)%^.)%& df ? (*%@.%) bflvnf ug'{kg]{ elgPsf] /sd ldlt @)%*.#.& df /=g+=))%**$ af6 lgj]bsn] bflvnf ul/ ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf ##-s_-@_ cg';f/ ljkIfLaf6 kqdf pNn]lvt clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] b]lvb}+g / P]=sf] bkmf %^-!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofz+ cg';f/sf] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfPg . o; cj:yfdf kqfg';f/sf] /sd lgj]bsaf6 ljkIfLn] c;'n pk/ u/fpg kqfrf/ ug'{ sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg cfPg . lo lgj]bs s/bftfn] k]z u/]s]f :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fNffO{ ljkIfLn] :jLsf/ ul/;s]s]f cj:yf b]lvG5 . pQm :jo+s/ ljj/0fdf s'g} s'/f em'7\7f b]lvg cfPdf cfos/ P]g,@)#! Sf] bkmf %^ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cg';f/ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{df pNn]lvt bkmf adf]lhd lgj]bssf] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/]s]f cj:yf s/ sfof{noaf6 k|fKt kqaf6 ;d]t b]lvg cfp+b}g . o;/L s/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ljkIfLn] cfb]z g} hf/L ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg"gn] g} clgjfo{ u/]sf]df ;f] adf]lhd eP u/]s]f cj:yf b]lvg cfpFb}g . s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] cefjdf s]jn pNn]lvt kqsf] cfw/df dfq ;f] kqfg';f/sf] /sd lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 ljkIfLn] c;'n pk/ ug{ kfpF5 eGg' sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg cfPg . o;/L pQm sDkgLsf] pNn]lvt cfly{s jif{x¿sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf k|f/lDes 5fgljg x'Fbf q'6L km]nf k/]sf] ;d]t ldl;naf6 b]lvg gcfPsf] l:yltdf pNn]lvt kq sfof{Gjog u/L s/ c;'n ug'{ sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg gcfPaf6 pNn]lvt kq nufotsf sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ eO{ pQm clgoldt s/ /sd lgj]bsaf6 c;'n pk/ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t -pk–;lrj_ lbks v/]n Olt ;Djt\ @)^^ ;fn cfiff9 !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\========================================.

290

>L ;jf{]Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn dfggLo GofofwLz >L /0f axfb'/ jd ;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=!@* cfb]z ldlt M @)^^.$.!% d'2f M cbfntsf] cjx]ngf . j]:6g{ g]kfn sTyf dLn k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt P]=sf laqmL k|jGws dg/fd v8\sf============================================================================! lj?4

lgj]bs

g]kfn ;/sf/,cy{ dGqfno, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu nflhDkf6=========================! ljkIfL Ps4f/ ;ldlt,pBf]u ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/ sf7df08f}+==========================================! g]kfn ;/sf/, pBf]u ljefu======================================================================! g]kfn ;/sf/,cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/=========================================================! g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)@-#_ cGtu{t o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M o; pBf]un] cf=j=@)#*.)#( b]lv @)$* >fj0f d;fGt;Dd :jb]zL sRrf kbfy{af6 sTyf / sR5 pTkfbg u/L ljb]z ef/tdf lgoft u/L ?=$@%^^!#.– cGtMz'Ns jfkt a'emfPsf] /sd cf}=Jo=P]g,@)#* sf] bkmf !)-u_ -$_ / @)$$ df ;+zf]wg bkmf !)-u_-#_ ;d]t adf]lhd lkmtf{ kfp+ egL z'? b]vL g} ;DjlGwt cGtMz'Ns sfof{no Pj+ tTsflng cGtMz'Ns ljefudf lgj]bg btf{ u/Psf]df To;df sf/jfxL rnL pBf]u ljefu -;'ljwf zfvf_ Ps4f/ ;ldltdf k7fPsf]df k=;+=@)%!.)%@ p=lj=;=-j]i6g{ g]=sTyf ldn_ r=g+=@%$% ldlt @)%).^.!) df lg0f{o ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] o; pBf]unfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] nflUf n]lvPsf] lyof] . pQm kq k|fKt e} To;df lrQ gj'lem o;} ;Ddflgt cbfntdf ldlt @)%!.(.!* df l/=g+=@)%! ;fnsf] @^%$ df btf{ u/fPsf]df To;df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] df=Gof=>L s[i0f s'df/ jdf{Ho"sf] /fonfO{ ;b/ ub}{ Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] ljjflbt lg0f{onfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 jb/ u/L k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ub}{ ldlt @)%(.@.#) df cfb]z ePsf] lyof] / ;f] clGtd e} a;]sf] 5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%(.@.#) df pQm clGtd cfb]z ePkl5 ;f] cfb]z cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ kfpF egL pBf]u ljefu, Ps4f/ ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno / cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;d]tdf k6s k6s lgj]bg btf{ u/L ;Dks{df /xFb} cfPsf]df o; pBf]uaf6 ljb]z ef/t lgsf;L u/]sf] sTyf tyf sR5 ef/tLo d'b|f e'QmfgL /l;bx¿sf] kmf]6f]slk tTsflng cGtMz'Ns sfof{no g]kfnu+hdf k]z u/L ;f] sfof{noaf6 cGtMz'Ns ljefu k7fO{ ;s]sf] eP klg pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)^).(.!! sf] kqaf6 k'gM dfu ul/P adf]lhdsf] k|df0f klg o; pBf]uaf6 pBf]u ljefudf ldlt @)^).(.!( df btf{ g+=#*( df btf{ u/fO{ ;lsPsf] 5 . t/ ldlt @)%(.@.#) df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] pQm clGtd cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog Ps4f/ ;ldlt ;d]taf6 cfh;Dd gu/L j]jf:tf u/L b'Mv lbO{ cfPsf]n] of] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] 5' . ns8Lsf] k|of]u Pj+ k|zf]wg ;d]t u/L :jb]zL cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg sRyf tyf sR5 !$@%(#)=% s]=lh=pQm cjlwdf ef/t lgsf;L u/]sf] lgof{t k|df0fkqaf6 klg k|dfl0ft e}/x]sf] / ;f] s'/f ;DjlGwt cGtMz'Ns sfof{non] klg k|dfl0ft u/]sf] eGg] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] pQm clGtd cfb]zdf ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf]n] To;/L lgsf;L ul/Psf] sRyf tyf sR5sf] kl/df0fdf a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ kfpg] lgj]bssf] sfg"gL clwsf/ 5 . ;f] dWo] cf=j=@)$$.)$%,@)$%.)$^ df ef/t lgsf;L eP u/]]sf kl/df0fsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd lgj]bsn] lkmtf{ kfO;s]sf]n] ;f] jfx]ssf] jf+sL /sd lgj]bsn] lkmtf{ kfpg'kg]{ eGg] ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%(.@.#).% df clGtd cfb]z eO{;s]sf] b'O{ jif{ eGbf a9L g} eO{;s]klg xfn;Dd ljkIfL Ps4f/ ;ldltn] lkmtf{ lbg] lg0f{o gu/L cfb]zsf] cjx]nfgf u/L /x]sf] :ki6 5 . k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] clGtd cfb]znfO{ xfn;Dd sfof{Gjog gu/L;Ddflgt cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] ljkIfLx¿n] ckx]ngf u/L cfPsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf & cg';f/ cjx]ngf u/]df ljkIfLx¿ dfyL sf/jfxL tyf ;hfo u/L k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] pQm clGtd cfb]zsf] cljnDj sfof{Gjog u/fO{ j'emfO{ ;lsPsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ lbg] cfb]z ;d]t u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq . 291

o;df k|:t't lgj]bg kmf}Hbf/L ljljwsf] bfo/Ldf btf{ u/L lgj]bssf] dfu cg';f/ cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cjx]ngfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf & cg';f/ lsg sf/jfxL x'g gkg]{ xf] < ;j} Joxf]/f v'nfO{ Dofb ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] !% lbg leq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf Dofb ;"rgf hf/L u/L sfg"g cg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z . ljkIfL lgj]bsn] g]kfnu+h eG;f/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] lgof{t k|1fkg kq ;+nUg u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] / cGtMz'Ns sfof{no g]kfnu+hsf] ldlt @)$$.#.@% sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs pBf]un] cf=j=@)#*.)#( b]lv cf=j=@)$@.)$# ;Dd u/]sf] pTkfbg lgsf;L / df}Hbftsf] /]s8{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] pk/f]Qm km};nf sfo{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf o; ljefun] pBf]uLaf6 cltl/Qm k|df0f k]z ug{ jf cfwf/ v'nfpg ;d]t ldlt @)^).@.( / ldlt @)^).(.!! df kqfrf/ ul/P cg';f/ sfuhft k]z e};s]s]sf] / ljkIfL pBf]un] kfpg'kg]{ cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ dfu ;DaGwdf Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] @)^).*.!) df a;]sf] @!% cf}+ j}7sn] ljkIfL pBf]uLaf6 k]z ePsf] k[ys k[ys jif{sf] cltl/Qm k|df0f / cfwf/ nfO{ 7x/ /fo k]z ug{ o; ljefudf ;'ljwf zfvf x]g]{ lgb]{zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf k|ltlglw ;b:o,cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf k|ltlglw ;b:o /xg] u/L ;ldlt u7g e} tT;DjGwdf sf/jfxL eO/x]sf] Joxf]/f;Ddflgt cbfnt ;dIf ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' . t;y{;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] x'+bf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf & cg';f/ ckx]ngf u/]sf] eGg' Gofof]lrt x'b}g . t;y{ ljkIfLsf] em'7f lgj]bg g} vf/]h cg'kb{5 . vf/]h u/Lkfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Ps4f/ ;dltsf] ;+of]hs Pj+ pBf]u ljefu ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 tfgf uf}tdsf] lnlvt hjfkm . ljkIfLn] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] o; ljefuaf6 cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g]u/L s'g} sfo{ ul/Psf] 5}g . ;Ddflgt cbfnt ;dIf ljkIfLn] @)%!.)(.!* df @)%! ;fnsf] l/=g+=@^%$ df o; -tTsflng ljqmLs/ tyf cGtMz'Ns_ ljefu ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL jgfO{ lbg' ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf;Ddflgt cbfntsf] @)%(.)@.#) df ePsf] cfb]z ;lxtsf] k|fKt ;Ssn kmfOn o; ljefudf k|fKt x'g cfPsf]df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DjGwL ;'ljwfsf] lg0f{o cf}Bf]lus Joj:yfkg P]g,@)$( sf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Ps4f/ ;ldltn] ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf cfjZos lg0f{osf nflu ;dod} Ps4f/ ;ldlt pBf]u ljefudf k7fO{ ;lsPsf] Joxf]/f ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefutkm{af6 dxflgb]{zs /fddl0f b'jf8Lsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L ;dfj]z eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t' d'2fdf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;d]t tkm{af6 pk GofoflwjQmf z+s/ axfb'/ /fO{n] @)%(.@.#) sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]zdf lgj]bs pBf]uåf/f cltl/Qm k|df0f k]z ug{ jf cfwf/ v'nfpg kg]{ eP ;f] ;d]t u/L cGtMz'Ns ;'ljwf ;DjGwdf lg0f{o ug{ u/fpg ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yf xf] .;Ddflgt cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf ug{ lgj]bsx¿n] dfu u/]sf] cfly{s jif{x¿sf] cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{sf] nflu cfjZos sf/jfxL cuf8L j9fpg] qmddf lgj]bsx¿n] ;DjlGwt sfuhftx¿ k]z ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] 6'Ëf] nfUg g;;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljkIfLx¿n] cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cjx]nfgf gu/]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL jx; ug'{eof] ljkIfLx¿ Tfkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg pkGofoflwjQmfsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL lgj]bssf jf/]z lw/h s'df/ ofbjsf] lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL k]z ePsf ldl;n sfuhftx¿sf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ o;df lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd ljkIfLx¿n] cbfntsf] cjx]ngf u/]sf] xf] xf]Og < / lghx¿nfO{ cbfntsf] cjx]ngfdf ;hfo x'G5 x'+b}g < eGg] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o lbg'k/]sf] 5 . lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs j]:6g{ g]kfn sTyf ldnn] sTyf / sR5 pTkfbg u/L ljb]z ef/tdf lgof{t u/L cGtMz'Ns jfkt @)#*.#( b]lv @)$* ;Ddsf] a'emfPsf] /sd ?=$@,%^,^!#.– cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-u_ -$_ / ;+zf]lwt bkmf !)-u_-#_ lkmtf{sf] nflu Ps4f/ ;ldltdf k]z u/]sf]df lkmtf{ dfu adf]lhd lkmtf{ k|fKt gePsf]n] o; cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] ;Djt\ @)%& sf] l/=k'=O=g+=!&% sf] d'2fdf Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ eO{ lkmtf{ ug}{ ;DjGwdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] u/L k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%(.@.#) df lg0f{o ePsf]df k6s k6s lgj]bg lbO{ k|of; ubf{ ;d]t dfu adf]lhdsf] /sd lkmtf{ gePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLx¿af6 o; cbfntsf] pk/f]Qm cfb]zsf] cj1f ePsf]n] cbfntsf] ckx]nfgfdf ;hfo u/L kfp+ eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fsf ljkIfL Ps4f/ ;ldlt tyf pBf]u ljefu ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 dxflgb]{zs tfgf uf}tdn] k]z ug'{ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pBf]un] kfpg'kg]{ cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ dfu ;DjGwdf Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] @)^).*.!) df a;]sf] @!% cf}+ j}7sn] pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] k[ys k[ys k|sf/sf] cfwf/ / k|df0fnfO{ 7x/ /fo k]z ug{ ;'ljwf zfvf x]g]{ lgb]{zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf pk;ldlt u7g eO{ tT;DjGwL sf/jfxL eO{/x]sf] x'+bf cbfntsf] ckx]ngf gul/Psf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL lhls/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf bfjL lnPsf] oLg} lgj]bs / k|ToyL{ eO{ o; cbfnaf6 km};nf ePsf] ;Djt\ @)%& sf] l/=k'=g+=!&% sf] pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z d'2fdf ldlt @)%(.@.#) df ePsf] km};nf 7x/ lg0f{o cWoog ubf{ æl/6 lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] ;a'b k|df0f / cfjZos eP v'nfpg' kg]{ cGo s'/fx¿ ;d]t v'nfO{ k|df0f k]z ug{ nufO{ cyjf ljZjzgLo cGo s'g} j}slNks 292

cfwf/df lg?k0f ug]{ tkm{ ljkIfL Ps4f/ ;ldltaf6 sf/jfxL ePsf] ;d]t b]lvg gcfPsf]n] ;f] ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf ;j'b k|df0fsf] :ki6 d"Nof+sg / Gofof]lrt ljZn]if0f gb]lv+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ ug]{ xb;Ddsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0f s'df/ adf{sf] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd lgj]bs pBf]uåf/f k]z ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhx¿sf] ;fy} lgj]bsaf6 cltl/Qm k|df0f k]z ug{ jf cfwf/ v'nfpg nufpg kg]{ eP ;f] ;d]t hf] h] h:tf] ug'k5{ sfg"g adf]lhd u/L k[ys k[ys jif{sf] cGtMz'Ns ;'ljwf ;DjGwdf 5'6\6f5'6\6} cfwf/ k|df0f ;lxt lg0f{o ug{ u/fpg ;d]t ljkIfLx¿sf] gfp+df k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t cfb]z hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsåf/f bfo/ ePsf] pQm pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]zsf] d'2fdf lgj]bsnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ elgPsf] /sd olsg eO{ To:tf] olsg ePsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{ eGg] d/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] cj:yf geO{ lgj]bs ;d]taf6 k|df0f k]z ug{ nufO{ k]z ePsf k|df0f ;d]tsf cfwf/df lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o ug'{Æ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntaf6 pQm d'2fdf cfb]z ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePkl5 ;f]xL k|of]hgfy{ Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] @!% cf}+ j}7sn] pk;ldlt u7g u/]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf pBf]u ljefuaf6 @)^$.&.!! df lgj]bs j]:6g{ g]kfn sTyf ldn k|f=ln=nfO{ r=g+=!#@* sf] kqåf/f ælgj]bs pBf]usf] dfubfjL ;lxtsf] ;Ssn kmfO{n Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno -pBf]u ljefu_ df k|fKt g} gePsf] cj:yf /x]sf] / lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ sfuhft k]z ug{ Pj+ k|To]s cf=j=df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s] slt xf] < v'nfpg / ;f] sf] /l;b k]z ug{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf]df ;f] ;d]t gu/L k'/fg} bfjL lg/Gt/ bf]xf]/\ofO{ lgh pBf]un] cfkm\gf] dfubfjL sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf k|df0f sfuhftx¿sf] ;DjGwdf yk :ki6 ug{ ;xoff]u ug'{ kg]{df To;f] gu/L s]jn cf}krf/Lstf dfq k'/f u/]sf] b]lv+bf pBf]u ljefu, Ps4f/ ;ldltdf /x]sf] sfuhftx¿sf cfwf/df dfq lgj]bs pBf]un] kfpg] /sd Plsg ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf dfubfjL u/] cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns /sd lkmtf{ lbg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]gÆ eGg] Ps4f/ ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^$.^.@* df ePsf] @^@ cf}+ j}7ssf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljj/0fx¿af6 lgj]bsn] ljkIfL pBf]u ljefu Ps4f/ ;ldlt ;d]taf6 lkmtf{ lng'kg]{ egL bfjL ul/Psf] /sd lgj]bsn] sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg cGtu{t /xL lkmtf{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . o; cbfntaf6 log} kIf ljkIfLx¿ jLr rn]sf] ;Djt\ @)%& ;fnsf] l/=k'=g+=!&% sf] d'2fdf cfb]z hf/L x'+bfsf cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] sfg"g adf]lhd lkmtf{sf] nfuL bfjL u/]sf] /sd km};nf x'+bfsf cj:yfdf olsg ePsf] cj:yf geO{ lgj]bsx¿;+u yk k|df0fx¿ ;d]t a'emL k|To]s cf=j= sf] cGtMZf'Ns ;'ljwfsf] ;DjGwdf 5'6\6f 5'6\6} cfwf/ k|df0f ;lxt lg0f{o ug{ k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] cfb]z kZrft ljkIfL Ps4f/ ;ldltn] ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu lg0f{o u/L pk;ldlt u7g u/L sf/jfxLsf] k|s[of cuf8L j9fPsf]df lgj]bs kIfaf6 cfjZos k|df0f k]z gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 pBf]un] kfpg] egL bfjL u/]sf] /sd ljjfbsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd lbg sfg"gtM ldNg] b]lvPg . lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] /sd k|df0fx¿ j'em]/ olsg gu/L lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]s} cfwf/n] dfq e'QmfgL x'g'k5{ eGg] ts{ o'QmL;+ut xf] eGg ldn]g . o; cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ljkIfLx¿n] kfngf g} gu/]sf] eGg] gb]lvO{ k|df0fsf] cefjdf /sd Plsg ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] . o;df lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] /sd olsg ug{nfO{ ;f] ;DjGwL k|df0f lgj]bsn] klg k]z ug'{kg]{ st{Jo x'g hfG5 . lgj]bs tkm{af6 cfjZos k|df0fx¿ k]z u/L /sd olsg ug{nfO{ ;xof]u gePsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLn] dfq cfb]zsf] kfngf gu/]sf] egL cbfntsf] cjx]ngf u/]sf] eGg] 7x/ ug{ pk/f]Qm cfwf/ k|df0faf6 ldNg] b]lvPg . t;y{ o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)%(.@.#) sf] cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] sfuhftx¿ km]nf gk/]sf] k6s k6s kqfrf/ ubf{ klg lgj]bstkm{af6 ;f] ;DjGwL k|df0f k]z x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] @^@ cf}+ j}7såf/f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug{;Sg] cj:yf /x]g egL lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] b]lv+bf o:tf] cj:yfdf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] s;"/ k|ToyL{x¿n] u/]sf] egL 7x/ ug{ ;j'b k|df0fsf] cefjdf ldNg] b]lvPg . ljkIfLx¿nfO{ cbfntsf] cjx]ngfdf ;hfo u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g . cjx]ngf u/]sf] eGg] bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/]sf]n] ;hfo tkm{ s]xL u/L /xg k/]g . bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gofoflwz Ohnf; clws[t M sdn k|;fb kf]v/]n Olt ;Djt\ @)^^ ;fn >fj0f dlxgf !% ut] /f]h % z'ed\======================.

293

>L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL cfb]z ldlt M @)^&. %.!# @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+====#!*! D'f2f M pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z . nlntk'/ lhNnf l:yt u'0f l;g]df k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf=clwsf/ Kf|fKt ;+rfns /fh]Gb| zfSo=====! lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no,nlntk'/============================================================================ =======! k|ToyL{ tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f @#,**-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M k|:t't sDkgLn] rnlrq k|bz{g ug]{ pBf]usf] ?kdf btf{ e} sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] st{Jo / bfloTjx¿ k'/f ub}{ rnlrq k|bz{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . pBf]un] ;/sf/nfO{ cfos/ / d"No clej[l4 s/ jfkt jif{sf] nfvf}+ /fh:j of]ubfg ub}{, ljb]zL rnlrq k|bz{g u/]jfkt nfvf}+ ?k}of+ rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns jfkt ltb}{ g]kfnL rnlrq ljsf;sf nflu ;d]t of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s lbg s'g ljb]zL jf g]kfnL rnlrq k|bz{g eof] To;sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f ;d]t cfjlws ?kdf ljkIfL sfof{nod} k]z 5 . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] o; sDkgLn] s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf l6s6 laqmL cfDbfgL ?=%#,^^,!#!.)% b]vfPsf] / To;nfO{ ;dy{g x'g] cfjlws ljj/0f ;d]t k]z u/]sf] ljjfb 5}g . t/ s[lif ljsf; j}+sdf C0f k|of]hgsf] nfuL k]z u/]sf ljlQo ljj/0fdf l6s6 laqmL cfDbfgL ?=@,#),)),))). k]z u/]sf] egL ldlt @)^@.%.!$ df cf=j=@)%(.)^) sf] s/ of]Uo cfo ?=(#,$#,#!$.&! sfod u/L ;f] df s/ hl/jfgf / Jofh ;d]t Psd'i6 ?=%(,(%,)^(.@@ lgwf{/0f u/L ldlt @)^@.%.!$ df s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL tYo sf/0f b]vfO{ ;f]xL ldltdf g} s/ hl/jfgf, yk b:t'/ / Jofh ;d]t u/L @)%( ;fpg b]lv @)^) c;f/ s/ cjlwsf] ?=%^,(@,%)^. D"fNo clej[l4 clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z u/L k7fPsf]n] b'a} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg ljrf/flwg cj: yfdf /x]sf] 5 . o:t}df ljkIfL sfof{non] rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns bflvn ug'{ eGb} cfos/ / d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nfuL lnPsf] ts{ / tYosf] cfwf/df rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns jfkt ?=$$,)*,$^&.@# / hl/jfgf eGb} ?=**,!^,(#$.$^ ;d]t Ps d'i6 hDdf ? =!,#@,@%,$)!.&) dfu ub}{ ;f] lrQ ga'em] #% lbg leq /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+df k'g/fj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf ldlt @)^@.%.& sf] kq @)^@.%.@@ df k|fKt x'g cfof] . cfly{s P]g,@)%* rnlrq z'Ns b/jGbLsf] bkmf @ adf]lhd g]kfnL rnlrq k|bz{gdf rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns 5'6 ul/Psf] e} ljb]zL rnlrq k|bz{gdf dfq rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns bflvnf ug'{kg]{ egL ls6fgL Joj:yf ljkl/t lgj]bsn] cg'dflgt l6s6 laqmL cfDbfgL b]vfO{ s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf k]z /x]s]f kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t /xL Psd'i6 /sddf g} rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns dfu u/]jfkt cgflwsf/ / sfg"g ljkl/t s/ nufpg nfu]sf] / lgj]bssf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns;DaGwL b/jlGb cg';"rL % sf] bkmf !$ n] rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns;DaGwL tf]lsPsf] clwsf/ Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ dfq k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf]df lg0f{o g} gu/L ;fdfGo lgb]{zgfTds kqaf6 z'Ns hl/jfgf dfu u/]sf]n] PJf+ ljkIfLn] sfg"g ljkl/t u/L nfUg} g;Sg] rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns / bf]Aj/ hl/jfgf lgwf{/0f u/L k7fPsf]n] lgj]bssf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+ ;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg] ;Sg] cly{s x}l;ot g} ljBdfg gePsf] cj:yf 5 . ljkIfLn] cfwf/ k|df0f tyf sfg"g ;d]t gv'nfO{ PstkmL{ ?kdf kqåf/f rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns dfu u/] jfkt lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] cj?4 ePsf] Pj+ e}/x]sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/ ckof{Kt / k|efjlxg b]lvPsf]n] k"0f{ Gofosf] nflu of] l/6 lbg' k/]sf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L sf] xf] eGg] gv'n]sf] / l/tk"j{ssf] lg0f{o klg gePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} ;fdfGo pkrf/sf] af6f] g} cj?4 kfg]{ u/L Goflos dgsf] k|of]u ;d]t ge} k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] cgfb/ u/L ljkIfLaf6 ePsf] pNn]lvt sfd sf/jfxL cly{s P]g, @)%*, rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns b/jGbLsf] bkmf @,%,^,&,* / ( tyf g]kfn clw/ fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !@-8=_,!&,&# ljkl/t ljgf lg0f{o @)^@.%.& sf] kqåf/f rnlrq ljsf; / ljgfs;"/ nufOPsf] hl/jfgf dfu u/]sf] lgb]{zgfTds kq tyf cGo s'g} lg0f{o sf/jfxL cfb]z cfbL kl5 v'Ng cfPsf ;f] ;a} sf/ jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L sfg"g ljkl/t s'g} klg s/ /sd dfu gug'{ egL k/dfb]z jf cGo pko'Qm cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . 294

o;df s] s;f] ePs] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . s/bftfsf] cf=j=@)%(.)^) sf] s/ k/LIf0f ldlt @)^).!@.#) df ;DkGg ePsf]df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] r=g+ @* ldlt @)^@.$.!@ sf] kqaf6 pQm s/bftfn] a}+s tyf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf shf{ lng] tyf s/ ltg]{ k|of]hgfy{ Pp6} cf=j= @)%(.)^) sf] nflu km/s km/s ljQLo ljj/0f /fh:j 5Ng] dg;fon] k]z u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] sf/jfxLsf] nfUfL cfo]fu ;dIf hfgsf/L u/fpg' x'g egL n]lvcfP adf]hd o; sfof{noaf6 5fgljg ubf{ ljQLo ljj/0f km/s k/]s]fn] ldlt @)^@.%.!$ df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f e} ?=%%,((,*!#.@* cfos/ / ?=#,(%,@%%.&@ ljz]if z'Ns tyf ?=%^,(@,%)^. D"f=c=s/ / r=g+= #^* ldlt @)^@.%.& sf] kqaf6 ?= !,#@,@%,$)!.&) rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns ;d]t bflvnf ug{ cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] sfo{ k|rlnt P]g, sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf] xf] . @)^@.%.!$ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ s/bftfn] dxflgb]{zs, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nfuL lgj]bg lbPsf] / pQm ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^@.(.# df o; sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ e};s]kl5 k|:t't l/6 bfo/ u/]sf] xf] . lgj]bsnfO{ rnlrq ljsfz z'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] ljifodf lrQ ga'em] sfg"gL k|s[of cg'?k /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}+df k'g/fj]bg ug'{ kg]{df k'g/fj]bgsf] tx gf3L s/ 5Ng] p2]Zon] l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"lrdf r9L x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 ljifodf l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6 lj4fg clwjQmf clgn s'df/ l;Gxf / gf/fo0f g]kfnn] cfly{s P]g,@)%* sf] rnlrq z'Ns;DjGwL b/jGbL cg';"rL % sf] !$ n] rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns;DaGwL tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/dfq k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df To:tf] s'g} lg0f{o g} gu/L ljkIfLn] rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns jfkt ?=$$,)*,$^&.@# / hl/jfgf ?=**,!^,(#$.$^ ;d]t Psd'i6 hDdf ?=!,#@,@%,$)!.&) dfu u/L ldlt @)^@.%.& df lgb]{zgfTds kq k7fPsf] cj:yf 5 . rnlrq k|bz{g / l6s6 laqmL;DaGwL cfjlws ljj/0f k]z ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] ljkl/t C0f lng] k|of]hgsf] nfuL s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf k]z u/]sf] kl/of]hgfnfO{ cfwf/ lnPsf] / ;f] sf] cfwf/df rnlrq ljsfz z'Ns / hl/jfgf lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljkIfL sfof{non] sfof{nonfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf ;d]t glbO{ PstkmL{ ?kdf k7fPsf] ;f] lgb]{zgfTds kqaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] df}lns / sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf] cj:yf x'+bf lgj]bs dfu adf]lhd pTk|]if0f cfb]zåf/f ;f] kq nufotsf sfd sf/jfxL ab/ u/L sfg"g ljk/Lt :j]R5frf/L ?kdf s'g} klg s/ /sd dfu gug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . To:t} ljkIfL tkm{af6 lj4fg ;x–GofoflwjQmf ;/f]h uf}tdn] l/6 lgj]bsn] rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]s]f ?=%# nfv sf/f]jf/ b]vfPsf]df ;f]xL cjlwsf] sf/f]jf/ /sd ?= @,#),)),))). b]vfO{ s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf kl/of]hgf k]z u/]sf] cj:yf eO{ b'a} ljj/0f km/s k/]sf]n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 ;d]t Wofgfsif{0f e} cfPsf] x'+bf ldlt @)^@.%.!$ df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f e} ?= %%,((,*!#.@* cfos/ / ?=#,(%,@%%.&@ ljz]if z'Ns tyf ?=%^,(@,%)^. D"f=c=s/ / ldlt @)^@.%.& sf] kqaf6 ?=!,#@,@%,$)!.&) rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns ;d]t bflvn ug{ cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] k|rlnt P]g sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf] xf] . l/6 lgj]bsn] @)^@.%.!$ sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fj]bgsf] nfuL ;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ e};s]sf] / k|:t't ldlt @)^@.%.& sf] lg0f{osf ;DjGwdf lrQ ga'em] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL kqåf/f hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] x'+bf k'g/fj]bgsf] ljsNk x'+bf x'+b} ;f]sf] tx gf3L bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/Lkfp+ egL axz k|: t't ug'{eof] . b'a} kIfsf lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] jx; lhls/ / ;DalGwt ldl;n ;nUg sfuhftsf] cfwf/df k|:t't ljifodf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z / k/dfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zgdf g} cfb]z ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . tT;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ o;df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no nlntk'/n] cfly{s jif{ @)%(.)^) sf] cjlwsf nfuL PAN No. #)))$@(%( sf] l/6 lgj]bs u'0f l;g]df k|f=ln=n] a'emfpg' kg]{ rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns / hl/jfgf;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf]df ljjfb b]lvb}g . ;f]xL cjlwsf] nfuL ldlt @)^@.%.!$ df ePsf] clGtd d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / ;+zf]lwt cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ l/6 lgj]bsn] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nfuL @)^@.&.& df lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] / ;f] ljifodf ljrf/flwg /x]sf] eGb} ldlt @)%@.%.& sf] kqfb]z pk/ ldlt @)^!.(.@! Dff k|:t't l/6 bfo/ ug{ NofPsf]df ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6 @)^@.(.# df g} pNn]lvt ldlt @)^@.%.!$ sf] cfb]z ;b/ e} ;f] lgj]bg ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 6'Ëf] nfuL ;s]sf] cj:yf ldl;n ;+nUg tT;DaGwL cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns;DaGwL tf]lsPsf] clwsf/LNf] u/]sf] lg0f{odf dfq k'g/fj]bg nfUg] eGg] cfly{s P]g, @)%* sf] cg';"rL % bkmf !$ n] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] x'+bf To:tf] s'g} clwsf/L gtf]lsO{ rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns c;"n 295

ug]{ ljkIfLsf] sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g ljkl/t /x]sf] egL lgj]bsn] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof] . tT;DaGwdf cfly{s P]g, @)%* x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] cg';"rL % bkmf * n] rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns;DaGwL k|zf;g ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no / ;f] geP sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{non] ug]{ egL rnlrq ljsf; z'Nssf] k|zf;gsf] ?kdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nonfO{ tf]sL lbPsf] / rnlrq 3/wgL÷;~rfnsx¿nfO{ cfkm'n] k|of]u ug]{ l;6sf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ ldlt / rnlrqsf] gfd ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{nodf hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;f] sf] clen]v rnlrq 3/x¿n] /fVg'kg]{ u/L rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns lgwf{/0f k|of]hgsf] nflu rnlrq 3/3lg÷;+rfnsnfO{ bfloTj ;d]t ;f]xL bkmfn] tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] adf]lhd gug]{ jf ;f] Joj:yfsf] pNn3+g u/]sf] kfOPdf ;DjlGwt clws[tn] To:tf] rnlrq 3/wlg÷;~rfnsaf6 r'xfj6 ePsf] z'Ns / ;f] sf] bf]Aj/ /sd hl/jfgf u/L c;"n ug]{ eGg] ;d]t Joj:yf pQm bkmf * n] u/]sf] kfO+{bf P]gn] ljsf; z'Ns k|sfzg;DaGwL clwsf/L gtf]s]sf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . cfly{s P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf !$ sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] P]gsf] cg';"rL % sf] bkmf ^,& / * adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg nfUg] eGg] Joj:yf;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf]n] ;f] bkmfdf k|o'Qm rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns;+u ;DalGwt tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L eGgfn] k'jf]{Qm bkmf * df pNn]lvt lgsfosf clwsf/L a'em\g'kg]{ cj:yf / l:ytL x'+bf To;/L P]gn] rnlrq ljsfz z'Nssf] k|zf;s lgsfo / clwsf/L bkmf * e} tf]sL ;s]sf] / bkmf !$ n] To:tf] clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o pk/ k}+lt; lbg leq /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yfsf] k|Tofe"tL;Dd u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L k|:t't ljifodf l/6 lgjj]bsnfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ P]gn] g} k|bfg u/L ldlt @)^@.%.& sf] kqdf ;d]t ;f] ljifodf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] cj:yf / l:yltdf tf]lsP adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] dfu{ cjnDjg gu/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] pkfo x'+bf x'+b} l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lv+bf o;df ljg]bs dfu bfjL ;DaGwdf yk ljZn]if0f ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg' . GofowLz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . GofowLz Ohnf; clws[t M xl//fh sfsL{ Olt ;Djt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} dlxgf !# ut] /f]h ! z'ed\======.

296

efu M%@, ;fnM@)^&, dlxgf Ma}zfv, c+s M!, km};nf ldlt M@)^^.^.@^.@, lg0f{o g+=M *#)% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*@& laifoM– pTk|]if0f . lgj]bsM dgsfdgf Pc/j]h -k|f=_ ln=sf clVtof/ k|fKt P]= P]= sf k|aGw ;~rfns lszf]/ l;njfn lj?4 ljkIfLM cy{ dGqfno ;d]t · s'g} laifodf lg0f{o ug]{ Goflos jf cw{Goflos lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xssf] l;h{gf sfg"gaf6 x'g] ePsf]n] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg kfpg] s'/f pNn]v gu/]s} sf/0fn] pQm sfg"gL xs db}{g / sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] lgsfoeGbf km/s lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL lg0f{odf pNn]v u/]s} sf/0fn] dfq k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs dg]{ jf sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ gkfpg] eGg] cj:yf g/xg] . -k|s/0f g+=@_ · s'g} gofF P]gsf] lgdf{0f x'Fbf ;flassf] Joa:yfnfO{ cf+lzs ?kdf dfq :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xf] eg] Tof] s'/f k|i6 ?kdf cfpg' k5{ . s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof k"/f ge} c;"nLsf] sfo{ z'? x'g g;Sg] . · s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ;d]t clGtd geP;Dd s/ lgwf{/0f clGtd x'b}g . o;}n] s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofleq k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] kb}{g eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=^_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkf cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM cfb]z Gof= e/t/fh pk|]tLM tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M– o; dgsfdgf Po/j]h k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%%.%^ sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ljj/0f cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}df k]z u/]sf] / ;f] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fx¿df b]vfOPsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf cfotkm{ rf6{/ /]e]Go' -Charter Revenue_ ?=*#, %#,*)).– / d]G6]g]G; l/e]Go' *%,$&,^)).– / v'b gf]S;fg ?=!,##,^^,)@$.$^ b]vfOPsf]df :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fdf v'b cfo ?=!#,^#,^!^.%! b]vfO{ ldlt @)$(.@.!( sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ cfos/ 5"6 x'g'kg]{ egL k]z ePsf]df cfos/ 5"6 lbg gldNg] egL gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf vr{tkm{ Po/qmfˆ6 n; egL ?=!,(%,#),#().– b]vfPsf] / :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fdf Ifltk"lt{ /sd ?=!,!^,*&,*%).– v'b cfo ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvPsf] tyf b'3{6gf ePsf] x]lnsK6/sf] Ifltafkt ?=!,!^,*&,*%).– aLdf /sd k|fKt ePsf]n] &*,$@,%$).– nfO{ k"lhFut gf]S;fgL dfgL ldgfxf glbO{ hDdf v'b cfo ? (@,)^,!%^.%! sfod ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]xL cfosf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^-#_, bkmf %(-!_ / bkmf ^)-#_ adf]lhd s/ / h/Ljfgf u/L hDdf ?=#%,*#,)#*.%( cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no If]q g+= # af6 @)%(.!).@( df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . g]kfn /fhkqdf ldlt @)$(.@.!( df cy{ dGqfnoåf/f k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ lghL If]qdf ;~rflnt jfo' ;]jf sDkgL jf kmd{nfO{ sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf] ldltb]lv % aif{;Dd jfo';]jf ;~rfng u/L k|fKt cfodf cfos/ 5"6 lbPsf] 5 . ;f]xL ;"rgfadf]lhd o; sDkgLn] cf=j= )%#.%$ / cf=j= )%$.%% sf] sf/f]jf/df cfos/ 5"6 kfO{ nut ;d]t s§f ul/Psf] 5 . o; sDkgLn] cfos/ gnfUg] ;'ljwf @ aif{ pkef]u u/L # aif{ pkef]u ug{ afFsL g} 5 .

297

jfo' ;]jf ;~rfngsf] nflu -Maintenance Revenue_ gu/L x]nLsK6/ g} ;~rfng x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;f] df vr{ ul/Psf] 5 . lkm:6]n Po/j]h k|f=ln= nfO{ ef8fdf lbPsf] ;DaGwdf klg k|lt p8fg 306f tf]sL Charter Flight sf] ?kdf sDkgLs} tkm{af6 p8fg eg]{ ul/Psf] lyof] . t;y{ o; sDkgLn] jfo' ;]jf ;~rfngaf6 g} k|fKt u/]sf] cfo x'Fbf cfos/ 5"6 x'g] xf] . o; -k|f=_ ln= n] gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ljj/0fdf b]vfOPsf] cfo / :jo+s/ lgwf{/0fdf b]vfOPsf] cfo a]Unf a]Un} xf]Og . Ps} sDkgLsf] Ps} cfly{s aif{sf] cfo xf] . gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] ljj/0fdf b]vfOPsf] cfo jfx]ssf] yk cfo :jo+s/ lgwf{/0fdf b]vfOPsf] cfo xf]Og . oL b'a}nfO{ hf]8L s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ bfloTj l;h{gf u/]sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] dxflgb]{zs Ho" ;dIf lgj]bg ug{;Sg] Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg' eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] ePtfklg cfos/ P]g @)#! nfO{ cfos/ P]g @)%* n] vf/]h u/L ;s]sf] / cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !!$ / !!% adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / bkmf !!^ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg nfUg;Sg] Joj:yf 5}g . cfos/ P]g @)#! vf/]h eO;s]sf] x'Fbf cGo k|efjsf/L tyf a}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' . ljkIfLx¿sf] lg0f{oaf6 o; sDkgLsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_ / -@_, wf/f !@-@_-ª_, wf/f !& tyf wf/f &#-!_ adf]lhd k|bQ df}lns xs tyf ;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft k''¥ofPsf] / ;f] lg0f{o o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx¿sf] ;d]t k|lts"n ePsf] x'gfn] pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L Gofo kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6f]sf] Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] jf]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO lbg' . lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]zug{‘ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . lgj]bsn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% cg'¿k k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg glbO{ l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 . ljkIfLsf] lhsL/cg'¿k k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL Joj:yf ;d]t cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd g} x'G5 eGg] xf] eg]klg lgj]bg ug]{ jf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs /xg] / ;f] xsnfO{ s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{on] g} k|efj gkfg]{ l:yltdf tbg'?ksf] af6f] ;d]t lghn] cjnDag gu/]sf] x'Fbf pQm l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj laefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd s/ clws[tåf/f s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf lgj]bs ;dod} ;Ddflgt cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg lnO{ cfPsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf cj]/ u/L bfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't lgj]bg ljnDjsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd vf/]hefuL 5 . lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ s'g xs o; dGqfnosf] sf/jfxLaf6 cf3ft k'u]sf] xf] < lgj]bgdf v'nfpg g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . l/6 lgj]bsn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% cg'¿k k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg glbO{ sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] af6f] cjnDag gu/L l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 . pQm dgsfdgf Po/j]h k|f=ln= sf] cf=j= @)%%.%^ sf] sf/f]jf/sf] ldlt @)%*.)&.@) sf] lg0f{o krf{ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ uNtL x'g uPsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %%-!_ adf]lhd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df kmfon k]z x'Fbf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lghL If]qdf ;~rflnt jfo';]jf sDkgL jf kmd{nfO{ sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf] ldlt b]vL % aif{;Dd jfo' ;]jf ;~rfng u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf cfos/ 5"6 lbPsf] / cfkm"n] x]lnsK6/ ;~rfng gu/L ef8fdf lbO{ k|fKt cfonfO{ jfo' ;]jf ;~rfng u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo dfGg gldNg] x'Fbf o; sfof{nonfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^-#_ cg';f/ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z lbg] egL ldlt @)%(.)^.)# df lg0f{o e} cfb]z k|fKt ePadf]lhd cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd 5fgaLg u/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo ePsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj/ sfof{no sf7df8f} If]q g+= # ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k|d'v s/ k|zf;ssf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] lgjb]sn] dfu u/]sf] laifosf ;DaGwdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ ljBdfg ePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ pknAw ePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]qaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ug{‘ ePsf] jx; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{‘kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfof] . o;df lgj]bs dgsfdgf Po/j]h k|f= ln= n] cfly{s aif{ @)%%.)%^ sf] sf/f]jf/sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf] ljj/0f / jf;nft Pj+ gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj nufotsf kmfF6jf/Lx¿ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}F If]q g+= # df ldlt @)%^.!).!@ df k]z u/L @)$(.@.!( sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt cy{ dGqfnosf] ;"rgfcg';f/ lghL If]qdf ;~rflnt jfo';]jf sDkgLn] % aif{ ;Dd cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] ePsf]n] cfos/ 5"6 kfpmF eGg] bfjL u/]sf] kfOG5 . gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf 298

b]vfOPsf] d]G6]g]G; l/e]Go" dd{t ;]jf cfo ePsf]n] s/ 5"6 gkfpg] egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] @)%*.&.@! df s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]df /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfadf]lhd cfos/ 5"6 kfpg'kg]{ egL cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %% adf]lhd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ul/kfpmF egL lgj]bsn] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] / x]lnsK6/ ;~rfng gu/L ef8fdf lbO{ k|fKt cfonfO{ jfo';]jf ;~rfng u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo dfGg gldNg] x'Fbf k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd pQm sfof{non] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^ adf]lhd @)%(.!).@( df ?=(@,)^,!%^.%! v'b cfo sfod u/L To;df nfUg] s/, cltl/Qm s/ tyf h/Ljfgf ;d]t u/L ?=#%,*#,)#*.%( s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] s/ lgwf{/ 0fdf lrQ ga'em] cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf dxflgb]{zs;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{‘ eGg] hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sf7df8f}F If]q g+= # sf] ldlt @)%(.!).@( sf] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpmF egL k'gM s/ lgwf{/0fsf] laifodf k'g/fjnf]sg tyf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf gePsf] egL c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t lgj]bs o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgj]bssf] cfos/;DaGwL sf/jfxL x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf cfo/s P]g, @)#! k|rngdf /x]sf] / cfos/ lgwf{/0fsf laifodf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ ;DaGwdf pQm P]gsf] bkmf %& n] s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z jf ;hfosf] cfb]zn] dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] To:tf] cfb]zpk/ /fhZj GofofwLs/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfn lgj]bssf] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! vf/]h eO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; kl/a]zdf k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ x]bf{ lg0f{odf k'Ugsf] nflu lgDg b'O{ k|Zgx¿sf] ljj]rgf ug{‘kg]{ b]lvof]M -s_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" eP kl5 pQm P]g nfu" x'g k"j{sf cfly{s aif{x¿sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/ ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!$ cg';f/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug{hfg' egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] lg0fodf pNn]v ePsf] sfo{n] k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ k'g/fj]bgsf] pko'Qm ljsNk cjnDag ug{ kfpg] xsaf6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ jl~rt u/]sf] dflgG5 jf dflgb}g < -v_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$#-$_ df k|of]u ePsf] jfSofFz “s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|lqmof" leq k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] jf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs kb{5 jf kb}{g < @= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, s'g} laifodf lg0f{o ug]{ Goflos jf cw{Goflos lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xssf] l;h{gf sfg"gaf6 x'g] ePsf]n] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg kfpg] s'/f pNn]v gu/]s} sf/0fn] pQm sfg"gL xs db}{g / sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] lgsfoeGbf km/s lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL lg0f{odf pNn]v u/]s} sf/0fn] dfq k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs dg]{ jf sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ gkfpg] eGg] cj:yf klg /xb}g . #= o;}n] k|:t't d'2fdf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%(.!).@( sf] lg0f{o cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% cg'¿k k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefudf lgj]bg lbg hfg' eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] sf/0fn] l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ;Ifd lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg /f]s nufPsf] jf oxL sf/0fn] dfq k'g/fj]bgsf] j}slNks af6f] ;dfKt ePsf] / lgj]bsnfO{ j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] gePsf] eGg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . $= ca bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" eO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! vf/]h eP kl5 pQm P]g nfu" x'g'eGbf klxn]sf] cfly{s jif{x¿sf] cfos/sf] lgwf{/0f / c;"npk/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$# df vf/]hL tyf arfpsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf x]g{‘kg]{ x'G5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] cWoog ubf{ ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !$# sf] vf/]hL, ;+zf]wg / arfpsf] pkbkmf -!_ n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! / 3/ hUuf jxfn s/ P]g, @)@# vf/]h ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] pNn]v u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ @)%*.!@.!( b]lv vf/]h ul/Psf] eGg]df ljjfb /x]g . ;f]xL cfo s/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$# s} pkbkmf -$_ n] of] P]g nfu" x'g'eGbf cl3sf cfo jif{sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f / c;"npk/ ug]{;DaGwL Joj: yfx¿sf ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf Joj:yfx¿ nfu" x'g]5g\ eGg] jrfpsf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f / c;"nL k|lqmof cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" ePsf] ldlteGbf cl3sf] cf= j= @)%%.)%^ sf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f / s/ c;"nL k|lqmof jf sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;f] P]gsf] bkmf ## n] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{, bkmf ##s n] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf, bkmf ##v n] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|lqmof tf]Sg], bkmf ##u n] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ljj/0f k|dfl0ft x'g'kg]{, bkmf #$ k'gM sf/jfxL u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ nufotsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . tL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf k|lqmof ckgfO{ s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zaf6 dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %& n] u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . h;df “o; P]gadf]lhd s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z jf ;hfosf] cfb]zn] dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] To:tf] cfb]zpk/ /fhZj GofofwLs/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . ===== t/ s/bftfn] bkmf #$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd dxflgb]{zs;dIf 299

lgj]bg lbPdf jf bkmf #% sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg lbPdf s/ clws[tn] lbPsf] cfb]zpk/ /fhZj GofofwLs/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] 5}g" eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf #$-@_, #%-$_ / plNnlvt bkmf %& sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg u/L jf /fhZj GofofwLs/0fdf k'g/fj]bg u/L s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{osf] Goflos hfFr u/fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . %= cfo s/ P]g, @)%* n] s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof;DaGwL u/]sf] Joj:yfdf ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !!^ n] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf -!_ df bkmf !!% adf]lhd ljefudf lbPsf] lgj]bg pk/ lrQ ga'‰g] JolQmn] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! adf]lhd /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] dfly pNn]v ePsf] bkmf !$#-$_ n] @)%*.!@.!( k"j{sf aif{sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f / c;"nL, cfos/ P]g, @)#!sf] Joj:yfx¿ g} nfu" x'g] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf xfn k|rlnt s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't ljjfbsf] /f]xdf yk c? ljj]rgf u/L /xg' kg]{ b]lv+b}g . ^= o;/L pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ ;fljs cfos/ P]g, @)#! / xfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] ;d]t s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf lrQ ga'em]pk/ /fhZj Goflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yf s/ lgwf{/0f / s/ c;"nLsf ;DaGwdf g} k|ToIf ;DalGwt Joj:yf xf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k|a]z ug{sf] nflu s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{osf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfu{ k"/f ug}{kg]{ clgafo{ zt{ pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 t/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! n] ljsNk tf]sL /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf zLw} k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* ldlt @)%*.!@.!( df hf/L eO{ tTsfnb]lv nfu" eP tfklg ;f] P]g nfu" x'g' k"a{sf s/ lgwf{/0f / s/ c;"nLsf ;DaGwdf ;fljs cfos/ P]g, @)#! hLlat} /xg] u/L ;f] P]g nfu" ePsf] eGg] s'/f cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$#-$_ n] ls6fgL ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf o; ;DaGwdf låljwf ul//xg' kg]{ b]lvb}g . s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|lqmofn] kl/kSjtf Tolta]nf xfl;n jf k"/f ub{5, ha To; P]gn] u/]sf ofjt\ sfg"gL k|lqmofsf] lqmofzLntfn] clGtd ?k lnG5 . Tof] ;DalGwt JolQmn] :jLsf/ u/]/ jf gu/]/} eP klg x'g;S5 . s'g} gofF P]gsf] lgdf{0f x'Fbf ;flassf] Joa:yfnfO{ cf+lzs ?kdf dffq :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xf] eg] Tof] s'/f k|i6 ?kdf cfpg' k5{ . s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof k"/f ge} c;"nLsf] sfo{ z'? x'g ;Qm}g . s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{o k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ;d]t clGtd geP;Dd s/ lgwf{/0f clGtd x'b}g . o;}n] s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofleq k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] kb}{g eGg ldNg] cj:yf x'b}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] ;f] P]g k|f/De eP kl5sf aif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f / c;"nL k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf dfq sfo{ljlw cfslif{t x'g] u/L Joa:yf u/]sf] ;f] P]gsf] ;dli6ut cWoogaf6 b]lvg cfpg'sf ;fy} ;f] P]g k|f/De k"a{sf] cj:yfsf] s/ c;"nL ;DaGwdf ;flass} sfol{\alwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvg cfp5 . &= s;}sf] s'g} xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf] pkrf/sf] nflu k|rlnt sfg"gdf j}slNks Joj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xLdfu{sf] cjnDag ug{‘k5{ . o:tf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ ljBdfg ePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf dfly ljj]rgf ePadf]lhd oL lgj]bsn] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] lg0f{opk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag gu/L o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t l/6 bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L bfo/ u/]sf] l/6af6 lgj]bsn] pkrf/ kfpg / lbg ;d]t ldNg] x'Fb}g . *= t;y{ pkrf/sf] j}slNks dfu{ ljBdfg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] dfu{ cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bg bfjLadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=k|]d zdf{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed=== ============== Ohnf; clws[tM lzlz//fh 9sfn

300

efuM %!, ;fnM @)^^, dlxgfM kf}if, c+sM (, km};nf ldlt M@)^^.&.!@.%, lg0f{o g+= *@!$ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn b]jfgL k'g/fjnf]sg g+=M @)^$–NF–)))@ ljifo– k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpmF . lgj]bs÷ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}F lj?4 ljkIfL÷l/6 lgj]bsM ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt efO; k|]l;8]G6 s]=l6=cf/= gflDjof/ d'2f M pTk|]if0f ;d]t . l/6 lgj]bg -@)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*@%_ df km};nf ug]{ df=Gof= >L xl/k|;fb zdf{ df=Gof= >L xl/ZrG›k|;fb pkfWofo · d'Vo sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ k"/} cg';"rLdf cfa4 t'NofOPsf] cj:yfdf cg';"rLnfO{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfsf] ;+1f lbg] xf] eg] To;n] cfly{s P]gsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]unfO{ c;Dej t'Nofpg] x'Fbf To;af6 uDeL/ ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;Sg] . · cfly{s P]g leqsf] ›i6AonfO{ s]an sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf egL To;n] ;d]6]sf] If]q / To;sf] k|efjnfO{ cjd"Nog ubf{ To;n] /fHosf] ;du| cfly{s gLlt k|efljt x'g] cj:yfnfO{ gsfg{ g;lsg] . · cfly{s P]gdf k|o'Qm ePsf] ›i6Jo zAb P]gsf] cleGg c•sf ?kdf / ;f/jfg sfg"gs} ?kdf /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ Åbo+ud ubf{ To;nfO{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfsf ?kdf ;+s'lrt ug{ jf To;sf cfwf/df s/ nufpg jf p7fpg gkfpg] egL /f]s nufpFbf To;n] l;Fuf] P]gnfO{ g} lgliqmo t'Nofpg] tkm{ klg uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ . -k|s/0f g+= @_ · s'g} sfg"gL k|fawfgsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ?kdf /x]sf] dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ ;d]t ;+s'lrt x'g] u/L ug{ gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= #_ · sfg"gn] :ki6 gu/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ?kdf JofVofu/L cg'kft tf]sL To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj jxg u/fpg gldNg] . · P]gn] g} cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ kf/]sf] cj:yfdf cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"npk/ ug{' sfg"g ljk/Lt x'g hfg] . · sfg"gdf :ki6 ?kdf olt sRrf dfn a/fa/ olt pTkfbg dfgL cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yfsf] cefj x'Fbfx'Fb} cg'dfgsf e/df cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf] eg] :j}R5frfl/tf xfjL x'g hfg] . · cg'dfg ug]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ g} gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf ul/g] cg'dfg :jfefljs ?kdf dgf]ut x'g hfG5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gdf sfg"gsf] kl/lwnfO{ gf£g] 5'6 s;}nfO{ klg x'Fb}g. · sfg"gn] afx]s u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ts{ / ck"0f{ JofVofåf/f ;dfj]z u/L To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj jxg u/fpg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+= ^_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;, ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ clgns'df/ l;Gxf, sf]dnk|;fb l3ld/] / t'n;L e§ cjnlDjt ghL/M · g]sfk @)%$, cÍ !, k[i7 !$ · g]sfk @)$(, cÍ !@, k[=!)!) · ;jf]{Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g, jif{ @, cÍ @$, k"0ff{+Í $@, k[i7 @ ;Da4 sfg"gM · cfly{s P]g, @)%! sf] cg';"rL # ›i6Ao @ 301

· cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #-v_ / % cfb]z Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)%$.!@.@^ sf] km};nf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]l/kfpmF egL g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ -v_ adf]lhd lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf]5 M– ;"o{ 6f]afsf] sDkgL k|f=ln=n] cfly{s jif{ @)%).@)%! df pBf]un] ;'tL{ vktsf] cg"kftdf pTkfbg gu/L 5nL pTkfbg u/]sf] egL cfly{s P]g, @)%) adf]lhd yk !% k|ltztn] ?=^,#@,$%,^)*.^% -5 s/f]8 aQL; nfv, k}tfln; xhf/ 5 ;o cf7 ?k}of k}+;¶L k};f_ / cfly{s jif{ @)%!.@)%@ sf] ;d]t !% k|ltzt yk cGtMz'Ns ?=&,@),#^))&.&* -;ft s/f]8 ;QfO; nfv 5lQ; xhf/ ;ft ?k}+of cf7 k};f_ c;"n ug]{ egL a]?h" sfod e} cfPsf] / ;f]xL Joxf]/f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%@ sf] a]?h" qmd;+Vof !=$# / @)%# sf a]?h" qmd;+Vof &=$& df plNnlvt cGtMz'Ns tyf laqmL s/sf] sRrf kbfy{sf] cg"kftdf pTkfbg gePsf] eGg] a]?h" dfly ljleGg r/0f / ljleGg txdf 5nkmn ;d]t ePsf] / k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.@ df a;]sf] a}7saf6 ;d]t /sd c;"n ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] lg0f{o ePsf]n] cfly{s jif{ @)%).%! / @)%!.%@ sf] qmdzM ?=^,^@,$%,^)*.^% / ?=&,@&,#^,))&.)* ;d]t hDdf ?=!#,%(,*!,^!%.&# -t]x| s/f]8 pGg;f¶L nfv Psf;L xhf/ 5 ;o kG„{ ?k}+of lt/xQ/ k};f_ cGtMz'Ns of] cfb]z ePsf ldltn] & lbgleq bflvnf ug{‘ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%#.!@.!& df kq lbOPsf] 5 . sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] ;j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf # tyf cGtMz'Ns lgod, @)!( sf] lgod #@,##,#$,#% / #^ n] lgwf{l/tu/]cg';f/ ltb}{ a'emfpFb} cfPsf] cGtMz'Ns /fhZjdf c? yk !% k|ltzt a9L ltg{ a'emfpg' kg]{ xf] egL lnOPsf cfwf/x¿ k"0f{tM cj}w Pj+ sfg"g;+ut 5}gg\ . lt/L a'emfO;s]sf] /sddf a9L !% k|ltzt a'emfpg' kg]{ egL afWo u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% df slxF st} 5}g . lgj]bs sDkgLn] lnPsf] Ohfhtkqdf pTkfbg x'g] ;fnsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] dfqf olt g} x'g'k5{ eGg] s'g} Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns lgod, @)!( sf] cg';"rLdf tf]lsPsf] kmf/fdsf] gd"gfx¿af6 sf/vfgfleq sRrfdfn / pTkflbt tof/L dfnx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf ;f] lgodx¿df k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] / lgodn] tf]lsPcg';f/sf] dfn pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ xf] eg]/ lx;fa ug]{ tl/sf cGtMz'Ns P]g / lgodx¿df tf]lsPsf] 5}g . cfly{s P]g, @)%) df ul/Psf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ g;lsg], lg:k|efjL x'g'sf] ;fy} cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g sfof{Gjog P]g lgod;Fu d]n gvfg] / ;f] cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] Joj:yf c;fGble{s, cg"ko'Qm, låljwfhgs ePsf]n] cfly{s jif{ @)%!.%@ / To; kl5sf jif{sf] cfly{s P]gaf6 x6fO{ ;s]sf] cj: yf 5 . sDkgLn] u/]sf] nfut ljj/0f kmf/fdsf] zLif{sdf k|lt @) lvNnL lzv/ r'/f]6sf] ;'tL{sf] tf}n !(=%) u|fd, v's'/L lkmN6/sf] !^=%^ u|fd, lah'nL r'/f]6sf] !(=@^ u|fd eGg] b]lvG5 . h'g tf}n nfut ljj/0fdf n]lvPsf] 5, To;sf] d"No klg ;f]xL ljj/0fdf n]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] d"NonfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] dfGg] ljlQs} tf}nsf] klg dfGotf ePsf] :jtM l;4 x'G5 . t;y{ dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] a]?h" 5 egL @)%@ / @)%# ;fndf lbPsf] k|ltj]bg ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# sf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o / ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{non] ;ft lbgleq yk cGtMz'Ns /sd a'emfpg Nofpg' egL ldlt @)%#.!@.!% df n]lvPsf] r=g+= #^*^ sf] kq tyf lgj]bssf] xsnfO{ c;/ ug]{ cGo sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ;d]t hlt 5G, tL ;a} pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L ca cfOGbf k|rlnt sfg"gsf] alv{nfk x'g] u/L yk cGtMz'Ns /sd a'emfpg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t s'g} sfd sf/jfxL gug{‘ gu/fpg' eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z nufot cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF / k|:t't lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd yk cGtMz'Ns /sd gp7fpg', glng' eGg] ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no ;d]tsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.@* sf] lgj]bg kq . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg', ;fy} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod $! sf] cj:yf leqsf] gb]lvFbf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.%.% sf] cfb]z . l/6 lgj]bs cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Låf/f ePsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{opk/ a}+slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qdf cfPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/åf/f a]?h" /sd bflvn u/fpg] cfb]z lbOPsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnon] u|x0f ul/;s]/ cfb]z lbPsf] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] clwsf/If]qdf k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g . k|ltlglw;efsf] Pp6f c•sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] kl/R5]b @% cGtu{t >L % sf] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] d"NofÍg u/L ;d'lrt l6Kk0fL / l;kmfl/z 302

ug]{ tyf hfFr ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf ;fj{hlgs n]vf / ;DklQsf hfFr ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf dGqfno jf cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿nfO{ cfjZos /fo ;'emfj / lgb]{zgx¿ lbOg] s'/f cGt/lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] clwsf/If]q pk/ p7fOPsf] k|Zg :jtM v08gLo x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%$.@.^.@ sf] k|ltlglw;ef, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%# -efu–!_ sf] a]?h", qmd;+Vof !=$& k[i7 -!)@_ df “sRrf kbfy{sf] cg"kftdf 36L pTkfbg" eGg] zLif{s cGtu{t ljqmLs/ tyf cGtMz'Ns sfof{no af/f cGtu{tsf] r'/f]6 pBf]un] @)%!.)%@ df ljleGg dfsf{sf r'/f]6 $# nfv ^ xhf/ Pd pTkfbg ubf{ #& nfv #! xhf/ ls=u|f= ;'tL{ vkt u/]sf] ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] 5 . pBf]un] cfly{s jif{ @)$&.)$* df k]z u/]sf] nfut ljj/0fadf]lhd plNnlvt kl/df0f r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug{ #$ nfv ^) xhf/ lsnf]u|fd ;'tL{ dfq vkt x'g] b]lvof] . pQm nfut ljj/0fdf pNn]v ePsf] sRrf kbfy{sf] cg"kftdf pTkfbg ePsf] gb]vfO{ @ nfv &! xhf/ lsnf]u|fd a9L ;'tL{ vr{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Ao @_ cg';f/ “cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbsn] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg"kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPdf pk/f]Qm b/aGbLdf df]n k|ltzt !% yk u/L cGtMz'Ns yk nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . @)$&.)$* sf] sf/vfgf d"No ldlt @)$(.#.@( df ;+zf]wg x'Fbf pBf]uaf6 k]z ePsf] nfut ljj/0fdf sRrf dfn 36L nfUg] gb]lvPsf]n] d"No dfq a[l4 ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . r'/f]6sf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g jf cGo pNn]Vo sf/0f ;lxt sRrf dfnsf] kl/df0f j[l4 ePsf] nfut ljj/0f pBf]uaf6 k|:t't gePsf]n] @)$&.)$* s} nfut ljj/0fdf plNnlvt sRrf dfnsf] kl/df0f eGbf a9L ;'tL{ vkt u/]sf] b]vfO{ ;f]xL cg"kftdf 36L pTkfbg u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] cfly{s P]gadf]lhd cfly{s jif{ @)%!.%@ df a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns ?=$* s/f]8 $( nfv & xhf/sf] !% k|ltztn] yk cGtMz'Ns ?=& s/f]8 @& tfv #^ xhf/ gk'u b]lvof] eGg] pNn]v 5 . plNnlvt a]?h" dfly k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# df a;]sf] a}7saf6 ;"o{ 6f]jfsf]åf/f k|:t't nfut ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df sRrf kbfy{sf] cg"kftdf pTkfbg gePsf] :ki6 b]lvFbf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg, @)%@ sf] bkmf !=$# / @)%# sf] bkmf !=$& sf] a]?h" cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Ao -@_ adf]lhd yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns c;"n u/L hfgsf/L lbg cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] eGg] lg0f{o e} cy{ dGqfnosf] lgb]{zfg';f/ o; ljefuaf6 sf/jfxL rnfOPsf] xf] . cfly{s P]g, @)%) / cfly{s P]g, @)%! adf]lhd c;"n ug]{ eGg] sf/jfxL sfg"g;+ut g} b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #-s_ df “o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L s'g} clws[tnfO{ tf]Sg ;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf adf]lhdclVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/Låf/f eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxL a}w / sfg"g;+ut ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bsn] cfkm"n] a'emfpg gkg]{ /sd a'emfpg kg]{ egL ljkIfLx¿af6 ePsf] lg0f{on] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ cfˆgf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xs xgg x'g uPsf] eGg] egfO{ b]lvG5 . t/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%@ / @)%# df pNn]v ePsf] a]?h" /sdpk/ k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf 5nkmn ;d]t e} ;f] a]?h" /sd c;"n ug{ lgb]{zg ePadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ lghn] cfly{s jif{ @)%).)%! / @)%!.%@ df a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Ns /sdsf] yk !% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd bflvnf u/L a]?h" /x]sf] /sd km5of}{6 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfjZos sf/jfxL;Dd z'? ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] lgb]{zgadf]lhd a]?h" /sd km5of}{6 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ePsf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] xsdf s'g} lsl;dsf] cf3ft kg{ uPsf] dfGg ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t ljBdfg gx'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . o; ljefuaf6 k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] k/LIf0f u/L b]lvPsf] a]?h"df ;DalGwt sfof{no ;xdt ePdf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ sf/jfxL u/L km5of}{6 ug{ / c;xdt ePdf c;xdltsf sf/0f / k|df0f ;d]t pNn]v u/L hjfkm k7fpg kqåf/f cg'/f]w ul/g] ul/G5 . sfof{noaf6 cfˆgf] sf/f]af/df cfPsf a]?h"x¿df c;xdlt hgfO{ hfoh sf/0f / sfg"g;Ddt k|df0fx¿ k]z ug{ ;s]df To:tf a]?h"x¿ km5of}{6 ug]{ ul/G5 . To;} qmddf tTsfnLg cGtMz'Ns tyf ljqmLs/ sfof{no, xfn d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no af/fsf] /fhZj tkm{sf] n]vf k/LIf0f x'Fbf pQm sfof{non] ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)%).%! / @)%!.)%@ df qmdzM ^,#@,$%,^)*.^% / &,@&,#^,))&.)* 36L /fhZj c;"n u/]sf]n] Toltg} /sd c;"n ug{ o; ljefuaf6 ;DalGwt sfof{no / tfn's ljefudf n]vL uPsf] lyof] . ;DalGwt sfof{no / tfn's ljefu tyf dGqfnoaf6 ;d]t km5of}{6= x'g] hfoh / sfg"g;Ddt hjfkm tyf k|df0f k]z x'g g;s]sf sf/0fn] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%@/@)%# df ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] xf] . l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] plNnlvt jif{x¿df s"n ;'tL{ ^*,@),##) s]=hL= vkt u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;f] ;'tL{af6 hDdf &*,(#,)%% Pd -!))) lvnLsf] ! Pd_ r'/f]6 pTkfbg u/]sf] 5 . Ohfhtadf]lhdsf] cg"kftdf lx;fa ubf{ pQm kl/df0fsf] r'/f]6 pTkfbgdf hDdf ^#,%$,)!! s]=hL= dfq ;'tL{ vkt x'g'kg]{df s"n ^*,@)##) s]=hL= ;'tL{ vkt u/]sf]n] Ohfhtadf]lhdsf] cg"kftdf $,^^,#!( s]=hL= ;'tL{sf] pTkfbg gb]vfPsf] x'Fbf cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›:6Jo @ adf]lhd lgh l/6 lgj]bsn] b/aGbL cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns 303

lgodx¿n] tf]s]sfk|lqmof tyf cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] b/aGbL cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj xf] . cfly{s P]g / / fhZj c;"n ug]{ ;DaGwdf ag]sf cGo P]g lgodx¿ Ps csf{sf k"/s x'g\ . l/6 lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkfbgsf] nflu k]z u/]sf] :6]088{ :k]l;lkms]zg adf]lhd vkt u/]sf] ;'tL{af6 x'g'kg]{ pTkfbg eGbf sd r'/f]6 pTkfbg b]vfPsf] / To;af6 cGtMz'Ns tyf laqmLs/ /fhZjdf 7"nf] gf]S;fgL k/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] /sd bflvnf ug{ nufOg] eGg] ljkIfL cGtMz'Ns sfof{nosf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . r'/f]6df ;'tL{sf] 8]lG;6L a9fpg' k/]sf]n] ;'tL{sf] kl/df0f a9L nfUg u} To;sf] sf/0faf6 d"No j[l4 ePsf] eGg] s'/f pQm lg0f{osf] sfuhftaf6 k'li6 gePsf]df l/6 lgj]bsn] ;'tL{sf] kl/df0fnfO{ dfGotf glbPsf] egL lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . ;'tL{ a9L nfUg] s'/f :jLs[t ePsf] 5}g / xf]Og . ldlt @)$(.#.@( b]lv ;'tL{sf] 8]lG;6L a9fPsf] cfwf/e"t tYo gb]lvPsf] x'gfn] cfly{s jif{ @)$& / )$* df :jLs[t ;'tL{sf] kl/df0fnfO{ ldlt @)$(.#.@( sf] lg0f{o x'Fbf a9fPsf] 5}g, xf]Og . sf/vfgf d"No ;fy :jLs[t nfut ljj/0fn] :jLs[t sRrf dfnadf]lhdsf] tof/L dfnsf] pTkfbg eP gePsf] b]vfpg] / l/6 lgj]bsn] cfly{s jif{ @)%) / )%! / @)%! / )%@ df ;f] :jLs[t cg"kftadf]lhd pTkfbg gb]vfPsf]n] yk cGtMz'Ns ltg{‘ lgj]bssf] bfloTj xf] . o; ljefuaf6 lgj]bssf] xs xgg x'g] u/L s'g} sfg"gL sf/jfxL ePsf] jf To:tf] cfb]z lgb]{zg hf/L ePsf] 5}g . cGo sfg"gL pkrf/ x'Fbfx'Fb} l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;xf/f lnPsf] ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%@ -efu !_ sf] a]?h" qmd ;+Vof !=$# -k[i7 (^_ df sRrfdfnsf] cg"kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gePsf] eGg] zLif{s cGtu{t pBf]usf] gfddf ^,#@,$^,))).– a]?h" cf}+NofOPsf] / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%# -efu !_ sf] a]?h" qmd;+Vof !=$& -k[i7 !)@_ df sRrf kbfy{sf] cg"kftdf 36L pTkfbg eGg] lzifs cGtu{t pBf]usf] gfddf & s/f]8 @& nfv #^ xhf/ gk'u]sf] b]lvof] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ldlt @)$&.$.! df :jLs[t ul/Psf] sf/vfgf d"NonfO{ ldlt @)$(.#.@( df ;+zf]wg ubf{ -a[l4 ubf{_ sRrf kbfy{sf] kl/df0f klg a9L ePsf] egL cy{ dGqfnon] ;ldltnfO{ @)%# r}q ! ut] n]v]sf] kqdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] pQm ;+zf]lwt lg0f{odf sRrf kbfy{ / cGo pTkfbg vr{sf] d"No j[l4 u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm lg0f{odf sRrf kbfy{sf] -;'tL{sf]_ kl/df0f a[l4 u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . sRrf kbfy{sf] cg"kftdf pTkfbg gePsf] :ki6 b]lvFbf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg, @)%@ sf] bkmf !=$# / @)%# sf] bkmf !=$& sf] a]?h" cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # ›i6Jo @ adf]lhd yk cGtMz'Ns c;"n u/L hfgsf/L lbg cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] eGg] lg0f{o e} cy{ dGqfnosf] lgb]{zfg';f/ o; ljefuaf6 rflnPsf] sf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs xgg x'g] sfo{ eP u/]sf] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no l;d/f af/fsf] lnlvt hjfkm . o;df ljifosf] k|s[ltaf6 rfF8f] d'2f lsgf/f ug{‘kg]{ b]lvPsf] / lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t cfO{ ;s]sf] b]lvFbf oxL @)%$ ef› dlxgfsf] t];|f] xKtfdf lgj]bg k];Ldf r9fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.%.^.^ sf] cfb]z . o;df a]?h" c;"npk/ u/]sf] ;DalGwt kmfOn dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 ;+jTf @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @$@& ;d]t ;fy} /fvL lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.!!.!@ sf] cfb]z . cfly{s P]gsf] d'ne"t clwsf/ jf xssf] l;h{gf jf lgif]w ug]{ s'/f ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ?kdf j]Un} bkmf jf pkbkmfdf pNn]v ul/G5 . s'g} ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ckjfb ug{nfO{ k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z jf 5§} pkbkmf jf v08, pkv08df Joj:yf ul/G5 . t/ k|i6Ls/0f pbfx/0f d'n s'/fnfO{ k|i6 ug]{ Joj:yf dfq x'G5 . To:t} ›i6Aosf] p2]Zo x'G5 . To;af6 ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] k|fawfgnfO{ yk36 u/]sf] dflgFb}g . t;y{ ›i6AonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g -Substantive Law_ eGg ldn]g . l/6 lgj]bs ;"o{ 6f]afsf] sDkgLn] cfly{s jif{ @)%) / )%! / @)%@ / )%# sf] nfUg] cGtMz'Ns a'emfO;s]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . cGtMz'Ns lgod, @)!( sf] kl/R5]b $ df l;u/]6\; ;DaGwdf yk Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgod #@, ##, #$, #%, #^ df sRrf / sf]/f ;'tL{sf] lx;fa /fVg], ;'tL{ vktsf] lx;fa /fVg], l;u/]6df ;'tL{sf] cg"kft v'nfpg], tof/L l;u/]6\;sf] k}lsª / uf]bfd3/af6 l;u/]6\; lgsfNg] tl/sf ;DaGwdf ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ;'tL{sf] sRrf kbfy{b]lv tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'Fbf ;Ddsf] cjlwdf cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf ;'tL{sf] sRrf kbfy{ b]lv tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'Fbf ;Dd /lhi6/df hlgO{ /]s8{ /xg] cj:yf b]lvFbf sRrfdfnsf] cg"kftdf tof/L dfnsf] pTkfbg ePg eg]/ eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #-v_ -@_ adf]lhd ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLaf6 k]z ePsf] nfut ljj/0fsf] t'ngfdf a9L ;'tL{ vkt ePsf] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/f k6s k6s cg'/f]w ePsf] / ›i6Jodf plNnlvt pk/f]Qm Joj:yf cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g sfof{Gjog P]g;Fu d]n gvfg] / o:tf] Joj:yf c;fGble{s, cg'ko'Qm, cgfjZos / låljwfhGo ePsf]n] cfly{s jif{ @)%!/)%@ / To; kl5sf] jif{sf] cfly{s P]gaf6 x6fO;lsPsf] / cGtMz'Ns /fhZj gf]S;fgL ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] pQm a]?h" ;Dk/LIf0f u/L lbg' 304

x'g eGg] /fo JoQm u/]sf] cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)%@.!).@@ sf] kq ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 ;d]t a]?h" sfod g/xg' kg]{df a]?h" sfod u/]sf]nfO{ km5of}{6 tkm{ cfjZos sf/jfxL x'g egL ldlt @)%#.%.!) sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ldlt @)%#.$.!$ df cGt z'Ns ljefun] cy{ dGqfnodf kq n]v]sf] ;d]t ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns clwsf/L tyf ljefuLo lgsfo ;d]taf6 a]?h" /sdnfO{ ;Dk/LIf0f tyf km5\of}6 u/L lbg egL dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefudf kqfrf/ ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns ljefu / sfof{nosf] sfuhft b]lvFbf pQm cf}+NofOPsf] a]?h" /sdnfO{ a]?h" xf]Og egL k|i6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf a]?h" eGg] k|ltj]bgsf] dgfl;a cfwf/ b]lvPg . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgaf6 k|:t't a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ sf/jfxLn] :jo+ cw{–Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf :jtGq x}l;otn] lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] k|fKt kmfOnaf6 gb]lvPsf] / cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug{ 5'6 ePsf] jf afFFsL ePsf] b]lvFb}g . t;y{ cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] cw{–Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o gu/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ dfq sfof{Gjog u/]sf] b]lvFbf o:tf] sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g -Gross Violence_ ePsf] k|ToIf ?kdf b]lvG5 . t;y{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg gkg]{ ;'tL{sf] l;nl;nfdf cGtMz'Ns ljefu / cy{ dGqfnoaf6 a]?h" gp7fpg] lg0f{osf] k|lts"n ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 cGtz'Ns gnfUg] kbfy{sf] a]?h" lgsfnL c;"npk/ ug]{ egL u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] ;DaGwL sf/jfxL sfg"gsf] k|ToIf / 7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] sfo{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ gug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%$.!@.!^ df ePsf] km};nf . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] ;/sf/L cfo Joosf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd / clwsf/ cGtu{t eG;f/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ sf] cf=j= @)$#.$$ sf] /fhZj tyf w/f}6Lsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ ;'ud lhk/ pBf]u w/fgn] t];|f] d'n'saf6 k}7f/L u/]sf] : nfO8 cNd'lgod Sjfo/ nªr]g lhk/df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !) sf] -3_ $ cg';f/ ljqmLs/ ;'ljwf lbg] egL n]vL cfPcg';f/ ;'ljwf lbFbf c;"n x'g] /fhZjdf 3f6f k/]sf] xf] jf xf]Og hfFr ug]{ / hfFraf6 clgoldttf b]lvPdf sfg"gadf]lhd c;"n km5of}{6 tkm{ sf/jfxL u/L u/fO{ lgoldt u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ cglws[t eGg gldNg] egL lgj]bs ;'ud lhk/ pBf]u lj= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 -g]sfk @)%$, cÍ !, k[=$$_ l;4fGt sfod ePsf] ;Gbe{df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgaf6 a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ sf/jfxLnfO{ cGoyf elgPsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nf :ki6tM k'g/fjnf]sgof]Uo 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Ao @ nfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg gldNg] egL ePsf] km};nf o;} cbfntaf6 k'?iff]Qdnfn ;+3fO{ lj= cy{ dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] d'2f -;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g, jif{ @, cÍ @$, k[= @_ df ›i6AonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbO{ ePsf] km};nfsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf ah]6 k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft eO{ cfly{s P]g aGg z'? ePkl5 b]lv g} cfly{s P]gsf] k|foM ;a} cg';"rLx¿df ›i6Ao /fvL ;f] adf]lhd ljleGg k|sf/sf b:t"/, z'Ns, dxz'n tyf s/x¿sf] Joj:yf eO ;f] cg'¿k o:tf s/x¿ p7fOb} cfPsf] 5 . ctM o;/L w]/} cl3 b]lv g} ›i6Aoaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf s/x¿ p7fpg] k/Dk/f ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ›i6JonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt x'g cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sf sf=d'=;lrj ljdnk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ldlt @)%%.^.@) df k]z ug{‘ ePsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg . o;df ;+jt\ @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !*@^ sf] lgj]bs k'?iff]Qdnfn ;+3fO{ lj= cy{ dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg -;jf]{Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g, jif{ @, cÍ @$, k"0ff{Í $@, k[i7 @_ df cfly{s P]g, @)$* sf] cg';"rL ! sf] ›i6Ao g+= $ sf] v08 -3_ sf] Joj:yfaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/ sfod x'g] egL ›i6AonfO{ sfg"gsf] cË dflgPsf] b]lvPsf] / ;+jt\ @)%) ;fnsf] l/=k"=O=g+= #( sf] lgj]bs wg~hok|;fb cfrfo{ lj= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg- g]sfk@)%$, cÍ !, k[i7 $$_ df dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] a]?h" sfod ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL clwsf/ af/] lj:t[t ljj]rgf u/L o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 cfb]z eO/x]sf] b]lvPsf]df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Ao @ nfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g dfGg gldNg] eGg] JofVof u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] cfb]z pko{‘Qm l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'Fbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] cfwf/df d'2f k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.$.^.! sf] cfb]z lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ;'g'jfO{sf qmddf lgj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] / ljkIfL ;"o{ 6f]afsf]sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L sdngf/ fo0f bf;, ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf, >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] tyf >L t'n;L e6[n ax; ug{‘ ePsf] lyof] . jxfFx¿n] ug{‘ ePsf ax; a'FbfnfO{ b]xfodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n 305

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 a]?h" sfod ePsf] cj:yf 5, ;f] ljifodf k|ltlglw;ef, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# sf] j}7sn] sDkgLaf6 r'/f]6sf] nflu :jLs[t d"No / a[l4 ePsf] d"No ;d]tsf cfwf/df a]?h" km5of}{6sf nflu lgb]{zg lbPsf] xf] . cfly{s P]gsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] dfu g} /x]sf] 5}g / cbfntn] klg c;+j}wflgs eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . sfg"gdf sfod /x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 cf}+NofOPsf] a]?h" c;"npk/sf nflu k|lqmof k|f/De ePsf] lqmofnfO{ cglws[t lgsfosf] lgb]{zgdf ul/Psf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefunfO{ n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ /x]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] a]?h" k|ltj]bgnfO{ cGo lgsfosf kqn] sdhf]/ kfg{ ;Sb}gg\ . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefunfO{ tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ((, !)) / n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $-r_ df n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns P]gadf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] a}+slNks pkrf/ lbPsf] 5 . To:tf] a}+slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg gu/L l/6 If]qflwsf/leq k|j]z ul/Psf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ . @)$& ;fndf :jLs[t dfkb08 cg';f/ r'/f]6sf ljleGg a|f08 cg;f/ slt kl/0ffd vkt x'g] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / To;}sf cfwf/df d"No lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'Fbf sDkgLn] To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L u/]sf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ePsf sfd sf/jfxL, a}+slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ /x]sf] cj:yf, /fhZj k|zf;g ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / :yflkt ghL/ l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ . jl/i7 clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf; lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ h'g ljifodf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5, Ohnf;n] ;f]xL ljifodf ;Lldt /xL x]g{‘ kg]{ x'G5 . lg:;f ›i6Jodf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] x'Fbf To;}df ;Lldt /xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] ›i6Jo;lxtsf % j6f cfwf/df lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . tL cfwf/x¿ dWo] o; Ohnf;n] ›i6Jo ;DaGwL cfwf/nfO{ lg/y{s t'NofpFbf klg cGo cfwf/df km};nf oyfjt\ /xg] cj:yftkm{ klg ljrf/ ul/g' k5{ . h'g lgsfon] k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf] 5, ;f] lgsfo :jo+n] g} a]?h"sf ;DaGwdf 5'§} /fo lbO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bgaf6 klg km};nfdf lnOPsf ;a} cfwf/x¿nfO{ cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] kfO{+b}g . sRrf kbfy{ / pTkflbt ;fdu|Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ lgoGq0f cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ldf /xg] x'Fbf To:tf] ljifodf sDkgLnfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7xof{fpg ldNb}g . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg k|ltlglw;ef ;dIf k]z ug{‘kg]{ x'G5, ;Lw} lgb]{zg lbg kfpFb}g . clwsf/If]q gf3]/ lbOPsf] lgb]{zgsf cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{odf clwsf/If]qsf] cltqmd0f ePsf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 ePsf] a]?h" / ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg pk/ k'g/fj]bg lbg] k|fawfg g/x]sf] / cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug]{ lg0f{o To;}df cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'Fbf a}+slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lg/fwf/ 5 . clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"npk/ ug]{ ljifo cnu–cnu x'g\ . k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdf km};nfsf ;a} cg'R5]bnfO{ r'gf}tL lbOPsf] 5}g . km};nfaf6 ›i6Josf] ljifonfO{ x6fpFb}df sDkgLnfO{ s'g} c;/ kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o gu/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ dfq sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] cj:yfdf To:tf] lg0f{onfO{ sfg"g;Ddt lg0f{o ePsf] dfGg ;lsFbg} . ›i6Jon] d"n sfg"gnfO{ lj:tfl/t ug{ ;Sb}g, t/ 5'6, ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{ eg] ;S5 . ›i6Jo sfg"gleqsf] efu eP tfklg To;n] ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] kl/lwnfO{ ggf£g] u/L Joj:yf ug{ ;S5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h" cf}+Nofpg] ljifodf ljefusf] ;DaGw s]an ;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu dfq x'G5, s/bftf;Fu To;sf] ;DaGw b]lvFb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf klg s/bftfn] cfˆgf] ljifodf a]?h" ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf hjfkm lbg kfPsf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . tTsfnLg cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no;Fu b/dfq pNn]v ePsf] / cGo lj:t[t ljj/0f /fhZj ljefu;Fu dfq /x]sf] cj:yfn] ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h" p7fPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f l6Kk0fL lg0f{oaf6 b]lvG5 . a]?h" ;Dk/LIf0fsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfon] ;d]t k|of; u/]sf]df ;Dk/LIf0f gePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf /x]sf] tYo / wg~ho cfrfo{sf] d'2fdf /x]sf] tYodf ;dfgtf g/x]sf] x'Fbf To; d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt o;df cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf g} 5}g . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nf cGtMz'Ns P]gn] lbPsf ;'ljwf / k|lqmof eGbf aflx/ uP/ s/ p7fpg gkfpg] eGg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . km};nf ›i6Aodf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . ›i6Ao d"n P]gsf] dd{ / efjgf ljk/Lt x'g ;Sb}g eGg] g} km};nfsf] cfzo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ cfwf/ lnOPsf] km};nfn] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg gu/]sf] / To;sf] tYo k|:t't ljjfb eGbf km/s /x]sf]n] k|:t't ljjfbsf ;Gbe{df ;f] km};nf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g . s/ nufpg ldNg] gldNg] eGg] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] d"NofÍg ug{‘kg]{ x'G5 . 306

cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf sRrf kbfy{ /xg] cj:yfdf To;df c? s;}n] lxgfldgf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf klg x'Fb}g . cGtMz'Nssf] ;DaGw kbfy{sf ?kdf pTkfbg ePkl5 dfq x'G5 . pTkfbg e};s]sf] eGg] bfjL klg /x]sf] 5}g, pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg]df gu/]sf] eGg] sfNklgs cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nufpg ldNg] x'Fbg . cGtMz'Ns clwsf/L Mjo+n] g} cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] egL lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 vl6Psf clwsf/Ln] c;"npk/ ug{‘kg]{ egL pNn]v ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . :jLs[t dfkb08 g} g/x]sf] cj:yfdf tYout s'/fnfO{ dfkb08 dfg]/ cGtMz'Ns nufpg ldNb}g . k|ltlglw;ef, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 cf}+NofOPsf] a]?h" b'a} cglws[t / sfg"gL cfwf/z"Go /x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ l;w} lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ g} 5}g, tTsfnLg k|ltlglw;ef P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !*@ . ;ldltn] ldlt @)%#.!@.# df lbPsf] lgb]{zg ;DaGwL lg0f{o zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n 5 . clwjQmf >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLnfO{ pBf]u :yfkgfsf nflu lbOPsf] Ohfhtkqdf # c/j lvNnL jflif{s pTkfbg ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkqdf pTkfbg;DaGwL s'g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ ;/sf/sf gfddf olt /sd c;"npk/ ug{‘ egL l;w} lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ lgxLt 5}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] cfkm}+ s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb}g . p;n] a]?h" cf}+Nofpg];Dd xf] / To;sf] hjfkmb]xL ;DalGwt s/ sfof{no x'g] xf] . k|:t't d'2fdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] cf}+NofPsf] a]?h"nfO{ cJojxfl/s c;fGble{s egL s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf] x'Fbf of] s/ lgwf{/0f sfg"gadf]lhd ge} cglws[t lgsfosf] bjfj / lgb]{zgdf ePsf] eGg] :ki6 g} 5 . s;}sf] lgb]{zg s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g . sRrfdfn n'sfP l5kfP/ aflx/ nu]sf] jf cGtMz'Nssf] l:6s/ g} g6fF;L pTkflbt ;fdfg laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] cj:yf k|:t't d'2fdf 5}g . sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]u, pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] e08f/0f, laqmL ljt/0f ;d]tdf cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] lgoGq0f /xg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] / cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] s'g} k|Zg gp7fPsf] cj:yfdf u}/ sfg"gL ?kdf s/sf] bfloTj jxg u/fPsf] sfo{ :jtM sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . clwjQmf >L t'n;L e§ k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg dfu, lg:;f k|bfg / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zsf aLrdf s'g} tfbfTDotf g} 5}g . ljjflbt cfb]zn] af]n]sf ;a} s'/fnfO{ lgj]bgdf r'gf}tL lbg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ klg tL ljifo c5'tf] g} /x]sf 5g\ . ›i6Josf] s'/f / ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ oyfjt\ /fVbf klg sDkgLnfO{ s'g} c;/ kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . tL ljifonfO{ afx]s ubf{ klg klxn]sf] km};nfaf6 sDkgLn] Gofo k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf /xG5 . Ohfhtkqdf s'g} dfkb08 tf]lsPsf] 5}g . P]g lgodn] klg To:tf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5}g . a]?h" cf}+NofpFbf sDkgLn] @)$&.$.! df k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fnfO{ dfkb08sf ?kdf lnOPsf] b]lvG5 t/ ;DalGwt lgsfon] To;nfO{ cfwf/ gagfO{ @)$(.#.@( sf] :jLs[t d"NonfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 . pBf]un] cfˆgf] nIf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;S5, t/ To:tf] nIfnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ pTkfbg x'g} kg]{ / geP bfloTj jxg ug{‘kg]{ eGg] x'Fb}g . j}wflgs ck]Iffsf] l;4fGtn] klg sDkgLnfO{ cgfjZos u}/sfg"gL bfloTj yf]kg{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . To:tf bfloTj sfg"gsf] /f]xdf, Gofosf] /f]xdf l6Sg ;Sb}gg\ . yk bfloTj jxg u/fpg] ljifo dgf]ut x'g ;Sb}g, sfg"gn] g} lglZrt ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgadf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ sDkgLnfO{ ;f]lwPsf] 5}g, ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbOPsf] 5}g . s/ k|zf;g cw{–Goflos lgsfo xf], To;n] nufPsf] s/sf ;DaGwdf c;DalGwt lgsfon] x:tIf]k u/L u/]sf] sfo{ If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df klg sfod x'g ;Sb}g . plNnlvt jx; lhsL/sf cltl/Qm ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] / ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;, clwjQmfx¿ >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf, >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] / >L t'n;L e§n] cfˆgf ax; lhsL/sf] ;dy{gdf jx;gf]6 ;d]t k]z ug{‘ ePsf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] tYotkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cf}+NofOPsf] k|ltj]bg / k|ltlglw;efsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 a]?h" c;"n ug{ lbPsf] lgb]{zg ;d]tnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ d"No clea[l4 s/ sfof{no, l;d/fn] cf=j= @)%).)%! / @)%!.)%@ sf] nflu yk cGtMz'Ns ?=!#,%(,*!,^!%.&# a'emfpg lgb]{zg lbP kl5 lgj]bs sDkgLn] To:tf] s'g} yk bfloTj jxg ug{‘ gkg]{ Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L :ki6Ls/0f k]z u/]sf]df ;f] sfof{non] k'gM k"j{ kqfg';f/sf] /sd bflvnf ug{ lgb]{zg lbOPaf6 cfˆgf] sfg"gL tyf ;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf] egL lgj]bs sDkgLsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf 307

ldlt @)%#.!@.@* df pTk|]if0f ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 ›i6JonfO{ ;f/ jfg sfg"g -Substantive Law_ eGg gldNg] / ;f/jfg sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf s/ p7fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf -Substantive Provision_ gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ p7fpg kfpg] clwsf/ d"No clea[l4 s/ sfof{nonfO{ ePsf] eGg gldNg], cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] cw{Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o gu/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ dfq sfof{Gjog u/]sf] b]lvFbf o:tf] sfg"gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g -Gross Violence_ ePsf] k|ToIf ?kdf b]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]tsf cfwf/df d"No clea[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] ;f] sfo{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ gug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;/L l/6 hf/L eP kl5 cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 ;f] km};nf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{ egL o; cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg k]z x'g cfPsf] ;Gbe{df o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k'?iff]Qdnfn ;+3fO{ lj= cy{ dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfly{s P]g, @)$* sf] cg';"rL ! sf] ›i6Ao g+= $ sf] v08 -3_ sf] Joj:yfaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/ sfod x'g] egL ›i6AonfO{ sfg"gsf] cË dflgPsf] b]lvPsf] / wg~hok|;fb cfrfo{ lj= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] a]?h" sfod ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL clwsf/ af/] lj:t[t ljj]rgf u/L l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] u/L ePsf o; cbfntsf km};nfx¿ ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg e} k|:t't d'2f o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] 5 . o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ d'Vo ?kdf ›i6AonfO{ sfg"gsf] cË dflgPsf] / a]?h" sfod ug{ ;Sg] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL clwsf/ /x]sf egL ePsf o; cbfntsf km};nfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf d'Vo ?kn] Gofo lg?k0f ul/g' kg]{ k|Zg eg]sf] cfly{s P]gdf /x]sf] ›i6AonfO{ ;f/e"t sfg"gsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg ldNg] x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < eGg] g} xf] . pQm k|Zgsf] lg?k0f kZrft\ o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 o; cl3 ePsf] km};nf ;b/ jf ab/ s] x'G5 < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . @= ca, klxnf] k|Zg cyf{t\ cfly{s P]gdf /x]sf] ›i6AonfO{ ;f/e"t sfg"gsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbgldNg] x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ u/f}+ . ›i6Aosf] zflAbs cy{ x]bf{ b]Vg of]Uo, x]g{ nfos, bz{gLo -g]kfnL zAbsf]if, afnrG› zdf{ -;+_, ;[li6 k|sfzg, låtLo k|sfzg, @)%&, sf7df8f}F_, b]Vg jf x]g{ nfos, x]g{ kg]{ -g]kfnL sfg"gL zAbsf]if, z+s/s'df/ >]i7 -;+_, >LdtL uf]lkgL >]i7, k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)$^, sf7df8f}F_ x'g] b]lvG5 . To;af6 klg ›i6Aon] s'g} ljifosf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ x]g}{ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 . cem ljlw lgdf{0fdf t o;sf] 5'§} cy{ / dxTj /xg] u/]sf] s'/f xfd|f cfˆg} P]g sfg"gx¿sf] cWoogaf6 k|i6 x'G5 . sfg"gdf k|o'Qm s'g} k|fawfgnfO{ :ki6 ug{ jf To;df lgxLt /x]sf] låljwfnfO{ x6fpg :ki6Ls/0f, ›i6Jo jf pbfx/0fsf] ;xf/f lnOG5 . To;}n] To:tf :ki6Ls/0f jf ›i6Jo jf pbfx/0fn] cd's sfg"gL k|fawfgnfO{ jf]wuDo agfpg d2t ub{5g\ . k|:t't d'2fdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ›i6JonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g eGg gldNg] egL JofVof ubf{ o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 dgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ lj= sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t -g]sfk @)$(, cÍ !@, k[=!)!)_ ePsf] l/6df d'n'sL P]g cbnsf] !)s g+= df /x]sf] :ki6Ls/0f v08af6 gful/s pk/sf] bfloTj yk36 ug{ gldNg] egL ePsf] JofVofnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf cbnsf] dxnsf] !)s g+= df /x]sf] :ki6Ls/0f v08n] d"n bkmfdf /x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ yk k|i6 t'Nofpg] jf To;df lgxLt /x]sf] låljwfnfO{ x6fpg] eGbf klg d"n bkmfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt t'Nofpg] u/L k|ltaGwfTds Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf lyof], To;}n] ;f] lgj]bgdf :ki6Ls/0fsf] ;Ldf s] slt x'g] eGg] ;d]tsf] JofVof u/L :ki6Ls/0f v08n] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zsf] sfd u/]sf] egL To;nfO{ cdfGo ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ k|:t't d'2f cfly{s P]g, @)%) ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] / pQm cfly{s P]gn] bkmf @ b]lv bkmf !( ;Dd qmdzM eG;f/ dx;"n, lgsf;L ;]jf z'Ns, cGtMz'Ns, laqmLs/, xjfO{ p8fg s/, cfos/, ;DklQ s/, 7]Ssf s/, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/~hg s/, xf]6n s/, Aofhs/, 3/hUuf jxfn s/, 6]lnlehg / lel8of] b:t"/, dfnkf]t tyf e"lds/, /lhi6«]zg b:t"/, :jf:Yo s/, /fhdfu{ ;'wf/ b:t"/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s P]gn] tL ;a}h;f] dxz'n jf s/;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ cg';"rLdf cfa4 ul/Psf] cyf{t\ cg';"rLadf]lhd ul/g] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . d'Vo bkmfdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v g} gu/L cg';"rLadf]lhd s/ nufOg] / c;"npk/ ul/g] egL pNn]v ul/Paf6 cfly{s P]gsf k|fawfgdWo] s'gnfO{ ;f/jfg / s'gnfO{ sfo{ljlwut k|fawfgsf ?kdf ju{ ljefhg ug]{ eGg] s'/f cToGt hl6n x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . d'Vo sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ k"/} cg';"rLdf cfa4 t'NofOPsf] cj:yfdf cg';"rLnfO{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfsf] ;+1f lbg] xf] eg] To;n] cfly{s P]gsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]unfO{ c;Dej t'Nofpg] x'Fbf To;af6 uDeL/ ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;S5 . To;}u/L cfly{s P]gdf cg';"rLleqsf] ›i6JonfO{ klg ;fdfGo b[i6fGtsf ?kdf ge} To;df s/ 5'6 lbOg], ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] / s/ 5'6 ;'ljwf vf/]h ug]{ h:tf ;f/e"t Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf cfly{s P]gn] ;/sf/sf] cy{ ;DaGwL k|:tfjx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ s]xL dxz"n, s/, kf]t, z'Ns / b:t"/ nufpg, nufO{ /fv]sf]nfO{ rfn' /fVg jf x]/km]/ ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf] egL P]gsf] p2]ZonfO{ k|:tfjgfaf6 :ki6 ?kdf cleJoQm u/]sf] / To:tf s/ jf z'Ns jf b:t"/ ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿ cg';"rLdf cfwfl/t e} cg';"rLleq ›i6Joaf6 ;d]t To;nfO{ :ki6 ul/Psf] l:yltdf ;du| P]gsf] ;f/e"t kIfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ jf P]gsf 308

d'Vo bkmf x¿nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] cg';"rL jf ›i6Josf k|fawfgx¿nfO{ xn'sf 9+un] sfo{ljlwut k|fawfgsf] ;+1f lbg] xf] eg] ;/sf/sf] cy{;DaGwL k|:tfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;Dej x'Fb}g / /fHo ;~rfngsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf ?kdf /xg] /fhZj ;+sngsf] sfo{ g} k|efljt x'g] cj:yf pTkGg x'G5 . s'g} klg sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ To;sf] ;du| k|fawfgnfO{ x]//] ug{‘k5{, P]gleq k|oQ ' m s'g} Pp6f zAb jf zAb;d"xsf] 5'§} / zflAbs JofVof dfq ul/Fbf To;n] ;f] P]gsf] ;f/e"t Joj: yfnfO{ g} lg/y{s t'Nofpg klg ;S5 . sfg"gsf] JofVof ug{‘sf] p2]Zo ljwflosL dg;fo kQf nufpg' xf] . JofVof ubf{ zflAbs JofVofnfO{ dxTj / k|fyldstf lbOG5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf ›i6Ao zAbsf] JofVof ;f] zAb;Fu dfq ;DalGwt ge} To;leq ;d]l6Psf] Joj:yf / ;du| P]gleq To;sf] :yfg ;d]t hf]l8P/ cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]gnfO{ ;du|tfdf x]bf{ To;n] cg';"rL / ›i6Aoaf6} ;f] P]gn] k"0f{tf kfPsf], P]gsf] d"n bkmf n] s/ jf z'Ns jf b:t"/ jf dxz'nsf] gfd dfq} pNn]v u/L To:tf] s/, z'Ns, b:t"/, dxz'nsf] b/ lglZrt ug]{ h:tf] ;f/e"t Joj:yf / c;"npk/ ug]{ k|lqmof ;d]t bkmfdf g /fvL cg';"rL / ›i6Aoaf6} ls6fg u/]sf] cj:yfdf ›i6Ao zAbsf] ;fdfGo zAbsf]ifLo cy{ nufpg ldNg] cj:yf gx'Fbf o; zAbsf] cy{ P]gsf] ;du|tf / To;n] c•Lsf/ u/]sf] efj leq vf]lhg' kg]{ cj:yf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . P]gsf] ;du| k|fawfglt/ lrofpFbf cfly{s P]gdf k|o'Qm ›i6Ao zAbsf] cy{ zAb sf]ifdf pNn]v ul/Psf] bz{gLo, x]g{ kg]{ h:tf cy{;Dd ;Lldt /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . cfly{s P]gleqsf] ›i6AonfO{ s]an sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf egL To;n] ;d]6]sf] If]q / To;sf] k|efjnfO{ cjd"Nog ubf{ To;n] /fHosf] ;du| cfly{s gLlt k|efljt x'g] cj:yfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFbg} . cfly{s P]gdf k|o'Qm ePsf] ›i6Jo zAb P]gsf] cleGg c•sf ?kdf / ;f/jfg sfg"gs} ?kdf /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ Åbo+ud ubf{ To;nfO{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfsf ?kdf ;+s'lrt ug{ jf To;sf cfwf/df s/ nufpg jf p7fpg gkfpg] egL /f]s nufpFbf To;n] l;Fuf] P]gnfO{ g} lgliqmo t'Nofpg] tkm{ klg uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ k'of{/pg' k5{ . ;+ljwfgdf cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL cGtu{t s/ nufpg] / p7fpg] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / xfnsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;dfg Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# df sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g elgPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]g, @)%) tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw -efu (_ / cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL -efu !)_ sf] cg'z/0f u/L tTsfnLg ;+;baf6 agfOPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g / ;f] P]g k|Tofof]lht ljwfog cGtu{tsf] sfg"g klg xf]Og . To;/L ;+;bn] agfPsf] P]gn] d"n bkmfdf ;Lldt Joj:yf u/L s/sf] ;Ldf, 5'6 ;d]t To;sf] lj:t[t :j?knfO{ cg';"rL / ›i6Ao dfkm{t cleJoQm u/]sf] cj:yfdf P]gsf k|fawfgx¿ dWo] s]xLnfO{ ;f/jfg Joj:yf / s]xLnfO{ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfsf ?kdf JofVof ug{ ldNg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . o;} ;Gbe{df o; cbfntaf6 k'?iff]Qdnfn ;+3fO{ lj= cy{ dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg -;jf]{Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g, jif{ @, cÍ @$, k"0ff{+s $@, k[i7 @_ df cfly{s P]g, @)$* sf] cg';"rL ! sf] ›i6Ao g+= $ sf] v08 -3_ sf] Joj:yfaf6 cGtMz'Ns b/ sfod x'g] egL ›i6AonfO{ sfg"gsf] c• dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;ljwfgdf ul/Psf] tT;DaGwL Joj:yf / o; cbfntaf6 sfod ePsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df ›i6JonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g -Substantive Law_ eGg gldNg] egL ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] JofVof;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . t;y{ ›i6JonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g gdfg]sf] xb;Ddsf] ;f] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvPg . #= dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 cfly{s P]gleq ›i6Aon] ;f/jfg sfg"gnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / ›i6Aoaf6 ul/Psf] ;f/e"t Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf cy{ u/L lg:t]h t'Nofpg gx'g] eGg] lgisif{df of] Ohnf; k'u]sf] cj:yfdf ca, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 o; cl3 ldlt @)%$.!@.!^ df ePsf] km};nf ;b/ jf ab/ s] x'G5 < eGg] k|Zgdf ljrf/ ug{‘kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] ›i6AonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g eGg gldNg] / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgaf6 a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ sf/jfxLsf] :jo+ cw{Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf :jtGq x}l;otn] lg0f{o gu/]sf] eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df pTk|]if0f / k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;dWo] ›i6AonfO{ cfly{s P]gsf] cleGg cË / ;f/e"t sfg"gsf ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg u/]kl5 To;n] k"j{ km};nfnfO{ kfg]{ k|efjsf ;DaGwdf klg x]g{‘ kg]{ x'G5 . ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no / cbfntsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / xfnsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;dfg Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;} kl/k|]Iodf dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] a]?h" sfod ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL clwsf/ af/] lj:t[t ljj]rgf u/L o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 wg~hok|;fb cfrfo{ lj= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg -g]sfk @)%$, cÍ !, k[=$$_ df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 ePsf] n]vf k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] a]?h" c;"n km5of}{6tkm{sf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt sfg"gcGtu{t /xL ePsf] egL dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;f] JofVof;Fu c;xdt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf, cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]t b]lvFb}g . s'g} sfg"gL k|fawfgsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ?kdf /x]sf] dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ ;d]t ;+s'lrt x'g] u/L ug{ ldNb}g . t;y{ dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf k/LIf0f u/L a]?h" cf}+Nofpg ;Sg] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf yk ljj]rgf ug{‘ cfjZos b]lvPg . 309

$= k|:t't d'2fdf cfly{s P]gsf] bkmf $ cGtu{tsf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Ao @ nfO{ ljjfbsf] ljifo agfOPsf] ;Gbe{df To;df pNn]v ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cGo k|fawfg tyf sfuhftx¿ ;d]tnfO{ x]g{‘kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] ›i6AonfO{ ;f/e"t sfg"gsf ?kdf dfg]/ x]bf{ To;n] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg"kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPdf jf pkef]Qmf d"Nosf] t'ngfdf cGtMz'Nssf] k|of]hgsf nflu sf/vfgf laqmL d"No j]dgfl;a ePdf pk/f]Qm b/jGbLdf df]=k|=z= !% k|ltzt yk u/L cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt k|fawfgdWo] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg"kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gu/]sf] cj: yfdf !% k|ltzt yk cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/g] eGg] k|fawfgsf cfwf/df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] a]?h" cf}+NofPsf] / k|ltlglw;efsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] c;"npk/ ug{sf nflu lgb]l{\zt u/]sf] ljifo g} ljjfbsf] ?kdf o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] cfly{s jif{ @)%).)%! / cfly{s jif{ @)%!.)%@ df ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgLn] a'emfPsf] cGtMz'Nsdf cfly{s P]g, @)%! sf] cg';"rL # sf] ›i6Jo @ cg';f/ yk cGtMz'Ns ;d]t c;"n ug{‘kg]{ egL s"n ?=!#,%(,*!,^!%.&# a]?h" cf}+NofOPsf] kfOG5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 cf}+NofOPsf] ;f]xL a]?h"nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k|ltlglw;efsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] a]?h" c;"nLsf ;DaGwdf ldlt @)%#.!@.# df b]xfosf] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 M ;"o{ 6f]afsf]åf/f k|:t't nfut ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)$&.$.! df :jLs[t ul/Psf] sf/vfgf d"NonfO{ ldlt @)$(.#.@( df ;+zf]wg -a[l4_ ubf{ sRrf kbfy{sf] kl/df0f klg a[l4 ePsf] egL cy{ dGqfnon] ;ldltnfO{ @)%# r}q ! ut] n]v]sf] kqdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns ljefusf] pQm ;+zf]lwt lg0f{odf sRrf kbfy{ / cGo pTkfbg vr{sf] d"No a[l4nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L sf/vfgf d"No a[l4 -;+zf]wg_ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm lg0f{odf sRrf kbfy{sf] -;'tL{sf]_ kl/df0f a[l4 u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . t;y{ sRrf kbfy{sf] cg"kftdf pTkfbg gePsf] :ki6 b]lvFbf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg @)%@ sf] bkmf !=$# / k|ltj]bg @)%# sf] bkmf !=$& adf]lhdsf] a]?h" cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # / ›i6Ao @ adf]lhd yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns c;"n u/L hfgsf/L lbg cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg]. %= k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 ePsf] plNnlvt lg0f{onfO{ x]bf{ To;n] ldlt @)$(.#.@( sf] nfut laa/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] nfut laa/0fdf k|lt @) lvNnL lzv/ r'/f]6sf] ;'tL{sf] tf}n !(=%) u|fd, v's'/L lkmN6/sf] !^=%^ u|fd, lah'nL r'/f]6sf] !(=@^ u|fd eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #v sf] k|of]hgsf nflu k]z ePsf] ;f] nfut ljj/0f sf/vfgf d"No lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] kfOG5 . sf/vfgf d"No lgwf{/0f k|of]hgsf nflu k]z ul/Psf] nfut laa/0fnfO{ cGo k|of]hgdf cfwf/ agfpg ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf % df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ agfpg / k}bf ug{ cg'1fkq lng'kg]{ egL ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;"o{ 6f]afsf] sDkgLn] Ohfht kq lnPsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ^= cfly{s P]g, @)%! sf] cg';"rL # cGtu{tsf] ›i6Ao @ sf] pQm Joj:yfn] sRrf dfnsf] cg"kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ yk cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/g] cfwf/sf ?kdf /fv]sf] eP tfklg To;n] s] slt sRrf dfn a/fa/ s] slt tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ›i6Aon] jf cg';"rLsf] cGo s'g} bkmfx¿n] ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . To;}u/L ;f]xL ›i6Aodf pTkfbgsf] Ohfhtadf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg"kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbgsf] s'/f ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] ;Gbe{df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] pTkfbgsf] OhfhtnfO{ x]bf{ ;f] Ohfhtkqdf olt kl/ df0fsf] sRrf dfnaf6 olt kl/df0fdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ egL tf]lsPsf] klg b]lvFb}g . Ohfht k|bfg ubf{ g} cg"kft v'nfOPsf] cj:yfdf dfq ›i6Ao @ sf] k|fawfg lqmofzLn x'g] xf] . Ohfhtkqdf cg"kft v'nfOPsf] kfO{+b}g / ljkIfL lgsfox¿af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt / d"No clea[l4 s/ sfof{no jf/fsf] lg0f{odf ;d]t cg"kft v'n]sf] egL :ki6 ?kdf bfjL lng ;s]sf] klg kfO{+b}g . To;}u/L ›i6Jo @ n] klg slt sRrf dfn a/fa/ slt tof/ dfn dfgL cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] lglZrt u/]sf] 5}g . o;/L sfg"gn] :ki6 gu/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ?kdf JofVof u/L cg"kft tf]sL To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj jxg u/fpg ldNg] x'Fb}g . olb cg'dflgt pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns nufpg] ljlwstf{sf] dg;fo /x]sf] eP s]xL pTkfbgx¿ h:t}M df]nfl;;af6 /]lS6kmfO8 :k|L6 tkm{ sRrf kbfy{sf] k|ltnAwL b/ tf]s]h:t} r'/f]6tkm{ klg sRrf kbfy{ ;'tL{af6 pTkflbt x'g] j:t' cyf{t\ r'/f]6sf] k|ltnAwL b/ tf]Sg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{Yof] . To:tf] s'g} Joj:yfsf] cefjdf To;/L cg'dflgt pTkfbgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] u/L r'/f]6tkm{ Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf gx'Fbf r'/f]6nfO{ dlb/f ;/xsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] cyf{t\ cg'dflgt pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf gul/Psf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . To;/L P]gn] g} cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ kf/]sf] cj:yfdf cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / c;"npk/ ug]{ eGg] x'Fb}g . To;f] ug{‘ sfg"g ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . sfg"gdf :ki6 ?kdf olt sRrf dfn a/fa/ olt pTkfbg dfgL cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yfsf] cefj x'Fbf x'Fb} cg'dfgsf e/df cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf] eg] ToxfF :j}R5frfl/tf xfjL x'g hfG5 . cg'dfg ug]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ g} gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf ul/g] cg'dfg :jfefljs ?kdf dgf]ut x'g hfG5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gdf 310

sfg"gsf] kl/lwnfO{ gf£g] 5'6 s;}nfO{ klg x'Fb}g . sfg"gn] afx]s u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ts{ / ck"0f{ JofVofåf/f ;dfj]z u/L To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj jxg u/fpg ldNg] x'Fb}g . t;y{ cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] ›i6Ao g+ @ / lgj]bs sDkgL ;"o{ 6f]jfsf]nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] Ohfhtkqdf cg'dflgt pTkfbgsf cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joxf]/f pNn]v gePsf] / k|rlnt cGo sfg"gn] klg cg'dfgsf cfwf/df r'/f]6tkm{ cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yfsf] cefj /x]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug{ 5'6 ePsf] jf afFsL ePsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ cg'dflgt pTkfbgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ a]?h" cf}+NofPsf], ;f]sf] c;"npk/sf nflu k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lgb]{zg lbPsf] / /sd bflvnf ug{‘ egL d"No clea[l4 s/ sfof{no af/faf6 ldlt @)%#.!@.!% df lg0f{o ul/Psf]nfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg . t;y{ d"No clea[l4 s/ sfof{no af/fsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.!% sf] lg0f{o ;d]tnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bs ;"o{ 6f]afsf] sDkgLaf6 a]?h" /sd c;"npk/ gug{‘ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] xb;Ddsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)%$.!@.!^ sf] km};nf dgfl;j g} b]lvFbf sfod x'g] 7x5{ . of] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ k|:t't d'2fsf] /]s8{ tyf ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f ldl;nx¿ lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof= an/fd s]=;L= Gof= uf}/L 9sfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

311

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnfz dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{ dfgLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL km};nf ldlt M @)^^.*.@@ ;Djt @)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+======#%%( d'2f M pTk|]if0f . sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=#! /fdzfxky l:yt dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6h k|f=ln= sf] tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt P]=sf] Psfp06]06 kjg zdf{=============================================! lj?4 d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8f dsjfgk'/====================================================================! D"fNo clej[l4 s/ ljefu, nflhDkf6 sf7df08f}+==================================================================! dxfn]vf k/LIfs, dxfn]vf, k/LIfssf] ljefu, aa/dxn=======================================================! tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt l6kf]6 / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M cf=j=@)%#.)%$ / cf=j=@)%$.)%% sf] sflt{s dlxgf;Ddsf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf k|d'v s/ clws[tn] s/ lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] ljqmL s/ ;a} a}+s bflvnf u/]sf] 5' . s/ clws[tn] u/]sf tL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zx¿ clGtd eP/ /x]sf 5g\ . t/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%^ sf] k[i7 !!@ sf] bkmf (#,(#=! / (#=@ df lgj]bs pBf]un] pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rL oyfjt /fvL sf/vfgf nfut d"No 36fPsf] sf/0faf6 /fh:j 3f6f k/]sf] 5, pTkfbLt ;fdfgsf] nfut d'No 36]sf] eP pkef]Qmf d"No klg 36\g' kg]{ xf] . lalqm s/ sd ug]{ p2]Zon] sf/vfgf d'No sd b]vfPsf] 5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] /x]5 . To:t} k|ltj]bgsf] bkmf (#-!_ Dff )%# ;fpgb]lv )%$ sflt{s;Ddsf] ljqmL @,*(,(%,))).– 36\g uO{ laqmLs/ ?=#(,!@,))).– 36L ePsf] 5 eGg] pNn]v /x]5 . To:t} cf=j=)%$.)%% df nfut d"Nodf $ k|ltztsf b/n] laqmL lat/0f vr{ hf]8\bf cfpg] /sdaf6 !% k|ltzt sf b/n] laqmL s/ c;'n cPsf] /x]5 . t/ pBf]usf] Ph]06 eO{ sfd ug]{ Ps s/ bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0faf6 df]nsf] ;/b/ !#=*% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd cltl/Qm laqmL k|j4g vr{ ghf]8L laqmL s/ c;'n ugf{n] yk $%,)(,*%&.– 36L laqmLs/ c;"n ePsf] eGg] ;d]t ;f] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] /x]5 . pNn]lvt k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL s/ sfof{non] ljleGg ldltdf /sd bflvnf ug{sf nflu o; pBf]unfO{ n]v]sf kqx¿sf] hjfkm o; pBf]un] @)%&.#.( / @)%&.!!.# sf kqx¿af6 k7fO{ ;lsPsf] ePklg a]?h' km5\of}6 ug]{ tkm{ s'g} sf/jfxL ePg . ljkIfLaf6 ;f] a]?h' /sd bflvnf gu/]df pBf]usf] lgsf;L k}7f/Lsf] sf/f]jf/ /f]Ssf ul/g] ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . cf=j= @)%#.)%$ / )%$.)%% sf] sflt{s;Dd o; pBf]un] 36L laqmL s/ bflvnf u/]sf] 5}g . g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd To; cjlwsf] yk laqmLs/ a'emfpg' gkg]{ x'Fbf o; ;DaGwL lakIfLx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL ab/ x'g' k5{ . lsgeg] laqmL s/ a'emfpg' gkg]{ x'+bf o; ;DjGwL ljkIfLx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfO{ ab/ x'g' k5{ . lsgeg] laqmL s/ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf ( / ^-!_ adf]lhd lgwf{l/t s/ bflvn e} ;s]sf] 5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !) cGtu{t clxn];Dd ;f] cfb]zx¿ cGoyf ePsf] 5}g . tL s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zx¿nfO{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgaf6 ;d]t jb/ ePsf 5}gg\ . @)%^.^.!! b]lv d"No kl/jt{g ubf{ ljleGg vr{x¿df sdL u/L sf/vfgf d"No 36fO{ ahf/ k|ltikwf{sf] sf/0fn] l8n/ x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ sf/vfgf d"No 36fO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf d"No ;"rL ul/Psf] lyof] . jf:tjdf o;df sf/vfgf df]n / pkef]Qmf df]n b'j} 36]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{ pNn]lvt j]?h' lg/fwf/ / unt xf] . cf=j=@)%$.)%% klg sflt{s d;fGt;Dd ljkIfL s/ sfof{noaf6 5fk nfu]sf lan adf]lhdsf] s/ bflvnf e} ;s]s]f 5 . ctM k|ToyL{ G+f=# n] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgsf] qmddf ;To tYout s'/f To; avt k|i6\ofpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] a]?h' b]vfP klg cj jf:tljstf :ki6 e} ;s]sf]n] ljkIfL s/ sfof{no tyf s/ ljefun] ;f] j]?h" km5\of}6 ul/lbg' kg]{df clxn];Dd gul/lbPsf] x'+bf ljkIfL # sf] pNn]lvt k|ltj]bg ljkIfL g+= ! Nf] o; pBf]unfO{ tT;DjGwdf n]v]sf ;Dk"0f{ kqx¿ Afb/, u/L d}n] k|ToyL{nfO{ n]v]sf kqx¿sf] cfwf/df j]?h' km5\of}6 ul/lbg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t pko'Qm cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L ul/ kfp+ . ;fy} o; lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'·f] gnfu];Dd ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{noaf6 o; pBf]unfO{ n]v]sf kqx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'g} sfd sf/afxL gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy} hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 k'glj{rf/ ug]{ u/L ;f] ;do;Dd @)%&.!).!# sf] kq adf]lhd lgj]bssf] lgsf;L k}7f/Lsf] sf/f]jf/ /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{ gug'{ egL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf gfp+df cGtl/d 312

cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)%&.!!.#) df ePsf] cfb]z . l/6 lgj]bsn] d"No oyfjt /fvL sf/vfgf d"No 36fPsf] sf/0fn] /fh:jdf 3f6f k/]sf] 5 egL dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 j]?h' sfod ug]{ sfo{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !)) sf] cg"s"n 5 . ;f] wf/fn] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]Sg] qmddf ;a} sfof{nosf] n]vf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t t/Lsf adf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{ bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]t ljrf/ u/L n]vf k/LIf0f x'g] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] x'+bf ;f] cg'?k p7fOPsf] a]?h' km5\of}{6 ug]{ qmddf d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8fsf] @)%%.(.@( sf] kqaf6 5'6 laqmL s/ dfu ePsf] xf] . pQm s/ dfUg] sfo{ ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt sfg"g cg's"n ePsf]n] l/6 ljg]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF . ;fy} 5'6 s/ dfu ug]{ s/ sfof{nosf] sfo{ pk/ lrQ gj'em] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug'{ kg]{df l/6 lgj]bgaf6 cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] x'Fbf ;d]t clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . l/6 lgj]bsn] ljqmL s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf laqmLs/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z o; ljefusf] k|ltj]bgaf6 jb/ 3f]lift ug{ g;s]sf] egL pNn]v ePsf] /x]5 . o; ljefun] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !)) / n]vf k/LIf0f P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf #-!_ / bkmf-*_ adf]lhd n]vf k/LIf0f u/L s/bftfaf6 c;"n ug'{kg]{ /fh:j c;"n gu/]sf] egL pNn]v ulPsf] xf] . s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ ug]{ gug]{ jf k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ gug]{ sfo{ clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] xf] . jf:tljs s'/f a'emL a]?h' km5\of}{6 gul/lbPsf] lgj]bssf] lhls/ ;DjGwdf j]?h' km5\of}{6 ug]{ sfo{ sfof{nosf] xf] . sfof{non] j]?h' c;"n km5\of}6 x'g], k|df0f ;fy sfof{noaf6 ;+k/LIf0fsf nflu cg'/f]w ePsf] 5}g . laqmLs/ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @-5_ cg';f/ laqmL d"No eGgfn] s'g} laqm]tfn] dfn ;fdfg jf ;]jf ljqmL ubf{ d"Nodf sG;];g\, l8:sfp06 sldzg jf o:t} c? s'g} k|sf/sf] 5'6 lbPsf] /x]5 . eg] To:tf] 5'6 /sd ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . To:t} cfly{s P]g, @)%# sf] cg";"rL # sf] bkmf %-%_ df laqm]tfn] laqmL d"No sfod ubf{ nfut d"No jf k/n d"Nodf d'gfkmf / laqmL ljt/0f vr{ ;d]t hf]8\g' kg]{ pNn]v 5 . t/ l/6 lgj]bsn] ;~hg OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= ;+u )%#.)%$ df ;]N; k|df]zg jfkt /sd lnPsf]df ;f] jfkt laqmL s/ c;"n u/]sf] 5}g . @)%# ;fpg b]lv @)%# efb| d;fGt;Dd sfod /x]sf] d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df )%$.)%% df ? *,&$,(&%. 36L laqmLs/ c;"n ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; ljefun] sfg"g adf]lhd n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf k|fKt x'g'kg]{ /fh:j k|fKt geO{ gf]S;fg k/]sf]n] d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no dsjfgk'/sf] gfddf *$ nfv @@ xhf/ c;"n ug{ j]?h' sfod u/]s]f xf] . o;}n] lakIfL lgj]bssf] bfjL sfg"g;Ddt gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/ kfpF eGg] ;d]t dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm . cfly{s P]g, @)%# sf] laqmL s/ b/aGbL bkmf ^=% / cfly{s P]g,@)%$ sf] laqmLs/ b/aGbL bkmf ^-#_ -Vf_ df sf/ vfgf d"Nob]lv pkef]Qmf d"No;Dd b]lvg] u/L /fli6«o b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf d"No ;"rL k|sflzt u/]df sfof{noaf6 laqmL d"No :jLs[t u/fpg' gkg]{ ePsf]n] ljkIfLaf6 sf/vfgf d"No k|sflzt ePsf] 5}g . o;/L l/tk"j{s sfof{noaf6 d"No :jLs[t gu/fPsf] P]g adf]lhd ;"rgf k|sflzt gu/fO{ ;fljs ljqmL d"Nodf pkef]Qmf d"No oyfjt /fvL sf/vfgf d"No dfq 36fPsf] x'Fbf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgaf6 j]?h' b]lvP adf]lhd o; sfof{noaf6 j]?h' /sd ljkIfL:f+u dfu ul/Psf] sfg"g cg's'n 5 . ljkIfL s/bftfs} Ps l8n/ ;~hg OG6/g]zgnn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f cg';f/ ljkIfL s/bftfn] cltl/Qm ;]N; k|jw{g vr{ jfkt s/La !#=*% k|ltzt /sd pBf]un] lng] u/]s]f b]lvG5 . ;f] /sd lng] u/]sf] s'/f ljkIfL lgj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] vr{ pBf]usf] laqmL ljt/0f vr{ g} x'g] x'Fbf pk/f]Qmfg';f/ pBf]un] laqmLs/ 5Ng] lgotn] laqmL ljt/0f vr{ g} x'g] x'Fbf pk/f]Qmfg';f/ pBf]un] lalqmLs/ 5Ng] lgotn] ljqmL ljneGbf aflx/af6 /sd lnPsf] :ki6 x'G5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 ltg'{ a'emfpg kg]{ egL 7x¥ofPsf] /sdsf] nut s:g], ;f] sf] hfgsf/L lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ lbO{ c;"n pk/ ug]{, nut sl;Psf] /sd ;/sf/L af+sL ;/x c;"n pk/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g,@)%% sf] qmdzM bkmf @),!,@)=@ / bkmf @@ df pNn]v ePsf], ;f] k|fjwfg cg';f/ o; sfof{noaf6 ljkIf;+u yk s/ dfluPsf] sfg"g cg's"n 5 . ;fy} o; sfof{noaf6 5'6 ePsf] laqmLs/ dfu u/] pk/ lrQ gj'em] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug'{ kg]{df l/6 lgj]bgdf k|j]z u/]sf]n] clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj x'+bf ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bs pBf]un] cf=j=)%#.)%$ / )%$.)%% sf] laqmL s/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL kmfOn cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no x]6f}+8faf6 lemsfpg' ;fy} lgj]bs pBf]usf] gfddf b]lvPsf] a]?h' ;+kl/If0f ug]{ ;SaGwdf s] sf/jfO{ e} /x]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 hjfkm dufpg' eGg] @)^@.%.@!.# df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lgj]bg kq ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bs pBf]usf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt jl/i7 clwjQmf >L lu/Lj/ k|;fb cu|jfn / clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd cu|jfnn] pBf]un] pkef]Qmf;+u lnPsf] /sd dfq ;/sf/nfO{ s/ j'emfpg] xf] eg] csf]{tkm{ ljqmL k|j4{g vr{ s6fP/ dfq cGtMz'Ns a'emfpg] sfo{ ub{5 . To:t} /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf hfgsf] nflu l/tk"j{s lg0f{o gePsf] cj:yfdf ldNb}g . ;fy} z'?sf] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]s]f sfo{ cGoyf gePsf] cj:yfdf k'gM kq n]lv /sd dfu ug{ ldNb}g . ctM yk s/ dfu u/L n]lvPsf] kqx¿ Afb/efuL ePsf] x'gfn] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L kfp+ egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . To:t} k|ToyL{ d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pk GofoflwjQmf z+s/ axfb'/ /fO{n] ljkIfL lgj]bsn] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ l/6 lgj]bg 313

lbPsf] ;f] ljifo l/6 If]qaf6 x]g{ gldNg] x'gfn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t ax; lhsL k|:t't ug'{eof] . lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] cf=j=@)%#.)%$ sf] sflt{s dlxgf;Ddsf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{nosf k|d'v s/ clws[tn] s/ clws[tn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] ljqmL s/ ;j} a}+sdf bflvn u/]sf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%^ df lgj]bs pBf]un] pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rL cyfjt /fvL sf/vfgf nfut d"No 36fPsf] sf/0faf6 /fh:jdf 3f6f k/]sf] 5 . laqmL s/ sd ug]{ p2]Zon] sf/vfgf d"No sd b]vfPsf] 5 egL k|sflzt k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df s/ c;"n ug{ lalqm s/ ljefu / s/ sfof{nox¿af6 o; pBf]unfO{ n]v]sf kqx¿ sfof{Gjog gu/L kfp+ egL d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm'n] ltg'{kg]{ lalqmL s/ 36fpg] p2]Zon] sf/vfgf d"No 36fPsf] x'+bf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 j]?h' b]lvPsf] /sd ;/sf/L af+sL ;/x c;"n pk/ ug{sf nflu kq n]lvPsf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kg]{ xf] eGg] ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dxfzlQm zf]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6«h k|f=ln=n] cf=j=@)%#.)%$ / )%$.)%% sf] laqmL s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfkm\gf] Ph]G6x¿af6 ;]N; k|df]zg jfkt /sd lnPsf]df ;f] jfkt s/ glt/]sf] sf/0faf6 ljqmL s/ Go"g x'g uPsf]n] ;f] jfkt ;d]t ljqmL s/ bflvnf ug{ s/ sfof{non] lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't lgj]bg lhsL/sf ;DjGwdf lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . !_ tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& tyf n]vf k/LIf0f P]g,@)$* cg';f/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefunfO{ j]?h' sfod u/L c;"n pk/ ug{ n]lv k7fpg] clwsf/ 5,ls 5}g < @_ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 a]?h' cf}NofP kl5 s/ sfof{noaf6 pQm j]?h' c;"n pk/ ug{ kq n]Vg ldNg] xf] ls xf]O{g < #_ 36L s/ bflvnf u/]s]f sf/0f k'gM yk /sd dfu u/] pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] xf] ls xf]O{g < $_ s'g} klg pBf]un] ljt/s;+u ;]N; k|df]zg jfkt /sd lnPsf]df pQm k|fKt u/]s]f /sd laqmL s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu hf]8\g' kg]{ xf] ls xf]O{g < %_ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] xf]O{g < cj klxnf] k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] efu !# df ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ?kddf dxfn]vf k/LIfsf] Joj:yf u/]s]f 5 . o; cg';f/ wf/f !)) df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ cGtu{t ljleGg lzif{s cGtu{t /flvg] n]vf tf]lsPsf] 9f+rfdf /flvg' kg]{, ;fy} cfkm"n] u/]s]f jflif{s sfdsf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5 egL tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f !)) df :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} n]vf k/LIf0f P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf $-h_ df cf}Bf]lus tyf Joj;flos ;]jfx¿sf] cfDbfgL vr{,n]vf, To;sf] lhG;L gubL df}Hbft tyf cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ;DjGwL Joj:yf / lgodx¿ k|ofKt 5g\ 5}gg\ < eP ltgLx¿sf] kfngf ul/lPsf] 5 5}g < eGg] tyf bkmf $-6_ df pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg tyf ;DkQLsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ePsf] 5, 5}g / xfgL gf]S;fgL gx'g] u/L ;~rfng tyf ;+/If0fsf] plRft Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, 5}g < cflb s'/fx¿ k/LIf0f u/L aflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L l/6 lgj]bs dxfzlQm ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O08li6h k|f=ln= n] cfkm'n] laqm]tfx¿;+u lnPsf] ;]N; k|df]zg jfktsf] cltl/Qm z'Ns laqmL d"Nodf ghf]8L laqmL s/sf] /sd sd lt/]sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] /fh:j sd ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/L ;DjlGwt s/ sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg ;Sg] u/L n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !) df :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] sf/0f ltg'{kg]{ /fh:j /sd sd lt/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;+alGwt s/ sfof{nonfO{ pQm /sd c;"n pk/ ug{ n]vL k7fPsf] sfo{ sfg"g cg'?k g} u/]s]f kfOof] . cj bf]>f] k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 kIf j]?h' cf}NofP kl5 s/ sfof{noaf6 pQm j]?h' /sd c;"n pk/ ug{sf nfUfL kq n]Vg ldNg] xf] ls xf]O{g < egL x]bf{ tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)) sf] pkwf/f-%_ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] k|fjwfg cGtu{t ag]sf] n]vf k/LIf0f P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf !) df dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] egL n]vf ;DjGwL Joj:yf ldnfpg / lgoldttf Nofpgsf] nfUfL ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L sfof{no jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cflwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ ;do ;dodf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . To:tf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug'{ ;DjlGwt sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf] st{Jo x'g]5 egL sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]s]f 5 eg] bkmf !@ df æ>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfo Joo tyf cGo /sd sndsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ b]lvPsf q'6L tyf j]?h'x¿df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug'{ kg]{5 .Æ egL pNn]v ePaf6 dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf k/LIf0f u/L b]vfPsf] j]?h' c;"n pk/ ug]{ tkm{ sf/jfxL cuf8L a9fpg] bfloTj ;+jlGwt s/ sfof{nosf] x'g] ePsf]n] cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @)-@_ df n]vf k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] d:of}6 / lxgfldgf ePsf] /sd jf tf]lsP adf]lhsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{ lgodlt x'g g;s]sf] j]?h' /sd lhDd]jf/ JolQmaf6 c;"n pk/ ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf] k|s[ofaf6 c;"n pk/ x'g g;s]df nut sfod u/L lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ ;d]t ;"rgf lbOg] 5 . o;/L nut sfod ul/Psf] /sd k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd c;"n pk/ ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{5 . eGg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] x'+bf pQm j]?h' /sd c;"n pk/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf gk'u /fh:j /sd bflvn ug'{ egL lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ kqfrf/ ug]{ u/]sf] ljkIfL s/ sfof{no tyf s/ ljefusf] sfo{ ljBdfg P]g, lgod cg';f/ g} ePsf] kfO{of] . 314

t];|f] 36L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] sf/0f k'gM yk /sd dfu u/] pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] xf] ls xf]O{g < eGg] ;DjGwdf x]bf{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^ df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] clwsf/ If]q ;DjGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf] ljifodf x]bf{ s/ clws[tn] 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] geO{ klxn] g} s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;s]s]fdf lgj]bs pBf]usf] c;xdlt g/x]sf] tf]lsPsf] /sd bflvnf ;d]t gePsf], pQm s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ q'6L eO{ sd s/ bflvnf u/]af6 j]?h' sfod ePkl5 dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] n]vL k7fPsf] cfwf/df s/ clws[tn] gk'u s/ bflvnf ug{ kq n]Vg] sfo{;Dd u/]sf] x'+bf of] ljifo /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPg . csf]{ tkm{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf-$_ df o; P]g cGtu{t Gofolws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ æz'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/Ln] u/]sf lg0f{o ;'gL kfPsf]df To;sf] ;"rgf tfd]n eP k}lt; lbg leq k'g/fj]bg ug'{ kg]{5Æ egL pNn]v u/]sf] ;Gbe{df k|: tt' ljjfbdf Tof] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] ePaf6 ;d]t /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] dfGg ldn]g . ctM c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] sfg"g cg'?k g} dfGg' kg]{ eof] . rf}yf} pBf]un] ljt/s;+u ;]N; k|df]zg jfkt /sd lnPsf] pQm k|fKt u/]sf] /sd ljqmL s/ k|of]hgsf nfuL hf]8\g' kg]{ xf] sL xf]O{g, egL x]bf{ laqmL s/ P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf # df æ;fn j;fnL jf s'g} Ps ;fnsf] lgldQ s/ nufpg] u/L s'g} P]gaf6 Joj:yf ePdf To:tf] s/ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx¿ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/L c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 .Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/P cg';f/ cfly{s P]g, @)%# sf] cg';"rL # sf] bkmf %=% df laqm]tfn] cfkm\gf] laqmL d"No sfod ubf{ pQm dfnj:t'sf] ænfut d"No jf k/n d"Nodf cfkm\gf] d'gfkmf -cGtMz'Ns nfUg] eP ;f] ;d]t_ / laqmL ljt/0f vr{ -9'jfgL ef8f ;d]t_ ;d]t hf]8\g' kb{5Æ :ki6 ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{G5 . To:t} cfly{s P]g, @)%$ sf] cg';"rL $ bkmf %=$ df ljqm]tfdf btf{ x'g] sf/f]jf/ -cfk"tL{_ pQm lgwf{/0f ljut !@ dlxgf jf cfufdL # dlxgfsf] v/Lb jf laqmL d"No dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] sf] cfwf/df ul/g] 5 . o:tf] d"Nosf] u0fgf ubf{ cfk"tL{sf] l;nl;nfddf laqmL s/ afx]s v/Lb jf laqmLdf nfUg] cGo s/ /sdx¿ tyf cfk"lt{stf{n] Aoxf]/]sf] 9'jfgL / ljt/0f ;DaGwL vr{x¿ / gfkmf jf sldzg cfbL /sd ;dfj]z ePsf] d"NonfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ul/g]5Æ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{ tkm{ s'g} klg pBf]un] ;fj{hlgs u/fOPsf] ljqmL d"No cg';f/ ljqmL eP gePsf] 5fgljg s/ clws[tn] ug]{ 5 s'g} k|sf/n] 3f]lift ljqmL d"No eGbf a9L d"Nodf ljqmL u/]sf] kfOPdf To:tf] km/s d"Nodf s/ clws[tn] laqmL s/ c;"n ug]{5 . eGg] Joj:yf cfly{s P]g, @)%$ df cg';"rL $ sf] bkmf ^=% Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;/L pBf]un] cfkm"n] ;]N; k|df]zg jfkt lnPsf] ?k}of+sf] sfg"g adf]lhd ltg'{ kg]{ s/ glt/]sf] v08df hlxn] ;'s} klg pBf]unfO{ ltg{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] . To:t} Jofkf/ k|df]zg jfkt ljqm]tf;+u lnPsf] ?k}of+nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfodf ghf]8]sf] sf/0f 36L laqmL s/ sfod ePsf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 j]?h' cf}+NofOPsf] cfwf/df k'gM gk'u s/ bflvn ug{ pBf]unfO{ s/ clws[tn] kqfrf/ u/]sf] sfo{ ldn]s} b]lvof] . kfrf}+ cyf{t clGtd k|Zg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g kg]{ xf] ls xf]Og eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm"n] ljqm]tfx¿;+u ;]N; k|df]zg jfkt /sd lnPsf] s'/fdf :jLsf/ g} u/]sf]n] o;df ljjfb ePsf] b]lvb}g . lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%^ df pNn]lvt cf=j=@)%#.)%$ / )%$.)%% sf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8faf6 ? *$,@!,^*&. ?Kf}of+ j]?h' /sd bflvnf ug{ egL n]lvPsf] r=g+ &&@ ldlt @)%&.!).!# tyf ;f] eGbf klxn]sf r=g+=&##,&#$ / &#% ;d]tsf k"j{ kqx¿ ljBdfg, P]g lgod cg'?k g} n]v]sf] kfO{of] . ;fy} dfly ljleGg k|Zgx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ljj]rgf u/]sf] sf/0fx¿af6 lgj]bs pBf]un] p7fPsf] k'gM 5'6 s/ bflvnf ug{ d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{noaf6 n]lvPsf kqx¿ sfg"g cg';f/ s} b]lv+bf pQm kqx¿ ab/ u/L kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg . ctM dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd pBf]un] cfkm\gf pkef]Qmfx¿ jf l8n/x¿af6 lnPsf] /sdsf] lgodfg';f/ ltg'{kg}{ laqmL s/ sd bflvnf u/]sf] sf/0faf6 s/ clws[tn] 5'6 x'g uPsf] ltg'{kg]{ s/ bflvn ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] g} b]lvof] eg] ;f] glt/]sf] sf/0faf6 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] j]?h' b]vfpg / n]vf k/LIf0f P]g cg';f/ c;"n pk/ ug{;Sg] g} x'+bf gk'u s/ bflvn ug{ lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ d"No clej[l4 sfof{no x]6f}+8faf6 n]lvPsf] ldlt @)%&.!).!# r=g+=&&@ ;d]tsf kqx¿ sfg"g cg'?ks} /x]s]f kfO{of] . ctM kqx¿sf] sfof{Gjog /f]sL jb/ ;d]t u/L kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg bfjL adf]lhdsf] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf gx'+bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg g} vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%&.!!.#) df hf/L ePsf] cGt/Ld cfb]z ;d]t :jtM lg:s[o x'G5 . ;f] sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf:f clws[t -pk–;lrj_ –ef]nf gfy 9sfn sDKo'6/ 6fO{k – wg axfb'/ u'?· O{lt ;Djt @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @@ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\=============================================.

315

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo Gofoflwz >L k|]d zdf{ dfggLo Gofoflwz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL cfb]z ;Djt\ @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#)#& cfb]z ldltM @)^^.(.# ljifo M pTk|]if0f÷k|ltif]w g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL -k|f=ln=_ sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf clwsf/ k|fKt d'Vo sfo{sfl/0fL sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!) a:g] hubLzk|;fb cu|jfn=====================================! lj?4 D"fNo clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, x]6f}+8fsf k|d'v s/ clws[t=====================================================! D"fNo clej[l4 s/ ljefu, ;ftbf]af6f] nlntk'/==================================================================! Gf]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno===========================================================================================! Dfxfn]vf k/LIfs, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu, aa/dxn sf7df08f}+=========================================! ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt, k|ltlglw;ef ;+;bejg, sf7df08f}+ =================================================! tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^@ sf] wf/f #@÷!)&@_ jdf]lhd o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M lgj]bs g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL k|f=ln= sDkgL P]g, @)@! adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] -k|f=ln=_ sDkgL xf] . o; sDkgLn] ljleGg k|sf/sf ljo/ pTkfbg u/L sfg"g adf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Ns a'emfp+b} cf=j=@)%).)%! Dff klg cfly{s P]gn] tf]lsPsf] cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿, @)!( sf] lgod !! sf] b]xfo $ / % adf]lhd ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns sfof{nodf a'emfp+b} cfPsf] / ;f] ;DjGwL df:s]jf/Lx¿ cyf{t\ dfl;s, q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] lg:;f nufO{ ;DalGwt sof{nodf k]z ub}{ cfPsf] / ltg'{kg]{ jflif{s cGtMz'Ns klg ;Dk"0f{ lt/L a'emfO{ ;s]sf]df s/Lj c9fO{ jif{kl5 ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] k7fPsf] kqdf o; pBf]un] pTkfbg u/L lgsf;L u/]s]f ljo/df nfUg]eGbf a9L sRrf kbfy{ vkt b]vfO{ Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]s]f gb]lvPsf] x'+bf ;f] df cf=j=@)%).)%! Dff o; pBf]un] lgsf;f u/]sf] ljo/df b/jGbL cg';f/ !!) k|ltzt nfUg] cGtMz'Ns ? $,)$,!&,^(#.– x'+bf !% k|ltztn] uk ubf{ ^),^@,^%#.(% o; pBf]u;+u c;"n ug]{ u/L lg0f{o e} cfPsf]n] ;f] /sd cljnDj /fh:j vftfdf bflvn u/L lbg' x'g d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] k=;+=@)%#.)%$, @@%% ldlt @)%#.!@.* sf] kqfg';f/sf] ;"rgf ul/Psf] 5 egL kq k7fpg' eO{ /sd bflvnf ug{ dfu u/L /xg' ePsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm cGtMz'Ns / h/Ljfgf ?= ^),^@,^%#.(% dfu ug'{ sfg"g ljk/Lt Pj+ cgflwsf/ x'g'sf] ;fy} unt tYo / cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'+bf dfu ePsf yk cGtMz'Ns /sd ltg'{ gkg]{ egL ldlt @)%$.!.!@ df ljkIfL k|d'v s/ clws[tnfO{ cfwf/ k|df0f v'nfO{ hjfkm lbO{ >L dxflgb]{zs d"No clej[4 s/ ljefunfO{ jf]wfy{ lbPsf] / >L cYf{ dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ 5'6\6} lgj]bg u/]sf]df xfd|f] lgj]bg lhls/nfO{ jf:tf gu/L sfg"gL cfwf/nfO{ v08g g} gu/L pQm /sd k"jf{u|xL ?kdf k|d'v s/ clws[tHo"n] dfu u/L /xg' ePsf] / sfg"gL sf/jfxLx¿ /f]Sg] cGo pkrf/sf] af6f] klg gx'+bf of] l/6 lgj]bg lbg' k/]sf] 5 . sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g eGg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &#-!_ n] lglb{i6 u/]s]f 5 / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL lgj]bsnfO{ ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ ef]u ug]{ / ;DklQsf] sf/fj]jf/ ug]{ xs ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&-!_ åf/f df}lns xs k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{ lt/ xfd}| ;/xsf cGo a"|c/L sDkgLx¿nfO{ ;dfg kl/l: ytLdf o; k|sf/n] yk !% k|ltztn] cGtMz'Ns dfu ug]{ sf/jfxL gePsf]af6 ;dfgtf ;DjGwL xsdf klg e]befjk"0f{ k|lqmof ckgfOPsf] 5 . cGtMz'Nssf] yk /sd sfg"g ljk/Lt ^),^@,^%#.(% kqåf/f dfu ug]{ clwsf/ k|d'v s/ clws[t nufot ljkIfLx¿nfO{ 5}g . cGtMz'Ns lgod !@ n] ^ dlxgf leq dfu ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ 5, t/ ;f] gf3]kl5 dfu ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . o; pBf]un] pTkfbg u/L lgsf;f u/]sf] ljo/df nfUg] eGbf a9L sRrf kbfy{ vkt b]lvPsf] eGg] lhls/ sfg"g cg's"n 5}g . r'Qmf e};s]sf] cGtMz'Ns !% k|ltzt yk dfu ug'{ eGg] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL / ;f] cfwf/df k|d'v s/ clws[tn] k7fPsf] kq d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= #% g+=n] cgflwsf/sf] x'+bf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &#-!_ n] sfo{lGjt x'g g;Sg] :ki6 5 . Dofb gfl3 unt wf/0ff / unt lx;fjsf] cfwf/df k"jf{j:yf k'/f ePsf] egL s'g} lg0f{o x'G5 jf cGtMz'Nssf] /sd klg dfu ul/G5 eg] ;f] sfg"g ljkl/t x'+bf sfg"gL dfGotf z'Go -Void_ x'g hfG5 ctM sfof{lGjt x'g g;Sg] x'G5 . o; 316

;DjGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt glh/df Pp6f lglZrt k"jf{j:yfsf] ljBdfgtfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/nfO{ ;f] k"jf{j:yf k'/f gu/L k|of]u u/]df l/6 hf/L x'g] -lgj]bs k'gdrGb| cu|jfn lj?4 s/ km5\of}6 cfof]u ;d]t g]=sf=k= @)^^ lg=g+=!**& j[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;, k[i7 @#&_ egL ghL/ l;4fGt sfod ePsf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)!% sf] bkmf $ cg';f/ s'g} klg cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{x¿ jgfpg cg'1fkq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5, ;f] adf]lhd @)$*.)$( / @)$(.)%) ;/x g} k|:t't cf=j= @)%).)%! Dff klg ;DjlGwt sfof{noaf6 k|fKt u//]sf] pTkfbg cg'1fkqdf of] olt rfdn / olt dfnaf6 of] jGbL ljqmL jf]tn jG5 ljo/ tof/ ug'{kg]{ / ;f] gePdf !% k|ltzt yk cGtMz'Ns ltg'{kg]{ pNn]v 5}g . ctM cf=j=@)$* / )$( ;/x k|:t't cf= @)%).)%! Dff klg pQm cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] b|i6Jo cfslif{t gx'g] k|i6 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt cg';f/ cGtMz'Nssf] ;DjGwdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{;+u x'G5 . pTkfbg gePsf] kbfy{;+u x'b}g -g]=sf=k=@)$), lg=g+= !&##, k[i7 $*@_ eGg] lgj]bs g]kfn l8li6«n/L k|f=ln= lj?4 cGtMz'Ns ljefu / cGtMz'Ns sfof{no ;d]t ;+usf] d'2fdf l;4fGt k|ltkflbt 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ sf] kqdf cfly{s jif{ @)%).)%! Df o; pBf]un] pTkfbg u/L lgsf;L u/]sf] ljo/df nfUg] eGbf j9L sRrf kbfy{ vkt b]vfO{ Ohfht jdf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg g} ePsf] 5}g / hj yk pTkfbg g} ePsf] 5}g eGg] cGtMz'Ns dfu ug'{kg]{ k|Zg} p7\b}g . ;u/dfyf klqsfsf] @)%#.!).@! sf] c+sdf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] xft s/ ljefu tkm{ eGg] zLif{s /fvL g]kfn a|'c/L / ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] j]?h'sf] ;DjGwdf 5nkmn eof] . 5nkmnsf] qmddf cfly{s P]g, @)%) adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbsn] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPdf !% k|ltztn] yk cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf ePtfklg To; adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns glnPsf]n] /fh:j gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] dxfn]vfsf] k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] unt tYo / unt sfg"gsf] cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] k|ltj]bg dfly 5nkmn u/L k|fs[lts Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt ljkl/t Pstlkm{ ?kdf nfUb} gnfUg] cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ sf] cfwf/df yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug]{ lg0f{o lgb]{zg lbPsf] clwsf/ ljlxg 5 . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltnfO{ k|rlnt s'g} sfg"gn] yk cGtMz'Ns !% k|ltztsf] /sd o; pBf]u;+u dfu ug]{ lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ 5}g . k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL, )$* sf] lgod !*& df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf]df of] olt /sd o;af6 km5\{of}6 ug{ p7fpg' eg]/ 7f8} lg0f{o lgb]{zg lbg kfpg] clwsf/ 5}g . ctPjM dfly k|s/0fx¿df pNn]lvt cfwf/ j'+bfx¿af6 d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf k|d'v s/ clws[tHo"n] tyfslyt cglws[t lg0f{osf] cfwf/df ljefun] k7fPsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.* sf] kq cg';f/ ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ sf] kqåf/f o; pBf]u;+u ? ^),^@,^%#.(% dfu ug'{ ePsf] cgflwsf/ x'+bf lgj]bsnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !7-!_, &#-!_, !!-@!_ / !$ -!_ tyf dfly pNn]lvt sfg"gx¿åf/f k|bQ xs clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] / cGo pkrf/sf] s'g} af6f] 5 egL ljkIfLn] kqdf pNn]v ug'{ gePsf]n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] wf/f **-@_ ;df]lhd pQm u}/sfg"gL lg0f{onfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ sf] kq ;d]t u}/ sfg"gL x'+bf sfof{lGjt gug'{ / ;f] kq cg';f/sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu gug'{ gu/fpg' egL k|ltif]w nufotsf] cfb]z hf/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bg . o;df of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt afx]ssf cGo ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjwL gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)%$.@.@! sf] cfb]z . g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] cf=j=@)%).)%! Dff nfUg] eGbf j9L sRRff kbfy{ vkt b]vfO{ Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'+bf cf=j=@)%).)%! Dff pBf]un] lgsf;f u/]s]f ljo/df b/jGbL cg';f/ !!) k|ltztn] nfUg] cGtMz'Ns ?=$,)$,!&,^(#. x'g] x'+bf df]n k|ltzt !% k|ltzt yk ubf{ x'g] ? ^),^@,^%#.(% c;'n ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 cf=j=@)%).)%! sf] /fh:j k/LIf0f x'+bf j]?h' b]vfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL k|f=ln= x]6f}+8fn] k]z u/]s]f cf=j=@)%).)%! sf] ljo/ pTkfbgsf] jflif{s ljj/0f o;};fy ;+nUg 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 b]vfOPsf] lx;fjdf gf]S;fgL ePsf] cg';f/ &#.$% j/fj/sf] ljo/df vkt ePsf] rfdn / dfnsf] lx;fj gk/]sf]n] dfN6 rfdn ##^$=^ s]=hL / dfN6 @@$@=$ s]=lh=a9L vr{ b]vfOPsf] b]lvg cfPsf] xf] . gf]S;fgL ePsf] ljo/df sRrf kbfy{ vkt ePsf] lx;fj u/]df j9L vr{ ePsf] gb]lvg] ePsf]n] j]?h' /xg' gkg]{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltlqmof o; cbfntoaf6 dxfn]vf k/LIfsf] ljefudf k7fOPsf] 5 . o;/L k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 ;d]t j]?h' sfod eO{ c;"n ug'{kg]{ ePkl5 ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df pQm pBf]usf gfp+df /x]sf] j]?h' /sd ?=^),^@,^%#.(% sf] nut s6\6f u/L ;f]nfO{ jSof}tfdf sfod u/L bflvnf ug{ o; sfof{noaf6 ljkIfLnfO{ cfb]z lbOPsf]n] pQm /sd ljkIfLaf6 c;'n pl/ ug'{kg]{ g} x'+bf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dNo clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf k|d'v s/ clws[t sf]dn k|;fb sfk\mn]n] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

317

g]kfn clw/fHosf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%@ -efu!_ j]?h' qmd;+Vof !=$#-k[i7 (^_ df pNn]lvt : jLs[t sRrf dfnsf] cg'kdftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gu/]sf] cfwf/df k|ToyL{sf] gfddf ?=^),^#,))). -;f7L nfv lq;7L xhf/_ yk cGtMz'Ns c;"n pk/ ug{ j]?h' cf}NofPsf]df pNn]lvt j]?h' dfly k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# df j;]sf] j}7saf6 dxfn]vf k/LIfs k|ltj]bg, @)%@ sf] bkmf !=$# sf] ;Gbe{df pNn]lvt lao/;DjGwL j]?h'sf] xsdf klg cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # b|i6Jo @ cg';f/ g} yk eO{ cy{ dGqfnosf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ o; ljefuaf6 j]?h' pk/ ug{ rnfPsf] sf/jfxL sg"g;Ddt 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !)) cg';f/ dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f x'g] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'?k dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%@ sf] j]?h' qmd;+Vof !=$# df cf}+NofOPsf] j]?h' ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g;Ddt 5g\ . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf #-s_ df o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L s'g} clws[tnfO{ tf]Sg ;Sg]5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cy{ dGqfnosf] ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkq efu # v08 $^,@)%# ;fpg -cltl/Qmf+s @)_ df k|sflzt ePsf] ;"rgfsf] # g+= cg';f/ ljqmLs/ P]g, @)@# tyf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% adf]lhd ;fljsdf ul/Psf sfo{ Pj+ k|of]u u/]sf] clwsf/df ;fy} cGo sfo{ clwsf/ Pj+ If]qx¿ d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefu Pj+ cGtu{tsf sfof{nodf ;g]{ / tt\clwsf/ kl/ jlt{t kbflwsf/Lx¿n] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ nfu" geP;Dd :jtM k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L tf]Sg] Joj:yf eO{ ;f] cg'?k ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt 5 . k|ToyL{sf] df}lns xs xgg\ x'g] sfo{ o; ljefuaf6 eP u/]sf] gx+'bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . cfly{s jif{ @)%).)%! sf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf tTsflng lalqms/ tyf cGtMz'Ns sfof{no x]6f}+8f / xfn d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] /fh:j cfDbfgL / bflvnf ;f];DaGwL n]vfdf ljkIfLn] cfly{s P]g, @)%) cg';"rL #, b|i6Jo @ cg'?k ?=^),^@,^%#.(% 36L /fh:j c;"n u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm /sd c;"n ug{ o; ljefuaf6 ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf ;fy} tfn's ljefu, dGqfnodf ;d]t n]vL k7fO{ o; ;DjGwdf j]?h' km5\of}6 x'g ;Sg] hfoh / sfg"g;Ddt hjfkm tyf k|df0f k]z x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%@ df ;d]t Joxf]/f ;dfj]z 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] k|:t't cfly{s jif{df s"n rfdn &),#)) s]=hL= / dfN6 #,&$,@(^ s]=hL= vkt u/]sf] 5 / pQm sRrf ;fdfgaf6 :6f/ ljo/ #%) Pd=Pn=*@@) jf]tn, :6f/ ljo/ ^%) Pd=Pn @&,*(,*(@ jf]tn / lro;{ ljo/ ^%) Pd=Pn= %,&^,!)* jf]tn pTkfbg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L pTkfbsaf6 k]z eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] sf/vfgf d"No ljj/0fdf pNn]lvt sRrf dfn / pTkfbgsf] lx;fjaf6 pQm kl/0ffd ljo/ pTkfbgdf rfdn ^^,(#%=$ s]=hL= / dfN6 #,&@,)%#=^ s]=hL= dfq vkt x'g] b]lvPsf]n] rfdn #,#^$=^ s]=hL= / dfN6 @,@$@ s]=hL=sf] ljo/ pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;/L sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]s]f gb]lvPsf]n] cfly{s P]g, @)%) cg';"rL # cfs[i6 eO{ To; cfly{s jif{sf] b/jGbL adf]lhd lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns ? $,)$!&^(# df yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns ? ^),^@,^%#.(% ltg'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cfly{s P]g,@)%) n] cGtMz'Ns /fh:j c;"n ug]{ ;DjGwdf cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Ao @ df cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwdf yk Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] cGtMz'Ns -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ lgodx¿, @)!( jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns lt/]kl5 cfly{s P]g, @)%) adf]lhd ltg'{ kb}{g eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL g} u}/sfg"gL 5 . cfly{s P]g / /fh:j c;"n ug]{ ;DjGwdf jg]sf cGo P]g lgodx¿ Ps csf{sf k"/s x'g . /fh:j lng] j'emfpg] s'/fdf cly{s P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] jf kfngf ug{ gkg]{ k|Zg p7fpg g} ldNb}g . cGtMz'Ns -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ P]g,@)!% tyf cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿,@)!( sfof{Gjog eO{ /fv]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s P]g,@)%) lg:t[t eO{ sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg ePsf] gb]lvPdf !% k|ltzt yk cGtMz'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ^ dlxgf leq ;DjlGwt sf/vfgfaf6 c;"n ug{ kfpg] ;DjGwdf cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL # b|i6Jo @ n] yk cGtMz'Ns c;"n pk/ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]s]f To;df s'g} cfjlws k|ltjGw gx'gfn] ;f] ;DjGwL l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ lg/fwf/ 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tTsflng cGtMz'Ns tyf ljqmL s/ sfof{nonfO{ @)%# ;fpg ! ut] b]lv d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nodf kl/0ft ul/P kZrft\ cGtMz'Ns clws[t / ljqmLs/ clws[tsf] kbnfO{ k|d'v s/ clws[t / s/ clws[tsf] kbdf sfod u/]sf]n] ;fljsdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ ePsf] clwsf/ :jtM k|d'v s/ clws[tdf x'g] ePsf]n] lgj]bg lhls/ lnPsf] tt\ ;DjGwL bfjL lg/fwf/ 5 . ctM cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)!% cg';f/ lgj]bsn] cGo sfg"gL pkrf/ x'+bf x'+b} l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;xf/f lnPsf] / lgj]bsn] ltg'{kg]{ ;/sf/L /fh:j j'emfpg] k|lqmof nDJofpg l/6 lbPsf]n] pQm l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt lnlvt hjfkm . cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ cg';f/ Ohfht adf]lhd sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gu/]df b/jGbLsf] dfnsf] !% k|ltzt yk cGtMz'Ns nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] / k|:t't dfdnfdf ljkIfLn] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] tyf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 ;d]t k|ltj]bgdf s'/f pNn]v eO{ k|ltlglw;efsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf o; ;DjGwdf 5nkmn eO{ ljkIfLn] !% k|ltzt yk j'emfpg' kg]{ 7x¿ ePsf] x'+bf ljkIfLn]

318

lnPsf] lhls/ cfwf/xLg ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg :jtM vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf ldl;n ;+nUg b'j} kIfaf6 k|:t't k|s/0f lnvtsf] cWoog u/L lgj]bs tyf ljkIfLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ pkl:yt lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLn] k|: t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;'lgof] . lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L clgn s'df/ l;Gxfn] ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] ldlt @)%#.!@.* sf] kqdf k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o eO{ cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrjnfO{ n]v]sf] kqfg';f/ /sd c;"n ug{ d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no, l;d/f af/fnfO{ lgb]{zfTds kq lbPsf] / ljkIfL d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{non] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ sf] lgb]{zgfTds kqaf6 cf=j=@)%).)%! Dff Ohfht adf]lhd sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf t}of/L dfnsf] pTkfbg ePsf] gb]lvPsf] egL cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ sf] cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns ? ^),^@,^%#.(@ dfu ul/Psf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf k]z x'+bf ;f] ;ldltn] /sd c;"n pk/ ug{ lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df pQm /sd dfu ul/Psf] eGg]df z+sf ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfp+b}g . l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ cGtMz'Ns P]g,@)!% / lgodfjnL @)!( jdf]lhd ldlt @)%).%.( df ljo/ pTkfbg ug{ hf/L ul/lPsf] Ohfht kqdf olt kl/df0fsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf olt tof/L dfn pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ egL jfWofTds dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOb}g . o; Ohfht kqdf sRrf dfn / ;f]af6 pTkflbt tof/L dfnsf] cg'kft gv'nfO{Psf] cj:yfdf pQm b|i6Jo @ cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf g} x'b}g . o; ljifodf o;} cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.&.!@ df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 km};nf ePsf] ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] k'g/fjnf]sg g+=@, lgj]bs cy{ dGqfno, ljkIfL ;"o{ 6f]af6f] sDkgL ePsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/ kfp+ eGg] o;} k|s[ltsf] d'2fdf l;4fGt ;d]t sfod eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . sRrf kbfy{ b]lv tof/L dfnsf] ef}lts pTkfbg;Dd cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Lsf] k|ToIf lg/LIf0f / lgoGq0fdf /xg] / pTkfbgnfO{ lghn] k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] tYo ;f] adf]lhd k|dfl0ft ;d]t eO{ ;f]xL cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns ;d]t j'emfO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf n]vf k/LIf0fsf] qmddf b]vfOPsf] j]?h' / ;f]xL cfwf/df /sd p7fpg' eGg] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL, cfkm\gf] :jtGq lg0f{o ug{ clwsf/ ;DkGg clVtof/jfnfn] ;f] gul/lsg yk /sd dfu ug]{ kq sfg"g;+ut 5}g . pTkfbg eO{ cl:tTjdf /x]sf] j:t'df dfq cGtMz'Ns nufpg / c;"n ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL Jo:yf tyf k|ltkflbt ghL/x¿ ePsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't d'2fdf dgf]ut ?kdf cg'dflgt pTkfbg egL j]?h' b]vfO{Psf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns p7fpg vf]lhPsf] ldn]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL sfof{no :jo+n] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu tyf tfn's ljefu / dGqfnonfO{ ;d]t cGtMz'Ns jfkt jSof}tf g/x]sf] egL hfgsf/L u/fPsf] kqx¿ ldl;n ;fldn /x]sf] cj:yfdf 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] sRrf kbfy{ jf pTkflbt ;fdfg rf]/L 5nL sf/vfgfaf6 x6fPsf] eGg] cf/f]k klg 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ lgsfon] cGo lgsfosf] lgb]{zgdf yk cGtMz'Ns dfu ug]{ u/L sf6]sf] kq / ;f] ;DjGwL lg0f{o jb/ u/L ;f] kqfg';f/sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd dfu gug'{ egL k|ltif]w k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g'kb{5 egL cfkm\gf] ts{o'Qm, ljåtfk"0f{ ax; lhls/ k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L s[i0f Kf|;fb kf}8]nn] ljkIfL sDkgLn] cf=j=@)%).)%! Dff Ohfht adf]lhd sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf t}of/L dfn pTkfbg ePsf] gb]lvPsf] cfwf/df cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ sf] cfwf/df yk cGtMz'Ns !% k|ltzt dfu ul/Psf] xf] . pQm yk cGtMZf'Ns P]g,@)!% / lgodfjnL @)!( n] dfu ul/Psf] sfg"g;Ddt 5}g egL dfGg ldn]g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] cfk\mgf] k|ltj]bgdf j]?h' egL pNn]v u/]sf] / ;f] k|ltj]bg pk/ k|ltlgwL;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'+bf ;f] a]?h' c;"n pk/ ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] lg0f{o eP adf]lhd ;f] ;ldltn] ;/sf/sf] ;DjlGwt dGqfno / ljefunfO{ lgb]{zg;Dd lbPsf] xf] . ;f] ;ldlt cfkm}+n] j]?h' c;"n pk/ ug{ kq sf6]sf] cj:yf xf]Og . sfg"g adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{ kfpg] cj:yf x'+bf kq cglws[t jf lgb]{lzt eof] eGg] ts{ dgfl;j 5}g . lgj]bsn] cfk\mgf] l/6 lgj]bgdf olt sRrf dfnsf] k|of]u u/L olt t}of/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] egL olsg;fy v'nfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f x'+bf pNn]v ul/Psf] sRrf kbfy{sf] dfqfsf] af/]df lgj]bsn] ljjfb u/]sf] / ;f] adf]lhd pTkflbt tof/L dfn olt x'g'kg]{ egL lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gx'+bf d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no l;d/f af/fn] df]n k|ltztdf !% k|ltzt /sd c;"n ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] c;"n ug{ ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df sf6]sf] kq sfg"g adf]lhd g} ePsf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf b]lvb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t cfkm\gf] ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug{eof] lgj]bs tyf ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg l/6 lgj]bg Pj+ lnlvt hjfkm nufotsf sfuhft cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gkg]{ xf], xf]Og, ljkIfLn] yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns dfu u/]sf] sfo{ jf cfb]z sfg"g ;+ut 5, 5}g d'Vo lg0f{os k|Zg x'g cfPsf] 5 .

319

cj lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL k|f=ln=n] cf=j=@)%).)%! Df pTkfbg laqmLdf cfly{s P]gn] tf]s]sf] cGtMz'Ns b/n] ;DjlGwt cGtMz'Ns sfof{nodf a'emfp+b} cfPsf]df s/La c9fO{ jif{kl5 ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{non] kq k7fO{ pBf]un] pTkfbg u/L lgs;f u/]sf] ljo/df nfUg]eGbf a9L sRrf kbfy{ vkt b]vfO{ Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'+bf cf=j=@)%).%! Dff pBf]un] lgsf;L u/]sf] ljo/df b/aGbL cg';f/ !!) k|=z= nfUg] ?=$,)$,!&^(#.– x'+bf df]n k|lztdf !% k|ltztn] yk ubf{ ?=^),^@,^%#.(% pBf]u;+u c;"n ug]{ lg0f{o eO{ cfPsf]n] ;f] /sd cljnDj /fh:j vftfdf bflvnf u/L lbg' x'g d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] k=;=@)%#.)%$ ldlt @)%#.!@.* sf] kqfg';f/sf] ;"rgf ul/Psf] 5 egL pNn]lvt yk /fh:j dfu u/]s]f cj:yf 5 . sDkgLn] pQm cf=j=@)%).)%! sf] cGtMz'Ns ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf oyf;dodf j'emfO{ ;s]s]f cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] k|ltj]bgsf] bkmf !=$# df b]vfOPsf] j]?h'sf] cfwf/df k|ltlglw;ef ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ;f] k|ltj]bg pk/ ldlt @)%#.!@.# df a;]sf] j}7sdf 5nkmn u/L cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL #, b|i6Jo @ cg';f/ yk !% k|ltztn] cGtMz'Ns c;"n ug{ cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] lg0f{o u/]s]f / ;f]xL lg0f{osf] cfwf/df tfn's dGqfno / ljefusf] lgb]{zfg';f/ ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df yk cGtMz'Ns dfu u/L kq sfl6Psf] x'+bf ;f] yk cGtMz'Ns dfu ug]{ lg0f{o / ;f] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ sf] kq cGtMZf'Ns P]g,@)!% cfly{s P]g,@)%) tyf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &#-v_ / !&-!_ ;d]t ljk/Lt x'+bf pQm lg0f{o / kqnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] jb/ u/L ;f] yk dfu ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns glng' egL k|ltif]w÷k/dfb]z ;d]t u/L kfp+ eGg] l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgL k|f=ln= sf] d'Vo dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt ePsf] sf/vfgf d"No ljj/0fdf plNnlvt sRrf dfn pTkfbgsf] lx;fjaf6 pQm kl/0fd ljo/ pTkfbgdf rfdn ^^,(#%=% s]=hL / dfN6f #,&@,)%#=^ s]=hL= dfq vkt x'g] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;/L sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL #,b|i6Jo @ cfs[i6 eO{ To; cfly{s jif{ b/jGbL adf]lhd lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns ?=$,)$,!&,^(#.– df yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns ?= ^),^@,^%#.(% ltg'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd tTsflng cGtMz'Ns tyf laqmL s/ sfof{nosf] >]:tf sfuhaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] Joxf]/fsf] cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ eO{ k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] pBf]un] yk ltg'{kg]{ egL b]vfPsf] pQm j]?h' ;DaGwdf k|ltlqmof k7fpFbf j]?h' km5\{of}6 gePsf] / ;f] Joxf]/f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%@ df k/]sf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 pNn]lvt lao/;DjGwL j]?h'sf] xsdf cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL # b|i6Jo @ adf]lhd yk !% k|ltzt c;"n pk/ u/L hfgsf/L lbg cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg' egL cy{ dGqfnonfO{ kq n]vL cfPsf] x'+bf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 ;d]t j]?h'nfO{ c;"n ug'{ kg]{ ePkl5 ljkIfLnfO{ kq sfl6Psf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkm ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf cGo ljkIfLn] klg j]?h'sf] /sd dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg @)%@ df pNn]v ePsf] / ;f] j]?h' ;DjGwL 5nkmnaf6 ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;dltn] cfly{s P]g,@)%) sf] cg';"rL #,b|i6Jo @ adf]lhd c;"n pk/ ug{ cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbPkl5 c;"nLsf] k|lqmof k|f/De eO{ pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{noaf6 c;"nLsf nflu ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df kq k7fO{ c;"nLsf] k|lqmof cuf8L a9fOPsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]s]f b]lvG5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgLn] cf=j=@)%).)%! sf] nfUg] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f eO{ a'emfO{ ;s]sf] tYodf s'g} ljjfb b]lvb}g . ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] kqn] dfu u/]s]f yk !% k|ltzt ?=^),^@,^%#.(% sf] xsdf dfq ljjfb ;[hgf ePsf] cj:yf b]lvg cfp+5 . pQm yk /sd dfu ubf{ cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ dfu ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ df ePsf] k|fjwfg cWoog ubf{ æcGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbgn] Ohfht adf]lhdsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg u/]sf] gb]lvPdf jf pk/f]Qm d"Nosf] t'ngfdf cGtMz'Nssf] k|of]hgsf nfuL sf/vfgf d"No a]dgfl;a ePsf pk/f]Qm b/jGbLdf df]=k|=z=!% k|ltzt yk u/L cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/]g]5Æ egL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ sf] Joj:yf ;dfg sfg"g gePsf]n] s/sf] bfloTj yk ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] lhls/sf ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ o;} k|s[ltsf] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.&.!@ df km};nf ePsf] lgj]bs÷k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ljkIfL÷l/6 lgj]bs ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL k|f=ln=ePsf] ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] k'g/fjnf]sg g+=@ sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L kfp+ eGg] ljifosf] d'2fdf cfly{s P]gsf] b|i6JonfO{ ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] ?kdf dfGg' kg]{ l;4fGt sfod ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'+bf ;f] ;DjGwdf yk lj:t[t JofVof u/L /xg' kg]{ cf}lrTo gx'+bf cGo ljrf/ u/L /xg'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . cfly{s P]g, @)%) sf] cg';"rL # sf] b|i6Jo @ cg';f/ yk !% k|ltzt lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 dfu ul/Psf] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd 5 5}g eGg] ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ pQm b|i6Jo @ df yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns c;"n pk/ ul/g] cfwf/sf] ?kdf sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gu/]sf] jf pkef]Qmf d"Nosf] t'ngfdf cGtMz'Nssf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL sf/vfgf d"No a]dgfl;j ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ /flvPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljjfbsf] ?kdf pNn]lvt cfwf/ dWo] klxnf] cfwf/ sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg gu/]sf] eGg] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . t/ pQm b|i6Jon] ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf 320

b]lvb}g . pQm b|i6Jo @ df pTkfbssf] Ohfht kq adf]lhsf] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftdf tof/ dfn pTkfbg x'g kg]{ zt{ /fv]sf] cGoyf yk !% k|ltzt cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ cf=j=@)%).%! Dff lao/ pTkfbg ug{ ldlt @)%).%.( df lbOPsf] Ohfht kqdf olt dfqfsf] sRrf dfnaf6 olt dfqfdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg ug'{kg]{ egL sRrfdfn / pTkflbt tof/L dfnsf] cg'kft pNn]v u/]sf] gx'+bf ljkIfLsf] ;f] lg0f{o j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ s]lGb|t geO{ cg'dfgnfO{ Ps dfq cfwf/ jgfO{ ul/Psf] /x]5 eGg]df ljdtL /fVg' kg]{ cj:yf cfPg . o:t} k|s[ltsf] lgj]bs÷ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno / ljkIfL÷l/6 lgj]bs ;"o{ 6f]jfsf] sDkgL ePsf] ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] k'g/fjnf]sg g+=@ sf] d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.&.!@ df km};nf x'+bf æOhfht k|bf ubf{ g} cg'kft v'nfPsf] cj:yfdf dfq b|i6Jo @ sf] k|fjwfg lqmofzLn x'g] xf] . Ohfht kqdf cg'kft v'nfOPsf] kfOb}g / ljkIfL lgsfx¿af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;dlt / d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no af/fsf] lg0f{odf ;d]t cg'kft v'n]sf] egL :ki6 ?kdf bfjL lng ;s]s]f klg kfO{b}g . To;} u/L b|i6Jo @ n] slt sRrf dfn a/fj/ slt tof/L dfn dfgL cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] lglZrt u/]s]f 5}g . o;/L sfg"gn] :ki6 gu/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgf]ut ?kdf JofVof u/L cg'kft tf]sL To;}sf cfwf/df bfloTj axg u/fpg ldNg] x'+bg} Æ egL o; ljifodf JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ctM k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ cf=j=@)%).)%! sf nfuL lao/ pTkfbg ug{ ldlt @)%).%.( df lbOPsf] Ohfht kqdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u x'g] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftsf] kl/0ffd pNn]v u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;f] cf=j= sf] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtMz'Ns lgodx¿ @)!( adf]lhd a'emfO{ ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 lgoldt ?kdf x'g] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf dfn / pTkfbg ePsf] tof/L dfnsf] cg'kftnfO{ cg'dflgt cfwf/df a]?h' cf}+NofPsf] / ;f] j]?h' pk/ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldtLdf 5nkmn x'+bf ;f] ;ldltn] pQm j]?h' b]vfOPsf] /sd c;"n pk/ ug{sf nfUfL cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f]xL lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df cy{ dGqfnon] cfkm\gf dftxt ljefu Pj+ sfof{nonfO{ kq n]vL c;"n ug{ eg]sf] cfwf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ ?=^),^@,^%#.(# c;"n pk/ ug{ kqfrf/ u/]]sf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf] sfo{ egL dfGg ldn]g . t;y{,lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 cf=j=@)%).)%! Dff ePsf] ljo/ pTkfbgdf nfUg] cGtMz'Nssf] yk !% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?=^),^@,^%#.(% c;"n ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}+8fn] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ n]v]sf] kq pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'G5 . lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 ;f] kqdf pNn]lvt j]?h'sf] /sd c;"n pk/ gu'g{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . GofofwLz Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk|]tL sDKo"6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;Djt\ @)^^ ;fn k'if dlxgf & ut] /f]h # z'ed\=============.

321

;fnM @)^&, dlxgf M j}zfv, c+s M!, km};nf ldlt M@)^^.!).&.%, lg0f{o g+= *@($ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx dfggLo GofofwLz >L /0faxfb'/ ad l/6 g+=–)^$–WF– )))! d'2f– pTk|]if0f . lgj]bsM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ xfn sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=! a:g] df]xgnIdL df:s] lj?4 ljkIfLM cy{ dGqfno ;d]t o; cbfntdf /foafemL M df=Gof=>L cg'k/fh zdf{ df=Gof=>L /fh]G›s'df/L e08f/L · cf/f]ksf] ;"rgf lbg' dfq kof{Kt x'g] geO{ ;f] ;"rgfadf]lhd cf/f]ksf] v08g ug{, k|ltjfb ug{ / k|df0f k|:t't ug{ kof{Kt / dgfl;j ;do klg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} ;f] k|ltjfb / k|ltjfbsf] ;dy{gdf k|:t't k|df0f ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f u/L :jtGq eO{ lg0f{ostf{n] ts{ / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ tyf ;f] lg0f{odf lgisif{df k'u]sf] :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ . · s'g lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xf] jf s] s'g cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg ug{ gkfpg] xf], s'g sfg"g / k|df0fsf] cfwf/df To:tf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ ;d]t lg0f{odf pNn]v x'g'k5{ / ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;xh ?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . cGoyf To:tf] lg0f{onfO{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 plrt, lgikIf / Gofo;+ut gdflgg] . -k|s/0f g+=%_ · sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] s/ clws[tn] sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{?kdf cg'z/0f / kfngf ug{'k5{ . sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngfdf ;DalGwt sfg"gdf cGoyf pNn]v ePdf afx]s cGo cfwf/ / k|lqmofadf]lhd jf cfˆgf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ adf]lhdsf] 5'§} k|lqmof jf sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;fy} sfg"gn] Dofb hf/L ug]{ :ki6 ?kdf 9fFrf tf]lsPsf]df s'g} k|zf;sLo jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/Ln] sfg"gn] g} clwsf/ lbPdf afx]s ;f] 9fFrfnfO{ abNg, x]/km]/ jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ g/fVg] . · sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngdf :j]R5frf/L k|of]u jf q'l6k"0f{ k|of]u ePdf ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] k|of]u k|efljt x'g;Sg] vt/f x'G5 . ;fy} clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug{'kg]{ sfo{ljlw;DaGwL sfg"gsf] k|of]u gu/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ul/Pdf ;f] lg0f{o g} q'l6k"0f{ dfGg'kg]{ . -k|s/0f g+=!!_ · ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf eg]sf] k|fs[lts Gofosf] cfwf/e"t ljlwzf:qLo l;4fGtsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . h'g JolQmsf] xs jf lxtsf] k|lts"n sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ug{ nfluPsf] xf] ;f] JolQmsf] s'/f ;'Gg' -Audi Alteram Partem_ tyf lghnfO{ cfˆgf] k|lt/Iff ug{ dgfl;j cj;/ lbOg' kb{5 eGg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] JolQmnfO{ k|zf;sLo jf Goflos sf/jfxL / lg0f{osf] k|lts"n k|efjaf6 sfo{ljlwut ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{' g} ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGtsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo /xg] . -k|s/0f g+=!^_ · s;}sf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL pQm xsx¿sf] k|rngdf /f]s nufpFbf ;DklQ wf/snfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf ;kmfO k]z ug]{ jf tT;DaGwL k|df0f k]z ug]{ cj;/ lbP/ dfq lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ . -k|s/0f g+=!*_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf ljåfg clwjQmfx¿, >L ;'zLns'df/ kGt, >L zDe' yfkf, >L afns[i0f g]pkfg] / >L g/]Gbk|;fb uf}td ljkIfL tkm{af6M pkGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n cjnlDjt ghL/M ;Da4 sfg"gM · g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !&-!_ 322

· · · · · · ·

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$-*_-(_, #@ / !)& cGtz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !& -!_ cGtz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf # ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf #-!_ g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf !$ / @! d'n'sL P]g c=j++= !*, ^% / !!* s/ km5f}{6 cfof]u P]g, @)## sf] bkmf !^

cfb]z Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df df=Gof=Ho"x¿ aLr /foafemL e} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_ -s_ adf]lhd o; Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgjb]gsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5 – d lgj]lbsf ;d]t z]o/wgL e} dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ l8i6Ln/L pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zo lnO{ >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ln= gfdsf] sDkgL :yfkgf u/L cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% tyf P]= lgodfjnLadf]lhd ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 dlb/f pTkfbgsf] Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/L gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] c?0fvf]nfdf dlb/f pBf]u :yfkgf u/L @)%#.$.! b]lv dlb/fsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg u/L cfPsf] / clen]vx¿ k|dfl0ft ePadf]lhd pQm sDkgLn] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ dlb/fsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ePsf] @)%#.$.! b]lv cf=j= @)^).@)^! ;Ddsf] cGtMz'Ns nufotsf] ;Dk"0f{ /fhZj e'QmfgL u/L ;s]sf] lglj{jfb 5 . d'n'sleqsf] cfGtl/s åGb / k|lts"n cj:yfdf ;d]t pBf]u ;~rfng u/L d lgj]lbsf d'6'sf] /f]uL ePsf]n] pkrf/sf] l;nl;nfdf ef/tdf uO{ pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] d]/f] lj?4 cGtMz'Ns 5n]sf] eGg] ph"/L kf/]sf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v u/L d]/f] gfpFdf & lbg] Dofb hf/L ul/P5 . pQm Dofb @)^!.!@.!! df 3/ b}nfdf 6fF; ePsf] Joxf]/f kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ x'Fbf hfgsf/L kfPF . d ef/tdf pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf]n] sfof{nodf :jod\ pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fPsf] k|df0f ;d]t ;+nUg u/L u'h|]sf] Dofb yfdL cfjZos sfg"gL k|lqmof cl3 a9fpgsf nflu jf/]z d's// u/L @)^!.!@.@( df xflh/ x'g k7fpFbf k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf k|d'v s/ clws[tn] cfTdlgi7 / u}/sfg"gL sf/0f b]vfO{ jf/]zgfdf ;lxtsf] lgj]bg :jLsf/ ug{ gldNg] egL b/kL7 ul/of] . ljkIfL sfof{nosf] b/kL7 cfb]zlj?4 @)^@.!.& df /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg lbO{ s}lkmot k|ltj]bg dfu u/L jf/]zdfkm{t\ k|ltjfb ug{ kfpg] gkfpg] eGg] s'/f ljrf/fwLg /x]s} cj:yfd} k|ltjfbsf] df}sf g} glbO{ PstkmL{ ?kn] @)^@.!.!! df km};nf ePsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bs z]o/wgL tyf ;~rfns /x]sf] sDkgLsf] gfpFdf x'nfsdfkm{t k7fPsf] km};nf ;lxtsf] hgfp kq @)^@.!.@) df k|fKt u/L cjut eof] . km};nfdf d lgj]lbsfnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfPsf] t/ km};nfsf] 7x/ v08df d]/f pk/ s;"/ sfod u/L ;hfo tyf h/Ljfgf ePsf] 5}g . t/ km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df dnfO{ s'g} yfxf hfgsf/L tyf k|ltjfbsf] df}sf;d]t glbO{ d]/f gfpFsf] rn crn ;DklQx¿ z]o/ nufgL, a}+s vftf, ;jf/L ;fwg ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQx¿ /f]Ssf /fVg] egL @)^!.(.!@, @)^!.(.!( / @)^!.!@.!) df lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg] s'/f @)^@.!.!! sf] km};nfdf pNn]v u/L ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] lg0f{onfO{ sfod} /fVg] elgPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL lgsfox¿sf] sfd sf/jfxL lg0f{o km};nf ;d]t ablgotk"0f{, b"lift, clwsf/If]q ljxLg Pj+ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtk|lts"n /x]sf]n] ;f] sfd sf/jfxL lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg cGo s'g} k|efjsf/L sfg"gL pkrf/ ljBdfg gePsf]n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @# / ** -@_ adf]lhd of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . k|ydtM sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf sDkgLnfO{ s'g} ;f]wk'5 / kqfrf/ ;d]t gu/L lgj]lbsfsf] gfpFdf Dofb hf/L ug{‘, k7fOPsf] Dofbdf cfkm" :jod\ pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] ;–k|df0f pNn]v ub}{ k|lt/Iff ug{ jf/]z d's// u/L k7fpFbf tTsfnLg cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd dnfO{ h/Ljfgf / s}b ;d]t x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg u/L jf/]z dfkm{t k|lt/Iff ug{ glbO{ lgj]bg b/kL7 ul/Psf] / km};nf ubf{ s;"/ sfod u/]sf] ;d]t 5}g . b/kL7 cfb]zpk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg k/L ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf]df km};nfsf] 7x/ v08df ;~rfnsn] cfˆgf] gfdsf] Dofb a'emL Dofbleq sfof{nodf pkl:yt eO{ k|lt/Iff ug{‘kg]{df Dofbleq k|ltjfb ug{ pkl:yt ge} Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] / s/bftfn] cfkm" pk/sf] cf/f]k :jLsf/ u/L a;]sf] eGg] cf/f]k nufpFb} km};nf ul/g' ;d]tsf tYoaf6 lgj]bsk|lt ljkIfLx¿ k"jf{u|xL /xL ;f]xL k"jf{u|xaf6 k|ltjfb ug{ df}sf glbO{ km};nf ul/Psf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . ljkIfL sfof{non] >L l8i6Ln/Ln] cf=j= @)%%.)%^ df %) xhf/ SjLG6n df]nfl;; -l;/f_ lxgfldgf u/]sf] egL cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf # adf]lhd ?=*&,@(,*$,@)).– /fhZj ltg{‘kg]{ 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . ljkIfLnfO{ cGtMz'Ns P]gn] lgoldt ?kdf cGtMz'Ns c;"npk/ ug{ clwsf/ dfq k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)%%.@)%^ df /fhZj 5n]sf] ljifodf sf/jfxL u/L ;hfo ug]{ clwsf/ pQm P]gn] ljkIfL sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] 5}g . /fhZj 5n]sf] ljifodf sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug]{ clwsf/ /fhZj r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf ( adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / bkmf 323

!* adf]lhdsf] cbfntdf /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefun] d'2f btf{ u/L tf]lsPsf] lhNnf cbfntn] dfq o; ljifodf km};nf ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf /fhZj r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ hf/L ePsf] 5 . @)%@ ;fndf hf/L ePsf] P]gdf /fhZj r'xfj6sf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg ug{ /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu v8f u/L ;f]xL ljefun] ;DalGwt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{‘kg]{df ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o c=j+= #% g+= ljk/Lt clwsf/If]qljxLg 5 . cl3 ag]sf] P]geGbf kl5 ag]sf] P]g h]7f] x'g] / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf n]lvP hlt s'/fdf ;f]xLadf]lhd / c?df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsfn] /fhZj r'xfj6sf] ljifodf sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug]{ ljz]if P]g xf] . /fhZj r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] /fhZj r'xfj6sf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg / ;hfo ug]{ tyf s;"/sf] kl/efiff ug]{ PsLs[t P]g jxfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf vf/]h eO;s]sf] P]g nufO{ sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug{ ldNb}g . cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod !& df sRrf kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] sfg"gL Joj:yf @)%(.#.@$ af6 dfq sfod ePsf] xf] . of] sfg"gL Joj:yf of] eGbf cufl8sf] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% tyf lgodfjnL, @)!( df lyPg . k|:t't ljjfb cf=j= @)%%.@)%^ sf] df]nfl;;sf] :6ssf] xf] . @)%%.!!.@* df b'3{6gf ePsf] ljifosf] s;"/df @)%(.#.@$ af6 dfq nfu" ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] pNn]v u/L ;hfo ug{ ldNb}g . lgod !& e'tnIfL k|efj x'g] u/L nfu' ePsf] ge} kZrftbzL{ k|efj x'g] ePsf]n] lgod !& cfslif{t u/L ePsf] km};nf 7f8} ab/efuL 5 . km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df k|ltjfb ug{ pkl:yt gePsf] eGb} c=j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' gkg]{ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] / km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu sDkgLsf] gfpFdf hgfp kq ;d]t k7fPsf] cj:yf 5 . ctM ljkIfL lgsfox¿sf] plNnlvt sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{on] d lgj]lbsfsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-@_-ª_, !$, !&, / &#-!_ åf/f k|bQ df}lns xs xgg\ ePsf] / ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no lrtjgn] lgj]lbsfnfO{ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf g} glbO{ lgj]bssf] rn crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] ldlt @)^!.(.!@, @)^!.(.!( / @)^!.!@.!) sf] lg0f{o kqx¿, pQm lg0f{onfO{ oyfjt\ g} /fVg] egL @)^@.!.!! df ul/Psf] km};nf tyf lgj]bssf] lxtljk/Lt s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] s'/f lnlvthjfkmdf v'n]df ;f] ;d]t ;Dk"0f{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpmF . ;fy} lagf s;"/ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ lgj]bssf] ;a} ;DklQ /f]Ssf ePsf], @)^@.!.!! sf] km};nfn] a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x/ u/]sf] /fhZj /sd sDkgLaf6 c;"npk/ gePdf lgj]bssf] rn crn ;DklQaf6 ;/sf/L afFsL;/x c;"n ul/g] egL pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] u/L ePsf plNnlvt lg0f{o / @)^@.!.!! sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . plNnlvt l/6 lgj]bg btf{sf nflu k]z ePsf]df btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL /lhi6«f/af6 c=j+= @& g+= adf]lhd b/kL7 ePsf]df ;f] b/kL7 cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpg lgj]bssf] lgj]bg k/]sf]df Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;df k]z x'Fbf /lhi6«f/sf] cfb]z ab/ u/L lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ;Dk"0f{ ljifoj:t'df lnlvt hjfkm gdufO{ ;Lldt Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ;DaGwdf dfq ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufpg' . ;fy} xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg k/]g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] cfb]z . o; Gofoflws/0faf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} klg ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\ gePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] lnlvthjfkm . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtcg'¿k ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbPsf] k|df0f sfuhaf6 b]lvPsf] tyf sfg"gsf] cjnDag u/L cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/af6 @)^@.!.!! df ePsf] lg0f{o tyf o; ljefuaf6 ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm . o; sfof{noaf6 >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= n] cGtMz'Ns ;d]tsf] /fhZj /sd 5n]sf], bjfPsf], l5kfPsf] egL ldlt @)^@.!.!! df lg0f{o ug{‘ k"j{ @)^!.!@.!! df lghsf] 3/ b}nfdf / >L l8i6Ln/Lsf] s]G›Lo sfof{no, rf/9'Ëfdf 6fF; ul/ Psf] d'r'Nsf;lxtsf] kq cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no If]q g+= # sf7df8f}+af6 cfO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] / ljjflbt ljifosf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L kfPsf] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f # df plNnlvt Joxf]/faf6 ;d]t :ki6 x'G5 . /fhZj 5n]/ /sd bflvnf gug]{ lgtfGt uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] s;"/df ;fdfGo jf/]z k7fP/ k|ltlglwTj ug{ sfg"gn] ldNg] b]lvFb}g . To;}n] jf/]; ;lxtsf] lgj]bg o; sfof{noaf6 d'n'sL P]g, c=a+= @& g+= adf]lhd b/kL7 u/L sfg"gsf] k"0f{ kfngf ul/Psf] 5 . kof{Kt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df :jod\ pkl:yt eP/ cfˆgf s'/fx¿ /fVg kfpg] xs clwsf/af6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ al~rt ul/Psf] 5}g . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] cjnDag Pj+ sfg"gsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/L o; sfof{noaf6 @)^@.!.!! df km};nf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] km};nfnfO{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtk|lts"n eof] egL 7x/ ug{ lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] ;"rgf ;d]tsf] ljZj;gLotfsf] cfwf/df ldNg] b]lvFb}g . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] p2]Zoaf6 clek|]l/t km};nfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] sfo{ plNnlvt cfwf/af6 lg/y{s x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/ tyf P]=sf sfof{no k|d'vsf] lnlvthjfkm . 324

dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf *v-@_ df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd /f]Ssf jf km's'jfsf] nflu cg'/f]w e} cfPadf]lhd o; ljefu cGtu{tsf dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿n] /f]Ssf jf km's'jf ug]{ x'Fbf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ul/g] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] xsdf s'g} c;/ gk/]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm . cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu cGtMz'Ns zfvfsf] k=;= )^!.)^@, r=g+=^)# ldlt @)^!.(.@# sf] kqfg';f/ cGtMz'Ns 5nL /fhZj lxgfldgf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= sf k|yd ;~rfns dy'/fk|;fb df:s] / lghsf] >LdtL df]xgnIdL df:s]sf] gfddf /x]sf] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gfd;f/L tyf xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ /f]Ssf /fVg n]vL cfPadf]lhd lghsf] gfddf /x]sf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] gfd;f/L tyf laqmL /f]Ssf /flvPsf] x'Fbf o; ljefuaf6 k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt s'g} sfd sf/ jfxL gePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno, oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf] lnlvthjfkm . k|:t't ljjfb cGtMz'Ns 5n]sf] ljifo ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf sfg"gadf]lhd Dofb hf/L u/L oL lgj]lbsf k|ltjfbLnfO{ af6fsf Dofb afx]s & lbgleq xflh/ x'g cfpg' egL Dofb hf/L u/L ;f]sf] ;"rgf ;d]t kfO{ jf/]z k7fPsf]df cfˆgf] gfddf d'2f k/L Dofb hf/L ePsf] s'/f lgj]lbsfnfO{ hfgsf/L ePs} b]lvG5 . ;fy} cfˆgf] lgj]bgdf ;d]t ;f] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . cg';Gwfgs} qmddf lgj]lbsfsf] gfdsf] rn crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f] sfg"g ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] klg gb]lvPsf] ;fy} k|:t't ljjfb kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf] eO{ s}b tyf h/Ljfgfsf] ;hfo x'g;Sg] g} b]lvFbf To:tf] d'2fdf jf/]z :jLsf/ gu/]sf] ;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd g} b]lvPsf] / km};nf e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !( adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb kfpmF egL dfu u/L cfpg'kg]{df ;f] gu/L cGo pkrf/ dfu u/]af6 ;d]t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{‘kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvFbf vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df df= Gof= >L cg"k/fh zdf{sf] /fo . oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ u/]sf] / h/Ljfgf ul/Psf] ;d]t b]lvFb}g . k|= >L l8i6Ln/Ln] pQm /sd / /fhZj a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x/ ePklg sDkgLsf] rn crn hfoh]yfaf6 c;"npk/ ug]{tkm{ pNn]v} gu/L sDkgLsf] bfloTjdf ;d]t lgj]lbsfsf] rn crn ;DklQaf6 c;"npk/ ug]{ 7x/ ug{‘ sfg"gk|lts"n b]lvG5 . lg0f{osf] tk;Ln v08df c=j+ @)* g+=n] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' gkg]{ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . hjls cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !( n] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg]df ;f] clwsf/sf] pNn+3g u/]sf] kfOG5 . lnlvt hjfkmsf] k|s/0f g+= $ df j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbfx'Fb} l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] eGb} cfˆgf] lg0f{o ljk/Lt hjfkm lkm/fPsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 hfgL–hfgL ljkIfL lg0f{ostf{n] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb glbO{ ljkIfLpk/ k|j[Q efjgf /fvL sfg"gljk/Lt sf/jfxL u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] lg0f{oaf6 lgj]lbsfnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!, !@, !& / &# åf/f k|bQ xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] b]lvgfn] / pQm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ n] csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ck{ofKt b]lvPdf k"0f{ Gofo k|bfg u/L pko'Qm pkrf/ ug{ of] cbfnt ;Ifd x'Fbf lgj]lbsfsf] xsdf;Dd lgj]lbsfsf] gfpFsf] rn crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] eGg] ljkIfL sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^!.(.!@, @)^!.(.!( / ldlt @)^!.!@.!) sf] lg0f{o kqx¿ Pjd\ ljkIfL sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^@.!.!!.! sf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] / pQm kqx¿åf/f /f]Ssf /flvPsf] rn crn ;DklQ km's'jf ul/lbg' egL k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df df= Gof= >L /fh]G›s'df/ e08f/Lsf] /fo . lgodadf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] nutdf btf{ eO{ k];L ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]lbsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L a›Laxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf ljåfg clwjQmfx¿, ;'zLns'df/ kGt, zDe' yfkf, afns[i0f Gof}kfg] / g/]Gbk|;fb uf}tdn] @)%%.!!.@* sf lbg >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=sf] df]nfl;;sf] e08f/0fdf kfgL k;L au]/ hgtfsf] afnL;d]t gi6 ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf /fhZj sfof{nos} sd{rf/Ln] d'r'Nsf v8f u/]sf x'G, ;f] df]nfl;;af6 ;fdfg pTkfbg tyf laqmL u/L cGtMz'Ns 5n]sf] egL nufOPsf] cf/f]k ;To xf]Og, ;f] ljifodf d'2f rnfO{ Dofb hf/L ePsf]df lgj]lbsf d'6' /f]usf] la/fdL e} hfg g;Sbf jf/]; k7fOPsf] xf], cGtMz'Ns;DaGwL d'2fdf ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* —cg'¿ksf] sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] / ;f] sfo{ljlw ckgfOg] d'2fdf jf/];dfkm{t\ k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg]df cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] jf/]; gnfUg] egL b/kL7 u/]sf] / ;f] pk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg u/L To;sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf lbOPsf] eP klg To;df lgsf;f gx'Fb} k"jf{u|xL 9Ën] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5, lgj]lbsfn] cfkm"pk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]kdf k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf g} gkfPsf] l:ylt 5, >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=n] a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x/ u/]sf] /fhZj ;DaGwdf k'gM 5fgaLg ul/kfpmF egL s/ km5f}{6 cfof]udf lgj]bg lbPsf] / pQm cfof]un] lgj]bg :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] cj:yf ePsf]df k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ge} cfof]u lj36g ePsf] x'gfn] afFsL /x]sf ljifodf ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] ;f] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{‘kg]{ s/ km5f}{6 cfof]u P]g, @)## sf] bkmf !^ n] tf]s]sf] 5, k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ljifodf :jLs[lt lbPkl5 cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 ePsf] @)^@.!.!! sf] km};nfsf] cl:tTj lgliqmo x'G5, ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ tbf?stf gb]vfPsf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fdf To; ;DaGwdf k/dfb]z 325

d'2f k/L k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] klg 5, k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f geP;Dd s/ a'emfpg kg]{ cj:yf g/x]sf] / ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ k|of]hg g} 5}g, k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] k/dfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg gug]{ / ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefun] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nonfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] ;d]t x'Fbf k'gM s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|lqmof z'? ePsf] dfGg'k5{, h'g lg0f{oaf6 ;DklQ /f]Ssf ePsf] xf] Tof] lg0f{o g} z"Gosf] cj:yfdf u};s]sf]5, ;DalGwt pBf]usf] Ohfhtkq g} lgnDag ul/Psf] x'Fbf pTkfbg sfo{;d]t aGb ePsf]df ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf e} pBf]u vf]Ng lbg] / k'gM 5fgaLg ug]{ ;Demf}tf ;d]t e};s]sf] 5, oL lgj]lbsfpk/ s;"/ cleof]u k|dfl0ft e} b08 h/Ljfgf;d]t nfu]sf] b]lvFb}g, o;/L cleof]u nufPsf] d'2fdf k|ltjfb ug]{, k|df0f k]z ug]{ tyf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj;/ g} glbPkl5 ;'g'jfO;DaGwL clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf]5, k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf a:g' gkg]{ d'2fdf s}b h/Ljfgf x'g;Sg] egL k|lt/Iffaf6 /f]s]sf] k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGtsf] 3f]/ pNn3+g xf], pBf]usf] /fhZj c;"n ug{‘kg]{ cj:yf ePsf] v08df klg hkmt x'g;Sg] ;DklQ;Dd /f]Ssf ug{ ;lsg]df ;f] afx]ssf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug{ ldNb}g, lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/fPsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf df=Gof= >L /fh]G›s'df/ e08f/Lsf] /fo ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ug{‘ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] . To:t} ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkGofoflwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nn] lgj]bs >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=sf] ;~rfns x'G, pBf]un] a'emfpg' kg]{ /fhZj ga'emfPdf ;~rfnsaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ ;lsG5, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] lgj]lbsfnfO{ aofg ug{ cfpg' egL Dofb hf/L u/]sf] / ;f] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]af6 ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf glbPsf] eGg ldNb}g, /fhZj sfof{non] u/]sf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbf c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cfslif{t x'Fb}g, lg0f{odf k'g/fjb]gsf] Dofb lbg] pNn]v geP klg sfg"gn] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj:yf eP k'g/fj]bg lbg ldN5, lgj]lbsfnfO{ k|lt/Iffsf] nflu Dofb hf/L x'Fbf g} cfkm}F cfpg' elgPsf]df gcfPsf] / ;f] DofbnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]af6 cGoyf eGg ldNb}g, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf] km};nf dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 ab/ geP;Dd Tof] lgliqmo x'g ;Sb}g, s/ km5f}{6 cfof]un] t lgj]bg;Dd :jLsf/]sf] xf], km};nf ab/ u/]sf] xf]Og, km};nf ab/ geP;Dd To;sf] k|efj sfod} /xG5, cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ geP;Dd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ s/ clws[tnfO{ clwsf/ x'Fb}g, pBf]usf ;~rfnsn] bfloTj gf3L sfd u/]df ;~rfns g} hjfkmb]xL x'g]x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/fPsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf df=Gof= >L cg"k/fh zdf{sf] /fo ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ug{‘ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] . ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ tyf pkGofoflwjQmfsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ Pjd\ k]z ePsf] ax;gf]6 tyf ldl;n ;+nUg tYox¿nfO{ dWogh/ u/L cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]lbsf ;d]t z]o/wgL e} dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= gfdsf] sDkgL :yfkgf u/L dlb/fsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg u/L cfPsf] / cf=j= @)^).)^! ;Dd ;Dk"0f{ /fhZj e'QmfgL u/L ;s]sf]df lgj]lbsf d'6' /f]uL e} pkrf/sf] l;nl;nfdf ef/tdf u} pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] >L l8i6Ln/Ln] cf=j= @)%%.)%^ df %) xhf/ SjLG6n df]nfl;; lxgfldgf u/L cGtMz'Ns 5n]sf] eGg] ph"/L k/]sf] egL & lbg] Dofb hf/L u/]sf], cfkm" pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] ;–k|df0f pNn]v ub}{ k|lt/Iff ug{ jf/]; d's// u/L k7fpFbf h/Ljfgf / s}b x'g;Sg] cg'dfg u/L jf/]zdfkm{t k|lt/Iff ug{ glbO{ lgj]bg b/kL7 u/]pk/ c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg k/L ljrf/fwLg cj:yf /x]sf]df PstkmL{ ?kn] k|ltjfbsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ @)^@.!.!! df km};nf u/L >L l8i6Ln/Ln] ?=*&,@(,*$,@)).– /fhZj ltg{‘kg]{ 7x/ u/]sf] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt ePsf]5 . d]/fpk/ s;"/ sfod u/] klg ;hfo tyf h/Ljfgf gu/]sf]df d]/f] gfdsf] rn crn ;DklQx¿, z]o/ nufgL, a}+s vftf, ;jf/L ;fwg ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQx¿ /f]Ssf /fVg] egL @)^!.(.!@, @)^!.(.!( / @)^!.!@.!) df kqfrf/ ul/Psf] eGg] @)^@.!.!! sf] km};nfdf pNn]v u/L ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] lg0f{onfO{ sfod /fVg] elgPsf] x'Fbf lagf s;"/ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf;d]t glbO{ lgj]bssf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fSg] u/L ePsf plNnlvt kqx¿ / @)^@.!.!! sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ ul/kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL b]lvG5 . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bgdf lnOPsf cGo bfjLx¿ ;DaGwdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd /fhZj Gofoflws/0fn] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L pkrf/ lbg;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sfn] k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] xsdf ge} lgj]lbsfnfO{ ga'emL k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt PstkmL{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/sf] xsdf ;Dd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ cf+lzs ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;Lldt Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd k|fs[lts Gofosf l;4fGtljk/Lt lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf dfq ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufpg o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 @)^@.!!.@@ ut] cfb]z ePsf] / ;f]xL cfb]zcg'¿k ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufpg Dofb ;"rgf hf/L ePsf] cj:yf /x]sfn] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df o; cbfntaf6 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ;a} k|Zgx¿ pk/ ljrf/ ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf geO{ Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k|:t't l/6 :jLsf/ ubf{ cfb]zdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd lgj]lbsfsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf ubf{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] kfngf ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g / lghsf] xsdf ;f] lg0f{o ab/ x'g;Sg] xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zgdf ;Lldt /xL lg0f{o ug{‘kg]{ cj:yf 5 . #= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z x'Fbf df= Gof= >L cg"k/fh zdf{ / df= Gof= >L /fh]G›s'df/ e08f/Lsf aLr dt}So x'g g;sL o; k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] cj:yf 5 . 326

$= k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtx¿ sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/sf] plrt k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df ckgfOg] df}lns Pj+ :yflkt l;4fGtx¿ x'G, h;sf] ;DaGw lg0f{osf] z'4tf / lgikIftf;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . oL l;4fGtx¿ lg0f{osf] k|lqmofut z'4tf;Fu ufFl;Psf x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Laf6 x'g;Sg] k"jf{u|x / :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ o;sf] kfngfn] 36fpg dbt ug]{ x'Fbf Goflos z'4tf / lgikIftfsf] nflu k|fs[lts Gofosf l;4fGtx¿ Gofo k|zf;gsf cleGg c•sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] gful/snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/sf lj?4 ul/g] x/]s lg0f{ox¿df oL l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf clgjfo{ ?kdf ug}{k5{ . cGoyf To:tf lg0f{ox¿ o; cbfntn] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u u/L ab/ ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 . gful/sx¿nfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df oL l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf o; cbfnt ;Fw} ;r]t / lqmofzLn x'Fb} cfPsf]5 / x'g] ub{5 . %= k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt d'Votof k"jf{ux| lj?4sf] l;4fGt / :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ . lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Ln] lg0f{odf j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ / To;sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt kIfn] kfpg' kg]{ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ o;}sf] cleGg cË dflgG5 . k"jf{u|x cGtu{t ;DalGwt sfg"g tyf tYosf] ljZn]if0f / k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg lagf g} k|j[Q wf/0ff /fvL lgisif{df k'Ug' eGg] a'lemG5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ JolQmut ;DaGw, k"jf{u|x, cfly{s k|nf]eg jf cg'lrt k|efj tyf ljefuLo gLlt h:tf s'/fx¿n] a9L k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGtcGtu{t h;sf] hLjg, :jtGqtf / ;DklQdf c;/ kg]{ s'g} sfd sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ul/G5, To;sf] s'/f g;'gL, ;d'lrt k|ltjfbsf] df}sf glbO{ To;sf] plrt ;xeflutflagf sfd sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{o ug{‘ x'Fb}g eGg] h:tf s'/f kb{5g\ . o;cGtu{t k|ltjfb ug{ ;DalGwt cf/f]k jf ljifosf] ;"rgf lbg], To:tf] ;"rgfdf k|ltjfb ug{ kfpg] kof{Kt Dofb / ;d'lrt cj;/ lbPsf] x'g'kg]{, ;"rgfdf nufOPsf] cf/f]k / To;df x'g;Sg] kl/0ffdsf] pNn]vgsf ;fy} cf/f]k;Fu ;DalGwt k|df0f Pjd\ sfg"gL cfwf/ h:tf s'/fx¿ :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v x'g'k5{, h;af6 nufOPsf] cf/f]ksf] kof{Kt dfqfdf v08g ug{ / To; lj?4sf k|df0f k|:t't ug{ ;lsof];\ . k|fs[lts Gofo tyf ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGt ;fF3'/f] bfo/fdf cl8Psf] x'Fb}g . o;cGtu{t ;+ljwfgcg's"n ag]sf sfg"gx¿n] ckjfbfTds Joj:yf u/]df afx]s k|ltlglwåf/f k|ltjfb ug{ kfpg], sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg], cfkm"lj?4 k|:t't ul/Psf ;fIfL k|df0fsf] k/LIf0f / v08g ug{ kfpg] h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . cf/f]ksf] ;"rgf lbg' dfq kof{Kt x'g] geO{ ;f] ;"rgfadf]lhd cf/f]ksf] v08g ug{, k|ltjfb ug{ / k|df0f k|:t't ug{ kof{Kt / dgfl;j ;do klg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} ;f] k|ltjfb / k|ltjfbsf] ;dy{gdf k|:t't k|df0f ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f u/L :jtGq eO{ lg0f{ostf{n] ts{ / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ug{‘kg]{ tyf ;f] lg0f{odf lgisif{df k'u]sf] :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' kb{5 . To; lg0f{opk/ s] s'g lgsfodf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] xf] jf s] s'g cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg ug{ gkfpg] xf], s'g sfg"g / k|df0fsf] cfwf/df To:tf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ ;d]t lg0f{odf pNn]v x'g'k5{ / ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;xh ?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 . cGoyf To:tf] lg0f{onfO{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 plrt, lgikIf / Gofo;+ut dflgFb}g . ^= dflg;nfO{ g};lu{s ?kdf k|fKt ePsf] cfkm" lj?4sf] sf/jfxL af/] yfxf kfpg] / :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xsnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] x'Fbf ltgsf] kfng gu/L ul/Psf] h'g ;'s} sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g;Sb}g . k|fs[lts Gofo tyf :jR5 ;'g'jfO;DaGwL s'/fx¿ Gofo k|zf;gsf cleGg cËsf] ?kdf ljsl;t e};s]sf] x'Fbf oL s'/fx¿nfO{ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ cGtu{t Gofo;DaGwL df}lns xs cGtu{t ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ df s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lghsf lj?4 ul/Psf sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] pkwf/f -(_ df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xsnfO{ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . oL xsx¿df s'g} k|sf/af6 jf s'g} klg axfgfdf c+s'z nfUg ;Sg] cj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] pQm Joj: yfaf6 b]lvFb}g . s;}sf] df}lns xsnfO{ s'g} k|zf;lgs, Goflos jf cw{ Goflos kbflwsf/Laf6 ;+s'rg, pNn+3g jf cltqmd0f ul/Pdf tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ** tyf jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& df plNnlvt tl/sfcg';f/ sf/jfxL rnfpg kfpg] xsnfO{ tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# tyf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ af6 ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ cg';f/ ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePklg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To: tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ o; cbfntnfO{ x'g] eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ;d]t ;dfg ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 cfkm" lj?4sf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs tyf ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f / k|rng u/fpg] o; cbfntsf] cfwf/e"t bfloTj leq kg]{ s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . &= k|:t't ljjfbdf k|fKt ;DalGwt kmfon cjnf]sg ubf{ oL lgj]lbsf ;d]t ;~rfns /x]sf] dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=n] cf=j= @)%%.)%^ df %),))).– SjL06n df]nfl;;sf] lx;fa cf=j= @)%^.)%& df sd b]vfPsf], 327

;f]sf] cGtMz'Ns 5n]sf], oL lgj]lbsf ;d]t cfˆgf] gfdsf] Dofb a'emL k|ltjfb ug{ pkl:yt gePsf] / Dofb hf/L u/L /Ltk"j{s 3/b}nfdf 6fF; ePkl5 ;d]t ;f] Dofbsf] cjlw u'hf/L a;]sf] kfOPsf] eGb} (,*%,()) nL6/ l:k|6 pTkfbg x'g] / pQm kl/df0fnfO{ Pn=kL= ln6/df kl/0ft ubf{ hDdf !^,@^,&#% Pn=kL ln6/sf] cGtMz'Ns k|ltln6/ ?=@#%.)) sf b/n] ?=#*,@@,*@,&@%.)) / ;f] cGtMz'Nssf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt cfly{s P]gadf]lhd ltg{‘ a'emfpg' kg]{ /fhZj /sd ?=*&,@(,*$,@)).)) / -?= %))).)) h/Ljfgf ;d]t_ cGtMz'Ns P]g @)!% sf] bkmf # adf]lhd >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=n] a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x5{ egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, e/tk'/ lrtjgsf k|d'v s/ clws[tn] @)^@.!.!! df lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . pQm lg0f{osf] tk;Ln v08sf] k|s/0f # df -k|f=_ ln=sf tkm{af6 c;"n ug{‘kg]{ /sd c;"n geP;Ddsf] nflu Ohfht kq lgnDag ug]{ ldlt @)^!.!).!* sf] lg0f{o / lgj]lbsfsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] ldlt @)^!.(.!@, @)^!.(.!( / @)^!.!@.!) sf] lg0f{onfO{ sfod} /fVg] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf cfˆgf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] pQm lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] egL lgj]lbsfåf/f r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . *= j:t'tM oL lgj]lbsfpk/ geO{ lgj]lbsf ;~rfns / z]o/wgL /x]sf] >L l8i6Ln/L k|f= ln=pk/ cGtMz'Ns lxgfldgf u/]sf] egL sf/jfxL rnfPsf] / cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/ lrtjgn] @)^!.(.!@ df oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf /x]sf] crn ;DklQ cGtM z'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !&-!_ adf]lhd /f]Ssf ug{, @)^!.(.!( df lghsf] gfddf /x]sf] jf x'g;Sg] z]o/ nufgL, cGo nufgL, a}+s df}Hbft, ax'd'No j:t'x¿sf] a}+s df}Hbft Pjd\ ;jf/L ;fwg ;d]tsf] rn ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug{ cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefunfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ ;f] rn crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;f]xL ;dodf lbPsf] b]lvFb}g . ;fy} cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/ lrtjgsf] @)^@.!.!! sf] lg0f{oaf6 oL lgj]lbsf df]xgnIdL df:s]nfO{ cGtMz'Ns P]gadf]lhd /fhZj a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj lgjf{x ug{‘kg]{ u/L cleof]u 7x/ u/L h/Ljfgf ul/Psf] ;d]t ;f] lg0f{oaf6 b]lvFb}g . s]jn ;uf]n kl/jf/sf] :jfldTjsf] sDkgL ePsfn] oL lgj]lbsf ;d]tsf gfddf /x]sf rn crn ;DklQaf6 c;"npk/ x'g'kg]{ egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf] lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ ljifo lgj]lbsf df]xgnIdL df:s]n] /fhZj /sd ltg' kg]{ jf gkg]{ eGg] geO{ k|d'v s/ clws[tn] lgj]lbsfsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ cg'z/0f u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] /x]sf] x'Fbf nufOPsf] cf/f]k;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yf / To;df ckgfOg] sfo{ljlwtkm{ b[li6uf]r/ ug{‘ jf~5gLo x'g] b]lvG5 . (= cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/, lrtjgn] ldlt @)^@.!.!! df lg0f{o ubf{ >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= n] cGtM z'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf # adf]lhd /fhZj /sd ?= *&,@(,*$,@)).– -h/Ljfgf ?=%))).– ;d]t_ a'emfpg' kg]{ tyf pQm -k|f=_ ln=sf k|yd ;~rfns dy'/fk|;fb df:s]nfO{ tTsfnLg cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf !-s_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/df ?=%,))).– h/Ljfgfsf] cltl/Qm 5 dlxgf s}b x'g] 7x/fPsf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x lgj]lbsf df]xgnIdL df:s] ;d]tsf] gfddf /x]sf] rn crn ;DklQaf6 c;"npk/ x'g'kg]{ 7x/fPsf] b]lvG5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !* -@_ df “o; P]gadf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL ubf{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{5" eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . !)= To:t} ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf #-!_ df “of] P]g k|f/De ePkl5 bfo/ x'g] b]xfosf s'g} d'2fsf] z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg sf/jfxL ubf{ o; P]gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{5" eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / b]xfo -s_ df “cg';"rL ! df plNnlvt d'2f" egL tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . pQm P]gsf] cg';'rL ! sf] qmd;+Vof # df “cGtM z'Ns P]g, @)!% cGtu{tsf] d'2f" eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 cGtM z'Ns P]g, @)!% cGtu{tsf] d'2fdf ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]gn] tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . pQm P]gsf] bkmf & sf] ;dfJxfg jf Otnfogfdf ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] pkbkmf -!_df “cbfntn] o; P]gadf]lhd ;dfJxfg jf Otnfogfdf hf/L ubf{ cg';"rL # df tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf hf/L ug{‘k5{“ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @-u_ n] “cbfnt" eGgfn] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L jf sfof{nonfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL d'2fdf ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* cGtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{ eO{ k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFdf bkmf & adf]lhdsf] cg';"rL–# n] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf Dofb hf/L ug{‘kg]{ b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] cg';"rL # sf] 9fFrf o:tf] b]lvG5 – === c•f/cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] === 7fpF a:g] k|ltjfbL === sf gfpFsf] ;dfJxfg jf Otnfogfdf === 7fpF a:g] === n] tkfO{sf] gfddf === ldltdf == d'2fdf o; c•f÷cbfntdf ph"/ aofg÷lkm/fb kq lbPsf] x'gfn] ;f] ph"/ aofg÷ lkm/fbkq / tT;DaGwL lnvt k|df0fsf] gSsn o;} ;fy k7fO{ lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s ;ft lbgleq k|ltjfbL aofg jf k|ltpQ/kq lbg cfˆgf] lnvt k|df0fsf] ;Ssn gSsn hf] 5 ;f] / ;f] adf]lhdsf] Ps Ps k|lt gSsn ;d]t lnO{ o; c•f cbfntdf xflh/ x'g cfkm}+ g} cfpg' xf]nf jf clVtof/gfdf n]vL jfl/; k7fpg' xf]nf sfg"gadf]lhd k'k{If x'g]5 . Olt ;+jt\ === ;fn === ut] /f]h ==== z'ed\ . !!= t/ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, e/tk'/ lrtjgaf6 oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] & lbg] ;dfJxfgsf] 9fFrf x]bf{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* sf] cg';"rL # ;Fu d]n vfPsf] b]lvg cfpFb}g . @)^! ;fn r}q !) ut] hf/L ePsf] ;f] ;dfJxfgdf “jf clVtof/gfdf n]vL jf/]; k7fpg' xf]nf" eGg] jfSof+znfO{ nf]k u/L Dofb hf/L ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 328

sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] s/ clws[tn] sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{?kdf cg'z/0f / kfngf ug{‘k5{ . sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngfdf ;DalGwt sfg"gdf cGoyf pNn]v ePdf afx]s cGo cfwf/ / k|lqmof adf]lhd jf cfˆgf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ adf]lhdsf] 5'§} k|lqmof jf sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;fy} sfg"gn] Dofb hf/L ug]{ :ki6 ?kdf 9fFrf tf]lsPsf]df s'g} k|zf;sLo jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/Ln] sfg"gn] g} clwsf/ lbPdf afx]s ;f] 9fFrfnfO{ abNg, x]/km]/ jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb}g . g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf !$ df “s'g} g]kfn P]gn] clVtof/ lbPsf]df csf]{ clek|fo gb]lvP rflxPsf] avtdf ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ x'G5" eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / bkmf @! df “s'g} g]kfn P]gn] ;"rgf, cfb]z, lgod jf pklgod hf/L ug]{ clVtof/ lbPsf] 5 eg] ;f] clVtof/n] To:t} lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf ToxL lgsf;f d'tflas ToxL lsl;dn] ;f] hf/L ul/Psf ;"rgf, cfb]z, lgod jf pklgodx¿nfO{ yKg, ;+zf]wg ug{ abNg jf vf/]h ug{ x'G5" eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nosf k|d'v s/ clws[tnfO{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]gn] tf]s]sf] ;dfJxfgsf] 9fFrfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ jf abNg s'g} g]kfn P]gn] clVtof/L lbPsf] kfOFb}g . P]gsf] cg';"rL ;DalGwt P]gsf] cleGg cË x'G5 . To:tf] cg';"rLsf] ;+zf]wg klg P]gs} ;+zf]wgcGtu{t kb{5 . P]g tyf sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljifo lgtfGt ljwflosL ljz]ifflwsf/ cGtu{tsf] s'/f xf] . ljwflosL ljz]ifflwsf/ leqsf] s'/fnfO{ clwsf/} gePsf] kbflwsf/Låf/f ;+zf]wg ul/G5 eg] Tof] sfg"g;Ddt ge} :j]R5frfl/tfk"0f{ sfo{ x'g] / ljwflosL ljz]ifflwsf/ dflysf] cltqmd0f x'G5 . sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngdf :j]R5frf/Lk"0f{ k|of]u jf q'l6k"0f{ k|of]u ePdf ;f/jfg sfg"gsf] k|of]u k|efljt x'g ;Sg] vt/f x'G5 . ;fy} clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug{‘kg]{ sfo{ljlw;DaGwL sfg"gsf] k|of]u gu/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ul/Pdf ;f] lg0f{o g} q'l6k"0f{ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . sfg"gadf]lhd sfo{ ug]{ ;DalGwt k|zf;sLo jf cw{ Goflos lgsfosf kbflwsf/Ln] of] dgg ug]{ s'/f xf] . lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf hf/L ul/Psf] ;dfJxfg sfg"gn] tf]s]cg'¿ksf] 9fFrfdf hf/L ul/Psf] geO{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* cGtu{t sf/jfxL x'g] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% jf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* cGtu{tsf] sf/jfxLdf P]gadf]lhd jf/]; nfUg;Sg] egL :ki6 ?kdf ;dfJxfgsf] 9fFrf tf]lsPsf]df ;f] “clVtof/gfdf n]vL k7fpg' xf]nf" eGg] zAbfjnL x6fO{ Dofb hf/L u/]sf] sfo{n] –;f] sfg"gsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPg . ;fy} jf/]; dfkm{t k|lt/Iff x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL cj:yfnfO{ cGt u/L sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwåf/f k|ltjfb ug{ kfpg] kIfsf] clwsf/dfly cltqmd0f ul/Psf] :ki6 b]lvg cfpF5 . !@= lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] & lbg] ;dfJxfg 3/b}nf]df 6fF:g' egL tfd]n ug{ k7fPsf] / @)^! ;fn r}q !! ut] lghsf] 3/ b}nf]df 6fF; u/L tfd]n u/]sf] pQm tfd]nL Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 . oL lgj]lbsfn] cfkm" d'6'/f]uL e} pkrf/ u/fO{ cf/fd ug{‘kg]{ ePsf]n] k|lt/Iffsf] nflu ;f] Dofbleq pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd jf/];dfkm{t cfGtl/s / fhZj sfof{nodf xflh/ x'g uPsf]df k|d'v s/ clws[tn] jf/];gfdf :jLsf/ gu/L b/kL7 u/L lbPsf] / b/kL7 ubf{ “cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ n] lgh ;~rfns >LdtL df]xgnIdL df:s]nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ug{ ;lsg], ;fljs cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% sf] bkmf !@ n] lgh ;~rfnsnfO{ nfu]sf] s;"/df s}b / h/Ljfgf ;d]t x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@-^_ n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf k|x/LnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{;Sg] tyf bkmf !*-!_ adf]lhd lgh ;~rfnsnfO{ y'gfdf jf hdfgLdf 5f8\g ;Sg];Ddsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvFbf k|:t't d'2f kmf}hbf/L d'2f e} ;~rfns :jo+ g} pkl:yt e} aofg ug{‘kg]{ / aofg e};s]kZrft k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k"k{If ;DaGwL cfb]z x'g'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf]n] jf/]; /fVg kfpmF egL kg{ cfPsf] jf/];gfdf ;lxtsf] lgj]bg d'n'sL P]g, c=j= ^% g+= adf]lhd :jLsf/ ug{ ldn]g" egL c=j+= @& g+= adf]lhd @)^!.!@.@( df b/kL7 ul/lbPsf] ;DalGwt ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . !#= d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] dxnsf] ^% g+= df – d'2fdf jfl/; lbFbf lnFbf b]xfodf n]lvPadf]lhd ug{‘k5{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / b]xfo ! df – sfg"gadf]lhd k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf a:g' kg]{ jf hdfgt nfUg] cj:yfdf hdfgt lbg g;sL y'gfdf a:g'kg]{ ePsf] JolQmn] jfl/; /fVg kfpFb}g . ;f] afx]s hdfgt nfUg] cj:yfdf sfg"gadf]lhd hdfgt lbg] JolQmn] c•faf6 jfl/; /fVg lbg dgfl;j 7x/fO{ Ohfht lbPdf jfl/; /fVg kfpF5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . !$= tTsfnLg cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% tyf xfn k|rlnt cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* n] cGtMz'Ns;DaGwL d'2fdf k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf a:g'kg]{ egL tf]s]sf] b]lvFb}g . pQm P]gn] d'2f k'k{If ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] !!* g+=sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ x]g{‘kg]{ x'G5 . pQm gDa/sf] b]xfo @ df y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'k{If ug{‘kg]{ ck/fwx¿ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . To;/L tf]lsPsf ck/fwx¿df hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g;Sg] ck/fw, g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} rn]sf] tLg jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo x'g;Sg] ck/fw / dfly plNnlvt ck/fwx¿sf] pBf]u, b'?T;fxg jf cfk/flws if8oGq u/]sf] jf To:tf] ck/fwdf dltof/ ePsf] ck/fw eGg] pNn]v ePsf] cj:yf 5 . cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% adf]lhd ltg{‘kg]{ cGtMz'Ns bafPdf, l5kfPdf jf 5n]df ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !@-s_ adf]lhd ^ dxLgf;Dd s}b jf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] / s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ hkmt x'g] Joj:yf 329

5 . h;cg';f/ c= j+= !!* sf] b]xfo @ df k'k{If lgldQ y'gfdf a:g' kg]{ egL plNnlvt ck/fwx¿sf] >]0fLdf oL lgj]lbsfpk/ cf/f]k nufPsf] d'2f kg]{ b]lvg cfPg . !%= cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] egL oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ug{ cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] cj:yf 5}g . k|rlnt ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* sf] cg';"rLn] clVtof/gfdf lbO{ k7fpg ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf cf}+NofO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; l:yltdf s}b / h/Ljfgf x'g;Sg] egL cg'dfgs} e/df jf/]; /fVg gkfpg] egL jf/]; dfkm{t k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/df /f]s nufpg'n] sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/df aGb]h nufPsf] eGg] :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . jf/]; glnPkl5 lgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp u/L cg';Gwfg ug]{tkm{ ljkIfL k|d'v s/ clws[tn] sf/jfxL rnfPsf] klg b]lvPsf] cj:yf g/x]af6 b/kL7 cfb]zdf jf/]; /fVg gkfpg] egL pNn]v ul/]Psf] Joxf]/f cfkm}+df cGt/lj/f]wfTds b]lvgcfof] . ;f]sf] cltl/Qm jf/];dfkm{t\ k|lt/Iffdf k|ltaGw nufPsf] k|d'v s/ clws[tåf/f ul/Psf] b/kL7 cfb]zpk/ oL lgj]lbsfn] @)^@.!.& df k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg lbPsf] / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf]df /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 x'g] cfb]z jf sf/jfxLnfO{ gkvL{ ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] To;tkm{ s'g} jf:t} g/fvL ldlt @)^@.!.!! df cGtM z'Ns 5n]sf] egL km};nf ul/;s]sf] b]lvPaf6 oL lgj]lbsfn] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL ;DaGwdf k|lt/Iff ug{ / cfˆgf] ;a"b k|df0f k]zug{ plrt / kof{Kt cj;/ gkfPsf] cj:yf Psflt/ b]lvG5 eg] cfkm"n] u/]sf] b/kL7 cfb]zpk/ cfˆgf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf c=j= !& g+= adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k/L ;f] cfb]zsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] hfgsf/L x'Fbfx'Fb} ToxfFaf6 x'g] cfb]z jf lg0f{onfO{ kG5fpg, 5Ng jf j]jf:tf u/L d'2f g} lg0f{o u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] sf/{\o Goflos cg'zf;g / dof{bf ljk/Lt b]lvg'sf ;fy} sfg"gk|lts"n ;d]t x'G5 . o:tf]df lg0f{ostf{n] lg0f{o ubf{ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGtsf] cjdfggf u/]sf] b]lvO{ lgh k"jf{u|xL ePsf] Pj+ k|j[Q wf/0ff /fvL lg0f{o u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 !^= d'2f dfldnfdf :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGt s]jn sf/jfxL ug]{ ljifosf] ;"rgf lbg' dfqnfO{ kof{Kt dfGg ;lsGg . To:tf] sf/jfxL af/]sf] ;"rgf sfg"gadf]lhd hf/L eP gePsf], ;"rgf;Fu} nufOPsf] cf/f]k / ;f] cf/f]k;Fu ;DalGwt k|df0f Pj+ cGo sfuhftx¿sf] k|ltlnlk lbP glbPsf], hf/L ePsf] ;"rgfdf ;DalGwt kIfn] k|lt/Iff ug]{ tyf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug]{ kof{Kt ;do / cj;/ kfP gkfPsf], To;/L hf/L ePsf] Dofbleq ;DalGwt kIf /Ltk"j{s cfP gcfPsf] eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ ljrf/0fLo x'G5g\ . ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf eg]sf] k|fs[lts Gofosf] cfwf/e"t ljlwzf:qLo l;4fGtsf] ?kdf /x]sf]5 . h'g JolQmsf] xs jf lxtsf] k|lts"n sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ug{ nfluPsf] xf] ;f] JolQmsf] s'/f ;'Gg' -Audi Alteram Partem_ tyf lghnfO{ cfˆgf] k|lt/Iff ug{ dgfl;j cj;/ lbOg' kb{5 eGg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] JolQmnfO{ k|zf;sLo jf Goflos sf/jfxL / lg0f{osf] k|lts"n k|efjaf6 sfo{ljlwut ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{‘ g} ;'g'jfOsf] l;4fGtsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo /x]sf] x'G5 . !&= @)^! ;fndf sf/jfxL k|f/De x'Fbf oL lgj]lbsf ^( jif{sL j[4f cj:yfsL /x]sL eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] jf/];gfdfaf6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] j[4fj:yfsL lgj]lbsf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofbdf k|ltlglwdfkm{t pkl:yt x'g' eGg] pNn]v geP klg cfkm" d'6'sf] /f]uL ePsf] egL lgh k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd jf/];dfkm{t\ pkl:yt x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] ;f] jf/]zgfdfnfO{ :jLsf/ gu/L b/kL7 u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / To;pk/ lghn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf sfg"gadf]lhd lgj]bg k]z u/L ;f] lgsfosf] ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf !% lbg;Dd klg gkvL{ d'2fdf k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ pkl:yt x'g kfpg] gkfpg] s'/fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] g} x'g gkfO{ PskIfLo ?kdf ldlt @)^@.!.!! df lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 k|fs[lts Gofosf] ;'g'jfO;DaGwL l;4fGt tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ sf] uDeL/ ?kdf pNn3+g u/L ljkIfL k|dv ' s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . !*= pQm km};nfaf6 oL lgj]lbsfpk/ s;"/ sfod ePsf] jf lghnfO{ ;hfo ul/Psf] gb]lvPsf] t/ klg >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=n] a'emfpg' kg]{ /fhZj /sd ;f] k|f= ln=n] ga'emfPdf lgj]lbsfsf] ;d]t rn crn ;DklQaf6 c;"npk/ ug]{ dg;fo pNn]v u/L klxn] ul/Psf] /f]Ssf oyfjt sfod /fVg] eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] /fhZj lxgfldgf u/]sf] 7x/fPsf] lgj]lbsf ;~rfns /x]sf] >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=n] cGtMz'Nssf] /fhZj lxgfldgf u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;f] sDkgLaf6 /fhZj /sd c;"n ug]{ / h/Ljfgf ug]{ tyf sDkgLsf] Ohfhtkq lgnDjg ug]{ eGg] ;d]t k|d'v s/ clws[tn] ldlt @)^@.!.!! df u/]sf] lg0f{oaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . oL ;~rfns lgj]lbsfsf] klg ;f] cf/f]lkt sfo{df ;+nUgtf /x]sf] jf lghn] s'g} s;"/hGo sfo{ u/]sf] tyf lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;hfo ul/Psf] eGg] k|d'v s/ clws[tsf] pQm lg0f{oaf6 b]lvg cfpFb}g . sDkgL P]gadf]lhd ul7t s'g} k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ;~rfnsn] s;"/hGo sfo{ gu/]df klg sDkgLsf] s/ jf cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL lghsf] bfloTj x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!% jf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* tyf k|rlnt sDkgL P]gdf ;d]t :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOb}g . sfg"gn] g} ;~rfnssf] s/;DaGwL bfloTj lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sDkgLn] ltg{‘ kg]{ s/ jf /fhZj /sdsf ;DaGwdf o;sf ;~rfnssf] 330

;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ cj:yfsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rljvg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ xsnfO{ tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !& sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] / xfn k|rlnt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !( sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] n] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . t/ oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfdsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf ubf{ s] s'g sfg"gsf] cfwf/df /f]Ssf /flvPsf] xf] ;f] s'/f k|d'v s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{odf s]lx pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . s;}sf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL pQm xsx¿sf] k|rngdf /f]s nufpFbf ;DklQ wf/snfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf ;kmfO k]z ug]{ jf tT;DaGwL k|df0f k]z ug]{ cj;/ lbP/ dfq lg0f{o ug{‘kg]{df ;'g'jfOsf] cj;/af6 al~rt u/L PskIfLo ?kdf cyjf :jljj]sLo cfwf/df ljkIfL k|d'v s/ clws[taf6 lg0f{o ul/Psf] b]lvFbf ;+ljwfg / k|fs[lts Gofo ;DaGwL lgodx¿sf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . !(= oBlk >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=sf] cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq lgnDag ug]{ ;d]t egL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 @)^!.!).!* df lg0f{o u/]sf] / ;f] ldltaf6 pQm -k|f=_ ln= ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ pQm -k|f=_ ln=n] @)^@.!.!! sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns aSof}tf /sd w/f}6L vftfdf hDdf ug]{ / hDdf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf pBf]u aGb ug{ ;lsg] zt{;lxt ldlt @)^$.!!.#) df ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf] eGg] ax;sf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]lbsfsf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf] sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] lhsL/ lng' ePsf] / ;f] cg';f/ cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefun] @)^$.!@.# df cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/nfO{ u/]sf] kqfrf/sf] lghsf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ax;gf]6df ;+nUg /x]sf 5fFofk|ltaf6 b]lvPsf] / ;f]nfO{ pQm ljefusf tkm{af6 pkl:yt pkGofoflwjQmfn] v08g ug{‘ ePsf] gx'Fbf >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=n] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns;DaGwL ljifodf ;DalGwt kIfx¿ aLr ljjfbsf] d'Vo ljifodf ;xdlt ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . @)= o;/L >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=n] /fhZj 5n]sf] cleof]udf sf/jfxL x'Fbf ;f] /fhZj /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ egL lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]sf] k|d'v ;~rfns dy'/fk|;fb df:s] -h;nfO{ h/Ljfgf / s}bsf] ;hfo ;d]t ul/Psf] 5_ ;Fu ;/sf/sf] lxt ljrf/ u/L >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= sf] sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{ lbg] / /fhZj qmdzM p7fpFb} hfg] egL lgh dy'/fk|;fb df:s] / cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaLr @)^$.!!.#) df ;Demf}tf eO{ ;f] adf]lhd sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{ lbPsf] / /fhZj klg p7fO/x]sf] cj:yf / kl/l:yltdf s'g} ;hfo g} gul/Psf] / k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt ;fdfGo ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf ;d]t gkfPsL bf];|f] ;fdfGo ;~rfns /x]sf] oL lgj]lbsfsf] ;DklQ olt nfdf] ;do;Dd /f]Ssf /fvL /fVg'kg]{ s'g} cf}lrTo / sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . @!= To:t}, g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnon] @)^#.%.@! df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L u7g u/]sf] s/ km5{\of}6 cfof]udf cf=j= @)%%/)%^ sf] cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwdf ljkIfL k|dv ' s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{opk/ ;f] cfof]uaf6 lg0f{o u/fO{ kfpmF egL >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= sf tkm{af6 lgj]bg lbPsf] / ;f] cfof]un] pQm lgj]bg @)^#.!@.@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ :jLs[t ul/;s]sf] eGg] ;d]t pQm cfof]un] >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln=nfO{ @)^#.!@.^ df u/]sf] kqfrf/sf] 5fofk|ltaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . pQm cfof]udf ;f] lgj]bg ljrf/fwLg /x]s} cj:yfdf pQm cfof]u lj36g ePsf]n] @)^@.!.!! sf] lg0f{o lgliqmo ePsf] egL k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f u/L kfpg pQm pBf]un] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fdf lbPsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] lgj]bg g+= @( sf] k/dfb]z d'2fdf @)^$.&.!$ df k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] eGg] lgj]bstkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] k]z ug{‘ ePsf] ax;gf]6df ;+nUg pQm km};nfsf] 5fofk|ltaf6 b]lvG5 . pQm km};nfaf6 s/ km5f}{6 cfof]u P]g, @)## sf] bkmf !^ adf]lhd s/ km5f}{6 cfof]uaf6 ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf ;g{ cfPsf] >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= sf] ;f] lgj]bgpk/ lgj]bgsf] ljifodf 5fgaLg / lg0f{o x'g;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] eGb} sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{‘ egL k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf] km};nfpk/ ljkIfL s/ clws[t ;d]tnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbOPsf]df cy{ dGqfnosf] @)^$.(.@# sf] lgb]{zg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6 @)^$.!).@ df k'g/fj]bg gug]{ egL lg0f{o ePsf] / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf] @)^$.&.!$ sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ l6Kk0fL ;lxtsf] kmfon cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefun] @)^$.!).@) df cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/df k7fPsf] eGg] pQm ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.!).@) sf] kqsf] 5fofk|ltaf6 b]lvG5 . ljkIfLx¿sf] pQm kqfrf/af6 pQm -k|f=_ ln= sf] cf=j= @)%%/)%^ sf] ;DaGwdf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{noaf6 @)^@.!.!! df ePsf] lg0f{o k'glj{rf/ Pj+ k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f x'g;Sg] ljkIfLx¿n] l;4fGttM :jLsf/ u/L ;s]sf] eGg] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsl;t 36gfqmdn] b]vfPsf] 5 . @@= ctM dfly ljj]rgf / ljZn]if0f ul/Padf]lhd ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no e/tk'/n] >L l8i6Ln/L -k|f=_ ln= pk/ sf/jfxL / lg0f{o ubf{ sDkgLn] a'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns /sd ;j{k|yd ;f] sDkgLsf] ;DklQaf6 c;"npk/ ug{‘kg]{df ;f] tkm{ s'g} sfo{ gu/L oL lgj]lbsf z]o/jfnf ;~rfns /x]sf] dfq sf/0faf6 s/;DaGwL sfg"g jf sDkgL sfg"gdf Joj:yf geP klg lgh lgj]lbsfaf6 c;"n ug{ lghsf] rn crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] egL ldlt @)^@.!.!! sf] lg0f{osf] tk;Lndf pNn]v u/]sf] / ;f] ubf{ oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf k|lt/Iff / k|ltjfb ug{ ;d'lrt df}sf g} glbO{ :jR5 ;'g'jfO -Fair Trail_ sf] k|lqmof / k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGtljk/Lt lghsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs xsnfO{ 331

cf3ft kg]{ u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfdsf] rn crn ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] eGg] ljkIfLsf] ldlt @)^!.(.!@, @)^!.(.!( / @)^!.!@.!) sf] lg0f{o tyf kqx¿ / ldlt @)^@.!.!! sf] lg0f{odf plNnlvt lgj]lbsfsf] gfdsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] xb;Ddsf] pQm lg0f{o ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L pQm kqx¿åf/f /f]Ssf /flvPsf] rn crn ;DklQ ;d]t km's'jf u/L lbg' egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x/fPsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf df=Gof= >L /fh]G›s'df/ e08f/Lsf] /fo dgfl;j x'Fbf ;f] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t'[t d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ of] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}F . Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ Gof=/0faxfb'/ ad Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 & ut] /f]h % z'de\========================. Ohnf; clws[t– bLkss'df/ bfxfn

332

efuM %@, ;fnM @)^&, dlxgfM kf}if, c+sM (, km};nf ldlt M@)^&.)$.@&, k[=#*, lg0f{o g+=*$%@ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL l/6 g+= )^%-WS-))!( ljifo M— pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z . l/6 lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+ !! a:g] clwjQmf sdn]z låj]bL lj?4 ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t · /fHon] p7fpg] z'Ns jf s/x¿sf] pkof]usf] l:ylt Jojxf/df h] h:tf] /x] klg ;}4flGts ?kdf hglxtsf] nflu g} /fHoaf6 z'Ns jf s/ nufOPsf] xf]nf egL :jfefljs ?kdf cg'dfg ug{'kg{] x'G5 . /fHosf ljleGg cGt/lg{xLt clwsf/x¿ dWo] s/ nufpg kfpg] clwsf/ Taxation Power klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ ePsf] / sfg"gn] g]kfn ;/sf/NffO{ pQm sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul//x]sf] kfOFbf sfg"gljk/Lt s/ nufOPsf] eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=%_ · cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd hglgj{flrt ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt jf cg'df]bg ljgf /fHosf] cGo s'g} klg lgsfon] g]kfnL hgtfNffO{ s/ nufpg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=&_ · sfo{kflnsfn] ljwflosf jf Gofokflnsf tyf Joj:yflksfn] sfo{kflnsfsf] d"ne"t sfo{k|s[ltNffO{ g} k|lt:yfkg ug{] sfo{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k x'g g;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=!)_ · s/ of]Uo ;DklQ eP/ klg s/ glt/L ;DklQ n'sfP/ a:g] JolQmNffO{ b08gLltsf dfWodaf6 xtf]T;flxt agfO{ s/ ltg{ afWo kfg{] jf pgLx¿NffO{ k|f]T;fxg jf ljz]if ;x'lnot lbP/ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] eGg] s'/f ljz'4 sfo{sf/L gLltut ljifodf cbfntn] x:tIf]k u/L cGoyf eGg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=!$_ · :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f /fHoNffO{ bz k|ltzt s/ lt/]s} e/df To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t vf]Hg gkfOg], s'g} klg d'2fdf k|df0fdf gnfUg] / d'2f rnfpg tyf ;hfo ug{ gldNg] xf] eg] u}/sfg"gL 9+uaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{] / cfk/flws lqmofaf6 sfnf] wg y'kfg{]NffO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNb}g eGg ;lsFb}g . /fHon] ck/fw jf ck/fwLNffO{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] gLlt clVtof/ ubf{ Ps k|sf/n] b08xLgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'ghfg] . -k|s/0f g+=!%_ /fHoNffO{ bz k|ltzt s/ lt/]s} e/df h:tf];'s} u}/sfg"gL ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ j}w dflgg] / s'g} sf/jfxL jf ;hfo ug{ gkfpg] xf] eg] pQm ;d'Rrf P]gsf] Joj:yf k|of]hgljxLg x'g k'Ug] . -k|s/0f g+=!^_ · ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;L jf ;fj{hlgs kbdf ga;]sfx¿n] klg cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L u}/sfg"gL ?kn] ;DklQ cfh{g u/L To;}af6 bz k|ltzt s/ ltg{] JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] af/] 5fgaLg ug{ jf d'2f rnfpg gkfpg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xL e|i6frf/ ug{]NffO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNg] dfq xf]Og clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uNffO{ ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k|bQ If]qflwsf/ s6f}tL eO{ ;f] lgsfosf] sfdsf/jfxLdf cg'lrt x:tIf]ksf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'Ug] . -k|s/0f g+=!&_ · sfg"gljk/Lt sfd ug{] jf sfg"g 5Ng] JolQmx¿ u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 nfeflGjt eO{ ;DklQ cfh{g ul//x]sf x'G5g . sfg"gL /fHodf o;/L u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug{] xs s;}NffO{ klg k|fKt gx'g] . -k|s/0f g+=@@_ · ck/fwhGo sfo{af6 sdfPsf] ;DklQ :j]lR5s ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/L s]xL k|ltzt s/ lt/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq ck/fw / vtaft g} dfkm x'g] u/L ;|f]t g} vf]Ng gkg{] ;"lrt cfb]zsf] Joj:yfsf] s'g} sfg"gL cf}lrTo gx'g] . · /fh:j c;"nL jf s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg'sf] dtna cfk/flws sfo{ u/L wg sdfpg pGd'lQm lbg' xf]Og . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] / /fHo;~rfngsf] cfwf/ sfg"g ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] k|0ffnLdf o:tf] 5"6 x'g g;Sg] . 333

· nfdf] /fhgLlts åGåsf] sf/0f sfg"gadf]lhd cfddfkmL (Amnesty) x'g;S5 . sfg"gadf]lhd /fHon] a[xQ\ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu s;}NffO{ Nolle Prosequi cg';f/ d'2f grnfpg ;S5 . rln/x]sf] d'2f sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lng;S5 . ;hfo eO;s]sf] xf] eg] Executive Clemency x'g;S5 . t/ /fHoNffO{ s/ lt/]sf] gftfn] u}/sfg"gL tj/n] sdfPsf] ;DklQ xf] eg] To:tf] ;DklQ :jtM Legalise x'g] Joj:yf x'g ;Qm}g . 5fgaLg cg';Gwfg x'g g} gkfpg] x'g g;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=@&_ · ck/fw, e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{nufot h'g;'s} u}/sfg"gL ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQNffO{ a}wtf lbg' / To;pk/ 5fgaLg, cleof]hg / ;hfo ug{ gkfpg] u/L ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gn] Joj:yfu/]sf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ k|of]hgxLg, lgliqmo jf d[tk|foM x'g] u/L sfo{sf/L cfb]z hf/L ug{'n] ;+qmd0fsfnLg GofoNffO{ k|a4{g ug{ g;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=@*_ · zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ljlwsf] zf;g / gful/s xs clwsf/dfly ;b}j r'gf}tL pTkGg e}/x]sf cj:yfdf gful/ssf df}lns xs clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifs / ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] x}l;otn] cbfntn] d'sbz{s eP/ sfo{kflnsfsf ;+ljwfgk|lts"n sfo{x¿NffO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf] ;/sf/ / ljlwsf] zf;g sfod u/fpg] bfloTj cGttM :jtGq Gofokflnsfdfly g} cfOkb{5 . To;}n] :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;d]t s'l07t x'g hfg] u/L hf/L ul/Psf] cfb]z ;+ljwfgcg'¿k 7xof{pg gldNg] . -k|s/0f g+=@(_ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L /fdhL lji6 / >L lj/fhdfg zfSo ljkIfL tkm{af6M cjnlDat ghL/M ;Dj4 sfg"gM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !(, !#-!_ / -@_, ##-`_, *$, *(-!_, (^s, !)), !@) cfb]z Gof=an/fd s]=;L=M ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnon] v08 %*, cltl/QmfÍ @^ ldlt @)^%.^.# sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;Fu aflemPsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L ;f]xL pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L ul/kfpmF egL kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M– k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfnon] ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] clwsf/ lbPsf] ;DemL ldlt @)^%.^.# sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;]jf z'Ns, dxz'n s/, cfos/, /f]oN6L, eG;f/ dxz'n nufotsf Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;f]xL ;"rgfaf6 /fh:j r'xfj6 cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f P]g, @)%@, d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@, cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%*, dlb/f P]g @)#!, cfos/ P]g, @)%* cfly{s P]g, @)^$ sf] cg';"rL ! ;d]tsf bkmfaf/ Joj:yfx¿NffO{ ;d]t ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm pQm cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ n] h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] cfo ;DklQ ePklg @)^% ;fn df3 d;fGtleq s/ lt/]df j}B ;DklQ x'g], s'g} klg lgsfoaf6 5fgaLg gul/g] / To:tf] s/ ltg{] 3f]ifsNffO{ s'g} klg P]gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg] jf ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] cg'lrt Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 . /fHoaf6} b08xLgtfNffO{ k|>o lbOPsf] ;f] cfb]zsf] kl/0ffd Psftkm{ Black Money White Money df kl/0ft x'g] ePsf] 5 . /fHo lj?4sf ck/fw / ck/fwLn] pGd'lQm kfpg] eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ## -s_ / -`_ adf]lhdsf] /fHo bfloTjeGbf aflx/ uO{ cfb]z ePsf] 5 . cs{f]tkm{ sfg"g lgd{f0f Pj+ ;+zf]wg ug{] ;fj{ef}d ;+;bsf] clwsf/If]qdf 7f8f] x:tIf]k ePsf] 5. ;f] cfb]zn] sfg"gsf] x}l;ot /fVb}g eg] To:tf] clVtof/L k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfno;Fu 5}g . of] cfb]z Joj:yf sk6k"0f{ ljwfog xf] eg] Bad Faith / Abuse of Power klg xf] . sfg"gL /fHo / ljlwzf:qLo d"No dfGotf ljk/Ltsf] pQm cfb]z cdfGo / ab/efuL 5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -dgL nfpG8l/Ë_ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ n] ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f u/]sf] dflgg] egL v08 -s_ b]lv -8_ ;Ddsf] sfo{ ug{] / ;f] sfo{af6 u/]sf] cfo, ;DklQ, ef]urng, wf/0f ug{] jf ;f] sfo{sf nflu ;xof]u ug{] JolQmNffO{ ;d]t s;"/bf/ dfgL g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL e} d'2f rnfpg xbDofb gnfUg], To:tf] ;DklQ hkmt x'g], lauf] adf]lhd h/Ljfgf eO{ ! jif{b]lv $ jif{;Dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @#, @$, #) / #$ n] u/]sf] cj:yfdf h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 u/]sf] cfh{g eP klg s/ a'emfPdf sf/jfxL gul/g] ;f] cfb]zsf] Joj:yf k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5 . ;fy} cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ ljk/Ltsf] ;f] cfb]z b"lift eO{ sfg"g ;+/lIft / dfGo x'g ;Sb}g .

334

;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z tTj ljifodf sfg"g gePsf] cj:yfdf ul/g] cGtl/d Joj:yf xf] . cfb]z Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g agL nfu" ePdf cfb]z cdfGo x'g] 3f]if0ff P]gn] g} ul//x]sf] 5 . s/ dxz'n;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifosf sfg"gx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 th{‘df eO{ nfu" /x]sf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf hf/L cfb]zsf] cf}lrTotf st}af6 k"li6 x'Fb}g. pQm ;"lrt cfb]z Unjust, Infair / Unreasonable 5 . ctM ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfnon] hf/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^%.^.# sf] cfb]z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## sf] v08 -u_ / -`_, wf/f #&, *$, *$-#_, *%, *& / *( ;Fu aflemPsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! / !)&-!_ adf]lhd k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L ck/fwhGo sfo{af6 k|fKt ;DklQ cfh{g ug{]NffO{ ;DklQ z'l4s/0f -dgL nfpG8l/Ë_ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$ nufot cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{‘kg{] ;fj{hlgs st{Jo / bfloTj axg ug{‘ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufot cGo pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF . ;fy} k|:t't lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd pQm cfb]zsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg sfo{ gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L ljifoj:t'sf] uflDeo{tf x]/L k|:t't lgj]bgNffO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ lg/f]k0f ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq . o;df, s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg{] xf] < ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ k|:t't lgj]bgNffO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug{‘ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ldlt @)^%.!).@) sf] tf/]v tf]sL ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLNffO{ lbg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^%.!).!# df ePsf] cfb]z . lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgstfsf] bfjL lnPsf] ldlt @)^%.^.# sf] cfb]z ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifo l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f x'Fbfsf avt lg?k0f ul/g' kg{] k|s[ltsf] b]lvFbf xfn dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^%.!).@# sf] cfb]z . o; sfof{noNffO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f 5}g . ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hglxtsf] nflu eG;f/ dxz"n, cGtMz'Ns jf c? s'g} s/ t'?Gt nufpg jf a9fpg af~5gLo b]vd ] f ;"lrt cfb]zåf/f ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . s] s'g cfwf/df pQm cfb]z ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xf] eGg] k|i6;Fu v'nfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . s/ jf s/ nfUg] cfosf] :jo+ 3f]if0ff u/L tf]s]sf] Dofbleq s/ lt/]df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu To:tf] s/bftfsf] cfosf] ;|f]t gvf]lhg] Joj:yf;Dd :jo+s/ 3f]if0ffn] u/]sf] xf] . cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ug{ gx'g] sfo{af6 cflh{t ;DklQdf jf To:tf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] bfloTjaf6 To:tf] cfosf] :jo+ 3f]if0ff ug{]NffO{ kG5fpg] eGg] xf]Og . ck/fwhGo sfo{af6 ;DklQ cfh{g ug{]NffO{ sf/jfxL ug{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( nufot ;DklQ z'l4s/0f lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$ tyf cGo ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿sf] Joj:yf ePs} 5g . ctM oyfy{df cfwfl/t gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pQm ;"lrt cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] xf] . pQm cfb]zn] h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf af/]df @)^% ;fn df3 dlxgfleq s/ lt/]df To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]tsf] af/] s'g} klg k|of]hgsf nflu s'g} klg lgsfoaf6 5fgaLg gul/g] / o;/L lt/]sf] s/NffO{ clGtd s/ dflgg] / h/Ljfgf tyf cGo z'Ns ;d]t gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf ljut @)%@ / @)%* ;fndf klg nfu" ul/Psf]n] To;}NffO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ ;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLltadf]lhd ul/Psf] xf] . ;fna;fnL aGg] cfly{s P]g Ps cfly{s jif{sf nflu dfq nfu" x'g] x'Fbf ;f] cfly{s jif{ ljlt;s] kl5 csf]{ cfly{s jif{sf nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 cfly{s P]g kfl/t geP;Dd s/ dxz"n ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿df ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ub{} hfg'kg{] x'G5 . o;} cj:yfNffO{ ljrf/ u/L ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z sfg"gadf]lhd g} hf/L ePsf] xf] . pQm cfb]z xfn lgliqmo eO{ cfly{s P]g, @)^% Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 kfl/t e} nfu" e};s]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrjn] hf/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^%.^.# sf] cfb]z cdfGo / u}/sfg"gL ePsf] dfu bfjL lnO{ Joj:yflksf– ;+;bNffO{ k|ToyL{ agfpg' kg{] :ki6 cfwf/ sf/0f lagf o; ;lrjfnoNffO{ ;d]t k|ToyL{ agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgjb]gsf] cf}lrToleq k|j]z ug{ cfjZos gx'Fbf o; ;lrjfnosf] xsdf vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno / ;f]xL Joxf]/f ldnfgsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf ;efd'v ;'jf;rG› g]DjfËsf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm . cy{ dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q cGtu{tsf] ljifodf o; dGqfnoNffO{ klg ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L hf/L ul/Psf] pQm cfb]z ljlw;Ddt /x]sf] 5 . /fh:j j[l4 u/L d'n'ssf] a[xQ/ cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'o{fkpg] p2]Zo;fy NofOPsf pQm ;"lrt cfb]z u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQNffO{ sfg"g;DdTf agfpg NofOPsf] xf]Og . u}/sfg"gL wg cfh{g u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL / ;hfo x'g] g} x'Fbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿NffO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'¥ofpg geO{ s/ ltg{ of]Uo gful/sNffO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf 335

n\ofpg vf]h]sf] dfq xf] . ljBflosfåf/f lgld{t P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t g} /x]/ ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] b]lvFbf sk6k"0f{ eof] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL tYoxLg 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/f;Fu s;/L aflemof] eGg] pNn]v gu/L bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 O{Zj/ k|;fb kf]v/]n ;d]t /x]sf] e|i6frf/ d'2f ( kmf}=k'=g+= )^%-CF-)))!) df VDIS sfo{qmddfkm{t cfosf] :jo+ 3f]if0ff u/L s/ ;d]t lt/L ;s]kl5 ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f gu/]sf] s/bftfn] cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;DklQsf] ;|f]t v'nfpg' kg{] afWotf 5 5}g eGg] ;d]tsf] sfg"gL k|Zg p7L ;f] d'2f xfn o; cbfntsf] a[xb\ k"0f{ Ohnf;df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] x'Fbf pQm e|i6frf/ d'2fdf lg0f{o ePkl5 ;f]sf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL k]z ug{‘ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^^.@.@! sf] cfb]z . lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L /fdhL lji6 / >L ljho/fh zfSon] cy{ dGqfnoåf/f hf/L u/]sf] ;"rgfn] kfFrj6f P]g ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrjn] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]zn] ;+;baf6 ag]sf kfFrj6f P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ ldNb}g . P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] ;/sf/NffO{ 5}g . o;af6 ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] pn\n+3g ePsf] 5 . ;+;bsf] If]qflwsf/df cltqmd0f u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if kl/l:ylt k/] cfly{s P]gåf/f /fh:j / s/;DaGwL sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug{ ldNg]df ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g cGtu{t To:tf] cfb]z ug{ ldNb}g . s/ p7fpg], 5"6 lbg] cflb ljifo cy{ ljw]osdf k5{ egL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *$-#_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt lagf s/sf] b/ a9fpg], 5"6 lbg], gofF s/ nufpg] cflb sfo{ ug{ ldNb}g . cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ n] df3 d;fGtleq s/ lt/] h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] cfoNffO{ a}w dflgg] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og To;/L s/ lt/]kl5 To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]taf/] s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} klg lgsfoaf6 5fgaLg gul/g] / sfuhft uf]Ko /xg], k|df0f gnfUg] tyf d'2f rnfpg / ;hfo ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 d'›f lgd{nLs/0f lgjf/0f P]gsf] Joj:yf lgliqmo x'g k'u]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug{ kfpg] ;+j}wflgs clVtof/L kfPsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / d'2f x]/L ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] :jtGq Gofofkflnsfsf] clwsf/ s'l07t ePsf] 5 . t;y{ b08xLgtf / cfk/flws sfo{NffO{ /fHon] g} ;+/If0f / j}wtf k|bfg ug{] u/L hf/L ePsf] ;f] cfb]z k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug{‘eof] . ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] pko{‘Qm ax; lhsL/ ;'gL l/6 lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm ;lxtsf] ;Da4 ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿sf] ;du| cWoog u/L x]bf{ b]xfosf k|Zgx¿df s]lG›t /xL lg0f{o ug{‘kg{] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M— != ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/NffO{ s/sf] b/ kl/jt{g x'g] u/L ;"lrt cfb]z hf/L ug{] clwsf/ x'G5, x'Fb}g < @= pQm ;"lrt cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ sf] k|fjwfgn] ck/fw cg';Gwfg / Goflos k|lqmof / sfo{sf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] Joj:yfNffO{ cg'lrt c;/ kf/]sf] 5, 5}g < #= lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg{] xf] jf xf]Og < @= lg0f{o lbg'kg{] klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] pQm ldlt @)^%.^.# sf] ;"rgfaf6 ljwflosf lgld{t kfFrj6f P]g ;+zf]wg u/]sf], s/sf b/x¿ 36a9 u/]sf], gofF s/ nufPsf] x'Fbf ;f] cfb]z ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *$, *$-#_, *%, *& / *( ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf]n] k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cy{ dGqfno ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ ;fna;fnL aGg] cfly{s P]g Ps cfly{s jif{sf] nflu dfq nfu" x'g] x'Fbf ;f] cfly{s jif{ ljlt;s]kl5 csf]{ cfly{s jif{sf] nflu ;+;baf6 cfly{s P]g kfl/t geP;Dd s/ dxz"n;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿df ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ub{} hfg' kg{] ePsf]n] P]gsf] clVtof/L cGtu{t pQm cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . xfn cfly{s P]g, @)^% Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 kfl/t e} nfu" e} ;s]sf] x'Fbf pQm cfb]z lgliqmo ePsf]n] ;+;bsf] clwsf/df x:tIf]k ePsf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . #= plNnlvt bfjL / lhsL/sf] ;Gbe{df v08 %* -c;f]h # ut] @)^% ;fn_ -cltl/QmfÍ @^_ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnosf] ;"rgf x]bf{ ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/NffO{ pQm cfb]z hf/L ug{] clVtof/L ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf] Joxf]/faf6 k|i6 x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zn] cfwf/ lnPsf] ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # df “g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljrf/df eG;f/ dx;"n jf cGtMz'Nsdf c? s'g} s/ nufpg] a9fpg] af/]sf] P]g hf/L ug{‘kg{] 7x/ eof] / hglxtsf] nflu To:tf] eG;f/ dx;"n of cGtMz'Ns of c? s'g} s/ t'?Gt nufpg' jf a9fpg af~5gLo 5 eGg] lrQdf nfu]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"lrt cfb]zåf/f nufpg jf a9fpg ;Qm5" eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ hglxtsf] nflu eG;f/ dx;"n jf cGtMz'Ns nufot cGo s'g} s/ tTsfn nufpg' jf a9fpg' kg{] cj:yf cfOk/]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"lrt cfb]z hf/L u/L pQm sfo{ ug{ kfpg] eGg] b]lvof] . 336

$= lgj]bsn] ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] pQm bkmf # sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#;Fu aflemPsf]n] ab/ u/LkfpmF eGg] bfjL lng ;s]sf] kfOb}g . o;/L lgj]bsn] bkmf # sf] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfNffO{ c;+j}wflgs eGg g;sL s]jn To; cGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf] cfb]zNffO{ dfq ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf] ;Gbe{df k|ydtM pQm cfb]z P]gsf] Joj:yfcg'¿k 5 5}g / P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf] ;Ldf gf3]sf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/f g} x]g{‘kg{] x'G5 . %= ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf # n] hglxtsf] nflu tTsfn eG;f/ dx;"n, cGtMz'Ns nufot cGo s/ a9fpg' kg{] jf gofF s/ nufpg' kg{] cj:yf 5 eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/NffO{ nfu]df ;"lrt cfb]z hf/L u/L ;f] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] clVtof/L lbPsf] b]lvPaf6 ljjflbt ;"lrt cfb]z If]qflwsf/ gf3L hf/L ul/Psf] eGg] cj:yf b]lvPg . ;f] cfb]zdf hglxtsf] s] s'g k|of]hgsf nflu pQm cfb]z hf/L ug{‘ k/]sf] xf] eGg] k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvP klg cfb]zsf] cGtj{:t' x]bf{ eG;f/ dxz'n, eG;f/ ;]jf b:t'/, s[lif;'wf/ z'Ns, cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, o'jf :j/f]huf/ sf]if s/, :jf:Yo ;]jf s/, lzIff ;]jf s/, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, rnlrq ljsf; z'Ns, :yfgLo ljsf; z'Ns, k|b"if0f lgoGq0f z'Ns, 6]lnlehg :jfldTj z'Ns, ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns, cfsl:ds nfe s/, Sofl;gf] /f]oN6L, b"/;~rf/ ;]jf b:t'/, ;8s lgd{f0f ;Def/ tyf ;'wf/b:t'/, jg k}bfjf/ z'Ns, nufotsf z'Ns jf s/sf b/x¿ nufPsf] jf a9fPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . /fHon] p7fpg] tL z'Ns jf s/x¿sf] pkof]usf] l:ylt Jojxf/df h] h:tf] /x]klg ;}4flGts ?kdf hgxLtsf] nflu g} /fHoaf6 z'Ns jf s/ nufOPsf] xf]nf egL :jfefljs ?kdf cg'dfg ug{‘kg{] x'G5 . /fHosf ljleGg cGt/lgxLt clwsf/x¿ dWo] s/ nufpg kfpg] clwsf/ Taxation Power klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ ePsf] / sfg"gn] g]kfn ;/sf/NffO{ pQm sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul//x]sf] kfOFbf sfg"gljk/Lt s/ nufOPsf] eGg ldn]g . ^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ df “cy{ ljw]os" eGgfn] b]xfodf plNnlvt ;a} jf s'g} ljifol;t ;DaGw /fVg] ljw]osNffO{ hgfpg]5 eGb} b]xfo v08 -s_ df s/ nufpg], p7fpg], vf/]h ug{], 5"6 lbg], kl/jt{g ug{] jf s/k|0ffnLNffO{ Jojl:yt ug{] ljifo cy{ ljw]os cGtu{t kg{] eGg] k|i6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . &= cy{ ljw]os s;/L aGb5 eGg] ;DaGwdf klg ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . k|ydtM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *(-!_ n] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g egL lbPsf] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . No taxation without representation eGg] dfGotf ;g !@!% df a]nfotsf] ;+;bn] hf/L u/]sf] DofUgfsf6{fb]lv (Magna Carta) g} :yflkt ePsf] ljifo xf] . cfh ;+;f/e/sf k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgn] o; Joj:yfNffO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lbPsf 5g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] of] Joj:yfadf]lhd hglgj{flrt ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt jf cg'df]bg ljgf /fHosf] cGo s'g} klg lgsfon] g]kfnL hgtfNffO{ s/ nufpg ldNb}g . *= ;+ljwfgs} efu * Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw cGtu{tsf] wf/f *$ df cy{ ljw]os ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] ?kdfdfq ;+;bdf k]z ug{ ;lsg] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L wf/f *% df ljw]os kfl/t ug{] ljlwsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;+;bsf] clwj]zg jf a}7s ga;]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfn s]xL ug{‘ k/]df cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks Joj:yf wf/f ** df /x]sf] 5 . wf/f (# n] /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg ;+;b;dIf k]z ug{‘kg{] eGg] Joj:yf e} s'g} cfly{s jif{sf] nflu /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf k]z x'g g;Sg] ljz]if kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePdf rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cfly{s P]gadf]lhd /fh:j ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf wf/f (^s= df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . (= ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v e}/x]sf plNnlvt Joj:yfx¿af6 hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt geO{ s/ nufpg / p7fpg gkfpg] tyf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] ;/sf/NffO{ ;+;bsf] ljlw lgd{f0fsf] If]qflwsf/ lj:yfkg jf ;+s'lrt kfg{] clwsf/ x'g] b]lvFb}g . !)= zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt /fHosf] clwsf/ ;/sf/sf] s'g} Ps c• jf JolQmdf dfq /xg gx'g] eGg] dfGotf xf] . /fHosf ;a} clwsf/ Pp6} lgsfo jf JolQmdf lglxt ePdf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u e} lg/+s'ztfn] hGd lng] x'Fbf clwsf/sf] k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtn] cfh ;+;f/e/sf k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgx¿df :yfg kfPsf] 5 . lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng Pj+ ;+ljwfgafbsf l;4fGtx¿n] klg ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] kl/sn\kgf u/]sf 5g . s]xL ;Lldt lg/+s'z zf;g Joj:yfdf afx]s sfg"gL zf;gsf cfwf/df /fHo ;~rfng x'g] cfhsf] k|hftflGqs ljZjdf /fHosf ljwflosL, sfo{sf/L / Goflos clwsf/ Pp6} cËdf lglxt /xg] / k|of]u ug{] s'/fsf] kl/sn\kgf;Dd klg ug{ ;+ej 5}g . oBlk zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] lg/k]If k|of]u ;Dej 5}g eGg] s'/f klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHodf sfo{kflnsfsf] e"ldsf cToflws a[l4 ePsf] sf/0f ljwflosfåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/cGtu{t lgod agfpg] / s]xL cw{ Goflos k|s[ltsf sfo{x¿ sfo{kflnsfn] klg ug{] kfpg] ljifo ;fdfGo g} ePsf] 5 . t/ sfo{kflnsfn] ljwflosf jf Gofokflnsf tyf Joj:yflksfn] sfo{kflnsfsf] d"ne"t sfo{k|s[ltNffO{ g} k|lt:yfkg ug{] sfo{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k x'g ;Sb}g . !!= ;fdlos s/ c;"n P]g, @)!@ sl/a %% jif{cl3 ag]sf] / To;avt g]kfndf s'g} ;+ljwfg g} g/xg'sf ;fy} sfo{sf/L / ljwflosL sfo{aLr :ki6 ljefhg eO{ ;f] sfo{ ug{] km/skm/s c•f ;d]t /x]ePsf] b]lvFb}g . To; kl/l:yltdf 337

sfo{sf/L clwsf/cGtu{t g} ag]sf] sfg"gn] ;/sf/NffO{ ;"lrt cfb]zåf/f s/ nufpg / p7fpg clwsf/ lbg' c: jfefljs geP klg jt{dfg ;Gbe{df vf;u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *( sf] ;Gbe{df pQm sfo{ ljrf/0fLo b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ pQm cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf] ljifoNffO{ ;d]t ;d]6L Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 cfly{s P]g, @)^% kfl/t e};s]sf] eGg] k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf] / cfly{s P]g, @)^% x]bf{ ljjflbt ;"lrt cfb]zNffO{ lj:yfkg u/L ;f] cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf ljifo pQm cfly{s P]gn] ;d]6]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf ;"lrt cfb]zsf] a}wflgstfsf] k|Zg xfn ;dfKt e};s]sf] dfGg'kg{] x'G5 . !@= hxfF;Dd pQm ;"lrt cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ n] Goflos sfo{NffO{ lj:yfkg u/]sf] 5 5}g eGg] bf];|f] k|Zg 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf pQm ;"lrt cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ df cfosf] 3f]if0ff u/L s/ ltg{ ;Sg] eGg] zLif{s cGtu{t cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm pkbkmf !_ df h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo ePklg cfos/ P]g, @)%* tyf ;fljsdf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd cfos/ nfUg] To:tf] cfoaf6 @)^$ ;fn c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] t/ To:tf] cfodf nfUg] s/ glt/]sf] JolQmn] @)^% ;fn ;fpg ! df /x]sf] d"Nosf] bz k|ltztn] :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f @)^% ;fn df3 d;fGtleq cfos/ lt/]df To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]tsf] af/] s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} klg lgsfoaf6 5fgaLg ul/g] 5}g eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL pkbkmf -#_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/bftfn] 3f]if0ff ;fy k]z u/]sf] s'g} klg sfuhftx¿NffO{ uf]Ko sfuhftsf] ?kdf lnOg]5 / s'g} klg lgsfon] To:tf] sfuhft ;a} jf cf+lzs ?kdf x]g{ jf k|df0f k]z ug{ nufpg] 5}g . To:tf] sfuhftsf] cfwf/af6 3f]ifsNffO{ s'g} klg P]gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] 5}g / ;f] sfuhft s/;DaGwL afx]s cGo d'2fdf k|df0f nfUg] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOof] . !#= pQm Joj:yfn] clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ jf clgoldt sfo{ ug{] lj?4 cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug{] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / To:tf d'2f tyf ;DklQ z'l4s/0f P]gadf]lhd d'2f x]g{ kfpg] Goflos clwsf/df x: tIf]k ePsf], /fHon] g} b08xLgtfNffO{ k|f]T;fxg / ;+/If0f lbPsf] sf/0f cfk/flws sfo{af6 u/]sf] cfh{gn] a}Btf kfPsf] eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] 5 . k|rlnt sfg"gdf ePsf Joj:yfNffO{ lgik|of]lht agfpg geO{ ;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLltcg'¿k s/ ltg{ of]Uo JolQmx¿NffO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf NofO{ /fh:j clej[l4 ug{] p2]Zoaf6 pQm cfosf] :jo+ 3f]if0ff;DaGwL Joj:yf NofOPsf] xf] eGg] k|ToyL{x¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . !$= j:t'tM /fHosf] cy{ gLlt s] s;/L ;~rfng ug{] eGg] s'/f sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] ;/sf/s} If]qflwsf/cGtu{t kg{] ljifo xf] . s] s:tf] /fh:j gLlt clVtof/ ubf{ clwsf+z JolQmNffO{ s/sf] bfo/df n\ofpg ;lsG5 . s/ of]Uo ;DklQ eP/ klg s/ glt/L ;DklQ n'sfP/ a:g] JolQmNffO{ b08gLltsf dfWodaf6 xtf]T;flxt agfO{ s/ ltg{ afWo kfg{] jf pgLx¿NffO{ k|f]T;fxg jf ljz]if ;x'lnot lbP/ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] eGg] s'/f ljz'4 sfo{sf/L gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . To:tf] gLltut ljifodf o; cbfntn] x:tIf]k u/L cGoyf eGg ldNg] l:ylt x'Fb}g . vf; u/L cfos/ P]g, @)%* jf ;fljsdf jxfn /x]sf] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd cfos/ nfUg] ;DklQ ePsf] t/ s/ gltg{] JolQmNffO{ @)^% ;fpg ! ut]sf] d"Nodf !) k|ltztn] :jo+ 3f]if0ff u/L df3 d;fGtleq s/ lt/] cGo h/Ljfgf jf z'Ns glng] eGg] ;f] cfb]zsf] bkmf #$-!_ df plNnlvt ljifo gLltut ljifo xf] . ;f] ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . t/ h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo ePklg :jo+ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]taf/] s'g} klg lgsfon] s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu 5fgaLg g} ug{ gkfpg], To:tf sfuhftx¿ uf]Ko /xg], s'g} lgsfon] x]g{ jf k|df0fdf nufpg gkfpg] / To:tf] sfuhaf6 s'g} klg P]gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg / ;hfo ug{ gkfOg] eGg] bkmf #$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -#_ df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:yf d'n'ssf] cy{ gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt h:tf] b]lvP klg pQm k|fjwfgn] cbfnt tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uNffO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt If]qflwsf/ s6f}tL ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt b]lvof] . !%= cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ df pNn]v ePsf] ;f] Joxf]/fn] ljutdf h'g;'s} cfk/flws sfo{af6 u/]sf] cfh{gNffO{ ;d]t j}Btf k|bfg u/L /fHon] g} ck/fwNffO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] jf b08xLgtfNffO{ ;+/If0f u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ 5 . :jo+ 3f]if0ffåf/f /fHoNffO{ bz k|ltzt s/ lt/]s} e/df To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t vf]Hg gkfOg], s'g} klg d'2fdf k|df0fdf gnfUg] / d'2f rnfpg tyf ;hfo ug{ gldNg] xf] eg] u}/sfg"gL 9+uaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{] / cfk/flws lqmofaf6 sfnf] wg y'kfg{]NffO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNb}g eGg ;lsFb}g . /fHon] ck/fw jf ck/fwLNffO{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] gLlt clVtof/ ubf{ Ps k|sf/n] b08xLgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g hfG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-`_ df ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug{]x¿ pk/ s8f sf/jfxL u/L bl08t ug{] gLlt lng] /fHosf] bfloTj x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 /fHon] e|i6frf/ jf u}/sfg"gL cfh{g lj?4 s8f b08 gLlt lng' kg{] b]lvG5 . bkmf #$-!_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] pQm Joj:yfljk/Lt b]lvof] . !^= ;DklQ z'l4s/0f -dgL nfpG8l/Ë_ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ n] cft+ssf/L lqmofsnfk nufot ;+ul7t ck/fw ;d]taf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t n'sfpg] jf sfg"gL sf/jfxLaf6 arfpg], ;DklQ ?kfGt/0f, :yfgfGt/0f ug{], cflb 338

sfo{NffO{ ;DklQ z'l4s/0fsf] s;"/ dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} To:tf] s;"/df cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rnfpg xbDofb gnfUg] Joj:yf ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @# n] u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf #) df To:tf] s;"/ ug{] JolQmNffO{ lauf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf / Ps jif{b]lv rf/ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'g;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fHoNffO{ bz k|ltzt s/ lt/]s} e/df h:tf];'s} u}/sfg"gL ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ j}B dflgg] / s'g} sf/jfxL jf ;hfo ug{ gkfpg] xf] eg] pQm ;d'Rrf P]gsf] Joj:yf k|of]hgljxLg x'g k'Ub5 . !&= To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gadf]lhd cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!( n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf] :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;L jf ;fj{hlgs kbdf ga;]sfx¿n] klg cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L u}/sfg"gL ?kn] ;DklQ cfh{g u/L To;}af6 !) k|ltzt s/ ltg{] JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]taf/] 5fgaLg ug{ jf d'2f rnfpg gkfpg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xL e|i6frf/ ug{]NffO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNg] dfq xf]Og clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uNffO{ ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k|bQ If]qflwsf/ s6f}tL eO{ ;f] lgsfosf] sfdsf/jfxLdf cg'lrt x:tIf]ksf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'Ub5 . ;fy} To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]taf/] 5fgaLg ug{ gkfpg] xf] eg] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( nufotsf sltko k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf Joj:yf ;d]t lgliqmo / k|efjxLg aGg k'Ug] b]lvG5 . !*= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)) n] Gofo;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfntaf6 k|of]u x'g] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] 5 . Goflos sfo{ cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] Goflos sfo{NffO{ Joj:yflksf jf sfof{kflnsfsf] If]qflwsf/af6 k[ys u/]sf] ;Demg' kb{5 . cfkm";dIf kg{ cfPsf] ljjfbdf If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{] jf gug{], Goflos k|lqmof s;/L Jojl:yt ug{], ljjflbt ljifodf s] s'g k|df0f ;Da4 x'g / xf]Ogg\, ;Da4 s] s'g k|df0f a'em\g] jf ga'em\g], To;/L a'lemPsf k|df0fNffO{ s;/L u|x0f ug{] jf gug{] / k|df0fsf] d"NofÍgaf6 s] s:tf] lg0f{o lgisif{df k'Ug] eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DalGwt cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 lg?k0f x'g] ljifox¿ x'g . ;+ljwfg / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*, k|df0f P]g, @)#!, d'n'sL P]g, @)@) nufotsf sfg"gx¿n] oL ljifox¿ lgoldt u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoNffO{ ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u cGo s'g} lgsfosf] x:tIf]k, bjfj jf k|efj lagf :jtGq / lgZkIf ?kdf x'g'kg{] cy{ft :jtGq Gofofkflnsfsf] cjwf/0ffNffO{ klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pQm ;+ljwfgsf] d'ne"t cGtj{:t'sf ?kdf u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfnoaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] ljjflbt cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ sf] Joj:yfn] cfk/flws jf u}/sfg"gL ?kaf6 cfh{g u/L pQm cfb]zadf]lhd :jo+ 3f]if0ff u/L /fHoNffO{ s/ ltl/Psf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]tsf af/]df k|df0f a'em\g / ;hfo ug{af6} /f]s nufPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6 cbfntNffO{ Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ cj/f]w k'Ug hfg] dfq geO{ sfg"gL /fHo / : jtGq Gofofkflnsfsf] d"No / dfGotfdfly g} k|Zg lrGx v8f x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . !(= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !( n] k|To]s gful/sNffO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug{], ef]u ug{], a]rlavg ug{] / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]jf/ ug{] xsNffO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 . t/ ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf cj}w 9+un] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] blvG5 . o;} u/L wf/f !@-!_ df k|To]s JolQmNffO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] u/L cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ afFRg, hLpg, /xg kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . pkwf/f -#_ df v08 -s_ b]lv v08 -r_ ;Dd k]zf Joj;fo ug{] nufot ljleGg :jtGqtf k|bfg u/]sf] klg 5 . wf/f !@ -#_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv v08 -r_ ;Ddsf] ;a} :jtGqtfsf] nIo ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] / ;DklQ cfh{g ug{], ef]u ug{], a]rljvg ug{] / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug{ kfpg] xs pkef]u ug{ kl§ nlIft x'G5 . t/ plNnlvt :jtGqtf Pj+ xs Absolute xf]Og . g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, ljleGg hfthflt, wd{ ;Dk|bfoaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg{]b]lv ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg ug{] jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfd /f]Sg jf k]zf Joj;fo ug{ zt{ tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L a[xQ/ ;fj{hlgs lxtNffO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfg"gåf/f /f]s nufpg ;lsg] xs xf] . @)= sfg"gL zf;gdf ;a} gful/s ;dfg x'G5g . /fHosf] s'g} p2]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu ;dfg cj:yfsf Ps ju{sfx¿NffO{ Psk|sf/sf] Jojxf/ / c;dfg cj:yfsf csf]{ k|sf/sf ju{NffO{ csf]{ k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ ug{] u/L /fHon] sfg"g agfpg ;S5 . ;dfhdf g}lts cfr/0f ljk/Lt sfd x'g ;Sb}g . /fHo hlt;'s} k|hftflGqs / v'n\nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t ePklg g}lts cfr/0fljk/Lt x'g] sfo{ ug{] 5"6 s;}NffO{ k|bfg x'g ;Sb}g . To;}u/L ;dfh hlt;'s} v'n\nf, ;DkGg, pbf/, k|hftflGqs, lzlIft cflb ePklg g}lts cfr/0fljk/Lt x'g] jf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ck/fw ug{ lbg] jf x'g lbg] u/L /fHo df}g a:g ;Sb}g . v'nn \ f ;dfhdf cfwfl/t /fHo hlt;'s} k|hftflGqs / pbf/ eP klg sfg"gleq /x]/ / sfg"gljk/Lt gx'g] xb;Dd k|To]s gful/s h];'s} / h'g;'s} sfd ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g . sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ k|To]s gful/s df}lns xs, sfg"gL xs / dfgj clwsf/ clgolGqt tj/n] pkef]u ug{ ;Ifd x'G5G. To;}n] xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] wf/f @$-$_ df k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/]afkt s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuL x'g] 5}g egL df}lns xs k|bfg ePsf] 5 . 339

@!= sfg"gL /fHosf] cfwf/df /fHo;~rfng x'g] k|To]s hgsNof0fsf/L /fHosf] k|d'v st{Jo ;dfhdf zfGt jftfj/0f sfod u/L cfk/flws sfo{ x'gaf6 /f]Sg] / ck/fw eO{ xfn]df ck/fw ug{]NffO{ lu/km\tf/ u/L sfg"gL k|lqmof k'o{lfO{ cleof]u nufO{ ;Ifd cbfntaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOdfkm{t sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo lbnfpg' xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo ;dfhdf g}ltstf sfod /fVg, cdg r}g sfod /fVg / cfk/flws sfo{ x'g glbg c?NffO{ lg?T;fxg ug{‘ xf] . @@= ;dfhdf ljleGg uDeL/b]lv ;fdfGo vfnsf kmf}Hbf/L ck/fwx¿ x'g ;S5g . ;dfhdf ljleGg cfly{s ck/fwx¿ x'G5g . o; k|sf/sf ck/fwdf ck/fw ug{] ju{ nfeflGjt x'G5 eg] cs{f]tkm{ ck/fwaf6 kLl8t JolQm b'Mv ef]uL /x]sf x'G5g . To;}u/L cfly{s ck/fwdf e|i6frf/sf] ck/fw x'g;S5, s/ 5Ng] sfd x'g;S5, Smuggling sf] sfd x'g;S5, sfnf]ahf/sf] sfd x'g;S5, eG;f/ 5nL rf]/L k}7f/L cflb x'g;S5 . oL sfo{x¿ cy{ft e|i6frf/sf] sfo{n] ubf{ /fHon] lbgkg{] :jR5 k|zf;g lbg ;Sb}g . h;sf] sf/0f ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf kfpg' kg{] ;]jf klg gkfpg ;S5g eg] o; k|sf/sf sfo{n] s/, eG;f/nufot /fHon] sfg"gadf]lhd /fHo ;~rfngsf] nflu hgtfaf6 c;"n ug{ kfpg] /sd klg sfg"gåf/f s/ jf z'Nssf ?kdf ;/sf/sf] sf]ifdf bflvn geO{ ;fj{hlgs ljsf;sf] ?kdf vr{ x'g'kg{] /sd unt / u}/sfg"gL af6f]af6 sfg"gljk/Lt sfd ug{] JolQm cToflws ?kn] nfeflGjt x'g k'Ub5 . o;NffO{ csf]{ zAbdf eGbf sfg"gljk/Lt sfd ug{] jf sfg"g 5Ng] JolQmx¿ u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 nfeflGjt eO{ ;DklQ cfh{g ul//x]sf x'G5g . sfg"gL /fHodf o;/L u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug{] xs s;}NffO{ klg k|fKt x'Fb}g . @#= sfg"gL /fHodf ;a} gful/sn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] PsPs u/L ;|f]t v'nfpg' k5{ . sfg"gL /fHodf /fHon] ljleGg sfdsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs sfof{no / clwsf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fh:jsf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ clwsf/L, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu ljleGg sfof{no / clwsf/Lx¿ sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf lgsfo jf clwsf/Lx¿ cfkm\gf] sfd ug{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/ ;DkGg x'G5g . o:tf lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] s'g} JolQm;Fu p;n] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L dfu]df sfg"gL ;|f]t b]vfpg] st{Ao To:tf JolQmsf] x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] ;DalGwt clwsf/L To:tf JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf k|df0f dfUg clwsf/;DkGg x'G5g . To;}n] ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !(-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf cj}w 9+un] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQdf cfh{g ug{] AolQmsf] s'g} clwsf/ gx'g] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] 5 . @$= ljjflbt ;"lrt cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ sf] Joj:yf ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo aLrsf] Coordination sf] cefjdf cfPsf] b]lvFbf To;af6 cGo lgsfosf] clwsf/If]qsf] cltqmd0f x'g'sf ;fy} k|rlnt sfg"gljk/Lt tyf ;/sf/sf] gLlt /fh:j c;"nL / cfDbfgLd'vL cflb b]lvG5 . @%= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] Joj:yf eO{ pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfn /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . wf/f $#-@_ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{ljefhg x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ;f] pkwf/f -@_ sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{no u7gsf ;fy} To;/L u7g x'g] dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;d]t tf]lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnLn] /fh:j Pj+ cfly{s dfldnf cflbsf ;DaGwdf cy{ dGqfnosf] u7g, P]g sfg"gsf ;DaGwdf sfg"g dGqfno, b]zdf cdg rog zflGt / Joj:yf Pj+ ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{] k|x/Lsf ;DaGwdf u[x dGqfno / e|i6frf/ h:tf h3Go ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pko'Qm lgsfox¿ cf—cfkm\gf] sfdsf] nflu :jtGq 5g t/ Pscs{fsf clwsf/If]qsf ;DaGwdf Coordination cfjZos kb{5 . Pscs{fn] Pscs{fsf] clwsf/If]qdf lgoGq0f, ;Lldt, cltqmd0f jf Overlap ug{ ;Qm}g . @^= cy{ dGqfno cGtu{tsf lgsfo jf sfof{no cflbn] b]zsf] cy{, cfly{s gLlt agfpg], To;NffO{ sfo{fGjog ug{ cfOkg{] cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfd ug{;S5 . /fh:j c;"nL ;DaGwdf s/bftf d}qL cy{ft s/ c;"n ug{] sfo{df ;/nLs/0f u/L hlt;Sbf] a9L /fh:j c;"nug{ h'g;'s} gLltut lg0f{o ug{;S5 . To;df ljjfb x'Fb}g t/ To;sf] Pp6f ckjfb 5 . Tof] ckjfb xf] To;/L ug{] sfo{df csf]{ lgsfosf] clwsf/If]qdf x:tIf]k x'g] sfo{ / cfk/flws sfo{af6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ klg Legalise x'g] u/L sfg"g agfpg] jf lgb{]lzsf cflb hf/L ug{] ;d]tsf gLltut lg0f{o nufot sfg"g klg aGg ;Qm}g . cy{ dGqfnoaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] ljjflbt ;"lrt cfb]z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #&-!_ cGtu{t Overlapping of Jurisdiction sf] Pp6f gd"gf xf] . ldlt @)^%.^.# sf] pQm ;"rgfNffO{ x]g{] xf] eg] h'g;'s} k|sf/n] cy{ft e|i6frf/ u/L sdfPsf] jf t:s/L u/L sdfPsf] jf jGohGt' jf jg ljgf; u/L cfh{g u/]sf] jf z/L/ ckx/0f u/L jf nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]af/ u/L cflb ljleGg u}/sfg"gL / cfk/flws sfo{ u/L sdfP klg s]jn :j]lR5s ?kdf ;DklQ ljj/0f lbO{ s/ lt/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq ;|f]t klg v'nfpg gkg{] / s'g} lgsfon] s'g} sf/jfO{ ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gsf] cfwf/df zf;g ;~rfng x'g] xfd|f] h:tf] lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] b]zdf o:tf] Joj:yfsf] kl/sn\kgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . @&= cfkm\g} e"efuleq Civil War nufotsf] sf/0f cfkm\gf] sfg"g nfu" ug{ g;Sg] Failed State jf ;fj{ef}d ljwflosf gePsf] jf Gofokflnsf :jtGq gePsf] jf ;}lgsåf/f zfl;t Dictatorial Regime df o:tf] x'g ;Snf t/ xfd|f] h:tf] r'gfjaf6 lht]sf] bnn] ax'dtsf] cfwf/df ;+;bsf] ax'dtk|fKt ePsf] sf/0f /fHo;~rfng ug{] Joj:yf ePsf] b]zdf 340

o:tf] Joj:yfsf] s'g} :yfg x'Fb}g . g]kfn Failed State xf]Og . g]kfndf lnlvt ;+ljwfg 5 . ;fj{ef}d ;+;bn] b]zsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg"g agfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . axfn /x]sf] sfg"g cko{fKt ePsf] dxz'; ePdf ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj:yflksf h'g;'s} ljifodf sfg"g agfpg ;Ifd / :jtGq 5 . ;+ljwfgadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%# adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/ / clVtof/ b'?kof]usf] ck/fwdf sf/jfxL ug{ k|x/L Pj+ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgtM Gofokflnsf :jtGq 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ck/fwhGo sfo{af6 sdfPsf] ;DklQ :j]lR5s ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/L s]xL k|ltzt s/ lt/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq ck/fw / vtaft g} dfkm x'g] u/L ;|f]t g} vf]Ng gkg{] ;"lrt cfb]zsf] pQm Joj:yfsf] s'g} sfg"gL cf}lrTo x'Fb}g . /fh:j c;"nL jf s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg'sf] dtna cfk/flws sfo{ u/L wg sdfpg pGd'lQm lbg' xf]Og . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] / /fHo;~rfngsf] cfwf/ sfg"g ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] k|0ffnLdf o:tf] 5"6 x'g ;Sb}g . nfdf] /fhgLlts åGåsf] sf/0f sfg"gadf]lhd cfddfkmL Amnesty x'g;S5 . sfg"gadf]lhd /fHon] a[xQ\ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu s;}NffO{ Nolle Prosequi cg';f/ d'2f grnfpg ;S5 . rln/x]sf] d'2f sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lng;S5 . ;hfo eO;s]sf] xf] eg] Executive Clemency x'g;S5 . t/ /fHoNffO{ s/ lt/]sf] gftfn] u}/sfg"gL tj/n] sdfPsf] ;DklQ xf] eg] To:tf] ;DklQ :jtM Legalise x'g] Joj:yf x'g ;Qm}g . 5fgaLg cg';Gwfg x'g g} gkfpg] x'g ;Sb}g . @*= g]kfn ;+qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsfnsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf g} cl:y/tf / b08xLgtf xf] . ;+qmd0fsfnsf] sf/0f /fHo;~rfng ;fGtf]ifhgs x'g g;s]sf] / cfk/flws ultljlw a9]sf] x'g;S5 eGg] s'/f ;a}NffO{ k|i6 ePs}5 . ;+qmd0fsfndf /fhgLltdf ck/flws/0f / ck/fwdf /fhgLlts/0f x'g;S5 . o:tf] ;d:of g]kfnsf] dfq ;d:of geO{ t];|f] ljZjsf k|foh;f] ;a} cljsl;t d'n'ssf] ;femf ;d:of ePsf] 5 . s/sf] bfo/f a9fpg' /fHosf] Pp6f cfjZostf x'g ;Sb5 . t/ To;sf] cf8df ck/fw, e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{ nufot h'g;'s} u}/sfg"gL ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQNffO{ a}Btf lbg' / To;pk/ 5fgaLg, cleof]hg / ;hfo ug{ gkfpg] u/L ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ k|of]hgxLg, lgliqmo jf d[tk|foM x'g] u/L sfo{sf/L cfb]z hf/L ug{‘n] ;+qmd0fsfnLg GofoNffO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] s'/f ljlwsf] zf;g / nf]stGqsf] d"No dfGotfcg'¿k ;d]t x'g ;Sb}g . @(= /fHosf] sfo{sf/L, ljwflosL jf Goflos c•n] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"NffO{ k|fKt clwsf/sf] ;Ldfdf /xL sfo{ ug{‘ kb{5 . zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ljlwsf] zf;g, ;Lldt ;/sf/ h:tf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;+ljwfgjfbsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfn] /fHosf] s'g} Ps lgsfosf] lg/+s'ztf jf :j]R5frfl/tfNffO{ dfGotf lbFb}g . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] cfkm"NffO{ lbPsf] clwsf/sf] ;xL / Odfgbf/ k|of]u ub{} gug{], ug{ g} gvf]Hg] clg ;b}j ;+qmd0fsfn / /fHo cfjZostfsf] cd"t{ cj:yf b]vfO{ ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gk|lts"n /fHosf cGo lgsfosf] clwsf/df ;d]t x:tIf]k jf s6f}tL ug{] sfo{n] zlQm k[ysLs/0f xf]Og s]G›Ls/0f / lg/+s'ztfNffO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . sfo{sf/Lsf] :jefj ;b}j cfkm\gf] zlQm a9fpg]tkm{ g} s]lG›t /x]sf] x'G5 . o;af6 zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ljlwsf] zf;g / gful/s xs clwsf/ dfly ;b}j r'gf}tL pTkGg e}/x]sf x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf gful/ssf df}lns xs clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifs / ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] x}l;otn] cbfntn] d'sbz{s eP/ sfo{kflnsfsf ;+ljwfgk|lts"n sfo{x¿NffO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf] ;/sf/ / ljlwsf] zf;g sfod u/fpg] bfloTj cGttM :jtGq Gofokflnsf dfly g} cfO{kb{5 . To;}n] :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;d]t s'l07t x'g hfg]u/L hf/L ul/Psf] pQm cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ ;+ljwfg cg'¿k 7xof{pg ldNg] s'g} ljj]s;Ddt cfwf/ b]lvPg . #)= lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{‘kg{] xf] xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg{] clGtd k|Zgtkm{ x]bf{ sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s/ / /fh:j k|zf;g;DaGwL ljifodf ;"lrt cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] / s/ k|zf;g ;DaGwdf ul/Psf pQm Joj:yfx¿ cfly{s P]g, @)^% åf/f ;dfof]hg u/L ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf s]xL af]nL /xg' kg{] cj:yf ePg . #!= pQm cfb]zsf] bkmf #$ df plNnlvt h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t af/]df 5fgaLg ug{ gkfpg], To;;DaGwL sfuhftx¿ uf]Ko /xg], s'g} klg lgsfon] x]g{ jf k|df0fdf nufpg gkfpg] Pj+ tL sfuhftsf] cfwf/df 3f]ifspk/ s'g} klg P]gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg / ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yfx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !(, wf/f !#-!_ / -@_, wf/f ##-`_, wf/f !)), wf/f !@) ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] Psk|lt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf xfdLx¿sf] ;xdlt 5 . ;+=k|=Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7 Gof=k|sfz j:tL Olt ;Djt @)^& ;fn >fj0f @& /f]h == z'ed\ ============ 341

;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo Gofoflwz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdn gf/fo0f bf; cfb]z ldltM @)^*.(.@@ )^&–WO–!@*$ ljifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k|ltz]w . lhNnf ;'g;/L,w/fg gu/kflnsf j8f g+=! Af:g] zf/bf b]jL cu|jfn====! P]=P]=j:g] gf/fo0f cu|jfn==============================================! P]=P]=j:g] >L/fd cu|jfn================================================! lgj]bs lj?4 cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fg ;'g;/L===========================! k|ToyL{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@.!)&-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGt{ut kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M xfdL lgj]bssf klt, lktf :j=s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfnn] lhNnf ;'g;/L w/fg gu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ ls=g+=@) sf] If]qkmn )–^–) hUuf / ;f] hUufdf lgdf{0ffwLg 3/ ;d]t ;ljtf pbf;af6 / P]=P]=ls=g+=@! sf] If]qkmn )–*–& hUuf / ;f] hUufdf lgdf{0ffwLg 3/ ;d]t ;Gb/ pbf;af6 ldlt @)%!.!).!@ df dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn sf7df08f}+af6 xfn}sf] js;kqsf] lnlvt kfl/t u/L lng' ePsf] lyof] . lktf s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfn ldlt @)^^.$.#) df k/nf]s x'g' ePsf]n] pxfFsf] xsbf/ kTgL zf/bfb]jL cu|jfn / 5f]/fx¿ d gf/fo0f cu|jfn / >L/fd cu|jfn ;d]t /x]sf 5f}+ . :j+ klt, lktfn] xfn}sf] as;kq kfl/t u/L lnPsf] pNn]lvt ls=g+=@) / @! hUuf tyf ;f]df lgdf{0fwLg 3/ ;d]t Pp6} sDkfp08 leq} cjl:yt eO{ jl/kl/ kSsL kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] 5 . o;/L :j=lktf, lktfn] xfn}sf] as;kqåf/f kfl/t u/L lnPsf] pNn]lvt hUuf tyf 3/ Pj+ 6x/f ;d]t lnvt kfl/t ePsf] ldlt b]lv g} ef]u rng u/L cfPsf] 5f}+ . oltdfq geO{ klt, lktfn] lgdf{0flwg 3/ kfl/t u/L lng' ePsf]df ;f] 3/sf] gS;f ;d]t klt, lktfsf] gfpFdf w/fg gu/kflnsfaf6 gfd;f/L eO{ ;f] 3/sf] ;dk"0f{ lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/L pNn]lvt hUufdf cGo yk ljleGg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L lzj kmdf{: o'l6sn Nofjf]6f]l/h gfds cf}ifwL pBf]u ;d]t ;~rfng u/L cfPsf] 5f}+ . gS;fkf; :jLs[t lnO{ lgdf{0f ePsf] 3/ b'j} lsQfdf kg]{ u/L lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . To;n] ubf{ ls=g+=@) / @! Dff cnu cnu :jtGq ?ksf] 3/ geO{ Pp6} 3/ eO{ lgjf{w ?kdf ef]urng u/L cfPsf] 5f}+ . h'g s'/f ;+nUg 3/sf] kfl/t gS;fsf] kmf]6f]skLaf6 klg k|i6 x'g]5 . o;/L ef]u rng u/L cfPsf]df klt, lktf s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfnsf] ldlt @)^^.$.#) df cfkm\gf] sfnultn] k/nf]s ePsf]n] pNn]lvt 3/ hUufdf lgj]bsx¿sf] xs x'g cfPsf]df pQm 3/ hUufsf] ;DjGwdf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg, ;'g;/Lsf] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] :juL{o lktfsf] gfpFdf jf]wfy{ kq k|fKt x'g cfof] . ;f] kqdf k|fKt u/L cjnf]sg ubf{ d"n ?kdf lgj]bssf] xs ef]u rngsf] pNn]lvt hUuf dWo] ls=g+=@) sf] hUuf ;'Gb/ pbf;n] s/ aSof}tf /fv]sf] egL lghsf] kTgL ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] pNn]lvt hUuf lnnfd ljqmL ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] /x]5 . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] pQm kqsf] ;DjGwdf ljj]bsn] tTsfn} ls=g+=@) sf] hUuf ;ljtf pbf;sf] geO{ xfd|f] xs ef]u rngsf] b]vfO{ lnnfd x'g' kg]{ xf]Og egL k|df0f ;lxt lgj]bg u/]sf]df xfdLx¿sf] lgj]bgsf] s'g} ;'g'jfO{ gu/L ljkIfL sfof{non] ldlt @)^&.#.!^ sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf lnnfd ljqmL ug]{ egL ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]n] ljkIfLsf] ;f] sfo{af6 lgj]bsx¿sf] gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ n] k|Tofe't u/]sf] sfg"gL xsdf s'07f x'g] k|jn cfz+sfsf] l:ylt pTkGg ePsf]n] ldlt @)^&.#.!^ df k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] sfof{Gjog gug'{, gu/fpg' egL lgif]wf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gudf lgj]bg u/]sf]df pQm cbfntaf6 ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L eO{ lnnfd ljqmL /f]lsPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6guaf6 lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg vf/]h c'g] 7x/\ofO{ ldlt @)^&.(.% df km};nf eof] . pQm km};nf pk/ xfdLx¿sf] tkm{af6 o; ;Ddflgt cbfnt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbO{ ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . o;} aLr ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no ;'g;/L, w/fgn] ldlt @)^*.#.@@ sf] uf]/vfkq Pj+ sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf o; sfof{nosf] sfo{ If]q cGt{ut lhNnf ;'g;/L, w/fg g=kf=j8f g+=& sf s/bftf njs'z :6Ln kmlg{r/sf k|f]kfO6/ >L ;'Gb/ pbf;n] cf=j=@)$$.)$% b]lv @)$(.)%);Ddsf] cfos/ jfkt ?=^!,)^,(@@.)*-z'Ns Jofh afx]s_ bflvn gu/L aSof}tf b]lvPsf] x'+bf ;f] /sd bflvnf gu/L aSof}tf b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] /sd bflvnf gu/]sf] x'Fbf lghsL Psf3/sL kTgL >LdtL ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfddf /x]sf] w/fg gu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ sf] ls=g+=@) sf] If]qkmn )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df jg]sf] 3/ 342

;d]t o; sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%!.!).!# sf] kq adf]lhd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)$ adf]lhd o; sfof{nosf] ;DklQ dflysf] bfjL sfod /x]sf] Joxf]/fsf] >L dfnkf]t sfof{no Og?jfsf] r=g=%&%) ldlt @)^!.!!.@) sf] kq adf]lhd o; sfof{nosf] gfddf /f]Ssf /fv]sf] 3/ hUuf ljqmL u/L c;"n pk/ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] x'+bf ;f] hUuf laqmL ug{sf] nfuL Go"gtd d"No sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ldlt @)^&.@.!$ df o; dfof{nodf a;]sf] d"Nofªsg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o adf]lhd k|lt s6\7f ?=!!,)),))). sf b/n] x'g cfpg] hUufsf] d"No ?=^^,)),))).– / w/fg gu/kflnsfsf] r=g+=!^@%^, ldlt @)^&.#.* sf] kq adf]lhd 3/sf] d"No ?=#^,^!,$*@.– ;d]t s"n hDdf ?=!,)@,^!,$*@.–cIf]?kL Ps s/f]8 b'O{ nfv Ps;6\7L xhf/ rf/ ;o aof;L dfq_ Go"gtd af]n c+s sfod u/]sf] x'+bf cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf !)%-$_ adf]lhd pQm 3/ hUuf lnnfd ljqmL u/L aSof}tf c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu !% lbg] ;"rgf ldlt @)^&.#.!^ ut] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf k|sflzt ul/Psf]df ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf ldlt @)^&.#.@$ ut] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df lgif]wf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF egL lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.@% ut]sf] cGtl/d cfb]z adf]lhd lnnfd ljqmLsf] sf/jfxL /f]Ssf ePsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)^*.#.!# df k|fKt km};nf sfof{nosf] kIfdf ePsf] x'+bf k'gM cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf !)%-$_ adf]lhd pQm 3/ hUuf lnnfd ljqmL u/L aSof}tf c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu !% lbg] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] /x]5 . ljkIfLsf] pQm @)^*.#.@@ sf] ;"rgf tyf tT;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bsx¿sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#,!( åf/f k|Tofe't ;+j}wflgs xs tyf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g, hUuf khgLsf] @-s_ ;d]tåf/f k|Tofe't sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k'Ug uPsf]n] ljkIfLsf] pNn]lvt sfd sf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bssf] xs ef]usf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ ;d]t lnnfd ljqmL gug'{ egL ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg bfjL . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf], of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.$.@ sf] cfb]z xsb}of g} gePsf] JolQmaf6 bfjL ub}{df o; sfof{non] lnnfd laqmL /f]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ xf]Og . o; sfof{non] cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_-s_ / bkmf #&-#_-3_ tyf cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf !)$ tyf !)% adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fgsf] bfjL ;[hgf eO;s]sf] ;DklQ sfg"gL k|s[of k"/f u/L lnnfd ljqmL u/L /fh:j c;"n pk/ ug]{ sfo{ ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"g;Ddt 5 . obL lgj]bsx¿ ;ljtf pbf;;+u ldn]dtf] gu/L pQm hUuf vl/b u/]sf] eP ;ljtf pbf;;+u p;} df}sfdf xs j]xsdf lkm/fb lnO{ hfg' kg]{df ;f] uPsf] gb]lv+bf lgj]bsx¿ ;kmf xftn] ;Ddflgt cbfntdf k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ xfn;Dd klg ;ljtf pbf;s} gfddf /x]sf] x'+bf pQm hUufsf] :jfldTj xfn;Dd x:tfGt/0f gePsf]n] pQm lsQf g+=@) sf] hUufdf lgj]bsx¿sf] s'g} klg xs ;[hgf gePsf] x'+bf lgj]bg bfjL em'7\7f b]lv+bf vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fgsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn / clwjQmf >L o'j/fh e08f/Ln] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fgn] ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfpF btf{sf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]dfag]sf] 3/ ldlt @)%!.!).!# df /f]Ssf /fVg' k"j{ ldlt @)%!.!).!@ df lgj]bssf klt, lktf s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfnn] dfnkf]t sfof{no,rfjlxn sf7df08f}+af6 xfn}sf] js;kqsf] lnvt /lhi6]zg kf; u/L lng' ePsf] 3/hUuf xf] . /lhi6]«zg u/L ln+bf pQm 3/ hUuf /f]Ssf /x]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] klxnf b]lv /f]Ssf u/]sf] hUuf lgj]bssf] klt,lktfn] xfn}sf] js;kq lnvt u/L lnPsf] xf]Og . clkt' x:tfGt/0f kl5 dfq /f]Ssf /flvPsf] xf] . bftfn] lnP vfPsf] jf ltg'{ a'emfpg] kg]{ sfg"gn] ldNb}g . t;y{, lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ ;d]t ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, wf/fgåf/f ldlt @)^*.#.@@ sf] uf]/vfkq / sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf k|sflzt lnnfd ljqmLsf] ;"rgf ;d]taf6 lgj]bgsf] ;DklQ ;DjGwL xsdf c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] . ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fgsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L s[i0f k|;fb kf}8]nn] s/bftf njs'z kmlg{{r/sf k|f]kfO6/ ;'Gb/ pbf;n] ltg{ a'emfpg kg]{ cfos/sf] aSof}tf /sd ga'emfPsf] x'+bf ;fljs cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_-3_ tyf k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)$ adf]lhd bfjL ;[hgf u/L bkmf !)%-$_ adf]lhd ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfdsf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ ;d]t cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] r=g+=@&*# ldlt @)%!.!).!# sf] kqn] /f]Ssf /flvPsf] xf] . ;f]xL /sd /f]Ssf /flvPsf] ;DklQaf6 c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgn] uf]/vfkq / sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf ldlt @)^*.#.@@ df lnnfd a9fj9sf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] ;DklQ l/6 lgj]bs jf lghsf] afj'sf] gfddf gfd;f/L klg gePsf] x'+bf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/of];\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] .

343

b'j} kIfsf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] ax/ ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] xf], xf]Og < ;f] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ >L njs'z l:6n kmlg{r/sf k|f]kfO6/ ;'Gb/ pbf;n] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fgnfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ /fh:j glt/L aSof}tf /fv]sf]n] c;"nLsf] qmddf lgj]bssf klt lktf s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfnn] ;ljtf pbf;af6 ldlt @)%!.!).!@ sf] xfn}sf] as;kqsf] lnvtåf/f xs k|fKt u/]sf] ;'g;/L lhNnf, w/fg gu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ sf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ ;d]t dfnkf]t sfof{no, ;'g;/Ldf /f]Ssf /fvL cfGtl/s /fHf:j sfof{no, w/fgåf/f lnnfd laqmL ug{sf nflu ldlt @)^*.#.@@ df sflGtk'/ / uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf k|sflzt ;"rgf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L kfpF eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf] 5 . njs'z l:6n kmlg{r/sf k|f]kfO6/ ;'Gb/ pbf;n] ldlt @)$$.)$% b]lv )$(.)%) ;Ddsf] ltg'{kg]{ cfos/ ga'emfO{ aSof}tf /fv]sf] x'Fbf lghsf] Psf3/sL >Ldlt ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfpFsf] ls=g+= @) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ ;d]tdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no,w/fgsf] bfjL >[hgf eO{ dfnkf]t sfof{no, ;'g;/Ldf /f]Ssf /x]sf]df lgj]bssf klt, lktf s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfn ;d]tsf] ldn]dtf]df pQm 3/ hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn, sf7df08f}+af6 ldlt @)%!.!).!@ df xfn}sf] aas;kqsf] lnvt kfl/t u/L lnPtf klg pQm hUufsf] :jfldTj xfn;Dd x:tfGt/0f gePsf]n] o; sfof{noaf6 uf]/vfkq / sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf ldlt @)^*.#.@@ df k|sflzt lnnfdsf] ;"rgf sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fgsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOG5 . njs'z l:6n kmlg{r/sf k|f]kfO6/ ;'Gb/ pbf;n] ldlt @)$$.)$% b]lv @)$(.)%) ;Ddsf] cfos/ jfktsf] ?=^!,)^,(@@.)* /sd -z'Ns Jofh afx]s_ bflvnf gu/L aSof}tf /fv]s]f x'Fbf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] kqn] dflnkf]t sfof{no,;'g;/Ldf /f]Ssf /x]sf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) 3/hUuf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfo{no, w/fgsf] ldlt @)^&.@.& sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL u/L /fHf:j c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)$ adf]lhd ldlt @)^*.#.@@ sf] uf]/vfkq / sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf lnnfd a9fj9;DjGwL l;njGbL af]nkq cfAxfgsf] !% lbg] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . o; eGbf k"j{ klg cfGtl/s /fHf:j sfof{no, w/fg, ;'g;/Låf/f ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfpFsf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df lgld{t 3/ ;d]t lnnfd a9fa9 ;DaGwL ldlt @)^&.#.!^ sf] uf]//vfkqdf !% lbg] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/] pk/ log} lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/\ofO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)^&.(.% df km};nf ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] km};nf pk/ log} lgj]bsn] o; cbfntdf lbPsf] o;} nufpsf] )^&–CI–!^%@ sf] lgif]wf1f d'2fdf lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^&.(.% sf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L cfh o;} Ohnf;af6 km};nf ePsf] 5 . lglZtr ?kn] oL lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] lsQf g+=@) sf] hUufsf] bftf ;'Gb/ pbf; jf lghsf] >LdtL ;latf pbf;dfly /x]sf] s/ ;DaGwL bfloTj oL lgj]bsdf ;g]{ xf]Og . t/ oL lgj]bsx¿sf] klt, lktf s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfnn] ;'Gb/ pbf; / lghsL >LdtL ;latf pbf;af6 @)%!.!).!@ df xfn}sf] as;kqaf6 lsQf g+=@! /@) lnPsf] k|s[of cfkm}df cgf}7f] /x]sf] 5 . ?=^! nfv eGbf a9L cfos/ ltg'{ kg]{ JolQmn] ;f] ltg]{tkm{ gnfuL oL lgj]bsx¿sf] klt, lktfnfO{ pbf/tfk"j{s js;kq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gn] js;kq lbg kfpg] / jS;kqaf6 xs x:tfGt/0f u/fO{ lng]df klg s'g} k|ltjGw nufPsf] 5}g . t/ @)%!.!).!@ sf] as;kq kfpg] oL lgj]bssf klt, lktf s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfnn] @)^^.$.#) ;Dd pQm lsQf g+=@) sf] ;DklQ cfk\mgf] gfpFdf gfd;f/L u/fpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . h'g;'s} lnvtaf6 xs x:tfGt/0f x'g] ePklg bflvn vf/]h jf gfd;f/L ePkl5 dfq xs x:tfGt/0fsf] k|s[of k"0f{ x'G5 . oxfF;DdsL lgj]bsx¿sf klt, lktfn] pQm 3/ hUuf /x]sf] lhNnfaf6 geO{ sf7df8f}+af6 pQm xfn}sf] as;kq kfl/t u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;d]t s/sf] /sd a'emfpg] bfloTj ePsf] ;'Gb/ pbf;af6 s/sf] / sd c;"n ug]{ sfg"gL k|s[ofdf cj/f]w k/\ofpg] k|of]hgn] dfq xtf/df xfn}sf] as;kq lnvt kfl/t eP, u/]–u/fPsf] eGg] :jefljs lgisif{df k'Ug' kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . o:tf] s[ofnfO{ b'O{ JolQm aLr ePsf] ;dfGo sfg"g;Ddt Jojxf/ Normal Fair Deal sf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ ;lsb}g / o:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ sfg"g;Ddt ePsf] / To;af6 xs k|fKt ug]{ sf] sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] egL cbfntn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ klg ldNb}g . log} kIf ljkIf ePsf] )^&–CI–!^%@ sf] pQm lgif]wf1f d'2f / k|:t't lgjlk]bgsf] ljjfb Pj+ kIf ;d]t Pp6} ePsf] / ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fgn] njs'z l:6n kmlg{r/ k|f]kfO6/ ;'Gb/ pbf;sf] ldlt @)$$.)$% b]lv ldlt @)$(.)%) ;Ddsf] cfos/ bflvnf gu/L aSof}tf /fv]sf]df c;"nLsf] sf/jfxL cuf8L a9fPsf] cj:yfdf lgh ;'Gb/ pbf; / lgj]bsx¿sf] klt, lktf :j= s[i0f s'df/ cu|jfnsf] cfk;L ldn]dtf]df dfnkf]t sfo{no, ;'g;/Ldf /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;'Gb/ pbf;sf] >LdtL ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfpF btf{sf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df jg]sf] 3/ ;d]t a]Onfsfsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn,sf7df08f}+af6 ldlt @)%!.!).!@ df xfn}sf] js;kqsf] lnvt u/L lnPtfklg xfn;Dd bf=vf=gfd;f/L ge} >]:tfdf ljjflbt ls=g+= @) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df jg]s]f 3/ ;d]t ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfpd} /xL lgj]bssf] xs ;[hgf gePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsx¿sf] lglj{jfb xs ePsf] dfGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . 344

k|:t't ljjfbsf] k[i7e"dL x]bf{ d'Votof njs'z l:6n lkmlg{r/sf k|f]kfO6/ ;'Gb/ pbf;n] cf=j=@)$$.)$% b]lv @)%(.)%) ;Dd ltg'{ a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf] aSof}tf s/ /fh:j ga'emfPaf6} ;[hgf ePsf] kfOG5 . lgh s/bftfsf] s/ a'emfpg] sfg"gL bfloTj ePsf]n] tTsflng cfos/ P]g,@)#! sf] bkmf #&-#_-3_ n] s/bftfsf] gfpFdf /x]sf] rn jf crn ;DklQ ;a} jf s]xL Ps} k6s jf k6s k6s u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd lnnfd ljqmL ug]{ sfg"gL clwsf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfg Joj:yf u/]sf] jt{dfg cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)$ n] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] ;DklQaf6 s/sf] /sd c;"n pk/ ug{ kfpg] x'gfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, w/fgaf6 ;ljtf pbf;sf] gfpFsf] ls=g+=@) sf] )–^–) hUuf / ;f]df jg]sf] 3/ ;d]t dfnkf]t sfof{no, ;'g;/Ldf a]r lavg ug{ gkfpg] u/L /f]Ssf /fvL ;f] ;DklQdf bfjL >hgf u/L lgh s/bftfnfO{ aSof}tf /sd ltg{ j'emfpg k6s k6s kqfrf/ u/L ;"rgf lbO{ PQm bkmf !)$ sf] k|s[of k"/f ubf{ klg aSof}tf /fh:j a'emfpg cfPsf] b]lvPg . o;/L ;/sf/L /fh:j aSof}tf /sd c;"nL ;DaGwdf bflj >[hgf u/L ;lsPsf] ;DklQ pQm ls=g+=@) sf] huuf ljufxf )–^–) sf] 3/hUuf cfos/ P]g,@)%* sf] bkmf,!)%-$_ adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no,w/fg ;'g;/Ln] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf lnnfd ljqmLsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.#.@@ sf] uf]/vfkq sflGtk'/ /fli6o b}lgsdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . aSof}tf s/ c;"nLsf] of] sf/jfxL sfg"g cg'?k b]lvg cfPsf]n] o;af6 oL lgj]bsx¿sf] sfg"gL xsflwsf/ s'l07t ePsf] jf To; dfly u}/ sfg"gL 9+uaf6 jf cglws[t ta/af6 cltqmd0f ePsf] jf x'g] ;Defjgf /x]s]f eGg ldNg] klg b]lvPg . oL lgj]bsx¿sf klt, lktfn] xfn}sf] as;kq lnvt kf/Lt u/fO{ lnPkl5 lghsf] bftfdfly ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] bfloTj >[hgf eO{ ;s]sf] / lnvt cg';f/sf] ;DklQ as;kq ug]{sf :jfldTjdf k|s[ofut ?kn] cfO{ g;Sb} ;f] ;DklQdf ;/sf/L bfljsf] >[hgf eO{ ;s]sf] o; cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQdf ;/sf/L bfljsf] >[hgf eO{ ;s]sf]n] o; cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQsf] /f]Ssf km's'jf x'g] jf lnnfdsf] sf/jfxL ab/ x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvPg . t;y{, lnnfd ljqmL ;DaGwL ;"rgf nufotsf sfd sf/afxL ab/ ug]{ u/L lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . k|: t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sf]n] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^*.$.@ / ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.$.!# df ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z :jtM lgis[o x'g] eO{ o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.(.@% sf] kqåf/f ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO ;lsPsf]n] c? s]xL ul//xg' k/]g . bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' . GofofwLz pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gofoflwz Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O{/fnf sDKo'6/ ug]{ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;Djt\ @)^* ;fn kf}if @@ ut] /f]h\ ^ z'ed\===============================.

345

sefuM %^, ;fnM @)&!, dlxgfM sflt{s, c+sM &, km};nf ldltM @)&!.)!.@%, lg0f{o g+= -@_) ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rG› nfn )^(-CI-!@*) d'2f M– pTk|]if0f÷k/dfb]z . k'g/fj]bs÷ljkIfLM /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu xl/x/ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/sf tkm{af6 P]=sf dxflgb{]zs v'd/fh k'~hfnL lj¿4 k|ToyL{÷lgj]bs M sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @@ l:yt sfi7d08k 8]enkd]G6 a}Í, s]G›Lo sfof{no, kfsf] Go'/f]8 · sfg"gL Joj:yfdf k|of]u ePsf] æk|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf] eP tfklgÆ eGg] zAbfjNfLsf] zflAbs JofVof ubf{ o;Nf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] dfly plNNflvt Joj:yfNffO{ k|:t't ;Gbe{df lgik|efjL u/fPsf] b]lvg] . · uf8LNffO{ lwtf] /fvL shf{ lNfPsf C0fLNf] a}ÍNffO{ a'emfpg'kg{] k"/} ls:tf /sd ga'emfPkl5 a}Ín] lNfNffdL k|lqmof ckgfO{ ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg a}Ín] g} ;sf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lwtf] /flvPsf] ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg C0fLsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] geO{ a}Ís} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] kl/l:yltdf pQm ;jf/L ;fwgsf] dfWodaf6 /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] /fh:j c;'NfL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf;d]tsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvg] . -k|s/0f g+=%_ k'g/fj]bs÷ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljåfgf pkGofoflwjQmf l6s]G› bfxfNf k|ToyL{÷lgj]bssf tkm{af6 M cjNflDat glh/ M ;Da4 sfg"g M · cfos/ P]g, @)%* · a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %&-!_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf cfb]z ug{]M · df=d'=Gof=>L s]z/L/fh kl08t . · df=Gof=>L o1k|;fb a:ofNf . cfb]z Gof=sNof0f >]i7M Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^(.!!.!^ sf] cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg k/L k]; x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;lª\IfKt tYo Pjdf\ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M ldlt @)^&.!!.!! df o; a}Ísf C0fL ef]Nfflszf]/ 8+uf]NfNf] ;jf/L ;fwg vl/b ug{] shf{ dfu ug{‘eP adf]lhd ;f]xL ;jf/L ;fwg lwtf] ;'/If0f lNfP/ ;jf/L ;fwgdf shf{ pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . ;f] lwtf]NffO{ a}Ín] km's'jfkq glbFbf;Dd oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, PsfGts'gf Nflntk'/df o; a}Ísf] gfddf /f]Ssf /flvPsf] lyof] . C0fLNf] ldlt @)^*.(.@$ ;Dd lgoldt shf{ tyf shf{df Nffu]sf] Aofh;d]t a}Ín] tf]lslbPsf] ;dodf ltb{} cfPsf]df To;kl5 lgoldt ls:tf a'emfpg 5f8]sf] x'Fbf lNfNffd ubf{ s;}Nf] ;sf/ gu/]sfNf] pQm lwtf]NffO{ u}/ a}lͪ ;DklQsf] ¿kdf lbPsf] shf{ c;'Nf ug{ oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, jL/uGhdf ;¿jf btf{ dfu ubf{ oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, Nflntk'/Nf] /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] kqNf] ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg /f]Ssf /x]sf] hfgsf/L lbPsfNf] pQm kq Nfufot lgj]bssf] lxtljk/Lt x'g] u/L ljkIfLx¿af6 eP u/]sf ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L pQm ;jf/LNffO{ k'gM bf]xf]/f] /f]Ssf g/fVg' km's'jf u/L lbO{ lgj]bs a}Ísf] dfuadf]lhd a}Ísf] gfpFdf gfd;f/L tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf 7fpF;f/L ul/lbg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]z Nfufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf k]; ePsf] lgj]bg . lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg{] sf/0f eP ;a'b k|df0f;lxt af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq ljkIfLaf6 lNflvt hjfkm dufpg' eGg] pQm cbfntsf] cfb]z . ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]npk/ o; ljefuaf6 /fh:j r'xfj6 d'2f bfo/ ePsf] / ;f]xL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf lghsf] ;jf/L ;fwg /f]Ssf /flvPsf] xf] . /fh:j c;'NfLsf nflu /f]Ssf /f]v]sf] ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nsf gfdsf] ;jf/L ;fwg a}Í tyf 346

ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;'nL ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu /f]Ssf km's'jf ug{ ldNg] cj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf /f]Ssf km's'jf gul/Psf] xf] . lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] lNflvt hjfkm . o; sfof{non] /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] cg'/f]wdf ;jf/L ;fwg /f]Ssf /fv]sf] / /f]Ssf /flvPsf] ;jf/L ;fwg ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 km's'jf ug{] hfgsf/L gcfP;Dd km's'jf ug{ / km's'jf geP;Dd dfuadf]lhd ;¿jf btf{sf nflu ;xdlt lbg gldNg] ePsfNf] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, PsfGts'gfsf] lNflvt hjfkm . o; ljefuaf6 s'g} sfo{ eP gu/]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf] lNflvt hjfkm ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nNf] Dofbleq lNflvt hjfkm k]; gu/]sf] . C0fL ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nsf] shf{ c;'Nf eO;s]sf] eGg] cj:yf o;df gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf] shf{sf] ;'/If0fafkt sfi7d08k 8]enkd]G6n] cfkm\gf] gfpFdf gfd;f/L u/fO{ /fv]sf] af=*r ^$#% g+= sf] ;f]/]06f] uf8L C0fLNf] shf{ r'Qmf gu/]afkt lgj]bs a}Ín] sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm\gf] gfpFdf ;sf/ ul/lNfPsf] cj:yfdf a}Ísf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] pQm ;jf/L ;fwg a}Ísf] s'g} ;+nUgtflagf g} ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] ldlt @)^*.%.^ df C0fL ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]n;Fusf] cs{} d'2fsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ gfd;f/L /f]Ssf /fVg] u/]sf] / ;f] /f]Ssf km's'jf ug{ gldNg] egL ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^(.&.@! df lgj]bs a}ÍnfO{ n]v]sf] kq;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsfNf] pQm /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt @)^(.&.@! sf] kq;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zNf] ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . pQm /f]Ssf km's'jf u/L ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg sfg"gadf]lhd lgj]bs a}Ísf] gfpFdf gfd;f/L 7fpF;f/L;d]t ul/lbg' egL oftfoft Joj:yf sfo{fNfo, nlntk'/sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^(.!!.!^ sf] cfb]z . ef]Nfflszf]/ 8+uf]nn] /fh:j r'xfj6 u/]sf] ;DaGwdf lghpk/ Nflntk'/ lhNnf cbfnt / sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf PsPs j6f d'2f bfo/ ePsf] 5 . lghn] d"No clej[l4 s/ / cfos/;d]t ga'emfPsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;f] c;'NfLsf] Nfflu ;jf/L ;fwg /f]Ssf ul/Psf] xf] . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)# Nf] clu|d s/ s§L ug{‘kg{] JolQmNf] s§L ug{‘kg{] s/NffO{ g} c¿ bfloTjeGbf cu|flwsf/ lbg'kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 a}ÍNf] cfkm\gf] C0f c;'Nf ug{sf] Nfflu cfkm\gf] gfddf gfd;f/L ug{] sfo{eGbf g]kfNf ;/sf/Nf] /fh:j c;'NfL ug{] sfo{Nf] cu|flwsf/ kfpg] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt ;f] ;jf/L ;fwgNffO{ /f]Ssf /fVg] o; ljefusf] kqNffO{ ab/ x'g] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pQm cfb]z pN6L ul/kfpF eGg] /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuNf] o; cbfntdf u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L;"rLdf r9L k]; x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfgf pkGofoflwjQmf >L l6s]G› bfxfNfNf] ljkIfL a}Í wgL / ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]n C0fL ePsfNf] ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nsf] af=*r ^$#% g+= sf] uf8L /fh:j c;'Nf ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu k'g/fj]bs kIfn] /f]Ssf /fv]sf] xf] . s/ bflvnf ug{‘kg{] JolQmn] s/ bflvnf gu/]df lghsf] ;DklQaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd c;'n pk/ ug{sf nflu ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt g} x'g cfpFb5 . s/ 5n]sf] ljifodf cfos/ P]gn] ;d]t c;'n pk/ ug{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg{] egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kl/k|]Iodf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] uf8L /f]Ssf /fv]sf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] kq ab/ u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm q'l6k"0f{ km};nfpN6L ul/kfpF eGg] ax; k|:t't ug{‘eof] . ;/sf/L jlsnsf] pQm ax; lhls/ ;'gL tyf k'g/fj]bg;lxt ldl;n ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx¿ cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf a}Ísf] ;'/If0fafkt lwtf] :j¿k /f]Ssf /flvPsf] uf8Ldf a}Ísf] Psn lgoGq0f x'g] xf] jf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu;d]tsf] lgoGq0f x'g] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvg cfof] . @= o;df lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nn] sfi7d08k 8]enkd]06 a}Íaf6 af=*r ^$#% g+= sf] ;jf/L ;fwg lwtf] ;'/If0f lnO{ ;jf/L ;fwgdf shf{ lnPsf] x'Fbf a}Ín] pQm ;jf/L ;fwg /f]Ssf /fv]sf] tyf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] ;d]t /fh:j c;'nL k|of]hgsf] nflu /f]Ssf /fv]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg . C0fL ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nn] lgoldt ls:tf glt/]kl5 a}Ín] lnnfdsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fO{ s;}n] ;sf/ gu/]kl5 a}Í :joDn] ;sf/ u/L ;jf/L ;fwg btf{ u/fpg hfFbf oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{non] /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 /f]Ssf /x]sf]n] btf{ ug{ gldNg] hfgsf/L u/fPkl5 k|: t't ljjfbsf] l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] o; cbfntdf k]; u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)# cg';f/ s/s§L ug{‘kg{] s/NffO{ c¿ bfloTjeGbf cu|flwsf/ lbg'kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sfn] cfkm"n] pQm uf8L /f]Ssf /fv]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt 5 egL lhls/ lnPsf] kfOof] . o; ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)# sf] Joj:yf s] s:tf] 5, ;f] pNn]v ug{‘ ;fGble{s x'g cfpFb5 . pQm bkmfdf pNn]v 5 M bkmf !)#-!_M æclu|d s/s§L ug{‘kg{] JolQmn] kl/R5]b !& adf]lhd s§L ug{‘kg{] s/NffO{ cbfntsf] cfb]z jf cGo s'g} sfg"gadf]lhd jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] ug{‘kg{] e'QmfgLNffO{ eGbf cu|flwsf/ lbg'kg{]5 .Æ #= o; Joj:yfNffO{ x]bf{ ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nn] clu|d s/s§Lafkt slt /sd ;/sf/NffO{ a'emfpg'kg{] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] 6'Ëf] nfUg ;s]sf] b]lvPg . k'g/fj]bs s} k'g/fj]bg Joxf]/fcg';f/ lghpk/ /fh:j r'xfj6 u/]sf] ;DaGwdf lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f 347

bfo/ ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L cbfntdf d'2f ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf xfn lghn] s/ ltg{‘kg{] jf gkg{] s'/fsf] lgSo{f}n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gx'g] / ltg{ k/] klg slt ltg{‘kg{] eGg] k|Zg clgl0f{t g} x'g] ePsfn] /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ lauf]eGbf a9L ePsf] v08df slt /fh:jtkm{ hfg] / slt a}Ín] kfpg] eGg] ljifo;d]t clgl0f{t g} x'g hfG5 . d'2f cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg t gldNg] xf]Og tyflk bf]xf]/f] /f]Ssf /x]sf] kl/l:yltdf km'sj' f ug{] qmddf of] s'/fsf] klg x]Ssf /fVg' h¿/L x'G5 . $= ;DklQdf bf]xf]/f] /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df s;n] a9L k|fyldstf kfpg'kg{] xf] eGg] s'/ftkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] pQm k|fjwfgsf cltl/Qm a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %&-!_ sf] k|fjwfg pNn]v ug{‘ klg oxfF ;fGble{s x'g cfpFb5 . pQm bkmfdf pNn]v 5 M bkmf %&-!_M– æs'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfn] Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yf;Fu ePsf] shf{sf] ;Demf}tf jf ;t{ sa'lnotsf] kfngf gu/]df jf lnvtsf] efvfleq Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfsf] shf{ r'Qmf gu/]df jf Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfn] hfFra'em ubf{ shf{ lnPsf] shf{ /sd h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu lnPsf] xf] ;f] k|of]hgdf gnufPsf] jf lxgfldgf jf b'¿kof]u ePsf] b]lvPdf ;DalGwt lnvt jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg C0fLn] Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfNffO{ n]lvlbPsf] jf Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfdf /fv]sf] lwtf] ;'/If0fNffO{ Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfn] lnnfd laqmL u/L jf cGo s'g} Joj:yf u/L cfkm\gf] ;fFjf Aofh c;'npk/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .Æ %= pko{‘Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfdf k|of]u ePsf] æk|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklgÆ eGg] zAbfjnLsf] zflAbs JofVof ubf{ o;n] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] dfly plNnlvt Joj:yfNffO{ k|:t't ;Gbe{df lgik|efjL u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . cs{f]tkm{ k|:t't d'2fdf af=*r ^$#% g+= sf] uf8LNffO{ lwtf] /fvL shf{ lnPsf ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]nn] a}ÍNffO{ a'emfpg'kg{] k"/}ls:tf /sd ga'emfPkl5 a}Ín] lnnfdL k|lqmof ckgfO{ ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg a}Ín] g} ;sf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lwtf] /flvPsf] ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg C0fL ef]nflszf]/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] geO{ a}Ís} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] kl/l:yltdf pQm ;jf/L ;fwgsf] dfWodaf6 /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] /fh:j c;'nL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf;d]tsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvg cfPg . ^= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/P adf]lhd wgL sfi7d08k 8]enkd]06 a}Í C0fL ef]nflszf]/ 8+uf]n eO{ lwtf] ;'/If0f :j¿k /x]sf] af=*r ^$#% g+= sf] ;jf/L ;fwgNffO{ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] /f]Ssf /fvL km's'jf ug{ gldNg] egL hf/L u/]sf] r=g+= -#_ ldlt @)^(.&.@! sf] kqNffO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ ul/lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^(.!!.!^ sf] cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'G5 . k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=lu/Lz rG› Nffn Olt ;+jt @)&! ;fn j}zfv @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\============== . Ohnf; clws[t M clgns'df/ zdf{

348

efuM %^, ;fnM @)&! dlxgfM df3, c+sM !), km};nf ldlt M@)&!.)&.)(, lg0f{o g+= (@^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGbs'df/ pkfWofo ^(-WO-!@$# ljifoM pTk|]if0f÷k|ltif]w / k/dfb]z l/6÷lgj]bsM :yfoL n]vf gDa/ #)))$$^!$ sf s/bftf sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! e›sfnLl: yt g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf tkm{af6 clwsf/k|fKt P]=P]= sDkgLsf lgldQ k|aGw lgb]{zs a'l4k|;fb cfrfo{ lj¿4 ljkIfLM 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ ;d]t · lgj]bsn] 7"nf s/bftfsf] lg0f{opk/ o;eGbf klxn] k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/ u|x0f ul/;s]sf]df ;f]xL l:ylt / ;f]xL cfwf/ df ljjflbt lg0f{opk/ klg ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t pkrf/df hfg'kg]{df l/6df k|j]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] gb]lvg] . · j}slNks pkrf/ /x];Dd l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;fdfGotof cfslif{t x'Fb}g . Pp6} ljifoj:t'df Ps}k6s b'O{ lgsfon] xft xfNbf Goflos c/fhstf;d]t hlGdG5 . ljjflbt ljifosf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ clGtd eO{ a;]sf] / ljjflbt lg0f{odf sfg"gsf] 3f]/ q'l6 ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvPdf dfq l/6 If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] s'/fnfO{ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf lnOg] . -k|s/0f g+= #_ lgj]bssf tkm{af6 M ljåfg\ jl/i7 clwjQmf clgns'df/ l;Gxf / ljåfg\ clwjQmf ;'/h clwsf/L ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljåfg\ pkGofoflwjQmf z+s/axfb'/ /fO{ cjnlDat glh/M ;Da4 sfg"g M d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @( cfb]z Gof=uf]ljGbs'df/ pkfWofoM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]wo'Qm k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L ul/kfpF egL bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;lÍ\ifKt tYo Pjd\ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *( n] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg, p7fpg / dfu ug{ lgif]w u/]sf] 5. o;ljk/Lt s/ nufOPdf jf nufO{ c;'Ng] cj:yf l;h{gf ePdf To;af6 wf/f !@-@_-r_, !#-!_ / wf/f !( ;d]tsf] xsdf cf3ft kg]{ k|i6 5 . o:t} wf/f @$-$_ n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;'/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfbsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ 5 . lgj]bs sDkgLsf] o;cl3 @)^% c;f/ s/ cjlwsf] ldlt @)^(.@.@# df g} d"No clej[l4 clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf lrQ ga'emL ljkIfL ljefu;dIf / ljefusf] lg0f{opk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}Fdf k'g/fj]bgkq btf{ e} ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf 5 . xfn cfP/ ljkIfLdWo] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] ldlt @)&).!.#! df ;f]xL s/ cjlwsf] ztk|ltzt hl/jfgf lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ug{‘ePsf] / o; sfo{af6 Gofoflws/0fdf ljrf/fwLg d'2fdf tyf lgj]bssf] ;DklQdf cf3ft kfg]{ k|oTg ePsf] x'Fbf tTsfn k|efjsf/L Pjd\ kof{Kt cGo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsfn] ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q k|j]z u/]sf 5f}F . “;fj{hlgs clwsf/Ln] sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ eGbf a9L clwsf/ k|of]u u/]df jf gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/]df To:tf] sfo{ jf lg0f{o :j]R5frf/L x'G5 ." -glan a}+s lnld6]8;d]t lj¿4 >d cbfnt;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, g]sfk @)^^, cÍ #, k[i7 @)%^, lg0f{o g+= *@*&, ;+=O=_ eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLdWo] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{noaf6 k|:t't sDkgLsf] ldlt @)^(.@.@# df d"No clej[l4 s/ cjlw c;f/sf] s/ ¿=%,%*,##,@#$.)), hl/jfgf ¿=!,#(,%*,#)(.)), ykb:t'/ ¿=@,$),%(,%%*.)) tyf Aofh ¿=#,#(,$%,#%@.)) ;d]t hDdf ¿= !@,&&,(^,$%#.)) dfu u/L d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ul/Psf] cfb]zpk/ lrQ ga'emL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu;dIf ldlt @)^(.%.!$ df ;'¿ sfof{non] hl/jfgf nufPsf] ldn]g egL ;Ddflgt /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}F;dIf k'g/fj]bgkq btf{ u/L xfn ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] 5 . o;}aLr s/ bfloTj yk ug{ @)^% c;f/af6 d"No clej[l4 349

s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @)-#_ n] $ jif{sf] Dofb;d]t klg gfl3;s]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf hah{:tL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)&).!.#! df d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @)-!_-v_-u_ / -3_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sfn] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @)-@_-s_ sf] cfwf/df ¿=$@,($,*^,$!^.- sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ !# k|ltzt /sd ¿=%,%*,##,@#$. -s/ c;'n u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @( -@_-s_ adf]lhd s/ lauf]sf] ztk|ltzt /sd ¿=%,%*,##,@#$._ hl/jfgf ug{‘kg]{ ePsfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ldlt @)^(.)%.)^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ s/, ykb:t'/ tyf Aofh /sd oyfjt /fvL hl/jfgfsf] xsdf ztk|ltztn] x'g] ¿=%,%*,##,@#$.- sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod @(-!_ adf]lhd k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ug{‘kg]{ egL o;cl3 lgwf{l/thl/jfgf ¿=!,#(,%*,#)(.)) cÍ j[l4 u/L yk hl/jfgf nufpg] egL ul/Psf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ydtM d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ tyf lgodfjnL, @)%# df s'g} s/ cjlwsf] Ps k6s clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z e};s]kZrft k'gM ;f]xL s/ cjlwsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ljkIfLnfO{ k|bfg ePsf] 5}g . lgj]bsn] @)^% c;f/sf] s/ ljj/0f @)^% ;fpg @% ut]leq k]; u/]sf] cj:yfdf @)^( ;fpg @% ut]leq} $ jif{sf] xbDofbleq s/ lgwf{/0f e};s]sf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ k'gM ;f]xL s/ cjlwsf] $ jif{sf] xbDofb g3fO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{‘ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @) -$_-s_ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @) -$_ sf] k|of]u gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf Psflt/ 5, csf]l{\t/ lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ xfn of] bkmf @)-$_-s_ sf] cf/f]k nufO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] geO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^(.%.^ df ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . ctM ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|ltkfbg ul/;s]sf glh/x¿ Pjd\ ;dli6ut¿kdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @)-#_, @)-$_, @)-$s_ , @(-@s_ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *(, wf/f !@-@_-r_, !#-!_, wf/f !( / wf/f @$-$_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ldlt @)&).@.@!, r=g+= !&!^ sf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / To;sf cfwf/df hf/L ul/Psf], hf/L x'g] cfb]z jf k|fKt ePsf cGo cfb]z lg0f{o sf/jfxLx¿;d]t g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf ljrf/fwLg k'g/fj]bgdf p7]sf lhls/x¿nfO{ k|efljt x'g] u/L hl/jfgfnufot yk bfloTj kg]{ s'g} sfo{ gug{‘ egL k|ltif]w / k|rlnt d"No clej[l4 s/ sfg"g tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{o cfb]z glh/x¿sf] oyfjt kl/kfngf ug{‘ egL k/dfb]znufot cGtl/d cfb]z ;lxtsf] pko'Qm cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]sf] cfwf/ v'nfO{ of] cfb]zk|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]; ug{‘ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k]; ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]; ug{• . o;df lgj]bsn] cGtl/d cfb]z;d]tsf] dfu u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ ejgn] ldlt @)^(.@.@# df u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg u/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z;DaGwL kqsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)&).!.#! df clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L u/]af6 lgj]bsnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'Ug hfg] x'Fbf ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6af6 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] ldlt @)&).!.#! sf] r=g+= !&!^ sf] kq l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd sfof{Gjog gug{‘ gu/fpg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] bkmf $!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] ;"rgf ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)&).@.!@ sf] cfb]z . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg b]xfosf cfwf/df ab/efuL x'Fbf vf/]h u/L kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' . s/bftfn] NCell, STM / UTL sf u|fxsx¿n] s/bftf sDkgLsf u|fxsnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ ug{ ;]jf pknAw u/fP afkt Interconnection Usages Charge lng]lbg] u/L sf/f]af/ u/]sf]df tL sDkgL;Fu lng'kg]{ ;a} /sdsf] lahs hf/L ug{‘kg]{df lbg'kg]{ /sd s6fO{ lng afFsL /sddf dfq lahs hf/L u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L Netting ubf{ hDdf ¿= $@,($,*^,$!^.- a/fa/sf] laqmL n'sfPsf] cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf @ cg';f/ k|To]s sf/f]af/sf] s/ nfUg] d"Nodf s/ nfUg], bkmf *-!_ cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n ug{‘kg]{, bkmf !$-!_ cg';f/ k|To]s btf{ ePsf] JolQmn] s'g} j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ubf{ k|fksnfO{ lahs lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df pQm cf=j= @)^$.)^% df s/bftfn] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] pNn‹g u/L lan hf/L g} gu/L laqmL gb]vfPsf] ¿=$@,($,*^,$!^.)) sf] ;DaGwdf d"No clej[l4s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @)-!_-v_, -u_ / -3_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sfn] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @)-@_-s_ sf] cfwf/df ¿= $@,($,*^,$!^.)) sf] !# k|ltztn] x'g] ¿=%%*##@#$.)) d"No clej[l4 s/ c;'n u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @(-@_-s_ adf]lhd s/ lauf]sf] ztk|ltztn] /sd ¿=%%*##@#$.)) hl/jfgf ug{‘kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf / ljefuaf6 ePsf] cfb]z lrQ ga'em]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] / o;} cfwf/df k|:t't s/bftf sfg"gL pkrf/sf] lgoldt k|lqmofdf /x]/ g} pkrf/ vf]Hg ;Sg] tyf vf]lh/x]s} x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L ;Lw} l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg k|yd b[li6df g} :jtM vf/]hefuL 5 . 350

cGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 s]jn hl/jfgf nufPsf];Dd gldn]sf] egL hl/jfgfsf] xb;Dd k'gM lg0f{o ug{ n]lvcfPsf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ o; sfof{nosf] ldlt @)&).)!.#! df hl/jfgf ¿=%,%*,##,@#$.- sf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf gx'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf]df c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cfslif{t gx'g] ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 dbgnfn s]l8of lj= cGtz'Ns sfof{no, g]sfk @)%@, lg=g+= ^)!$, k[=$^(, cfzaxfb'/ xl/j+z k|hfklt lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/, g]sfk @)%#, lg=g+= ^@$$, k[=^$!, b]jLk|;fb uf}td lj= s[lif ljsf; a}Í zfvf sfof{no, wgu9L, g]sfk @)%#, lg=g+= ^@^*, k[= &!#, /fds[i0f lg/f}nf lj= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, g]sfk @)^!, lg=g+= &$)$, k[= *@@, efj/nfn /f7L lj= s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/, g]sfk @)$(, lg=g+= $$(^, k[= @%% nufotsf d'2fdf af]ln;s]sf] x'Fbf sfg"gL k|lqmofdf /x]sf] tyf ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] pkrf/sf] kof{Kt af6f] ljBdfg /x]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg :yflkt l;4fGt ljk/Lt k|yd b[li6df g} :jtM ab/efuL 5 . o;k|sf/ pkrf/sf] kof{Kt af6f] ljBdfg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljlwadf]lhd ug{‘kg]{df k'g/fj]bgafkt nfUg] pQm /sd bflvnf ug{‘ gk/f];\ eGg] dg;foaf6 c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL s/bftfaf6 ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u ubf{ jxg ug{‘kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ 5Ng] p2]Zoaf6 c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q k|of]u / k|j]z ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t cl3 a9\bf jxg ug{‘kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ 5Ng] p2]Zon] Ps}rf]6L c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qdf k|j]z ug{‘nfO{ s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 hfoh 7xof{pg g;lsg] eGg] l;4fGt ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 clgn s'df/ l;Gxf lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, g]sfk @)^^, lg=g+= *&(@, k[= #*% sf] d'2fdf k|ltkfbg eO;s]sf] 5 . o;/L ;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u ubf{ jxg ug{‘kg]{ bfloTj 5Ngsf] nflu bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ ejg, nlntk'/sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k]; ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . 7"nf s/bftf sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^(.@.@# ut] ePsf] @)^$/)^% sf] d"No clej[l4 s/tkm{sf] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0fpk/ lrQ ga'emL s/bftfsf] tkm{af6 o; ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg k/]sf]df o; ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^(.%.^ ut] sof{non] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f tYok"0f{ / sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg lhls/ k'Ug g;Sg] / hl/jfgfsf] xsdf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @(-!s_ adf]lhd hl/jfgf nufPsf] gldn]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] s;'/ Plsg u/L s;'/ cg';f/ sf] hl/jfgf ug{ sfof{nonfO{ n]lvk7fOPsf] xf] . sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df ;f]pk/ o;} ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L ;Lw} l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @) cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #!s adf]lhd s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf lrQ ga'em]df ;f]pk/ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;lsg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbfx'Fb} ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag gu/L ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] ;Lw} ;Ddflgt cbfnt;dIf pTk|]if0f;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug{‘ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 “;+ljwfgn] lglZrt u/]sf] cfwf/lagf lgoldt k|lqmof cGtu{taf6 ;flwsf/ lgsfon] lg¿k0f ul/;s]sf] ljifonfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] ljifo j:t' agfpg gldNg]" egL /]vf >]i7 lj¿4 cy{ dGqfno;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg -g]sfk @)^^, cÍ #, lg=g+= *)(!, k[i7 #&&_ df / “j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] v'nf x'g]" egL cy{ dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu;d]t lj¿4 /fdl/5kfn cu|jfn ePsf] k/dfb]z;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg -;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt jfl0fHo sfg"g;DaGwL s]xL dxQ\jk"0f{ glh/x¿, efu $, @)^#, k[i7 %@@_ df l;4fGt k|ltkflbt ePsf] 5 . pQm l;4fGt;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L bfo/ ePsf] ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hefuL 5 . hxfF;Dd ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] ;fljsdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}Fdf k'g/fj]bg u/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL dfu{ cjnDag u/]sf] sf/0f k'gM hl/jfgfsf] ef/ jxg u/fpg vf]h]sf] eGg] h:tf lhls/ lng'ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf sfof{non] lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g / u/fpg vf]h]sf] eGg] h:tf lhls/ lng'ePsf] 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf sfof{non] lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbfx'Fb} ;Lw} l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/L lgj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k]; ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]; x'g cfPsf] k|:t't ldl;n cWoog u/L l/6 lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ jl/i7 clwjQmf >L clgns'df/ l;Gxf / ljåfg\ clwjQmf >L ;'/h clwsf/Ln] Pp6} cfly{s jif{sf] nflu Psk6s eGbf a9L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ s/ sfof{nonfO{ 5}g . ldlt @)^% ;fn c;f/sf] s/ cjlwsf] s/ ljj/0fpk/ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{noaf6 @)^(.@.@# df s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df ;f]pk/ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf / ;f] ljefusf] lg0f{opk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ul//x]s} cj:yfdf ;f]xL cjlwsf] s/ ljj/0fpk/ nufOPsf] hl/ jfgfdf k'gM yk hl/jfgf lng' egL Pp6} s/ ljj/0fpk/ k6sk6s s/ lgwf{/0f / k6sk6s hl/jfgf ug]{ clwsf/ 351

ljkIfLx¿nfO{ 5}g . s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ klg sfg"gadf]lhd $ jifl{\eq lgwf{/0f ul/;Sg'kb{5 . ;f] ;do JotLt e};s]kl5 xfn cfP/ ztk|ltzt hl/jfgf ul/Psf] 5 . lauf] yk ePdf dfq yk hl/jfgf x'g] xf] . ljkIfLx¿n] cfˆgf] lg0f{onfO{ cfkm}F ab/ ug]{ clwsf/ klg 5}g egL ug{‘ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ pkGofoflwjQmf >L z+s/axfb'/ /fO{n] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] c¿ s/ lauf] s]xL a9fPsf] 5}g s]jn hl/jfgf u/]sf] ldn]g k'gM lgwf{/0f ug{‘ egL lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . ;f] lg0f{opk/ l/6 lgj]bsn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfg"gL af6f] /x]s} 5 . sfg"gsf j}slNks af6fx¿ ;Dk"0f{ aGb ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qdf k|j]z ug]{ xf] . ljkIfLn] ljefusf] lg0f{opk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o unt ePdf ab/ eP/ hfG5 eg] ;b/ ePdf ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;xL ;To k'li6 x'G5 . j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbfx'Fb} lgj]bsn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qdf k|j]z u/L l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfWodaf6 pkrf/ vf]Hg cfPsfn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF egL ug{‘ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] . ljåfg\ sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; ;'gL l/6 lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ pxL lauf]df Psk6s hl/jfgf ul/;s]kl5 k'gM ztk|ltzt hl/jfgf u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpF eGg] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ b]lvG5 . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLsf] xsdf 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] ldlt @)^(.@.@# df s/ lgwf{/0f u/]pk/ lgj]bssf] lrQ ga'emL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6 sfof{non] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_-s_ adf]lhd @% k|ltzt hl/jfgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_-s_ adf]lhd hl/jfgf ubf{ ljefun] tf]s]sf] cwf/df ug{‘kg]{df lgj]bsn] u/]sf] s;'/df d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @( sf] pkbkmf -!_-s_ adf]lhd hl/jfgf ug]{ u/L ljefun] tf]s]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] hl/jfgf nufPsf] ldn]g . t;y{ lgj]bssf] s;'/ Plsg u/L s;'/ cg';f/sf] hl/jfgf ug{ sfof{nonfO{ cfb]z lbg'kg]{ 7x5{ egL ldlt @)^(.%.^ df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] . ;f] lg0f{odf klg lrQ ga'emL l/6 lgj]bsn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] / ;f] ljjfb /fh:j Gofoflws/0f;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ;f] lg0f{okZrft 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] ldlt @)&).!.#! df ztk|ltzt hl/jfgf u/]kl5 lgj]bs sDkgL l/6 If]qflwsf/tkm{ k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvof] . #= cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] ldlt @)^(.%.^ sf] lg0f{opk/ l/6 lgj]bsn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f;dIf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] / ljefusf] pQm lg0f{o /fh:j Gofoflws/0f;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 h:tf] clGtd lg0f{o x'G5 ;f]xL cg';f/ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd :jtM x'g] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] lg0f{o g} /fh:j Gofoflws/0f;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] / To;af6 g} lgj]bsn] pkrf/ kfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . log} lgj]bsn] 7"nf s/bftfsf] lg0f{opk/ o;eGbf klxn] k'g/fj]bgsf] pkrf/ u|x0f ul/;s]sf]df ;f]xL l:ylt / ;f]xL cfwf/df ljjflbt lg0f{opk/ klg ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t pkrf/df hfg'kg]{df l/6df k|j]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] b]lvFb}g . j}slNks pkrf/ /x];Dd l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;fdfGotof cfslif{t x'Fb}g . Pp6} ljifoj:t'df Ps}k6s b'O{ lgsfon] xft xfNbf Goflos c/fhstf;d]t hlGdG5 . ljjflbt ljifosf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ clGtd eO{ a;]sf] / ljjflbt lg0f{odf sfg"gsf] 3f]/ q'l6 ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvPdf dfq l/6 If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] s'/fnfO{ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; ljjfbdf To; lsl;dn] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/af6 ljifoj:t'sf] clGtd 6'Ëf] nfu]sf] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bsnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] ;zQm / ;Ifd j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ /x]sf];d]tsf] cj:yfdf l/6af6 cfb]z ug{ ldNg] gb]lvFbf lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t ljkIfLx¿;d]tnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfOlbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{ Ohnf; clws[tM x]daxfb'/ ;]g Olt ;+jt\ @)&! ;fn sflQs ( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\=================== .

352