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BRIEFING PAPER Number SN/SG/04334, 20 April 2017
UK Prison Population Statistics
By Grahame Allen Chris Watson
Contents: 1. England & Wales 2. Scotland 3. Northern Ireland 4. International comparisons 5. Appendix Tables
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2
UK Prison Population Statistics
Contents Summary 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
3
England & Wales Long term trends Recent trends Current population Sentence length Type of offence Age profile of prisoners Nationality, ethnicity and religion Foreign national prisoners (FNP) Ethnicity Religion Overcrowding Safety in prisons Prisoner Assaults Assaults on staff Self-harming Deaths
4 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 12 13 14 14 16 16 16 17 18
2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Scotland Long term trends Recent trends Current average daily population Age profile of prisoners Ethnicity and Religion Supervision level
19 19 20 21 21 21 23
3. 3.1 3.2
Northern Ireland Recent trends Age profile of prisoners
25 25 25
4. 4.1 4.2
International comparisons Prison Population Cost
26 26 27
5.
Appendix Tables
28
1.8 1.9
Cover page image copyright Entrance to HM Prison Manchester (Strangeways) by Stemonitis. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic/ image cropped.
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Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Summary This briefing paper explores prison population data for the UK from the Ministry of Justice, Scottish Government, and the Northern Ireland Department of Justice. Figures are published separately for each of the three jurisdictions; England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. International comparisons are also made. Where possible, time series data is given in the Appendix tables. As at Friday 31st March 2017, the total prison population in England and Wales was just over 85,500. In Scotland the prison population was just under 7,700 as in the 2015/16 annual report (latest data). For the 2015/16 financial year the total average daily prison population was just under 1,600 in Northern Ireland. There is a general underlying trend of an increasing number of people held in prison. The prison population of England & Wales rose by about 90% between 1990 and 2016, an average rise of 3.5% per annum. In Scotland this increase was 62%. Between 2000 and 2015/16 the prison population of Northern Ireland increased by 49%. Percentage change in prison population, England & Wales and Scotland +400% England & Wales
+300%
+200% Scotland +100%
0%
-100% 1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
Key Statistics: England & Wales: • At the end of March 2016, the total prison population was 85,441. • At 31st March 2017, the total prison population in England and Wales was just over 85,500 Scotland: • The prison population was just under 7,700 as in the 2015/16 annual report. • At 17 March 2017 there were just under 7,500 prisoners (excluding Home Detention Curfew) in custody. Northern Ireland: • For the 2015/16 financial year, the total average daily prison population was just under 1,600.
4
UK Prison Population Statistics
1. England & Wales The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) publishes rolling quarterly figures on the prison population at the end of each month through its Offender Management Statistics Bulletin. The bulletin contains information on the prison population broken down by age, sex, ethnicity, religion as well as other characteristics.
1.1 Long term trends The MoJ has produced a time-series of the prison population, from 1900 to 2013, calculating the average prison population for each year. This note updates the time series using data from the corresponding published quarterly bulletins from the beginning of 2014 up to the end of 2016. Prison population in England & Wales, 1900-2016 (000s) 100
80
60
40
20
0 1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: Estimates for total males/females
The average prison population has increased from just over 17,400 in 1900 to just over 85,300 in 2016 (a five-fold increase). The prison population was relatively stable between 1915 and 1945. From 1940 the prison population has grown steadily, although there was a small period in the early 1990s when it decreased (for four consecutive years) before rising steeply in the subsequent decade. The prison population was around 158% greater in 1990 than in 1900, an average annual increase of 1.8% per annum. Between 1995 and 2010 the prison population increased by 66%, an average of about 4.5% per annum. Since 2010, the average prison population has again remained relatively stable. The rise in the prison population should be seen in the context of a rise in the general population. While the absolute number of people in prison has increased five-fold between 1900 and 2016, the rise in the general population has been around two-fold.
2000
2010
5
Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Prison population per 100,000 head of population, 1901-2016, selected years 200
Male prisoners per 100,000 head of male population 400
150
300
100
200
50
100
0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2016 Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates, B. Mitchell, Birtish Historical Statistics, 1988, p. 15-16, NOMIS, Census 1991-2011, accessed 24 May 2016, ONS, Mid-year population estimates for high level areas 2015, 23 June 2016. Notes: England and Wales population aged 15 or over and 16 or over after from 1991 onwards.
In 1901 there were 86 prisoners per 100,000 head of population in England & Wales. At the end of 2016 this had increased to 182 prisoners per 100,000 head of population. Gender In 1901 there were 152 male prisoners per 100,000 male head of population. This rate increased to 355 per 100,000 at the end of 2016. There were 27 female prisoners per 100,000 head of female population in 1901. At the end of 2016, this rate had decreased to 16 per 100,000. The number of female prisoners fell in the early decades of the 20th Century but began to increase in the 1960s. In 2005 the number of female prisoners peaked at 4,467. The annual average female prison population in 2016 was 3,854.
0 1901
1941
1981
2016
Female prisoners per 100,000 head of female population 30
20
10
0 1901
1941
1981
2016
Note: Tables above are on different scales
UK Prison Population Statistics
Females as a proportion of the prison population Decade Averages 20% 16% 12% 8% 4%
2016
2010s
2000s
1990s
1980s
1970s
1960s
1950s
1940s
1930s
1920s
1910s
0%
1900s
6
Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: 2010s is the average of the years 2010-2016. 2016 figure is for the single year.
The female prisoner population as a proportion of the total has decreased from a peak of 18% in 1915-17. 1 The beginning of the 20th Century was a period when women made up a greater proportion of the prisoner population than at any time since. This is (presumably) a consequence of women being imprisoned for offences related to suffragette militancy. In the year immediately after the Representation of the People Act 1918 the proportion of female prisoners dropped 3 percentage points. Ten years after the Act the proportion of female prisoners had decreased to 9% - half of what it had been just over 10 years earlier.
The prison population passed 80,000 for the first time in December 2006 and 85,000 in June 2010. In November 2011 the prison population reached its highest level of just over 88,000. Prison population at month end, 2010-2016 (000s) 2
4
3
1
0 1900s
90 88 86 84 82
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates.
2
5
2
1.2 Recent trends
1
Female prison population (000s)
See Table 1a in Appendix. See Table 1b in Appendix
1940s
1980s
2016
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Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
The rise in the prison population over the last months of 2011 can be, at least partially, explained by the remanding and sentencing of individuals following the riots in England in August 2011. See the MoJ Statistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6th-9th August 2011 3 for further details. Between the peak of November 2011 and the corresponding month in 2012 the prison population reduced by 2.4% to just over 86,000. Between November and December 2012 the population reduced by a further 2.6%. At the end of December 2012 the prison population was just over 83,700. Since December 2012 the number of prisoners has been relatively stable with the population never changing by more than 1.3% month by month. The proportion of women in the prison population has also remained relatively stable at around 4.5-5.0%. During 2016 the prison population peaked in October at 85,926 and was at its lowest at the end of December at 84,307.
1.3 Current population The prison population at the end of December 2016 was just over 84,300, a decrease of 0.8% on the end of December 2015. Sentenced prisoners comprised around 89% of the total at the end of 2016. Of these, adults 4 accounted for around 95% of prisoners, 18-20 year olds 5% and 15-17 year olds around 0.6%. Prison population by custody & age group, end of December 2016 5 Enlarged view
4,000
70,000
3,000
60,000
2,000
50,000
1,000
40,000
0 18-20 yr olds
30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Adults Sentenced
18-20 yr olds Remand: Untried
15-17 yr olds
Remand: Convicted unsentenced
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, table 1.1, 26 January 2017 Notes: Does not include non-criminal prisoners – those held for civil offences. Mini-chart is ‘zoomed’ in version for 18-20 year olds and 15-17 year olds.
3 4
5
MoJ Statistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6th-9th August 2011, 13 September 2012 Adults are those aged 21 and over, see MoJ, Offender Management Statistics: Definitions and measurement, April 2011. See Table 3 in Appendix
15-17 yr olds
8
UK Prison Population Statistics
People on remand (awaiting commencement or continuation of trial prior to a verdict) accounted for 8% of the prison population. Of these, 89% were adults, 9% were 18-20 year olds and 1.6% were 15-17 year olds. Individuals convicted and awaiting sentencing accounted for 3.4% of the prisoner population. 90% of these were adults, 10% were 18-29 year olds and just under 1% were aged 15-17.
1.4 Sentence length As at the end of December 2016 the most frequent length of sentence being served was a determinate 6 sentence over 4 years. Around 43% of prisoners were serving this type of sentence. About a quarter of prisoners were serving determinate sentences ranging between 1-4 years. Offenders on recall and those serving determinate sentences of less than one year in length accounted for 9% and 8% each respectively. Indeterminate sentences accounted for 15%. 7 The length of sentence for all offenders has remained relatively stable across the 11 year period (see chart below), except for a notable increase in indeterminate sentences. 8 Between June 2005 and 2010 the proportion of prisoners serving this type of sentence doubled. Sentenced population by sentence length, 2005-2016 9
% of non-adults by gender and sentence length, various years Male 7% 6% 5% 4% 3%
50%
2%
40%
2005
2010
2015
2016
1%
30% 0% < 1 year
20% 10%
1 - 4 years
Over 4 years determinate
Indeterminate
Recall
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: 2005-15 at end of June, 2016 at end of December
The proportion of male offenders aged 15-20 (non-adults) serving determinate sentences at the end of 2016 fell in all sentence categories compared to June 2005. Offenders sentenced to 1-4 years reduced by the largest amount (4 percentage points) compared to any other sentence type. The reduction in the proportion of male non-adults serving determinate sentences was mirrored for non-adult female offenders. With sentences of 1-4 years similarly being reduced by the largest amount (3.6 percentage points). These reductions were replicated in the female
8 9
1-4 years
> 4 years
7%
Less than one year
7
> 4 years
Female
0%
6
1-4 years
A ‘determinate’ prison sentence is for a fixed length of time. An ‘indeterminate’ prison sentence does not have a fixed length. See Table 4 in Appendix For more information on indeterminate sentences see GOV.UK, Types of Prison Sentence 2005, 2010 and 2015 based on end of June and 2016 based on end of December. Prior to 2010 offenders recalled to prison were included in the relevant service length band. Since 2010 recalls have been recorded separately. Does not include fine defaulters nor cases were the sentence length was not recorded.
6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% < 1 year 2005
2010
2015
2016
9
Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
prison population as a proportion of all female prisoners serving determinate sentences. As at June 2005 the proportion of women serving sentences of 1-4 years or less than 4 years was around 2% in each category. At the end of December 2016 these proportions were 1.4% and 1.3% respectively.
1.5 Type of offence Prior to 2015 the offence categories within the MoJ’s Offender Management Statistics had remained unchanged since 2000 allowing for time series comparisons. The number of categories expanded in 2015. While this allows for greater detail it effectively creates a break in the time series at this date as the new categories do not match those reported in previous years. Prison population by 2000-2015 offence category, 2000-201410 30% 25%
2000
2005
2010
2014
20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
VATP
Sexual Robbery Offences
Burglary Theft and Fraud and Drug Motoring Other handling forgery offences offences offences
Offence not recorded
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics, various dates Notes: Remand and immediate custodial sentence. Data at end of June. Selected offence categories.
For each of the four years shown the highest proportion of offenders in prison were there for violence against the person (VATP) offences. Drug offences accounted for the second highest proportion of prisoners in all years except for 2000 when Burglary was the second highest.
10
See Table 5a in Appendix
10 UK Prison Population Statistics
Prison population by 2015 offence category, 2015-2016 11 30% 25% 20% 2015
15%
2016
10% 5% 0%
VATP
Sexual offences
Robbery
Theft offences
Criminal damage / arson
Drug Possession offences of weapons
Public order offences
Fraud offences
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017 Notes: Remand and immediate custodial sentence. 2015 at end of March, 2016 at end of December. Selected offence categories.
Since the change in the category definitions, violence against the person (VATP) offences have accounted for the highest proportion of prisoners at the end of December 2015 (25%) and December 2016 (25%). Sexual, theft and drug offences each accounted for around 15% of the reason offenders were in prison. The chart below breaks down the non-adult male and female prison population by offence category. The most common reason non-adults were in prison was for VATP offences. 23% of all non-adult males had committed this offence. This was a lower proportion compared to nonadult women where VATP was the reason 30% were in prison. Non-adult prison population by offence category, end of December 2016 12 Possession of weapons Drug offences Criminal damage / arson
Male
Female
Theft offences Robbery Sexual offences VATP 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017
Sexual offences, drug offences, robbery and possession of weapons offences accounted for a greater proportion of non-adult males compared to females. The proportion of offenders in prison for criminal damage and theft offences was greater for non-adult women compared to non-adult males. 11 12
See Table 5b in Appendix Adults are those aged 21 and over, see MoJ, Offender Management Statistics: Definitions and measurement, April 2011.
11 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
1.6 Age profile of prisoners The chart below shows the age profile of prisoners over the last decade. Prison population proportion by age, 2005 – 2016 13 40% 35%
2005
2010
2015
2016
30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15-20
21-29
30-39
40-49
50+
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: Data at June 2005-2015, 2016 data at December
The proportion of offenders under the age of 20 has decreased from around 13% in 2005 to 6% at the end of 2016. The proportion of offenders aged between 21 and 29 has also decreased over the last decade, accounting for 36% of the prison population in 2011 and 31% in 2016. Prison population by age, December 2016 Age 15-17 18-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Total
Number 600 4,357 10,464 15,361 25,374 15,183 8,386 4,582 84,307
% 1% 5% 13% 19% 30% 18% 10% 5%
The proportion of 30-39 year olds has increased by 4 percentage points to 30% since 2010. At the end of 2016 it was the most numerous age group of prisoners with over 25,000 in this age bracket. The proportion of prisoners aged over 40 has increased from 22% in 2005 to 33% in 2016. It is interesting to note that as of the 31 December 2016, there was one prisoner over the age of 100. 14
It is not presented here but the age profile of the male and female prison populations is similar with 30-39 year olds, accounting for the largest proportion of both populations. At the end of 2016, 30% of the male population and 37% of the female population were aged between 30 and 39 years old. 15
13 14
15
See Table 6 in Appendix MoJ, Over 80 prison population by offence group, 31 December 2016, Statistical notice, Further breakdown of the prison population by age and offence group as at 31 December 2016, 27 February 2017 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, table 1.3, 26 January 2017
Prison population by age, December 2016 Age 15-17 18-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Total
Number 600 4,357 10,464 15,361 25,374 15,183 8,386 4,582 84,307
% 1% 5% 13% 19% 30% 18% 10% 5%
12 UK Prison Population Statistics
Prison population percentage change by age, 2002-2016 +200%
50+
+150% 40-49
+100% +50%
30-39
0% -50%
21-29
2002 = 100
15-20
-100% 2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various years Notes: Data at June 2002-2015, data at December in 2016, age groups combined
The chart above shows how the age profile of prisoners has changed since 2002. The chart suggests that the prison population of offenders aged 50 years or over has increased proportionately more than any other age group. As at the end of 2016 the number of prisoners aged 50 or over was 169% higher than in 2002. It is not presented here but the trends do not vary by gender during this time. 16 For both males and females the proportion of offenders aged under 25 has decreased compared to 2002 while the proportion of older offenders of both genders has increased.
1.7 Nationality, ethnicity and religion Foreign national prisoners (FNP)
16
17
MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates See Table 7 in appendix.
40% 30% 20% 10%
Oceania
West Indies
North America
Europe
0%
Middle East
At the end of 2016, foreign nationals originating from the EU (excluding the UK) accounted for 43% of all foreign nationals in prison and just under 5% of the total prison population. Men accounted for 96% of all FNPs within the prison population.
50%
Asia
Foreign nationals from Europe accounted for the greatest proportion of all foreign nationals within the prison population (51%), those from Africa (19%) and Asia (16%) contributed the second and third largest proportion respectively.
60%
C & S America
Since 2002 the proportion of foreign nationals as a percentage of the prison population has remained relatively stable. In 2002 FNPs accounted for 11% of the prison population. As at the end of December 2016 this proportion had risen to 12%. During the mid2000s there was a small increase although this never reached more than 14%.
Foreign national prisoners by region, December 2016
Africa
At the end of 2016 there were just under 10,000 foreign nationals within the prison population. 17
13 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Nationalities of foreign prisoners, top 10, December 2016 Nationality Polish Irish Romanian Albanian Jamaican Lithuanian Pakistani Indian Somalian Nigerian
Number 917 746 654 572 514 430 412 373 335 320
% of all FN 9.4% 7.7% 6.7% 5.9% 5.3% 4.4% 4.2% 3.8% 3.4% 3.3%
At the end of 2016 foreign nationals within the prison population came from 173 different countries. The top ten countries from which FNPs originated accounted for 54% of all foreign nationals. 18
Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016 , 26 January 2017
Ethnicity At the end of 2016 just over a quarter of the prison population was from a non-white ethnic group – this figure has stayed relatively constant since 2005. 19
Prison population by ethnicity, 2004 & 2016
Prison & general population by ethnicity, December 2016 20 100% 80%
White
88% 73%
Mixed General population aged 15+
60%
Prison Population aged 15+
40% 20% 2% 4%
7% 8%
12% 3%
Mixed
Asian or Asian Black or Black British British
1% 1% Other
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017; NOMIS, Census 2011
Compared to the population as a whole, the non-white population is over represented accounting for 12% of the general population and 25% of the prison population at December 2016.
18 19
20
Black or Black British 2004
Other
0% White
Asian or Asian British
MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July - September 2016 26 Jan 2017 In June 2015 the Chinese ethnicity was moved into Asian or Asian British group. The Chinese or other ethnic group category was renamed “Other”. This should be considered when comparing ethnicity rates pre and post June 2015. See Table 7 in the Appendix
2016
Not stated/Unre… 0%
40%
80%
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly,Various dates Notes: Data for 2004 at June, Data for 2016 at December
14 UK Prison Population Statistics
Religion At the end of 2016 just under half the prison population was of a Christian faith (48.5%) – a decrease of 9.5 percentage points compared to June 2002. The proportion of Muslim prisoners has increased from 8% in 2002 to 15% in 2016. The proportion of prisoners with no religion in 2016 (31.5%) was down a percentage point compared to 2002: Prison population by religious group, December 2016 21
Christian Muslim Hindu Sikh Buddhist Jewish No religion Other Not recorded Total
Number 40,919 12,825 400 759 1,529 449 25,749 1,547 130 84,307
% of prison % pt. change population on 2002 48.5% -9.5% 15.2% +7.5% 0.5% +0.1% 0.9% +0.3% 1.8% +1.2% 0.5% +0.3% 30.5% -0.9% 1.8% +1.3% 0.2% +0.1%
% general population aged 15+ 61.3% 4.0% 1.5% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 24.1% 0.5% 7.0%
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017; NOMIS, Census 2011
1.8 Overcrowding A prison is classified as overcrowded if the number of prisoners held exceeds the establishments Certified Normal Accommodation (CNA). The CNA is the Prison Service’s own measure of accommodation and represents the decent standard of accommodation that the Prison Service aspires to provide all prisoners. As at the 30 December 2016, 69% (80) of prison establishments 22 were overcrowded, 23 just over 10,000 more prisoners than the total in use CNA. The chart below shows in use CNA for each establishment at 30 December 2016 24. Those exceeding the CNA are shown in red:
21 22 23 24
See Table 7 in Appendix Does not include Blantyre House and Kennet establishments as they recorded zero prisoners. MoJ, Population bulletin: monthly December 2016, 13 January 2017 See Table 8 in Appendix
15 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Source: MoJ, Prison population figures: monthly bulletin, December 2016, 13 January 2017
16 UK Prison Population Statistics
1.9 Safety in prisons Prisoner Assaults In the 12 months to September 2016 there were just over 25,000 prisoner assault incidents 25 within prisons. This was a 68% increase compared to the figure in the year to September 2006 and a 31% increase in the year to September 2015. Number of assaults per 1,000 prisoners 26 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2016, 1 March 2017; MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2015, 28 January 2016 Notes: Figures at September each year, 2016 figures provisional
Of the assaults in the year ending September 2016, 24,112 (96%) occurred in male establishments, an increase of 32% compared to a year earlier. In female establishments there were just under 940 assaults, a 26% increase on a year earlier. The rising number of assaults should be viewed within the context of the rising number of prisoners between 2006 and 2016. In 2006 there were around 190 assaults per 1,000 prisoners. By 2016 this rate had increased to just under 300 per 1,000 prisoners.
Assaults on staff In the year to September 2016, there were 6,430 assaults on prison staff, 761 of which were classed as ‘serious’. This was an 82% rise on the number of assaults on prison staff in the year to September 2006 and a 40% increase to September 2015. To take in to account the increase in prison population, the table below shows the number of assaults on prison staff per 1,000 prisoners. There were 46 assaults on prison staff per 1,000 prisoners in the year to September 2006 compared to 75 in 2016, a 64% increase over the period and a 39% increase on the figure for 2015.
25
26
This is the total ‘assault incidents’, it includes prisoner on prisoner assaults and prisoner assaults on staff. Figure also include incidents at NOMS operated Immigration Removal Centres. See Table 9a in Appendix
17 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Prisoner Assaults on Staff, 2006-2016 Year ending September 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Assaults on staff 3,536 3,343 3,255 3,057 2,937 3,053 3,014 3,178 3,503 4,597 6,430
Serious Assaults on assaults on staff per 1,000 Annual % change staff prisoners 282 46 281 42 -8% 306 40 -5% 252 37 -8% 310 35 -5% 281 36 3% 250 35 -3% 328 38 9% 446 41 8% 602 54 32% 761 75 39%
Sources: MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2016 , 1 March 2017; MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2015 , 28 January 2016 Notes: Figures at September each year, 2016 figures provisional
In the 12 months to September 2016 there were almost 38,000 selfharm incidents. 27 This was an increase of 61% compared to the 12 months to September 2006 and an increase of 23% compared to the 12 months to September 2015. Of these self-harm incidents, around 81% occurred in male establishments. In the 12 months to September 2006, self-harm incident numbers between men and women were almost identical, 11,534 and 11,914 respectively. Between 2006 and 2016 the number of males self-harming has increased by 109% while the number of women self-harming has decreased by 8%. 28 The 37,784 self-harm incidents in the 12 months to September 2016 were committed by 10,761 individuals, 29 around 3.5 incidents per selfharming individual. 30 Just under 60% of self-harmers in 2015 were between the ages of 15 and 30. 31
Individual self-harmers by age group, 2015 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 15-17 18-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+
Self-harming
Source: MoJ, Self-harm in prison custody 2004 to 2015, 1 March 2017 Notes: Data at 12 months to September 2015
27 28
29
30
31
See Table 9a in Appendix MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Self-harm in prison custody 2004 to 2015, 1 March 2017 Numbers of individuals should be treated as approximate, as the details of prisoners are not always recorded against each self-harm incident. MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Safety in custody summary tables to September 2016, 1 March 2017; Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2015, Safety in custody summary tables to September 2015, 29 January 2016 MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Self-harm in prison custody 2004 to 2015, 1 March 2017
18 UK Prison Population Statistics
Deaths
All deaths
2.5
Self-inflicted
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Source: MoJ, Deaths in prison custody 1978 to 2016, 1 March 2017
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Deaths in prison custody 1978 to 2016, 1 March 2017
The annual rate of self-inflicted deaths per 1,000 prisoners was relatively stable in the early 1980s at around 0.6. From 1987 the rate of selfinflicted deaths generally increased until reaching a peak rate in 1999 of 1.4 deaths per 1,000. From 2004 the rate decreased (with the exception of 2006) so that by around 2010 self-inflicted deaths were similar to the rate at the beginning of the period. However, in the year ending September 2016, the rate of self-inflicted deaths had risen to 1.39 per 1,000 prisoners, the highest rate recorded in the period.
32
2016
Other
3.0
1978
60%
Self-inflicted
Deaths per 1,000 prisoners, year ending September 1978-2016
1978-2016
Natural causes
Over the period, the proportion of deaths accounted for by self-inflicted deaths has risen while the proportion accounted for by homicide has fallen. In the quarterly average in 1978 there were 16 self-inflicted deaths and 5 homicides (27% and 8% respectively). Since 1978 there has only been one year with more than 5 homicides, this came in 2015 when there were 8. In the quarterly average in 2016, the proportion of deaths accounted for by self-inflicted deaths had risen to 34% while the proportion accounted for by homicides had fallen to 1%.
Proportion of cause of death of prisoners,
Homicides
In the 12 months to December 2016 there were 354 deaths of prisoners in custody, a 38% increase on the previous twelve months. 32 Around 55% of the deaths were through natural causes, 34% were selfinflicted, 10% were classed as other (including those awaiting for further information on cause of death) and less than 1% were the result of homicide.
See Table 9b in Appendix
19 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
2. Scotland The Scottish Government publishes a statistical bulletin on Scottish prison statistics annually as part of a series on different aspects of the criminal justice system. On-going technical difficulties have led to substantial delays in the publication of Scottish prisons data. Data for 2013/14 is the latest available from the Scottish Government 33 but Scottish Prisons Service annual reports give some basic information up to the end of 2015/16.
2.1 Long term trends The Scottish Government has produced the average daily number of prisoners in the Scottish prison system as far back as 1900. Average daily prison population Scotland, 1900-2015/16 (000s) 34 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The average daily prison population increased from just under 2,700 in 1900 to just under 7,700 in 2015/16 (a three-fold increase). As in England and Wales, from the mid-1940s the prison population increased steadily until the 1970s where it remained relatively stable. Since 1990 the prison population again increased by 62%, reaching a peak of 8,179 in 2011/12. 35 The average daily prison population increased by 184% between 1900 and 2015/16. To put this increase into context the figure should be considered alongside population growth in Scotland - from approximately 3 million to 4.5 million (50%). 36
33 34 35 36
Scottish Prison Service, Annual report and accounts, 2015/16, July 2016 See Table 10a in Appendix See Table 10a in Appendix See table 10b in Appendix
2015/16
2010/11
2005/06
Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016; Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15 & 2015/16 Notes: Data is based on financial year from 1996/97 onwards.
2000/01
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
1905
1900
0
20 UK Prison Population Statistics
Average daily prison population per 100,000 head of population, Scotland, 1901-2015/16 200
150
100
50
2015/16
2011/12
2001
1991
1981
1971
1961
1951
1941
1931
1921
1911
1901
0
Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016; Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15, July 2015; 2015/16, July 2016 Notes: Population of Scotland, aged 15 or over
In 1901 there were around 98 prisoners per 100,000 head of population in Scotland, dropping to around 36 per 100,000 in 1941. By 1971 this rate had risen to around 138 per 100,000. In 2015/16 there were 170 prisoners per 100,000 head of population.
2.2 Recent trends Between 2004/05 and 2013/14 the average daily prison population increased by 17%. The number of male prisoners increased by around 16% and female prisoners by 30%. The proportion of female prisoners averaged around 5% of the average daily prison population over the period: Average daily prison population, 2004/05-2013/14 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2015/16
Male 6,444 6,521 6,833 7,004 7,413 7,538 7,418 7,710 7,598 7,462 7,271
Female 332 335 354 372 414 426 436 469 459 432 404
Total 6,776 6,856 7,187 7,376 7,827 7,964 7,854 8,179 8,057 7,894 7,675
% Female 4.9% 4.9% 4.9% 5.0% 5.3% 5.3% 5.6% 5.7% 5.7% 5.5% 5.3%
Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14 Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15, July 2015; 2015/16, July 2016
21 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
2.3 Current average daily population The average daily prison population for 2015/16 was 7,675. Just under 1,500 (19%) of those were prisoners on remand – either awaiting trial or sentencing. 37 Just under 6,200 (81%) were prisoners with sentences of which 54% were serving sentences of less than 4 years in length. As at 17 March 2017 there were just under 7,500 prisoners (excluding Home Detention Curfew) in custody. 38
2.4 Age profile of prisoners As at 30 June 2013 (the latest available data) around 59% of prisoners were under the age of 35. Just over one fifth of prisoners were under the age of 25: Prisoner age profile, Scotland, 2005-2013 39
Age profile by gender Male 50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
55-64
65+ 65+
Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016 Notes: As at 30 June. Age groups combined. 16-24 includes under 16 year olds.
55-64
65+
45-54
55-64
45-54
45-54 2010 2013
35-44
35-44 2005
25-34
25-34
35-44
16-24
16-24
0%
0%
Female 50%
Ethnicity As at June 2013 the Scottish prison population was just over 96% white. Asian or black ethnicities accounted for just over 3% of the prison population. Around 0.5% of prisoners were from mixed or other ethnicities.
37 38 39
Scottish Prison Service, SPS Annual Report and Accounts 2015/16, p. 63, 11 June 2016 Scottish Prison Service, SPS Prison Population, 3 March 2017 For a more detailed breakdown of age, see Table 12 in Appendix
30% 20% 10% 0%
2005
25-34
2.5 Ethnicity and Religion
40%
16-24
Between 2005 and 2013 the proportion of 16-24 year olds in prison reduced by 8 percentage points. The proportion aged 25-34 increased by 3 percentage points, accounting for just over 3,000 prisoners. The proportion of 35-44 year olds in 2013 was the same as in 2005. The proportion of those aged 45-54 increased by 4 percentage points compared to 2005. The proportion of those in categories 55-64 or 65+ increased by a small amount compared to 2005.
2010
2013
22 UK Prison Population Statistics
Prisoners by ethnicity, Scotland, 2013 Enlarged view
3%
100% 2%
80%
1%
60%
0% Asian
Black
40%
20%
0% White
Asian
General population aged 15+
Black
Mixed
Other
Prison population aged 15+
Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016 Notes: Prison population as at June 30. General population from Scotland Census 2011.
The Scotland Census 2011 suggests that the proportion of prisoners classified as being from a white ethnicity is the same proportion found among the general population. The proportion of people from Asian or Black ethnicities within the general population differed from the rate of the prison population. 2.5% of the general population was from an Asian ethnicity, whereas 1.7% of the prison population were reported as Asian. People from black ethnicities accounted for 0.6% of the general population and 1.4% of the prison population. 40
40
Scotland Census, Census 2001-2011
Mixed
Other
23 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Religion As at 30 June 2013 just over 4,600 prisoners (58% of the prison population) in Scotland indicated that they held religious beliefs. Of these, 93% were Christian (of various denominations). Muslim prisoners accounted for 4.4%. Together Buddhist, Sikh, Jewish, Hindu and other religions accounted for 2.7% of the religious prison population. Just over 3,270 prisoners (42% of the prison population) held no religious beliefs. Prisoners by religion, Scotland, 2013 41
Enlarged view
3%
100%
2%
80%
1% 0%
60%
Muslim Buddhist
Sikh
Jewish
40%
20%
0% Christian
Muslim Buddhist
General population aged 15+
Sikh
Jewish
Hindu
Other
Prison population aged 15+
Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016 Notes: Prison population as at June 30. General population from Scotland Census 2011.
The proportion of Muslims among the prison population was greater than that amongst the general population. According to the 2011 Census 42, Muslims accounted for around 1.2% of the Scottish population aged 15 and over. In prison the proportion was over twice that at 2.5%. Aside from the “other” grouping, no other religion had a higher proportion of representation in prisons than among the general population. Individuals with no religious identity accounted for around 41% of the general population and just over 41% of the prison population.
2.6 Supervision level Prisoners in Scotland are rated as to the level of supervision they require whilst in custody. A prisoner with high supervision requires all activities and movements authorised, supervised and monitored by a prison officer. Prisoners rated as requiring medium supervision are subject to limited supervision. Prisoners with low supervision are subject to minimum supervision and may also be allowed to participate in activities within the wider community. 43
41 42 43
See Table 14 in Appendix Scotland Census, Census 2001-2011 Offenders Families Helpline, Prisoner Category, accessed 1 July 2016.
Hindu
Other
24 UK Prison Population Statistics
Prisoner population by supervision level, Scotland, June 2013 44 100% Low
80%
Medium
High
60% 40% 20% 0% 2005
2010
2013
Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016
As at 30 June 2013 just under 60% of prisoners were classified as requiring a medium level of supervision whilst in custody. Just over a third were considered to be a low risk and under 10% were considered to be a high risk.
44
See Table 15 in Appendix
25 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
3. Northern Ireland The Northern Ireland Department of Justice has produced statistics on the prison population in Northern Ireland from 2000 to 2014 and 2014/15 to 2015/16. For the 2015/16 financial year the average total daily prison population was just under 1,600, down from just under 1,800 in the previous financial year but up 49% since 2000.
Prison population per 100,000 head of population 120 100 80 60 40
3.1 Recent trends
20
In the 2014 calendar year the average total daily prison population was around 1,830. The average figure for 2014 was 71% greater than for the same period in 2000 and the average for 2015/16 decreased by 12% since 2014.
0 2000 2005 2010 2015
Average daily prison population, Northern Ireland, 2000-2015/16 2,000 1,600 1,200 800 400
2015/16
30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%
60+
0%
50-59
People aged 21-29 accounted for 34% of the prisoner population in 2015/16 compared to 15% amongst the general population. Prisoners aged 30-39 accounted for 29% of the prison population and 40-49 and 50-59 year olds accounted for 17% and 11% respectively. Prisoners aged 18-20 and 60+ both accounted for a similar proportion of around 5%.
35%
40-49
3.2 Age profile of prisoners
40%
30-39
The prison population as a proportion of the total general 15+ population in Northern Ireland increased from around 0.08% in 2000 to 0.11% in 2015. In 2000 there were around 82 prisoners per 100,000 head of population. In 2015, this had increased to 107 per 100,000 although that is the lowest level since 2010.
Prisoner population age profile, 2015/16
21-29
The average daily prison population in 2000 was just over 1,000. After a drop in 2001 the population increased year on year until 2008 when the population was 63% higher than in 2001. From 2011 the population again increased year on year until 2014.
18-20
2014/15
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
0
26 UK Prison Population Statistics
4. International comparisons International comparisons between countries should be considered with a good deal of caution. Countries have varying criminal justice systems and different levels and varieties of prison establishments.
4.1 Prison Population Eurostat publish the number of prisoners per 100,000 head of population for EU countries. The latest complete dataset for all the UK jurisdictions is for 2014. Rates per 100,000 head of population for the UK jurisdictions may differ from those stated earlier in this briefing as rates are for the entire population, rather than just the population aged 15 and older. Prison population per 100,000 population, 2014, selected European countries 300 250 200 150 100
According to the Eurostat data, England and Wales had 146 prisoners per 100,000 head of population, the 11th highest rate in Europe and the highest amongst western European jurisdictions. 45 Scotland had the 12th highest with 145 prisoners per 100,000. Northern Ireland had 93 prisoners per 100,000 of population and was ranked 22nd. Some prisoner data for 1 January 2015 has been published by the Council of Europe & University of Lausanne but this does not include complete UK figures. The table below shows this data and latest domestically calculated figures for comparison. Please note that these data are not directly comparable as they are calculated on a different basis.
45
See Table 17 in Appendix
Finland
Sweden
Denmark
Slovenia
Netherlands
Germany
Switzerland
Italy
Croatia
Ireland
France
Northern Ireland
Austria
Greece
Bulgaria
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Serbia
Liechtenstein
Scotland
Romania
England and Wales
Czech Republic
Hungary
Montenegro
Poland
Slovakia
Turkey
Latvia
Lithuania
0
Estonia
50
27 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Prison population per 100,000 population, selected European countries 300 250 200 150 100
Scotland
Northern Ireland
England and Wales
Finland
Liechtenstein
Norway
Sweden
Slovenia
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Switzerland
Croatia
Denmark
Greece
Austria
Belgium
Luxembourg
Spain
Serbia
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
Montenegro
Poland
Estonia
Lithuania
0
Latvia
50
Source: University of Lausanne’s, Council of Europe, Annual Penal Statistics, 1 January 2015, accessed March 2017 See pages 5, 20 & 25 of this paper for the UK figures which use latest 15+ prison population figures from mid-year estimates Notes: Data for the UK is not directly comparable to the rest of the data as they are calculated differently
4.2 Cost The Council of Europe’s (CoE), annual penal statistics publish the cost per inmate figures for selected countries. 46 The figures are published in euros and are converted for the table below using the exchange rate of €1 = £1.2411. 47 Expenses in penal institutions by country, average cost per day for the detention of one person in 2014, (£) 500 400 300 200 100
Sweden Norway Netherlands Liechtenstein Denmark Ireland Finland Italy Belgium Germany Scotland England and Wales Austria Northern Ireland France Spain Czech Republic Portugal Slovakia Greece Hungary Latvia Russian Fed. Turkey Romania Serbia Montenegro Lithuania Bulgaria Croatia
0
Source: Council of Europe, annual penal statistics; SPACE I - Prison Populations, Survey 2015 Final Report, 14 March 2017; Bank of England, series XUAAERS: Annual average Spot exchange rate, Euro into Sterling, accessed 3 Jan 2017 Notes: Average amount spent per day for the detention of one person in 2014. The CoE table is denominated in euros, Exchange rate 2014: €1 = £1.2411
The available data for European countries in 2014 shows that Sweden and Norway spent £439 and £432 respectively. Figures for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are all around £150 a day.
46
47
Council of Europe, annual penal statistics; SPACE I - Prison Populations, Survey 2015 Final Report, 14 March 2017 Bank of England, series XUAAERS: Annual average Spot exchange rate, Euro into Sterling, accessed 3 Jan 2017
28 UK Prison Population Statistics
5. Appendix Tables Table 1a: Prison population, annual average by gender, 1900-2016, England and Wales Total % Female 17,435 17% 18,980 16% 19,437 16% 20,795 16% 21,428 15% 21,525 15% 21,074 14% 20,926 14% 22,146 13% 22,018 12%
Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Males 26,198 28,094 30,066 29,925 28,718 29,580 32,127 34,056 31,656 33,814
Females 901 931 997 971 882 841 959 953 805 853
2,581 2,472 2,613 2,484 2,359 2,067 1,848 1,769 1,604 1,404
20,904 19,797 19,442 18,236 15,808 11,311 10,058 9,660 9,199 9,683
12% 12% 13% 14% 15% 18% 18% 18% 17% 14%
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
38,040 38,673 37,348 35,747 35,823 38,601 40,161 40,212 40,409 40,762
988 1,035 980 1,027 1,044 1,219 1,282 1,358 1,387 1,458
39,028 39,708 38,328 36,774 36,867 39,820 41,443 41,570 41,796 42,220
3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
9,573 10,791 10,557 10,117 9,808 9,635 9,972 10,300 10,305 10,094
1,427 1,388 1,209 1,031 942 874 888 879 804 767
11,000 12,179 11,766 11,148 10,750 10,509 10,860 11,179 11,109 10,861
13% 11% 10% 9% 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 7%
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
40,748 41,904 42,381 42,072 41,822 44,701 45,163 46,722 47,113 46,736
1,516 1,407 1,326 1,390 1,473 1,532 1,607 1,704 1,759 1,764
42,264 43,311 43,707 43,462 43,295 46,233 46,770 48,426 48,872 48,500
4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4%
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
10,561 10,884 11,992 12,180 11,493 10,587 9,939 9,894 10,388 9,662
785 792 811 806 745 719 674 668 698 664
11,346 11,676 12,803 12,986 12,238 11,306 10,613 10,562 11,086 10,326
7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
43,378 43,250 43,157 42,991 46,810 48,983 53,019 58,439 62,194 61,523
1,597 1,559 1,562 1,561 1,811 1,979 2,262 2,675 3,105 3,247
44,975 44,809 44,719 44,552 48,621 50,962 55,281 61,114 65,299 64,770
4% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5%
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
8,443 9,667 11,223 11,430 11,438 13,180 14,556 15,986 18,621 18,783
934 968 1,177 1,360 1,477 1,528 1,233 1,081 1,144 1,096
9,377 10,635 12,400 12,790 12,915 14,708 15,789 17,067 19,765 19,879
10% 9% 9% 11% 11% 10% 8% 6% 6% 6%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
61,252 62,560 66,479 68,612 70,208 71,512 73,680 75,842 78,158 79,277
3,350 3,740 4,299 4,425 4,448 4,467 4,447 4,374 4,414 4,283
64,602 66,300 70,778 73,037 74,656 75,979 78,127 80,216 82,572 83,559
5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5%
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
19,367 20,687 22,568 22,473 21,337 20,156 19,941 21,742 24,459 25,727
1,107 1,093 1,112 1,137 1,084 978 866 860 920 896
20,474 21,780 23,680 23,610 22,421 21,134 20,807 22,602 25,379 26,623
5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
80,489 81,763 82,481 80,359 81,402 81,741 81,493
4,236 4,188 4,154 3,890 3,905 3,885 3,854
84,725 85,951 86,634 84,249 85,307 85,626 85,348
5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909
Males 14,459 15,868 16,240 17,418 18,167 18,398 18,102 18,045 19,268 19,333
Females 2,976 3,112 3,197 3,377 3,261 3,127 2,972 2,881 2,878 2,685
1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
18,323 17,325 16,829 15,752 13,449 9,244 8,210 7,891 7,595 8,279
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
Notes: Annual average is average of the 12 month end populations 2014 - 2016 calculated from quarterly bulletins Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, October-December 2013 , 24 April 2014 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates
Total % Female 27,099 3% 29,025 3% 31,063 3% 30,896 3% 29,600 3% 30,421 3% 33,086 3% 35,009 3% 32,461 2% 34,667 2%
29 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 1b: Prison population at month end, 2010-2016, England and Wales Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December
Males 79,253 79,701 80,894 80,758 80,695 80,735 80,549 80,916 81,150 80,989 81,174 79,054
Females 4,125 4,224 4,290 4,328 4,323 4,267 4,201 4,257 4,279 4,235 4,299 4,001
Total 83,378 83,925 85,184 85,086 85,018 85,002 84,750 85,173 85,429 85,224 85,473 83,055
% females 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
January February March April May June July August September October November December
80,166 80,953 81,148 80,225 81,080 81,189 81,272 82,501 83,245 83,319 83,945 82,112
4,089 4,224 4,252 4,123 4,209 4,185 4,139 4,269 4,256 4,224 4,222 4,060
84,255 85,177 85,400 84,348 85,289 85,374 85,411 86,770 87,501 87,543 88,167 86,172
5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
January February March April May June July August September October November December
83,607 83,530 83,313 83,130 82,860 81,925 82,574 82,594 82,334 82,170 81,894 79,837
4,192 4,203 4,218 4,279 4,208 4,123 4,178 4,114 4,123 4,131 4,153 3,920
87,799 87,733 87,531 87,409 87,068 86,048 86,752 86,708 86,457 86,301 86,047 83,757
5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
January February March April May June July August September October November December
80,001 80,489 79,900 80,289 80,044 79,989 80,232 79,925 80,555 81,306 81,220 80,356
3,917 3,962 3,869 3,887 3,853 3,853 3,853 3,845 3,933 3,971 3,933 3,807
83,918 84,451 83,769 84,176 83,897 83,842 84,085 83,770 84,488 85,277 85,153 84,163
5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
January February March April May June July August September October November December
81,045 81,521 81,377 80,789 80,988 81,580 81,726 81,387 81,783 81,869 81,894 80,863
3,932 3,948 3,888 3,857 3,857 3,929 3,927 3,915 3,915 3,917 3,943 3,828
84,977 85,469 85,265 84,646 84,845 85,509 85,653 85,302 85,698 85,786 85,837 84,691
5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
January February March April May June July August September October November December
81,035 81,478 81,798 81,797 81,789 82,289 82,257 81,732 81,998 81,617 81,957 81,143
3,803 3,833 3,866 3,844 3,905 3,904 3,922 3,947 3,888 3,917 3,963 3,825
84,838 85,311 85,664 85,641 85,694 86,193 86,179 85,679 85,886 85,534 85,920 84,968
4% 4% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
January February March April May June July August September October November December
81,664 81,912 81,615 81,269 81,699 81,272 81,116 81,143 81,796 82,025 81,934 80,476
3,831 3,854 3,826 3,783 3,859 3,862 3,868 3,854 3,843 3,901 3,939 3,831
85,495 85,766 85,441 85,052 85,558 85,134 84,984 84,997 85,639 85,926 85,873 84,307
4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5%
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates
30 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 2: Population, England & Wales, 1901 to 2015 Mid Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2015
Males 10,463,400 11,924,700 12,790,100 14,324,600 15,195,750 16,066,900 16,879,800 17,739,600 18,513,500 19,054,011 19,953,785 22,156,014 22,941,259
Females 11,518,700 13,105,000 14,596,100 16,107,700 17,053,500 17,999,300 18,640,200 19,433,200 20,045,200 20,822,863 21,599,395 23,340,766 23,983,751
Total 21,982,100 25,029,700 27,386,200 30,432,300 32,249,250 34,066,200 35,520,000 37,172,800 38,558,700 39,876,874 41,553,180 45,496,780 46,925,010
Notes: 1901-1981 figures are those aged 15 and over. 1991 onwards figures are those aged 16 and over. 1941 is average of 1931 and 1951. Sources: B. Mitchell, Birtish Historical Statistics , 1988, p15-16. NOMIS, Census 1991-2011. ONS, Population Estimates Analysis Tool, 2015, accessed January 2017.
Table 3: Prison population by type of custody, Dec 2016, England and Wales
Adults 18-20 yr olds 15-17 yr olds
Sentenced 69,692 3,423 473
Remand: Untried 5,781 580 106
Remand: Convicted unsentenced 2,492 271 21
Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016 , 26 January 2017
31 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 4: Sentenced population by sentence length, England and Wales Total prison population by sentence length Year 2005 2010 2015 2016
Less than or equal to 6 months to less than 6 months 12 4,680 1,632 4,335 1,956 4,111 2,079 3,618 2,336
12 months to less than 4 years 17,596 17,125 18,608 17,958
4 years or more determinate 24,848 22,094 28,807 31,474
Indeterminate 5,723 12,680 12,053 11,021
1 - 4 years 3,866 3,594 1,965 1,796
Over 4 years determinate 1,532 1,540 1,174 1,184
Indeterminate 149 438 130 113
Recall N.A. 457 286 214
Total sentenced males (all ages) 58,780 67,561 69,404 70,339
1 - 4 years 166 138 59 40
Over 4 years determinate 54 51 32 22
Indeterminate 10 16 3 2
Recall N.A. 20 7 4
Total sentenced females (all ages) 3,477 3,439 3,255 3,249
1 - 4 years 60,966 69,841 71,619 72,591
Over 4 years determinate 60,935 70,021 71,749 72,627
Indeterminate 62,072 70,619 72,297 73,230
Recall N.A. 70,820 72,401 73,299
Total sentenced people (male & female) 62,257 71,000 72,659 73,588
1 - 4 years 1,291 1,159 1,040 997
Over 4 years determinate 1,322 979 910 961
Indeterminate 185 381 362 358
Recall N.A. 180 258 289
Total sentenced people (male & female) 62,257 71,000 72,659 73,588
Non-adult males by sentence Year 2005 2010 2015 2016
Less than one year 1,829 1,470 591 482
Recall N.A. 4,873 6,176 6,570
Total 62,257 71,000 72,659 73,588
Non-adult females by sentence Year 2005 2010 2015 2016
Less than one year 93 84 25 20
All males by sentence
Year 2005 2010 2015 2016
Less than one year 61,579 70,278 72,042 72,987
All females by sentence Year 2005 2010 2015 2016
Less than one year 678 722 617 601
Notes: 2005, 2010 and 2015 as at end June. 2016 as at end of December Recalls were recorded differently in 2005 and are threfore not available for comparison Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates
32 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 5a: Prisoners in custody by offence type as at 30 June, 2000-2014, England and Wales All Male
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
VATP 12,819 13,336 14,085 14,883 15,950 17,294 18,518 19,899 21,439 22,207 22,551 22,612 22,145 21,132 21,631
Sexual Offences 5,651 5,571 5,857 6,070 6,362 6,908 7,447 8,062 8,480 9,158 10,415 10,832 11,407 11,515 12,241
VATP 2,343 2,041 1,762 1,567
Sexual Offences 556 538 441 422
Robbery 7,140 7,401 8,512 9,036 9,186 9,084 9,348 9,733 9,768 9,825 9,960 10,148 10,244 9,581 9,363
Burglary 10,706 10,050 10,831 10,426 9,847 9,281 8,905 9,097 9,188 8,706 8,018 8,222 8,405 8,143 8,264
Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 6,177 1,031 5,847 1,108 5,965 1,112 5,737 1,114 5,223 1,288 4,903 1,744 4,784 1,871 4,282 1,965 4,303 2,123 3,492 2,073 4,281 1,689 4,573 1,476 5,003 1,425 4,808 1,376 4,645 1,380
Burglary 1,322 1,203 994 795
Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 508 30 517 33 399 30 334 23
All Female Drug Motoring offences offences 8,956 2,571 9,330 2,770 10,109 2,609 10,362 3,039 10,562 2,672 11,054 2,370 10,891 2,111 11,216 1,593 11,700 1,483 11,354 1,105 11,901 973 11,611 875 11,663 825 11,247 743 11,631 839
Other offences 4,900 4,573 5,083 5,397 6,126 6,641 7,110 7,265 7,789 7,466 8,735 8,952 8,838 8,537 8,861
Offence not recorded 1,245 1,574 1,855 1,854 1,803 1,288 1,081 1,029 893 2,124 1,145 840 712 875 811
Drug Motoring offences offences 790 83 697 60 639 52 794 62
Other offences 1,152 1,030 732 718
Offence not recorded 108 86 91 84
TOTAL 61,196 61,560 66,018 67,918 69,019 70,567 72,066 74,141 77,166 77,510 79,668 80,141 80,667 77,957 79,666
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
VATP 509 556 670 644 741 788 802 847 936 1,027 1,090 1,104 1,098 1,045 1,079
Sexual Offences 27 28 26 30 34 42 48 57 53 82 121 103 98 92 116
VATP 114 112 74 67
Sexual Offences 8 8 2 0
Robbery 233 295 418 524 468 404 383 367 359 408 321 378 397 369 358
Burglary 214 222 325 341 322 312 282 246 270 246 192 232 258 235 275
Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 685 150 637 147 737 143 769 148 630 165 579 269 615 304 488 296 586 374 502 318 530 233 552 221 599 237 536 194 614 187
Burglary 9 19 10 6
Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 31 5 30 3 18 3 16 0
Non-adult male
2011 2012 2013 2014
Robbery 2,190 2,118 1,668 1,375
Other offences 282 307 347 412 472 502 501 537 554 524 629 657 667 667 625
Offence not recorded 86 104 133 94 101 103 113 122 108 105 108 69 65 82 67
TOTAL 3,328 3,670 4,333 4,546 4,400 4,478 4,410 4,237 4,399 4,227 4,207 4,158 4,092 3,795 3,892
Drug Motoring offences offences 45 0 25 1 13 1 11 2
Other offences 82 55 33 32
Offence not recorded 10 6 5 3
TOTAL 360 311 194 168
Non-adult female
Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, October-December 2013, 24 April 2014 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, April 2010-September 2012, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, January to March 2014, 31 July 2014
Drug Motoring offences offences 1,099 43 1,324 50 1,491 43 1,513 71 1,423 44 1,437 42 1,326 36 1,240 37 1,134 25 999 16 962 21 824 18 651 22 551 24 544 27
TOTAL 9,082 8,323 6,808 6,174
2011 2012 2013 2014
Robbery 56 52 35 31
33 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 5b: Prisoners in custody by offence type, 2015-2016, England and Wales All male
2015 2016
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
Robbery
19,663 19,661
12,117 13,808
8,987 7,926
Criminal Theft damage offences and arson 13,132 11,155
1,412 1,327
Possession Drug of offences weapons 11,613 11,970
Public order offences
Miscellanous crimes against society
Fraud offences
1,452 1,316
3,611 3,801
1,308 1,340
3,540 3,345
54 51
269 258
185 187
128 90
189 190
4 18
8 38
1,968 2,598
Summary non- Summary motoring motoring
Offence not recorded
TOTAL
389 398
728 323
79,920 78,968
206 214
16 14
50 31
3,830 3,795
23 11
341 284
19 33
53 15
5,605 4,759
3 0
18 56
1 6
3 5
177 1,043
All female 2015 2016
997 1,072
93 126
370 337
844 784
155 140
526 495
65 86
Non-adult male 2015 2016
1,204 1,099
378 418
1,195 815
1,052 598
96 70
722 863
205 273
Non-adult female 2015 2016
55 310
2 85
34 138
21 144
9 34
14 159
5 50
Notes: 2015 figures at March, 2016 figures at December Source MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017; October to December 2015, 27 October 2016
34 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 6: Prisoner population by age, England and Wales 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
15-17 2,592 2,254 2,275 2,327 2,440 2,429 2,526 2,120 1,656 1,581 1,282 866 741 680 600
18-20 8,330 7,945 7,736 7,811 8,003 8,616 8,826 8,772 8,578 7,927 7,443 6,272 5,701 5,050 4,357
21-24 13,111 13,613 13,233 12,964 12,623 12,776 13,392 13,909 14,274 14,047 14,005 12,822 12,473 11,939 10,464
25-29 13,599 13,971 14,127 14,309 14,889 15,067 15,830 15,477 15,686 15,491 15,575 15,395 16,136 16,088 15,361
30-39 20,390 21,654 21,877 22,007 21,960 21,413 22,073 21,699 22,220 22,740 22,900 23,248 24,361 25,075 25,374
Notes: Figures taken at the end of June 2002-2015 and at December 2016 Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013
40-49 8,371 9,210 9,973 11,069 11,881 12,638 13,400 13,866 14,325 14,645 15,116 15,008 15,017 15,381 15,183
50-59 3,313 3,446 3,613 3,929 4,231 4,583 4,753 5,023 5,414 5,928 6,460 6,760 7,360 7,871 8,386
60+ 1,511 1,564 1,655 1,775 1,954 2,212 2,394 2,525 2,849 3,015 3,267 3,471 3,720 4,109 4,582
Total 71,217 73,657 74,489 76,191 77,981 79,734 83,194 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307
35 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 7: Prisoner population by nationality, ethnicity and religion, England and Wales Nationality
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
British nationals 62,564 63,614 64,379 65,670 66,160 67,767 70,751 70,898 71,016 73,030 73,238 72,179 73,999 75,161 74,316
Foreign nationals 7,716 8,912 8,942 9,651 10,879 11,093 11,498 11,467 11,135 10,779 10,861 10,786 10,834 10,512 9,749
Ethnicity
Unrecorded nationality 939 1,132 1,167 869 944 874 946 1,026 2,851 1,565 1,949 877 676 520 242
Total 71,217 73,657 74,488 76,189 77,982 79,733 83,193 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307
White 51,281 56,824 57,137 58,251 60,196 60,718 61,229 61,899 61,867 60,706 62,491 63,498 61,755
Mixed 1,859 2,157 2,299 2,441 2,691 2,846 2,995 3,114 3,159 3,208 3,479 3,492 3,590
Chinese or Asian or Black or other ethnic Asian British Black British group 694 3,837 10,044 862 4,564 11,170 954 11,806 5,117 12,017 1,155 5,288 1,354 5,804 12,557 1,448 6,040 12,099 11,639 1,202 6,042 11,126 924 6,193 960 6,335 11,281 10,847 1,014 6,474 1,053 6,615 10,790 10,686 909 6,992 6,877 10,461 1,014
Not stated/ Unrecorded 6,772 613 668 581 592 240 1,895 2,118 2,446 1,593 1,081 616 610
Other/nonrecognised Not recorded 390 10 503 12 607 9 3 612 2 746 811 4 839 17 846 39 935 2,365 1,867 1,027 1,077 2,037 1,322 1,113 1,593 358 1,317 179 1,547 130
Total 71,217 73,657 74,488 76,189 77,982 79,733 83,193 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307
Religion
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Christian 41,342 42,463 41,438 41,154 40,827 41,350 41,794 40,244 41,226 42,511 43,176 42,341 42,706 42,678 40,919
Muslim 5,502 6,136 6,571 7,246 8,243 8,864 9,795 9,932 10,437 10,672 11,248 11,426 12,106 12,543 12,825
Hindu 271 339 342 370 368 357 434 431 435 452 456 451 447 476 400
Sikh 442 490 498 543 579 608 648 661 669 711 777 799 732 788 759
Buddhist 676 947 1,133 1,237 1,432 1,609 1,737 1,817 1,872 1,793 1,756 1,638 1,629 1,556 1,529
Jewish 179 184 181 197 187 231 220 220 233 228 252 268 319 372 449
No religion 22,405 22,584 23,709 24,826 25,598 25,900 27,710 29,201 26,830 26,113 25,269 24,484 25,619 26,284 25,749
Notes: 2002-2015 data at end of June, 2016 data are latest figures at December In June 2015 the “Chinese” ethnicity was moved into the “Asian or Asian British” group. The “Chinese or other ethnic” group category was renamed “Other”. This should be considered when comparing ethnicity rates pre and post June 2015. Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various years MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013
Total 74,488 76,189 77,982 79,733 83,193 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307
36 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 8: Prison population to certified normal accommodation by establishment, December 2016, England and Wales Establishment Leeds Wandsworth Swansea Brixton Leicester Lincoln Preston Durham Exeter Doncaster Cardiff Winchester Altcourse Hull Usk/Prescoed Pentonville Forest Bank Birmingham Nottingham Chelmsford Bedford Thameside Bristol Bullingdon Isis Woodhill Huntercombe Elmley (Sheppey) Ranby High Down
In use CNA 669 943 268 458 208 403 455 595 318 738 539 469 794 723 378 906 1064 694 723 551 192 932 407 869 478 568 369 1007 832 821
Population 1,150 1,579 443 714 325 630 711 916 486 1,115 771 665 1,117 1,013 530 1,238 1,445 929 966 733 252 1,223 518 1,102 606 720 462 1,245 1,026 984
% pop to CNA 171.9% 167.4% 165.3% 155.9% 156.3% 156.3% 156.3% 153.9% 152.8% 151.1% 143.0% 141.8% 140.7% 140.1% 140.2% 136.6% 135.8% 133.9% 133.6% 133.0% 131.3% 131.2% 127.3% 126.8% 126.8% 126.8% 125.2% 123.6% 123.3% 119.9%
Source: MoJ, Population bulletin: monthly December 2016, 13 January 2017
Establishment Norwich Oakwood Stoke Heath Holme House Peterborough (Male & Female) Buckley Hall Hewell Humber Belmarsh Lancaster Farms Glen Parva Isle of Wight Hindley Lewes Lindholme Parc Rye Hill Wayland Stocken Whatton Aylesbury Erlestoke Guys Marsh Moorland Bure Featherstone Maidstone Manchester Portland Wormwood Scrubs
In use CNA 626 1605 662 1036 1119 409 1018 947 760 495 561 976 516 467 916 1559 600 864 768 769 410 360 518 886 604 611 565 965 458 1156
Population 754 1,918 773 1,185 1,273 457 1,145 1,056 843 550 618 1,073 564 507 999 1,692 654 941 829 827 439 384 553 944 639 649 600 1,024 486 1,231
% pop to CNA 120.4% 119.5% 116.8% 114.4% 113.8% 111.7% 112.5% 111.5% 110.9% 111.1% 110.2% 109.9% 109.3% 108.6% 109.1% 108.5% 109.0% 108.9% 107.9% 107.5% 107.1% 106.7% 106.8% 106.5% 105.8% 106.2% 106.2% 106.1% 106.1% 106.5%
Establishment Wymott Coldingley Littlehey New Hall Risley Bronzefield Dovegate Eastwood Park Garth Ford Foston Hall Low Newton Stafford Wealstun Highpoint (North and South) Brinsford Channings Wood Gartree Lowdham Grange Onley The Mount Liverpool Dartmoor Hatfield Leyhill Long Lartin Send Standford Hill (Sheppey) Thorn Cross Wakefield
In use CNA 1,099 493 1,154 371 1,050 527 1,060 382 810 521 303 306 741 809 1,297 479 698 708 900 742 1,003 1,101 640 338 515 548 282 464 381 750
Population 1,164 516 1,217 391 1,105 547 1,104 397 842 537 312 315 753 826 1,307 481 701 711 904 744 1,000 1,097 635 335 510 541 278 461 376 741
% pop to CNA 105.9% 104.7% 105.5% 105.4% 105.2% 103.8% 104.2% 103.9% 104.0% 103.1% 103.0% 102.9% 101.6% 102.1% 100.8% 100.4% 100.4% 100.4% 100.4% 100.3% 99.7% 99.6% 99.2% 99.1% 99.0% 98.7% 98.6% 99.4% 98.7% 98.8%
Establishment Drake Hall Full Sutton Haverigg Hollesley Bay Northumberland Swinfen Hall Ashfield Frankland Grendon/Springhill Kirklevington Grange Rochester Downview Kirkham North Sea Camp Styal Warren Hill Whitemoor Swaleside (Sheppey) East Sutton Park Sudbury Deerbolt Werrington Cookham Wood Feltham Askham Grange Wetherby
In use CNA 340 606 286 461 1348 604 408 844 568 283 754 300 657 420 471 257 458 1112 100 581 473 118 188 555 126 336
Population 333 592 281 451 1,327 592 395 815 551 274 732 287 626 401 449 243 437 1,044 93 542 434 108 166 485 104 238
% pop to CNA 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 97.0% 97.0% 97.0% 97.0% 97.0% 96.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 94.0% 93.0% 93.0% 92.0% 92.0% 88.0% 87.0% 83.0% 71.0%
37 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 9a: Safety in custody by calendar year, England and Wales Prisoner assualts
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Assaults 14,926 15,298 15,896 15,363 14,507 15,088 14,965 14,207 15,886 19,054 25,049
Self-harm incidents 23,448 23,228 24,119 24,471 26,721 25,166 23,305 23,240 24,761 30,706 37,784
Assaults per 1,000 prisoners 193 191 194 185 171 177 172 168 187 223 293
Self-harm individuals 6,020 6,352 6,521 6,831 6,958 6,868 6,803 6,956 7,511 8,964 10,761
Prisoner on Serious Prisoner (PonP) assaults assaults 1,392 11,365 1,489 11,984 1,532 12,728 1,326 12,365 1,410 11,418 1,352 11,944 1,278 12,000 1,497 11,067 1,998 12,363 2,639 14,413 3,372 18,510
PonP assaults per 1,000 147 150 155 149 135 140 138 131 145 168 217
Serious PonP assaults 1,092 1,209 1,261 1,076 1,115 1,079 1,039 1,193 1,575 2,036 2,644
Self-harming Self-harm Self-harm incidents per individuals per Self-harm 1,000 1,000 incidents per prisoners individual prisoners 303 78 4 290 79 4 294 79 4 294 82 4 315 82 4 295 81 4 268 78 3 275 82 3 294 89 3 359 105 3 443 126 4
Self harm related Hospital Attendances 1,233 1,230 1,337 1,266 1,388 1,512 1,490 1,646 1,726 2,056 2,583
Assaults Assaults on staff on staff per 1,000 3,536 46 3,343 42 3,255 40 3,057 37 2,937 35 3,053 36 3,014 35 3,178 38 3,503 41 4,597 54 6,430 75
Serious assaults on staff 282 281 306 252 310 281 250 328 446 602 761
Notes: Figures at September each year, 2016 figures provisional Sources: MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2016 , 1 March 2017; MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2015 , 28 January 2016
38 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 9b: Deaths in custody by calendar year, England and Wales Deaths per 1,000 prisoners 1978 1979
Homicides Natural causes 5 34 1 43
Self-inflicted 16 27
Other 4 1
Total 59 72
Natural causes 0.81 1.02
Self-inflicted 0.38 0.64
Other 0.10 0.02
All deaths 1.41 1.71
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
2 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0
35 36 32 37 35 27 29 35 44 31
27 21 27 27 27 29 21 46 37 49
0 0 2 0 2 3 5 0 1 2
64 58 61 64 65 59 57 81 82 82
0.83 0.83 0.73 0.85 0.81 0.58 0.62 0.72 0.90 0.64
0.64 0.48 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.45 0.95 0.76 1.01
0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.04
1.51 1.34 1.40 1.47 1.50 1.28 1.22 1.67 1.68 1.69
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
4 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 4 0
39 21 34 40 38 52 53 47 46 58
51 43 41 48 61 59 65 68 83 91
3 4 3 2 5 3 2 1 1 0
97 71 81 93 108 117 122 118 134 149
0.87 0.47 0.76 0.90 0.78 1.02 0.96 0.77 0.70 0.90
1.13 0.96 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.16 1.18 1.11 1.27 1.40
0.07 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00
2.16 1.58 1.81 2.09 2.22 2.30 2.21 1.93 2.05 2.30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
3 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 3 0
61 68 66 86 101 89 83 89 99 104
81 73 95 95 96 78 66 91 61 61
1 1 3 1 9 5 4 4 3 4
146 142 164 183 208 175 153 185 166 169
0.94 1.03 0.93 1.18 1.35 1.17 1.06 1.11 1.20 1.24
1.25 1.10 1.34 1.30 1.29 1.03 0.84 1.13 0.74 0.73
0.02 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05
2.26 2.14 2.32 2.51 2.79 2.30 1.96 2.31 2.01 2.02
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 2 0 4 3 8 3
126 122 123 131 145 147 196
58 58 61 76 89 90 119
13 10 8 4 6 12 36
198 192 192 215 243 257 354
1.49 1.42 1.42 1.55 1.70 1.72 2.30
0.68 0.67 0.70 0.90 1.04 1.05 1.39
0.15 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.14 0.42
2.34 2.23 2.22 2.55 2.85 3.00 4.15
Notes: 2016 figures are provisional (September) Source: MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Deaths in prison custody 1978 to 2016 , 1 March 2017
39 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 10a: Daily average prison population, 1900-2015/16, Scotland Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909
Total 2,698 2,908 2,971 2,946 2,883 2,874 2,906 3,016 3,208 3,084
Year 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
Total 1,661 1,636 1,677 1,856 1,851 1,694 1,636 1,593 1,543 1,350
Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Total 2,821 2,997 3,238 3,504 3,250 3,381 3,858 4,238 4,541 4,834
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00
Total 4,724 4,839 5,257 5,637 5,585 5,626 5,993 6,059 6,029 5,975
1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
2,777 2,722 2,814 2,694 2,603 1,995 1,674 1,437 1,296 1,335
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1,320 1,337 1,559 1,560 1,606 1,955 1,983 1,889 1,902 1,835
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
5,003 5,338 5,220 4,810 4,689 4,951 4,884 4,871 5,062 4,585
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
5,883 6,186 6,475 6,776 6,779 6,856 7,187 7,376 7,827 7,964
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
1,874 2,115 2,028 2,028 1,891 1,688 1,781 1,735 1,715 1,670
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1,781 1,851 2,089 2,152 2,169 2,176 2,268 2,435 2,672 2,866
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
4,860 4,518 4,891 5,052 4,753 5,273 5,587 5,446 5,229 4,986
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
7,854 8,179 8,057 7,894 7,731 7,675
Sources: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, 18 December 2015 Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15, July 2015; 2015/16, July 2016
40 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 10b: Population of Scotland Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2015
Population 2,977,100 3,224,300 3,442,800 3,538,200 3,689,750 3,841,300 3,840,300 3,874,300 3,957,300 4,051,748 4,155,129 4,441,350 4,517,328
Notes: 1941 is the average of 1931 and 1951. 2015 is the ONS mid year population estimate. People aged 15 years or older. Sources: B. Mitchell, Birtish Historical Statistics , 1988, p. 15-16. NOMIS, Census 1991. Scotlands Census, Census 2001-2011. ONS, Mid-2015 population estimates Scotland.
41 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 11: Average daily prison population by custody type, Scotland Remand
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Convicted awaiting Untried sentence 1,036 188 1,032 218 1,329 243 1,306 255 1,415 264 1,170 352 1,112 362 1,238 363 1,155 314 1,163 311
Total 1,223 1,250 1,572 1,561 1,679 1,522 1,474 1,601 1,469 1,474
Sentenced
Young persons 261 285 361 355 334 305 262 258 198 167
Adults 962 965 1,211 1,206 1,344 1,217 1,212 1,342 1,271 1,307
Young persons (direct sentence) 545 607 621 658 658 690 576 533 473 383
Notes: - = nill, * = 0.5 Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, 18 December 2015
Adult Fine Recalls from (direct sentence) defaulters supervision 4,599 51 351 4,553 47 397 4,433 46 515 4,516 28 611 4,879 11 600 5,120 9 622 5,111 9 682 5,332 8 702 5,392 9 713 5,334 9 693
Other
Others 5 1 * * -
Total 5,551 5,605 5,614 5,814 6,147 6,441 6,378 6,576 6,587 6,419
Court martial 1 * 1 1 1 1 *
Civil prisoners 1 1 1 1 * 1 * 1 * 1
42 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 12: Prison population by age as at 30 June, Scotland Under 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 or over
Male 2 51 139 180 236 238 223 259 546 1,223 1,035 903 606 345 180 118 64 73
2005 Female 0 0 5 6 14 9 16 24 33 66 53 52 36 13 7 2 2 0
Total 2 51 144 186 250 247 239 283 579 1,289 1,088 955 642 358 187 120 66 73
Male 0 30 120 209 250 293 314 305 632 1,433 1,185 889 765 516 273 150 92 88
2010 Female 0 0 7 14 10 16 11 17 30 106 61 69 40 32 18 4 1 3
Total 0 30 127 223 260 309 325 322 662 1,539 1,246 958 805 548 291 154 93 91
Male 0 14 62 124 170 190 208 275 553 1,463 1,347 965 798 529 354 182 102 110
2013 Female 0 1 1 6 7 12 13 12 28 91 100 60 39 31 18 14 1 3
Total 0 15 63 130 177 202 221 287 581 1,554 1,447 1,025 837 560 372 196 103 113
Total
6,421
338
6,759
7,544
439
7,983
7,446
437
7,883
Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015
Table 13: Prison population by ethnicity as at 30 June, Scotland White Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Other Asian Black-African Black-Caribbean Black-Other Mixed Other
Male 6,270 41 9 2 10 3 15 22 19 1 29
2005 Female 323 2 3 2 3 2 3
Total 6,593 41 11 2 10 3 18 24 22 3 32
Male 7,226 24 56 19 13 73 6 69 26 21 11
2010 Female 426 2 0 3 3 1 0 1 1 2 0
Total 7,652 26 56 22 16 74 6 70 27 23 11
Male 7,181 66 11 2 10 38 44 38 20 19 17
2013 Female 422 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 3 4 1
Total 7,603 68 12 2 11 39 46 38 23 23 18
Total
6,421
338
6,759
7,544
439
7,983
7,446
437
7,883
Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015
43 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 14: Prison population by religion as at 30 June, Scotland Church of Scotland Roman Catholic Other Christian Muslim Buddhist Sikh Jewish Hindu Other None
Male 2,502 1,630 242 87 7 4 2 2 87 1,858
2005 Female 89 86 13 0 0 1 0 0 13 136
Total 2,591 1,716 255 87 7 5 2 2 100 1,994
Male 2,357 1,761 328 178 35 7 3 3 54 2,818
2010 Female 91 100 16 2 1 5 224
Total 2,448 1,861 344 180 35 8 3 3 59 3,042
Male 2,077 1,701 333 198 19 10 9 5 71 3,023
2013 Female 68 83 24 3 1 1 7 250
Total 2,145 1,784 357 201 20 11 9 5 78 3,273
Total
6,421
338
6,759
7,544
439
7,983
7,446
437
7,883
Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015
Table 15: Prison population by supervision level as at 30 June, Scotland High Medium Low
Male 693 3,271 2,457
2005 Female 25 225 88
Total 718 3,496 2,545
Male 526 4,482 2,536
2010 Female 32 300 107
Total 558 4,782 2,643
Male 642 4,354 2,450
2013 Female 32 273 132
Total 674 4,627 2,582
Total
6,421
338
6,759
7,544
439
7,983
7,446
437
7,883
Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015
44 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 16: Average daily prison population by custody type, Northern Ireland
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014/15 2015/16
Remand 311 266 341 385 446 444 529 525 507 505 508 590 545 492 421 419 393
Fine Immediate defaulter custody 22 729 22 616 17 662 20 747 24 794 25 826 29 873 26 909 21 955 20 934 30 33 35 4 2 3 6
Noncriminal 6 6 6 8 10 6 2 6 6 6
Total 1,068 910 1,026 1,160 1,274 1,301 1,433 1,466 1,489 1,465
NI Population 1,306,841 1,318,565 1,333,076 1,345,859 1,359,060 1,374,990 1,391,959 1,410,124 1,425,672 1,438,948
2 2 1 1 1 1 2
1,465 1,682 1,774 1,827 1,830 1,799 1,592
1,449,687 1,458,055 1,466,330 1,471,570 1,480,918 1,489,620 ..
925 1,057 1,193 1,330 1,406 1,376 1,192
Sources: Northern Ireland DoJ, the Northern Ireland prison population 2015 and 2015/16, 30 September 2016 NISRA, NI mid-year population estimates , 31 August 2016
45 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 17: International comparisons: prisoners per 100,000 head of population Country Lithuania Latvia Estonia Turkey Poland Slovakia Hungary Montenegro Czech Republic Romania England and Wales Scotland Serbia Liechtenstein Spain Malta Portugal Bulgaria Greece Austria France Northern Ireland Ireland Italy Croatia Switzerland Germany Slovenia Netherlands Denmark Sweden Finland
Rate 293 237 231 207 206 185 181 181 177 151 146 145 144 143 140 137 136 109 108 102 101 93 92 90 89 80 78 74 71 64 59 58
Source: Eurostat, Prison capacity and number of persons held, 2014, 25/05/2016
46 UK Prison Population Statistics
Table 18: Prison population per 100,000 population, selected European jurisdictions Lithuania Latvia Estonia Poland Turkey Montenegro Slovakia Czech Republic Romania Serbia Spain Belgium Luxembourg Greece Austria Denmark Croatia Italy Switzerland Ireland Germany Slovenia Norway Sweden Finland Liechtenstein
Rate 295.6 238.9 222.4 204.9 204.0 191.8 184.8 177.0 151.8 144.6 143.1 118.1 116.7 108.7 101.3 90.7 89.1 88.2 84.0 76.6 76.2 72.2 70.3 55.4 54.4 21.4
England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland
182.0 170.0 107.0
Notes: Data for the UK is not directly comparable to the rest of the data as they are calculated differently Source: University of Lausanne’s, Council of Europe, Annual Penal Statistics, 1 January 2015, accessed March 2017 UK figures not available in this dataset. Figures taken from previous analysis in this paper which use latest 15+ prison population figures from mid-year estimates
47 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017
Table 19: Expenses in penal institutions by country, average cost per day for the detention of one person in 2014 Sweden Norway Netherlands Liechtenstein Denmark Ireland Finland Italy Belgium Germany Scotland England and Wales Austria Northern Ireland France Spain Czech Republic Portugal Slovakia Greece Hungary Latvia Russian Fed. Turkey Romania Serbia Montenegro Lithuania Bulgaria Croatia
€ 354.00 348.00 273.00 230.00 191.00 189.00 175.00 141.76 137.28 129.35 125.00 115.76 112.97 112.20 102.67 59.72 45.00 41.22 39.39 28.16 26.57 22.58 22.51 21.72 19.79 19.38 19.00 16.05 13.68 7.29
£ 439.35 431.90 338.82 285.45 237.05 234.57 217.19 175.94 170.38 160.54 155.14 143.67 140.21 139.25 127.42 74.12 55.85 51.16 48.89 34.95 32.98 28.02 27.94 26.96 24.56 24.05 23.58 19.92 16.98 9.05
Notes: Average amount spent per day for the detention of one person in 2014. The CoE table is denominated in euros, Exchange rate 2014: €1 = £1.2411 Source: Council of Europe, annual penal statistics; SPACE I - Prison Populations, Survey 2015 Final Report, 14 March 2017; Bank of England, series XUAAERS: Annual average Spot exchange rate, Euro into Sterling , accessed 3 Jan 2017
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