so n -producing instrumen in tra onal soci - ANU Repository

0 downloads 132 Views 11MB Size Report
Bentley Bay (6). 83. Suau (13). Central. 85. Mafulu/. Fuyughe (5). 86. ..... rather the attribute .==.:.:.:.i...::.=. wh
SO N -PRODUCING INSTRUMEN TRA

ONAL SOCI

IN

New Guinea Research Bulletin no. 60

SO N

PR

U

N

IN

E

N

IN RI

NTS AN MA

IN MA

ONS

K. A. GOURLAY

New Guinea Research Unit The Australian National University Port Moresby and Canberra 1975

© The Australian National University 1975

This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher.

Printed and manufactured in Australia by The Australian National University

National Library of Australia

card no. and ISBN 0 85818 026 X

Editor, New Guinea Research Bulletin R. J.

May

Manuscript editors

Donald Maynard Allen ......B • .,,_._.,,.B

The New Guinea Research Unit is part of the Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University, and is based in Port Moresby. The work of the Unit is guided by an advisory committee responsible to the Director of the School, who is chairman. The other members of the committee are: G. Daws, Department of Pacific and South East Asian History E. K. Fisk, Department of Economics

J. Golson, Department of Prehistory

P. Hastings, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre R. Keesing, Department of Anthropology

R. J. May, New Guinea Research Unit

N. McArthur, Department of Pacific and South East Asian History R. S. Parker, Department of Political Science P. Sack, Department of law D. T. Tryon, Department of linguistics R. G. Ward, Department of Human Geography

P age Author ' s no t e

ix

1

Introduct ion

2

The ins t r ument as material obj e c t

20

3

The ins t rument in a c t ion

41

4

The ins trument a s s ymb o l

67

5

The ins trument a s p r o t o type : of

79

6

The ins trument and mal e- f emal e relations

94

1

1 21 1 23 131

Index Tab le s 1

Dis tr ib ut ion of s ound-producing ins t rument s : s ources o f inf o rmat ion

2

evidence

5

10

3

C ul ture areas

11

1

Dis t r ib ut ion and usage

12

2

Cult ur e areas

13

1

Bull roarers

22

2

Flauti s t s f rom the

31

3

Flautis t s from the

31

P la t es

4

36

vii

viii

5

An

6

An init i a t e f rom the

decorated 36 E as t

are a ,

District

52

7 8

A f l auti s t f rom Chambri , Eas t Dis tr i c t

57

9

A f laut i s t f r om Chamb r i , Eas t Dis tr i c t

57

10

A bullroarer decorated wi th f eathers

83

11

Bull r oarers

83

12

Dis t ri c t A man from the Eas t a s ho r t f lu t e at the Creat ive Art s C en t re Compound

91

Dis t r i c t A man f r om the Eas t f lute a t the a Creative Art s C ent r e

91

13

14 15

A c arved

Eas t Sep ik Dis t r i c t of the Mor ob e Dis t r i c t the

1 14 1 14

Whi l e i s concerned much b roader s co p e and whi ch w i l l ins trument s

f ar as the wri ter i s a t examine the r o l e o f e s o t e r i c int e r- cont in ental b as is .

I would l ike S t urm at Goroka , of the a ss is tance elucidation and of Gis e la o f the works L ehne r , Neuhauss and Vicedom and Tis chne r . in the f o r t r ans lations f rom the German t ext i s of c o ur se , my own . I als o wish to thank the New Guine a o f Informat ion and Ext ens ion Servic e s , N ew Guinea , the the C reative Art s C entre o f New , Mr J Kuns t and Dr Ron Guinea f o r the avai lab l e ..

1

ceremonies are r elated to s o cial s tructure in New Guinea and the s o cieties is lands . This paper is in that the aim is to ins t ruments the b ul lroarer , All are eso teric in the s ens e that the of i s res t r i c ted t o one - ini tiated males This r es t ri c t ion , its j and the corres and chi ldren can b e unders tood cultur e as part tha t includes , on the one hand , male cults and s ec r e t ini t ia t i on ceremonies , on the o ther , male- f ema le relati ons , tho s e o f overt

Init iation ceremonie s are not , however on whi ch b ul lroarers flutes and of their nature and the full unders can b e ob tained us age The f ield o f ini t ia t ion but all o c cas ions on which o c cur .

the o c ca s ions are found A in role thei r overall to include no t the i ns t rument s

At the s ame t ime , as cult ects b ullroarers and for b e liefs the are f o cal b o th o f whi ch can b e a t tr ib uted t o the ins t ruments d i f f e rent cultures and the b as i s of s u ch b eliefs a s r ev ealed and f o lklo r e The method o f an in o f cultural rather than s o cial f a c t or s . The intention is no t the o f the lat t e r b ut to fol low a method ec t mat te r whi le of s o cial ab le e l s ewhere . If , 1

2

factors , the r es u l t is s omewh a t one-s i d ed , i t may s erve as a co rrec t ive t o thos e which all mena i n r elation s o cial rather than as r es ul t­ from a diale c t i cal s o cial factors . As a

t ends to t o dis­ culture areas b as e d usage o f ins truments variab les t o d i f f er ent of s ocial i s to look for s imilari ties r ather than d i f f erences Whi le a s of s uch f o rm the d i f f er ences may of fur ther res earch , s urvey s uch as the i s cons idered in a des irab le to concentrate on r a ther than on

in t urn faci li t a tes the This ' s t a t i c ' view of the of e s t ab lish c o rr elations b e tween two s et s of s e crecy a t t rib ut e d to �A.a&LLIJ.1-�. the ins t ruments and the extent of mal e dominanc e in s o cial i s a t ion , a writer may a chieve he is ab l e t o us e s ta tis t i ca l lit t le indication o f the , even within a context meant less the ' fo r c es of s o c ia l , whi ch for s ome New Guinean s o cie t ies is a lmo s t a contradic tion in terms , than tho s e f o r ces wi thin a whos e interac t io n s tas is ' . Thi s i s elabors e c tion on male- f emale relations whi ch , of evidence from the of the i n t erms o f a than as one in whi ch factor in s o cial connivance is s een e s o teric ins trument s lies the s ta t us quo . The in the fact tha t , wi thout them or an e ff e c t iv e s ub s ti tute , s uch c onnivance would b ecome and the s ocial o rder would l o s e i t s all thr ee The the ins trument s in b r o ad a b rief d emarcation o f cultur e areas . no t e on the use of o ther ins t ruments f o r eso teric purp o s es to the main of the s whi ch i s b e fore the ins trument as ma terial ect ; divided into the ins trument as ; the the ins trument of and the ins trument ins trument as

3

the are c ons idered s epa­ us e dic t at e s the inclus ion o f i s us ed

cul ture areas , d a t a on or us es o f b ul lroarers , s ide­ ob tained f o r The s ources

an

works availab l e in New Guinea t ime of r es ear ch and s tudents o f Goroka Teachers ' whos e contributions are indi cated the y ears 19 in the S o ur ce ' column 1

data sets r e feren c es t o one o r of the ins t ruments under o ccurred in lis in Tab le wher e Co lumn A the o c c urand Co lumn B o f the ins are as s o ciated t r i c t ions evidence ' i t was ���LU�U.� whe ther failure t o mention omis s i on as o ut s id e the s cope was d e cided t o include as s o c ie t ies f o r whi ch a ins t rument s was avail ab le O f the 8 3 s e ts no reference to bullroarer s , s ac r e d f lu t e s o r to one or two were dis carded

to thank the s tudents o f Go roka T eacher s ' the years 1 9 7 2 - 7 4 whos e o n Trad i tional Mus i cal Ins t r uments data on whi ch this s ec tion of the s this was no t the the i r contrib o th in wri t t en work too to b e allowed in the inevi t ab le a ca demi c tha t s ome , a t was tepaper basket int o the wi th

4

ins truments o nly and a further 1 1 ( from s tudent s o ur ces ) elimina t ed on the s upp o s i t io n that s ome educ a t ed informant s might b e unawar e o f eso t eric ins truments . The p r oc edur e is over cautious : ins t ruments as important as thos e under dis cus ­ s ion are mo re l ikely to b e r ep o r t ed than s uch minor exhibi t s a s leaf-reeds , b u z zing-nuts o r o c ar inas . Tab le 2 , therefore , is an underes t imat e o f s o ci e t ies in which the ins truments are no t found . In o rder to show dis t ribution and usage , data f rom Tab les 1 and 2 are p r e s ented in map f o rm ( Fi g . l) , o c c ur r ence b eing indica t ed by out line symb o ls , as s o ciation wi th e s o t er i c cults by shaded symb o ls and ab s ence b y a line under the f i gur e . Ins p e c tion o f the maps s ugges ts tentative culture ar eas b as ed on the dis t rib ut ion and us age o f ins truments . I The analys is at thi s s tage is purely quant ita t ive and no a t t emp t is made t o es tab lish the relative impor t ance a t trib uted t o ins t ruments wi thin a particular area . Culture areas were f inally es tab l ished by s tatis ti cal me thods . The ir main characteri s t i cs are shown by means o f symb o ls in Tab le 3 and thei r b oundaries and the b as i s o f c las s i fica tion are given , t o gether wi th b r i e f comments on the s our ce o f ma t erial us ed .

1

The me tho do logical obj e ct i on that the map r eveals less o f ins trumental dis t r ib ut ion than that certain areas have b een s ub j e c t to anthro p o lo gical r es ear ch may be refuted on two grounds : ( i ) anthropological s ources p rovide evid ence for ab s ence as wel l as pr es ence of ins trument s and (ii) s eparate p l o t t ing of data from s tudent s ourc es produces an overall dis t r ib ut io n pat tern whi ch correlat es b r o adly wi th that from wri t te n records . I f there are mor e examples f rom S epik than from, s ay , Wes tern Dis t r i c t , thi s may indi c a t e that the former has a t tracted mor e anthropolo gical res earch ( o r p rovided a higher propor tion o f s tudents a t Goroka Teachers ' Co llege ) . I t does no t invalidate the overall pos i t ion .

5 Table 1 Distribution of sound-producing instruments: sources of information

B*

A*

Source underlined) West Sepik 1.

Vanimo (incl. Warimo, Wutung Wutung and Yako)

X

X

X

X

X

x;

Chinnery (ndA: 48-9); Thomas 1941:184)

Chinnery (ndA: 48-9); Finsch (1888: T .12, PI.XIII,; 1914: 538); Official Handbook (1937: 415); Luschan

X

(1899: 492-97); Neuhauss (19ll: 231, 316, 317); Palmer and Dean (1972: 70) 3.

x

Wapei

x

x

x

East Sepik 4.

Karesau

5.

Wogeo

x x

x

x

Mushu Island

7.

Boiken

x

8.

Tarawai Island

x

Arapesh (incl.Kaboibus)

x x

10. Abelam

X

X

X

P. W. Schmidt

(1907: 1032, 1039)

Firth (1936:

13, lll); Hogbin (1970: passim)

x

6.

9.

X x

(incl.Maprik)

x

x x

x

x

x

X

X

X

x; Allen (1967: 32,58-9); Mead (1935:26,63,68)

x

x

X

X

X

x; Allen (1967:58-9); Koch (1968: 54-5 & figs.

x

63-4); Moyle (1972: 814-15) 11.

x

Duo/Yangoru

x

13.

x

x

X

x; Elkin (1956-57: 318)

X

x; P. J. Schmidt (1923-24:

x

12. Sil Murik/Kaup/Kerau

x

x

x

X

X

50,53,56,62; 1933: 330-32, 352 and fig. 22) x

14. Kwoma

Mundugumor

x

x

18.

Iatmul

x

19.

Nor-Pando

X

X

x; Whiting (1941: 89-91,131-33); Whiting & Reed

x

x

x

x

X

x

x

x

X

X

X

X

X

Allen (1967: 66,68); Allen

(1967:69);

Mead (1935: 245,269) Mead (1935: 172,181,213);

x

X X

X

Newton (1967 :47)

x; Behrmann (1922:256) Allen (1967: 61-62);

Bateson (1936:158-64, 167-70;

1958:passim)

x

x x

Banaro

x

x x

Niaura

21. Chambri 22.

X

(1964: 69-71);

17. Ava tip

20.

x

(1938: passim)

15. Tchambuli 16.

x

x

x

x

x x

x

x

x x x

Sachs (1958: 95); Thurnwald

(1916:261, 264-66,269)

Madang x

23.

Bosmun

24.

Tangu

25.

Manam Island (incl.

26.

Blackwood (1951: 279,282)

x

Burridge (1959: 137-50; 1965: 254; 1969: passim)

x x

x

x

X

X

Allen (1967: 65-6); Finsch (19'14::538) (1912: 206); Wedgwood

Dugulaba

245) x

Monumbo

* BR - bullroarers;

X

SF - sacred flutes;

x

x

SG - slit-gongs

Poch

(1905:230,236);

Vormann (1911:419,426)

6

Table l (continued)

A Source

People/Place (Place names underlined) 27. Mambuan

x

x

28. Korak

x

x

29. Tokain

x

x

x

x

x

30. Mikarew 31. Karkar Island (incl. KarkarTakia, KarkarWaskia &

x

X

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

GubardauTakia) Se rang

x

x

x

33. Bas ken

x

x

x

32

35. Bagabag Island

x

36. Rao

x

x x

x

x x

37. Kesup 38. Astrolabe Bay

x

x

34. Megiar

x

x

x

x

Biro (1901: 176-77, XXII, 1-17);

181-93 & Pls.18,

4; XXI 1-20;

De Clercq & Schmeltz (1893:

T.IV) ; Finsch (1914: 543) ; Kunst (1967:

x

39. Bundi 40. Maclay Coast

x

41. Ngaing

x

x

after 244 End Pl.33c)

Holtker & Aufenanger (1940: 58-60)

x x

x

x

Lawrence (1964: 13, 15-19; 1965: 199-201,204, 207-8, 210-13)

x

42. Swit 43. Tapen

x

x x

44. Mebu Morobe 45. Umboi Island

x

46. Sio

x

47. Siassi Islands

x

48. Hube

x

so. Wampar

x

51. Kai

x

(1893:

after 244, T. IV)

52. Finschhafen

x

53. Cape Cretin

x

54. Lae-Womba

x

55. Bukawa/Yabim

x

56. Tami

x

57. Huon Gulf

x

(General)

Bamler (1911: 512); De Clercq & Schmeltz:

x x x

X

X

x; Chinnery (ndB: 42) Neuhauss (1911: 259,

Keysser (1911: 34-7)

X

x

fig. 173h)

x; De Clercq & Schmeltz (1893: after 244, T .IV);

x

Finsch (1914: 537) De Clercq & Schmeltz:

x

(1893:

after 244, T.IV);

Kunst (1967: End pl. 33d) Neuhauss (1911: 385)

x

x

x

X

x

X

x

X

Friederici (1912: 101); Hagen (1899: 188); Lehner (1911: 404-14, 437); Neuhauss Bamler (1911: X

494-99,501);

(1911: 384)

Hagen (1899: 190-91)

Biro (1899: 9 n. 514); Bodrogi (1961: 28, 39-41, 72-8

figs.32, 34-8e); De Clercq & Schmeltz: 1893: 244, T.IV); Detzner (1920: 213); Kunst

(1967:

after

190-91); Krieger (1899:

End pl.33b);

Neuhauss (1911: 316)

7

8

Table 1

(continued)

A

People/Place (Place names underlined) 106. Kiwai

""O'""'cc"'"'u""r""'r.;:;en=c::;:e'----'U:;;;;s"'a"'"ge=BR SF SG

BR SF SG

x

X

Source

Beaver (1920:186);

Chalmers (1903:119); Haddon

(1900:418,421: 1912:275-78 figs 235,237); Landtman

(1927: passim; 1933: 73 & Pl.XXIX, 720-21); Newton

(1961:10); Riley (1925:201-2, 204-7)

Southern Highlands 110. Wiru

x

111. Koke

x

112. Lake Kutubu

x

x

Williams (1940a: 14,107)

113. Kewa-Lr. Yalibu

x

x

114. Yambalape

x

x

115. Samberigi

x

Western Highlands 120. Kuma

x

X

121. Wahgi/Mid-Wahgi

x

X

Allen (1967: 37); Reay (1959: 139,141,162,170-71, 173-74)

x; Holtker (1940-41:360); Schaefer (1938:401-3, 406-7, 413-14; Tischner (1939:50 figs 51,52)

123. Maipka

x

x

122. Bablnge x

x

x

x

x

124. Konombka

x

125. Kagol

x

x

x

X

Chimbu 126 •

Nondugl

x; Luzbetak (1954:72-3, ll5-17, 127); Simpson (1954: 206' 216-17)

127. Kamaneku

x

x

128. Kuman

x

X

Allen (1967:35); Elkin (1956-57: 317-18); Malm (1967:8); Nilles (1943:115; 1950:21,30,46-8); Simpson (1954:162); Wirz (1952:9-13,Ills 26,26a,27)

129.

Dom/Sinasina

x

x

X

x

130. Siane/Nambaiyufa

x; Allen (1967:34); Salisbury (1962:17,32-4; 1965: 60, 64-9,73)

Eastern Highlands 131. Gururumba

x

X

132. Gahuku-Gama

x

X

133. Bena-Bena

x

X

x

x

x

135. Kafe/Kainantu

x

Allen (1967: 30,32); Read (1952:5,7-25; 1966: 96,

x

x; Chinnery (1934:ll8) x

x

137. Gimi

Fore

1965:42,67-9,75,80-1)

113-18, 126-30,144); Simpson (1954:147-48)

134. Agarabi

138. Kamano, Jate, Usurufa,

Newman (1964: 265-6,268-9;

x

X

x

X

Glick (19 72: 821-22)

X

Allen (1967:34); C.H.Berndt (1959:177); R.M. Berndt (1965: 89-91)

9

Table 1 �continued)

A Source

Manus 139.

Ponam Island

140.

Kurti

x

x x

x x

141. Usiai

x

x

x

x

x

x; Parkinson (1907: 346-4 7, 351, 374)

x

142. Vorei (Loi) 143. Titans (incl.M'bunai,

x

144. Baluan Island

x

x

145. Nakanai

x

x

147. Eklep

x

x

x

148. Mowehafen

x

x

Allen

Rambutyo Island & Mauk)

x

x

x

x

x

West New Britain x

x

x; Finsch (1914:544); Parkinson (1907 :209)

(1967 :90); Buschan (1923 :141)

East New Britain 149. Ramuaina/Duke of York Island X

x

x

x

x

x

150. Gazelle: General

Buschan (1923: 126-27); Eberlein (1910: 635-40 &

Pls before 635 & Opp.638; Official Handbook (1937: 358-59); Laufer (1961: 459-68); Parkinson

(1907:

78-82, 130-33) x

151. Blanche Bay 152. Tolai

x

153. Baining

x

154. Sulka

x

155. Mengen

x

x

x

x

Finsch (1914: 539)

x

x; Matane (1972: 20-4,49-50); Salisbury (1970: 159, 295,299); Sheridan (1972: 817) Laufer

x x

x x

x

x

(1959:910;

1970 :177-82)

Finsch (1914:544); Parkinson (1907:204)

x

x

New Ireland Buschan (1923:158); Neverman

x

156. St .Matthias Island

x

x

158. Tiang (Djaul Island)

x

x

159. Kara

x

(inc. Tungak,

157.

160. Nalik

x

x

x

Sunglik (Lihir Island)

163. Laks

x

x

161. Madak 162.

(1933:218-19 & figs

135-36)

x

x

x

x

x

x

164.

Sursurunga

x

x

165.



x

Friederici (1912:101); Kramer-Bannow 1916:49-50 &

x

166. Patpatar 167. !!!!&/Kalil

x

fig 33) x

x x

x

x Stephan & Graebner (1907:119 & fig 124,129,131)

10

Table l

(continued)

B

A

Usage BR SF SG

Occurrence BR SF SG

Peo12le/Place (Place names underlined) 168. Barriai

x

169. Tanga Island

x

Bougainville

Friederici (1912: 190,206)

x

x

170. Nissan Island

x

171. Buka

x

Source

Finsch (1914: 539)

x

X

X

x; Allen (1967:81); Blackwood (1935:215-18,406-10, 414-16); Finsch (1914:544; Official Handbook (1937: 372,377,418); Parkinson

172. Rakus

x

173. Pororan Island

x x

174. Teop 175. Eivo

x

x

x

x

X

X

x

x

x

x

176. Nasioi

x

x

177. Siwai

x

x

(1907:

585)

x; Official Handbook (1937: 372n)

x; Frizzi (1914:49-50 & fig.69)

X

x

178. Nagovisi 179. Buin (incl.Telei, Uisai)

x

X

X

x

x; Finsch (1914: 539)

Table 2 Significant negative evidence*

Source

underlined)

Source

Morobe

Western

49. Azera ( 7) 58. Watut (11)

�Girara/Kabiri (5)

Holzknecht (1956; 1957) Blackwood (1950); Fischer (1963)

Northern

71. Bwaidoga (6)

75. Dobu (17) 76. Bwasiaiai (10) 81. Tavara (6) 82. Bentley Bay (6)

107. Buzi

Laade (1971)

(7)

109. Mendi ( 7) Western Highlands

x; Fortune (1932)

ll6. Enga (4) ll7. Hagen (6)

x

De Clercq & Schmeltz (1893); Finsch (1914)

118. Malpa (5) 119. 1Mbowamb1 (3)

86. Hall Sound/ Yule Island (5)

x

Vicedom & Tischner (1943-48) , (1952)

Eastern Highlands

Central Fuyughe (5)

x; A. and M.Strathern (1971);

Strauss & Tischner (1962)

Wirz

83. Suau (13)

85. Mafulu/

(1957); Wirz (1934)

Southern Highlands Jenness & Ballantyne (1920)

72. Bwaiyowa (8) 74. Mukawa (9)

x; Landtman (1927;1933); Massola

108. Bine (14)

67. Arifama (14) Milne Bay

Beaver (1914: 1920); Haddon(l916)

104. Gogodara (8)

Dupeyrat (1954: (1957);

1955);

136. Gadsup (8)

Massola

Tischner (1958);

Williamson (1912)

x; D'Albertiss (1880)

88. Roro (9)

x; Massola (1957); Seligman

89. Motu (7)

x; De Clercq & Schmeltz (1893);

(1910); Sheridan (nd)

Chenoweth (1966)

West New Britain 146. Arawe (11) Bougainville 180.

Finsch (1914); Massola (1957);

(17)

Sheridan (nd) 90. Koita (6) 93. Hula (12) 94. Mailu (6)

x; Massola(l957); Seligman(l910) x; Chalmers(l895); Seligman(l910) x; Saville (1926)

* No reports of bullroarer, side-blown flute or slit-gong. group name.

Number of known instruments in brackets after

11

3

no . o f groups etc

Are a

O c currence o f ins t ruments as % o f t ot a l no groups BR

A

22

B

21

c . Huon Gul f

20

D

25

E.

Gulf

F

11 9

G . Eas t ern

30

H . New B r i t ain

11 6

I

Manus

J

New I re land

All 33.

t o o small t o b e

SF

SG

BR

++

+H-

+H- ++

+H-

+H-

SF

+ +H-

All

Abs . Ab s . Ab s

-H+

+

Ab s . Ab s .

SG

+

+H-

Abs . Abs .

+H-

Abs . Ab s . Ab s .. Abs . +H-

+

All

+

+H-

+

0

Abs

++

All 11

K.

Es o te r i c us age as % o f o ccurrence

Ab s . +H-

::::

Abs .

+ - numb er s

0 156

f:cj

i" ro

f--l t:1 f-l· Ul c+ rs f-l·



f-l• 0 �

f--l I\)

150°

d>



1� : 0 59 () ' Alllllll � c.;__ '\) 1580c:::::,, A160 9 4 0 (} ·2 �7 06 ' ---I, 1611111-- � 0162 () AOllll