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BRIEFING PAPER Number SN/SG/04334, 20 April 2017

UK Prison Population Statistics

By Grahame Allen Chris Watson

Contents: 1. England & Wales 2. Scotland 3. Northern Ireland 4. International comparisons 5. Appendix Tables

www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary

2

UK Prison Population Statistics

Contents Summary 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

3

England & Wales Long term trends Recent trends Current population Sentence length Type of offence Age profile of prisoners Nationality, ethnicity and religion Foreign national prisoners (FNP) Ethnicity Religion Overcrowding Safety in prisons Prisoner Assaults Assaults on staff Self-harming Deaths

4 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 12 13 14 14 16 16 16 17 18

2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Scotland Long term trends Recent trends Current average daily population Age profile of prisoners Ethnicity and Religion Supervision level

19 19 20 21 21 21 23

3. 3.1 3.2

Northern Ireland Recent trends Age profile of prisoners

25 25 25

4. 4.1 4.2

International comparisons Prison Population Cost

26 26 27

5.

Appendix Tables

28

1.8 1.9

Cover page image copyright Entrance to HM Prison Manchester (Strangeways) by Stemonitis. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic/ image cropped.

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Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Summary This briefing paper explores prison population data for the UK from the Ministry of Justice, Scottish Government, and the Northern Ireland Department of Justice. Figures are published separately for each of the three jurisdictions; England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. International comparisons are also made. Where possible, time series data is given in the Appendix tables. As at Friday 31st March 2017, the total prison population in England and Wales was just over 85,500. In Scotland the prison population was just under 7,700 as in the 2015/16 annual report (latest data). For the 2015/16 financial year the total average daily prison population was just under 1,600 in Northern Ireland. There is a general underlying trend of an increasing number of people held in prison. The prison population of England & Wales rose by about 90% between 1990 and 2016, an average rise of 3.5% per annum. In Scotland this increase was 62%. Between 2000 and 2015/16 the prison population of Northern Ireland increased by 49%. Percentage change in prison population, England & Wales and Scotland +400% England & Wales

+300%

+200% Scotland +100%

0%

-100% 1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

Key Statistics: England & Wales: • At the end of March 2016, the total prison population was 85,441. • At 31st March 2017, the total prison population in England and Wales was just over 85,500 Scotland: • The prison population was just under 7,700 as in the 2015/16 annual report. • At 17 March 2017 there were just under 7,500 prisoners (excluding Home Detention Curfew) in custody. Northern Ireland: • For the 2015/16 financial year, the total average daily prison population was just under 1,600.

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UK Prison Population Statistics

1. England & Wales The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) publishes rolling quarterly figures on the prison population at the end of each month through its Offender Management Statistics Bulletin. The bulletin contains information on the prison population broken down by age, sex, ethnicity, religion as well as other characteristics.

1.1 Long term trends The MoJ has produced a time-series of the prison population, from 1900 to 2013, calculating the average prison population for each year. This note updates the time series using data from the corresponding published quarterly bulletins from the beginning of 2014 up to the end of 2016. Prison population in England & Wales, 1900-2016 (000s) 100

80

60

40

20

0 1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: Estimates for total males/females

The average prison population has increased from just over 17,400 in 1900 to just over 85,300 in 2016 (a five-fold increase). The prison population was relatively stable between 1915 and 1945. From 1940 the prison population has grown steadily, although there was a small period in the early 1990s when it decreased (for four consecutive years) before rising steeply in the subsequent decade. The prison population was around 158% greater in 1990 than in 1900, an average annual increase of 1.8% per annum. Between 1995 and 2010 the prison population increased by 66%, an average of about 4.5% per annum. Since 2010, the average prison population has again remained relatively stable. The rise in the prison population should be seen in the context of a rise in the general population. While the absolute number of people in prison has increased five-fold between 1900 and 2016, the rise in the general population has been around two-fold.

2000

2010

5

Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Prison population per 100,000 head of population, 1901-2016, selected years 200

Male prisoners per 100,000 head of male population 400

150

300

100

200

50

100

0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2016 Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates, B. Mitchell, Birtish Historical Statistics, 1988, p. 15-16, NOMIS, Census 1991-2011, accessed 24 May 2016, ONS, Mid-year population estimates for high level areas 2015, 23 June 2016. Notes: England and Wales population aged 15 or over and 16 or over after from 1991 onwards.

In 1901 there were 86 prisoners per 100,000 head of population in England & Wales. At the end of 2016 this had increased to 182 prisoners per 100,000 head of population. Gender In 1901 there were 152 male prisoners per 100,000 male head of population. This rate increased to 355 per 100,000 at the end of 2016. There were 27 female prisoners per 100,000 head of female population in 1901. At the end of 2016, this rate had decreased to 16 per 100,000. The number of female prisoners fell in the early decades of the 20th Century but began to increase in the 1960s. In 2005 the number of female prisoners peaked at 4,467. The annual average female prison population in 2016 was 3,854.

0 1901

1941

1981

2016

Female prisoners per 100,000 head of female population 30

20

10

0 1901

1941

1981

2016

Note: Tables above are on different scales

UK Prison Population Statistics

Females as a proportion of the prison population Decade Averages 20% 16% 12% 8% 4%

2016

2010s

2000s

1990s

1980s

1970s

1960s

1950s

1940s

1930s

1920s

1910s

0%

1900s

6

Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: 2010s is the average of the years 2010-2016. 2016 figure is for the single year.

The female prisoner population as a proportion of the total has decreased from a peak of 18% in 1915-17. 1 The beginning of the 20th Century was a period when women made up a greater proportion of the prisoner population than at any time since. This is (presumably) a consequence of women being imprisoned for offences related to suffragette militancy. In the year immediately after the Representation of the People Act 1918 the proportion of female prisoners dropped 3 percentage points. Ten years after the Act the proportion of female prisoners had decreased to 9% - half of what it had been just over 10 years earlier.

The prison population passed 80,000 for the first time in December 2006 and 85,000 in June 2010. In November 2011 the prison population reached its highest level of just over 88,000. Prison population at month end, 2010-2016 (000s) 2

4

3

1

0 1900s

90 88 86 84 82

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates.

2

5

2

1.2 Recent trends

1

Female prison population (000s)

See Table 1a in Appendix. See Table 1b in Appendix

1940s

1980s

2016

7

Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

The rise in the prison population over the last months of 2011 can be, at least partially, explained by the remanding and sentencing of individuals following the riots in England in August 2011. See the MoJ Statistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6th-9th August 2011 3 for further details. Between the peak of November 2011 and the corresponding month in 2012 the prison population reduced by 2.4% to just over 86,000. Between November and December 2012 the population reduced by a further 2.6%. At the end of December 2012 the prison population was just over 83,700. Since December 2012 the number of prisoners has been relatively stable with the population never changing by more than 1.3% month by month. The proportion of women in the prison population has also remained relatively stable at around 4.5-5.0%. During 2016 the prison population peaked in October at 85,926 and was at its lowest at the end of December at 84,307.

1.3 Current population The prison population at the end of December 2016 was just over 84,300, a decrease of 0.8% on the end of December 2015. Sentenced prisoners comprised around 89% of the total at the end of 2016. Of these, adults 4 accounted for around 95% of prisoners, 18-20 year olds 5% and 15-17 year olds around 0.6%. Prison population by custody & age group, end of December 2016 5 Enlarged view

4,000

70,000

3,000

60,000

2,000

50,000

1,000

40,000

0 18-20 yr olds

30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Adults Sentenced

18-20 yr olds Remand: Untried

15-17 yr olds

Remand: Convicted unsentenced

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, table 1.1, 26 January 2017 Notes: Does not include non-criminal prisoners – those held for civil offences. Mini-chart is ‘zoomed’ in version for 18-20 year olds and 15-17 year olds.

3 4

5

MoJ Statistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6th-9th August 2011, 13 September 2012 Adults are those aged 21 and over, see MoJ, Offender Management Statistics: Definitions and measurement, April 2011. See Table 3 in Appendix

15-17 yr olds

8

UK Prison Population Statistics

People on remand (awaiting commencement or continuation of trial prior to a verdict) accounted for 8% of the prison population. Of these, 89% were adults, 9% were 18-20 year olds and 1.6% were 15-17 year olds. Individuals convicted and awaiting sentencing accounted for 3.4% of the prisoner population. 90% of these were adults, 10% were 18-29 year olds and just under 1% were aged 15-17.

1.4 Sentence length As at the end of December 2016 the most frequent length of sentence being served was a determinate 6 sentence over 4 years. Around 43% of prisoners were serving this type of sentence. About a quarter of prisoners were serving determinate sentences ranging between 1-4 years. Offenders on recall and those serving determinate sentences of less than one year in length accounted for 9% and 8% each respectively. Indeterminate sentences accounted for 15%. 7 The length of sentence for all offenders has remained relatively stable across the 11 year period (see chart below), except for a notable increase in indeterminate sentences. 8 Between June 2005 and 2010 the proportion of prisoners serving this type of sentence doubled. Sentenced population by sentence length, 2005-2016 9

% of non-adults by gender and sentence length, various years Male 7% 6% 5% 4% 3%

50%

2%

40%

2005

2010

2015

2016

1%

30% 0% < 1 year

20% 10%

1 - 4 years

Over 4 years determinate

Indeterminate

Recall

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: 2005-15 at end of June, 2016 at end of December

The proportion of male offenders aged 15-20 (non-adults) serving determinate sentences at the end of 2016 fell in all sentence categories compared to June 2005. Offenders sentenced to 1-4 years reduced by the largest amount (4 percentage points) compared to any other sentence type. The reduction in the proportion of male non-adults serving determinate sentences was mirrored for non-adult female offenders. With sentences of 1-4 years similarly being reduced by the largest amount (3.6 percentage points). These reductions were replicated in the female

8 9

1-4 years

> 4 years

7%

Less than one year

7

> 4 years

Female

0%

6

1-4 years

A ‘determinate’ prison sentence is for a fixed length of time. An ‘indeterminate’ prison sentence does not have a fixed length. See Table 4 in Appendix For more information on indeterminate sentences see GOV.UK, Types of Prison Sentence 2005, 2010 and 2015 based on end of June and 2016 based on end of December. Prior to 2010 offenders recalled to prison were included in the relevant service length band. Since 2010 recalls have been recorded separately. Does not include fine defaulters nor cases were the sentence length was not recorded.

6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% < 1 year 2005

2010

2015

2016

9

Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

prison population as a proportion of all female prisoners serving determinate sentences. As at June 2005 the proportion of women serving sentences of 1-4 years or less than 4 years was around 2% in each category. At the end of December 2016 these proportions were 1.4% and 1.3% respectively.

1.5 Type of offence Prior to 2015 the offence categories within the MoJ’s Offender Management Statistics had remained unchanged since 2000 allowing for time series comparisons. The number of categories expanded in 2015. While this allows for greater detail it effectively creates a break in the time series at this date as the new categories do not match those reported in previous years. Prison population by 2000-2015 offence category, 2000-201410 30% 25%

2000

2005

2010

2014

20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

VATP

Sexual Robbery Offences

Burglary Theft and Fraud and Drug Motoring Other handling forgery offences offences offences

Offence not recorded

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics, various dates Notes: Remand and immediate custodial sentence. Data at end of June. Selected offence categories.

For each of the four years shown the highest proportion of offenders in prison were there for violence against the person (VATP) offences. Drug offences accounted for the second highest proportion of prisoners in all years except for 2000 when Burglary was the second highest.

10

See Table 5a in Appendix

10 UK Prison Population Statistics

Prison population by 2015 offence category, 2015-2016 11 30% 25% 20% 2015

15%

2016

10% 5% 0%

VATP

Sexual offences

Robbery

Theft offences

Criminal damage / arson

Drug Possession offences of weapons

Public order offences

Fraud offences

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017 Notes: Remand and immediate custodial sentence. 2015 at end of March, 2016 at end of December. Selected offence categories.

Since the change in the category definitions, violence against the person (VATP) offences have accounted for the highest proportion of prisoners at the end of December 2015 (25%) and December 2016 (25%). Sexual, theft and drug offences each accounted for around 15% of the reason offenders were in prison. The chart below breaks down the non-adult male and female prison population by offence category. The most common reason non-adults were in prison was for VATP offences. 23% of all non-adult males had committed this offence. This was a lower proportion compared to nonadult women where VATP was the reason 30% were in prison. Non-adult prison population by offence category, end of December 2016 12 Possession of weapons Drug offences Criminal damage / arson

Male

Female

Theft offences Robbery Sexual offences VATP 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017

Sexual offences, drug offences, robbery and possession of weapons offences accounted for a greater proportion of non-adult males compared to females. The proportion of offenders in prison for criminal damage and theft offences was greater for non-adult women compared to non-adult males. 11 12

See Table 5b in Appendix Adults are those aged 21 and over, see MoJ, Offender Management Statistics: Definitions and measurement, April 2011.

11 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

1.6 Age profile of prisoners The chart below shows the age profile of prisoners over the last decade. Prison population proportion by age, 2005 – 2016 13 40% 35%

2005

2010

2015

2016

30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15-20

21-29

30-39

40-49

50+

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates Notes: Data at June 2005-2015, 2016 data at December

The proportion of offenders under the age of 20 has decreased from around 13% in 2005 to 6% at the end of 2016. The proportion of offenders aged between 21 and 29 has also decreased over the last decade, accounting for 36% of the prison population in 2011 and 31% in 2016. Prison population by age, December 2016 Age 15-17 18-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Total

Number 600 4,357 10,464 15,361 25,374 15,183 8,386 4,582 84,307

% 1% 5% 13% 19% 30% 18% 10% 5%

The proportion of 30-39 year olds has increased by 4 percentage points to 30% since 2010. At the end of 2016 it was the most numerous age group of prisoners with over 25,000 in this age bracket. The proportion of prisoners aged over 40 has increased from 22% in 2005 to 33% in 2016. It is interesting to note that as of the 31 December 2016, there was one prisoner over the age of 100. 14

It is not presented here but the age profile of the male and female prison populations is similar with 30-39 year olds, accounting for the largest proportion of both populations. At the end of 2016, 30% of the male population and 37% of the female population were aged between 30 and 39 years old. 15

13 14

15

See Table 6 in Appendix MoJ, Over 80 prison population by offence group, 31 December 2016, Statistical notice, Further breakdown of the prison population by age and offence group as at 31 December 2016, 27 February 2017 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, table 1.3, 26 January 2017

Prison population by age, December 2016 Age 15-17 18-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Total

Number 600 4,357 10,464 15,361 25,374 15,183 8,386 4,582 84,307

% 1% 5% 13% 19% 30% 18% 10% 5%

12 UK Prison Population Statistics

Prison population percentage change by age, 2002-2016 +200%

50+

+150% 40-49

+100% +50%

30-39

0% -50%

21-29

2002 = 100

15-20

-100% 2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various years Notes: Data at June 2002-2015, data at December in 2016, age groups combined

The chart above shows how the age profile of prisoners has changed since 2002. The chart suggests that the prison population of offenders aged 50 years or over has increased proportionately more than any other age group. As at the end of 2016 the number of prisoners aged 50 or over was 169% higher than in 2002. It is not presented here but the trends do not vary by gender during this time. 16 For both males and females the proportion of offenders aged under 25 has decreased compared to 2002 while the proportion of older offenders of both genders has increased.

1.7 Nationality, ethnicity and religion Foreign national prisoners (FNP)

16

17

MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates See Table 7 in appendix.

40% 30% 20% 10%

Oceania

West Indies

North America

Europe

0%

Middle East

At the end of 2016, foreign nationals originating from the EU (excluding the UK) accounted for 43% of all foreign nationals in prison and just under 5% of the total prison population. Men accounted for 96% of all FNPs within the prison population.

50%

Asia

Foreign nationals from Europe accounted for the greatest proportion of all foreign nationals within the prison population (51%), those from Africa (19%) and Asia (16%) contributed the second and third largest proportion respectively.

60%

C & S America

Since 2002 the proportion of foreign nationals as a percentage of the prison population has remained relatively stable. In 2002 FNPs accounted for 11% of the prison population. As at the end of December 2016 this proportion had risen to 12%. During the mid2000s there was a small increase although this never reached more than 14%.

Foreign national prisoners by region, December 2016

Africa

At the end of 2016 there were just under 10,000 foreign nationals within the prison population. 17

13 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Nationalities of foreign prisoners, top 10, December 2016 Nationality Polish Irish Romanian Albanian Jamaican Lithuanian Pakistani Indian Somalian Nigerian

Number 917 746 654 572 514 430 412 373 335 320

% of all FN 9.4% 7.7% 6.7% 5.9% 5.3% 4.4% 4.2% 3.8% 3.4% 3.3%

At the end of 2016 foreign nationals within the prison population came from 173 different countries. The top ten countries from which FNPs originated accounted for 54% of all foreign nationals. 18

Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016 , 26 January 2017

Ethnicity At the end of 2016 just over a quarter of the prison population was from a non-white ethnic group – this figure has stayed relatively constant since 2005. 19

Prison population by ethnicity, 2004 & 2016

Prison & general population by ethnicity, December 2016 20 100% 80%

White

88% 73%

Mixed General population aged 15+

60%

Prison Population aged 15+

40% 20% 2% 4%

7% 8%

12% 3%

Mixed

Asian or Asian Black or Black British British

1% 1% Other

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017; NOMIS, Census 2011

Compared to the population as a whole, the non-white population is over represented accounting for 12% of the general population and 25% of the prison population at December 2016.

18 19

20

Black or Black British 2004

Other

0% White

Asian or Asian British

MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July - September 2016 26 Jan 2017 In June 2015 the Chinese ethnicity was moved into Asian or Asian British group. The Chinese or other ethnic group category was renamed “Other”. This should be considered when comparing ethnicity rates pre and post June 2015. See Table 7 in the Appendix

2016

Not stated/Unre… 0%

40%

80%

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly,Various dates Notes: Data for 2004 at June, Data for 2016 at December

14 UK Prison Population Statistics

Religion At the end of 2016 just under half the prison population was of a Christian faith (48.5%) – a decrease of 9.5 percentage points compared to June 2002. The proportion of Muslim prisoners has increased from 8% in 2002 to 15% in 2016. The proportion of prisoners with no religion in 2016 (31.5%) was down a percentage point compared to 2002: Prison population by religious group, December 2016 21

Christian Muslim Hindu Sikh Buddhist Jewish No religion Other Not recorded Total

Number 40,919 12,825 400 759 1,529 449 25,749 1,547 130 84,307

% of prison % pt. change population on 2002 48.5% -9.5% 15.2% +7.5% 0.5% +0.1% 0.9% +0.3% 1.8% +1.2% 0.5% +0.3% 30.5% -0.9% 1.8% +1.3% 0.2% +0.1%

% general population aged 15+ 61.3% 4.0% 1.5% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 24.1% 0.5% 7.0%

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017; NOMIS, Census 2011

1.8 Overcrowding A prison is classified as overcrowded if the number of prisoners held exceeds the establishments Certified Normal Accommodation (CNA). The CNA is the Prison Service’s own measure of accommodation and represents the decent standard of accommodation that the Prison Service aspires to provide all prisoners. As at the 30 December 2016, 69% (80) of prison establishments 22 were overcrowded, 23 just over 10,000 more prisoners than the total in use CNA. The chart below shows in use CNA for each establishment at 30 December 2016 24. Those exceeding the CNA are shown in red:

21 22 23 24

See Table 7 in Appendix Does not include Blantyre House and Kennet establishments as they recorded zero prisoners. MoJ, Population bulletin: monthly December 2016, 13 January 2017 See Table 8 in Appendix

15 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Source: MoJ, Prison population figures: monthly bulletin, December 2016, 13 January 2017

16 UK Prison Population Statistics

1.9 Safety in prisons Prisoner Assaults In the 12 months to September 2016 there were just over 25,000 prisoner assault incidents 25 within prisons. This was a 68% increase compared to the figure in the year to September 2006 and a 31% increase in the year to September 2015. Number of assaults per 1,000 prisoners 26 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Source: MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2016, 1 March 2017; MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2015, 28 January 2016 Notes: Figures at September each year, 2016 figures provisional

Of the assaults in the year ending September 2016, 24,112 (96%) occurred in male establishments, an increase of 32% compared to a year earlier. In female establishments there were just under 940 assaults, a 26% increase on a year earlier. The rising number of assaults should be viewed within the context of the rising number of prisoners between 2006 and 2016. In 2006 there were around 190 assaults per 1,000 prisoners. By 2016 this rate had increased to just under 300 per 1,000 prisoners.

Assaults on staff In the year to September 2016, there were 6,430 assaults on prison staff, 761 of which were classed as ‘serious’. This was an 82% rise on the number of assaults on prison staff in the year to September 2006 and a 40% increase to September 2015. To take in to account the increase in prison population, the table below shows the number of assaults on prison staff per 1,000 prisoners. There were 46 assaults on prison staff per 1,000 prisoners in the year to September 2006 compared to 75 in 2016, a 64% increase over the period and a 39% increase on the figure for 2015.

25

26

This is the total ‘assault incidents’, it includes prisoner on prisoner assaults and prisoner assaults on staff. Figure also include incidents at NOMS operated Immigration Removal Centres. See Table 9a in Appendix

17 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Prisoner Assaults on Staff, 2006-2016 Year ending September 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Assaults on staff 3,536 3,343 3,255 3,057 2,937 3,053 3,014 3,178 3,503 4,597 6,430

Serious Assaults on assaults on staff per 1,000 Annual % change staff prisoners 282 46 281 42 -8% 306 40 -5% 252 37 -8% 310 35 -5% 281 36 3% 250 35 -3% 328 38 9% 446 41 8% 602 54 32% 761 75 39%

Sources: MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2016 , 1 March 2017; MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2015 , 28 January 2016 Notes: Figures at September each year, 2016 figures provisional

In the 12 months to September 2016 there were almost 38,000 selfharm incidents. 27 This was an increase of 61% compared to the 12 months to September 2006 and an increase of 23% compared to the 12 months to September 2015. Of these self-harm incidents, around 81% occurred in male establishments. In the 12 months to September 2006, self-harm incident numbers between men and women were almost identical, 11,534 and 11,914 respectively. Between 2006 and 2016 the number of males self-harming has increased by 109% while the number of women self-harming has decreased by 8%. 28 The 37,784 self-harm incidents in the 12 months to September 2016 were committed by 10,761 individuals, 29 around 3.5 incidents per selfharming individual. 30 Just under 60% of self-harmers in 2015 were between the ages of 15 and 30. 31

Individual self-harmers by age group, 2015 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 15-17 18-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Self-harming

Source: MoJ, Self-harm in prison custody 2004 to 2015, 1 March 2017 Notes: Data at 12 months to September 2015

27 28

29

30

31

See Table 9a in Appendix MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Self-harm in prison custody 2004 to 2015, 1 March 2017 Numbers of individuals should be treated as approximate, as the details of prisoners are not always recorded against each self-harm incident. MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Safety in custody summary tables to September 2016, 1 March 2017; Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2015, Safety in custody summary tables to September 2015, 29 January 2016 MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Self-harm in prison custody 2004 to 2015, 1 March 2017

18 UK Prison Population Statistics

Deaths

All deaths

2.5

Self-inflicted

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Source: MoJ, Deaths in prison custody 1978 to 2016, 1 March 2017

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Source: MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Deaths in prison custody 1978 to 2016, 1 March 2017

The annual rate of self-inflicted deaths per 1,000 prisoners was relatively stable in the early 1980s at around 0.6. From 1987 the rate of selfinflicted deaths generally increased until reaching a peak rate in 1999 of 1.4 deaths per 1,000. From 2004 the rate decreased (with the exception of 2006) so that by around 2010 self-inflicted deaths were similar to the rate at the beginning of the period. However, in the year ending September 2016, the rate of self-inflicted deaths had risen to 1.39 per 1,000 prisoners, the highest rate recorded in the period.

32

2016

Other

3.0

1978

60%

Self-inflicted

Deaths per 1,000 prisoners, year ending September 1978-2016

1978-2016

Natural causes

Over the period, the proportion of deaths accounted for by self-inflicted deaths has risen while the proportion accounted for by homicide has fallen. In the quarterly average in 1978 there were 16 self-inflicted deaths and 5 homicides (27% and 8% respectively). Since 1978 there has only been one year with more than 5 homicides, this came in 2015 when there were 8. In the quarterly average in 2016, the proportion of deaths accounted for by self-inflicted deaths had risen to 34% while the proportion accounted for by homicides had fallen to 1%.

Proportion of cause of death of prisoners,

Homicides

In the 12 months to December 2016 there were 354 deaths of prisoners in custody, a 38% increase on the previous twelve months. 32 Around 55% of the deaths were through natural causes, 34% were selfinflicted, 10% were classed as other (including those awaiting for further information on cause of death) and less than 1% were the result of homicide.

See Table 9b in Appendix

19 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

2. Scotland The Scottish Government publishes a statistical bulletin on Scottish prison statistics annually as part of a series on different aspects of the criminal justice system. On-going technical difficulties have led to substantial delays in the publication of Scottish prisons data. Data for 2013/14 is the latest available from the Scottish Government 33 but Scottish Prisons Service annual reports give some basic information up to the end of 2015/16.

2.1 Long term trends The Scottish Government has produced the average daily number of prisoners in the Scottish prison system as far back as 1900. Average daily prison population Scotland, 1900-2015/16 (000s) 34 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The average daily prison population increased from just under 2,700 in 1900 to just under 7,700 in 2015/16 (a three-fold increase). As in England and Wales, from the mid-1940s the prison population increased steadily until the 1970s where it remained relatively stable. Since 1990 the prison population again increased by 62%, reaching a peak of 8,179 in 2011/12. 35 The average daily prison population increased by 184% between 1900 and 2015/16. To put this increase into context the figure should be considered alongside population growth in Scotland - from approximately 3 million to 4.5 million (50%). 36

33 34 35 36

Scottish Prison Service, Annual report and accounts, 2015/16, July 2016 See Table 10a in Appendix See Table 10a in Appendix See table 10b in Appendix

2015/16

2010/11

2005/06

Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016; Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15 & 2015/16 Notes: Data is based on financial year from 1996/97 onwards.

2000/01

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1965

1960

1955

1950

1945

1940

1935

1930

1925

1920

1915

1910

1905

1900

0

20 UK Prison Population Statistics

Average daily prison population per 100,000 head of population, Scotland, 1901-2015/16 200

150

100

50

2015/16

2011/12

2001

1991

1981

1971

1961

1951

1941

1931

1921

1911

1901

0

Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016; Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15, July 2015; 2015/16, July 2016 Notes: Population of Scotland, aged 15 or over

In 1901 there were around 98 prisoners per 100,000 head of population in Scotland, dropping to around 36 per 100,000 in 1941. By 1971 this rate had risen to around 138 per 100,000. In 2015/16 there were 170 prisoners per 100,000 head of population.

2.2 Recent trends Between 2004/05 and 2013/14 the average daily prison population increased by 17%. The number of male prisoners increased by around 16% and female prisoners by 30%. The proportion of female prisoners averaged around 5% of the average daily prison population over the period: Average daily prison population, 2004/05-2013/14 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2015/16

Male 6,444 6,521 6,833 7,004 7,413 7,538 7,418 7,710 7,598 7,462 7,271

Female 332 335 354 372 414 426 436 469 459 432 404

Total 6,776 6,856 7,187 7,376 7,827 7,964 7,854 8,179 8,057 7,894 7,675

% Female 4.9% 4.9% 4.9% 5.0% 5.3% 5.3% 5.6% 5.7% 5.7% 5.5% 5.3%

Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14 Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15, July 2015; 2015/16, July 2016

21 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

2.3 Current average daily population The average daily prison population for 2015/16 was 7,675. Just under 1,500 (19%) of those were prisoners on remand – either awaiting trial or sentencing. 37 Just under 6,200 (81%) were prisoners with sentences of which 54% were serving sentences of less than 4 years in length. As at 17 March 2017 there were just under 7,500 prisoners (excluding Home Detention Curfew) in custody. 38

2.4 Age profile of prisoners As at 30 June 2013 (the latest available data) around 59% of prisoners were under the age of 35. Just over one fifth of prisoners were under the age of 25: Prisoner age profile, Scotland, 2005-2013 39

Age profile by gender Male 50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

55-64

65+ 65+

Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016 Notes: As at 30 June. Age groups combined. 16-24 includes under 16 year olds.

55-64

65+

45-54

55-64

45-54

45-54 2010 2013

35-44

35-44 2005

25-34

25-34

35-44

16-24

16-24

0%

0%

Female 50%

Ethnicity As at June 2013 the Scottish prison population was just over 96% white. Asian or black ethnicities accounted for just over 3% of the prison population. Around 0.5% of prisoners were from mixed or other ethnicities.

37 38 39

Scottish Prison Service, SPS Annual Report and Accounts 2015/16, p. 63, 11 June 2016 Scottish Prison Service, SPS Prison Population, 3 March 2017 For a more detailed breakdown of age, see Table 12 in Appendix

30% 20% 10% 0%

2005

25-34

2.5 Ethnicity and Religion

40%

16-24

Between 2005 and 2013 the proportion of 16-24 year olds in prison reduced by 8 percentage points. The proportion aged 25-34 increased by 3 percentage points, accounting for just over 3,000 prisoners. The proportion of 35-44 year olds in 2013 was the same as in 2005. The proportion of those aged 45-54 increased by 4 percentage points compared to 2005. The proportion of those in categories 55-64 or 65+ increased by a small amount compared to 2005.

2010

2013

22 UK Prison Population Statistics

Prisoners by ethnicity, Scotland, 2013 Enlarged view

3%

100% 2%

80%

1%

60%

0% Asian

Black

40%

20%

0% White

Asian

General population aged 15+

Black

Mixed

Other

Prison population aged 15+

Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016 Notes: Prison population as at June 30. General population from Scotland Census 2011.

The Scotland Census 2011 suggests that the proportion of prisoners classified as being from a white ethnicity is the same proportion found among the general population. The proportion of people from Asian or Black ethnicities within the general population differed from the rate of the prison population. 2.5% of the general population was from an Asian ethnicity, whereas 1.7% of the prison population were reported as Asian. People from black ethnicities accounted for 0.6% of the general population and 1.4% of the prison population. 40

40

Scotland Census, Census 2001-2011

Mixed

Other

23 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Religion As at 30 June 2013 just over 4,600 prisoners (58% of the prison population) in Scotland indicated that they held religious beliefs. Of these, 93% were Christian (of various denominations). Muslim prisoners accounted for 4.4%. Together Buddhist, Sikh, Jewish, Hindu and other religions accounted for 2.7% of the religious prison population. Just over 3,270 prisoners (42% of the prison population) held no religious beliefs. Prisoners by religion, Scotland, 2013 41

Enlarged view

3%

100%

2%

80%

1% 0%

60%

Muslim Buddhist

Sikh

Jewish

40%

20%

0% Christian

Muslim Buddhist

General population aged 15+

Sikh

Jewish

Hindu

Other

Prison population aged 15+

Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016 Notes: Prison population as at June 30. General population from Scotland Census 2011.

The proportion of Muslims among the prison population was greater than that amongst the general population. According to the 2011 Census 42, Muslims accounted for around 1.2% of the Scottish population aged 15 and over. In prison the proportion was over twice that at 2.5%. Aside from the “other” grouping, no other religion had a higher proportion of representation in prisons than among the general population. Individuals with no religious identity accounted for around 41% of the general population and just over 41% of the prison population.

2.6 Supervision level Prisoners in Scotland are rated as to the level of supervision they require whilst in custody. A prisoner with high supervision requires all activities and movements authorised, supervised and monitored by a prison officer. Prisoners rated as requiring medium supervision are subject to limited supervision. Prisoners with low supervision are subject to minimum supervision and may also be allowed to participate in activities within the wider community. 43

41 42 43

See Table 14 in Appendix Scotland Census, Census 2001-2011 Offenders Families Helpline, Prisoner Category, accessed 1 July 2016.

Hindu

Other

24 UK Prison Population Statistics

Prisoner population by supervision level, Scotland, June 2013 44 100% Low

80%

Medium

High

60% 40% 20% 0% 2005

2010

2013

Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, accessed 6 June 2016

As at 30 June 2013 just under 60% of prisoners were classified as requiring a medium level of supervision whilst in custody. Just over a third were considered to be a low risk and under 10% were considered to be a high risk.

44

See Table 15 in Appendix

25 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

3. Northern Ireland The Northern Ireland Department of Justice has produced statistics on the prison population in Northern Ireland from 2000 to 2014 and 2014/15 to 2015/16. For the 2015/16 financial year the average total daily prison population was just under 1,600, down from just under 1,800 in the previous financial year but up 49% since 2000.

Prison population per 100,000 head of population 120 100 80 60 40

3.1 Recent trends

20

In the 2014 calendar year the average total daily prison population was around 1,830. The average figure for 2014 was 71% greater than for the same period in 2000 and the average for 2015/16 decreased by 12% since 2014.

0 2000 2005 2010 2015

Average daily prison population, Northern Ireland, 2000-2015/16 2,000 1,600 1,200 800 400

2015/16

30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%

60+

0%

50-59

People aged 21-29 accounted for 34% of the prisoner population in 2015/16 compared to 15% amongst the general population. Prisoners aged 30-39 accounted for 29% of the prison population and 40-49 and 50-59 year olds accounted for 17% and 11% respectively. Prisoners aged 18-20 and 60+ both accounted for a similar proportion of around 5%.

35%

40-49

3.2 Age profile of prisoners

40%

30-39

The prison population as a proportion of the total general 15+ population in Northern Ireland increased from around 0.08% in 2000 to 0.11% in 2015. In 2000 there were around 82 prisoners per 100,000 head of population. In 2015, this had increased to 107 per 100,000 although that is the lowest level since 2010.

Prisoner population age profile, 2015/16

21-29

The average daily prison population in 2000 was just over 1,000. After a drop in 2001 the population increased year on year until 2008 when the population was 63% higher than in 2001. From 2011 the population again increased year on year until 2014.

18-20

2014/15

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

0

26 UK Prison Population Statistics

4. International comparisons International comparisons between countries should be considered with a good deal of caution. Countries have varying criminal justice systems and different levels and varieties of prison establishments.

4.1 Prison Population Eurostat publish the number of prisoners per 100,000 head of population for EU countries. The latest complete dataset for all the UK jurisdictions is for 2014. Rates per 100,000 head of population for the UK jurisdictions may differ from those stated earlier in this briefing as rates are for the entire population, rather than just the population aged 15 and older. Prison population per 100,000 population, 2014, selected European countries 300 250 200 150 100

According to the Eurostat data, England and Wales had 146 prisoners per 100,000 head of population, the 11th highest rate in Europe and the highest amongst western European jurisdictions. 45 Scotland had the 12th highest with 145 prisoners per 100,000. Northern Ireland had 93 prisoners per 100,000 of population and was ranked 22nd. Some prisoner data for 1 January 2015 has been published by the Council of Europe & University of Lausanne but this does not include complete UK figures. The table below shows this data and latest domestically calculated figures for comparison. Please note that these data are not directly comparable as they are calculated on a different basis.

45

See Table 17 in Appendix

Finland

Sweden

Denmark

Slovenia

Netherlands

Germany

Switzerland

Italy

Croatia

Ireland

France

Northern Ireland

Austria

Greece

Bulgaria

Portugal

Spain

Malta

Serbia

Liechtenstein

Scotland

Romania

England and Wales

Czech Republic

Hungary

Montenegro

Poland

Slovakia

Turkey

Latvia

Lithuania

0

Estonia

50

27 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Prison population per 100,000 population, selected European countries 300 250 200 150 100

Scotland

Northern Ireland

England and Wales

Finland

Liechtenstein

Norway

Sweden

Slovenia

Germany

Ireland

Italy

Switzerland

Croatia

Denmark

Greece

Austria

Belgium

Luxembourg

Spain

Serbia

Romania

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Turkey

Montenegro

Poland

Estonia

Lithuania

0

Latvia

50

Source: University of Lausanne’s, Council of Europe, Annual Penal Statistics, 1 January 2015, accessed March 2017 See pages 5, 20 & 25 of this paper for the UK figures which use latest 15+ prison population figures from mid-year estimates Notes: Data for the UK is not directly comparable to the rest of the data as they are calculated differently

4.2 Cost The Council of Europe’s (CoE), annual penal statistics publish the cost per inmate figures for selected countries. 46 The figures are published in euros and are converted for the table below using the exchange rate of €1 = £1.2411. 47 Expenses in penal institutions by country, average cost per day for the detention of one person in 2014, (£) 500 400 300 200 100

Sweden Norway Netherlands Liechtenstein Denmark Ireland Finland Italy Belgium Germany Scotland England and Wales Austria Northern Ireland France Spain Czech Republic Portugal Slovakia Greece Hungary Latvia Russian Fed. Turkey Romania Serbia Montenegro Lithuania Bulgaria Croatia

0

Source: Council of Europe, annual penal statistics; SPACE I - Prison Populations, Survey 2015 Final Report, 14 March 2017; Bank of England, series XUAAERS: Annual average Spot exchange rate, Euro into Sterling, accessed 3 Jan 2017 Notes: Average amount spent per day for the detention of one person in 2014. The CoE table is denominated in euros, Exchange rate 2014: €1 = £1.2411

The available data for European countries in 2014 shows that Sweden and Norway spent £439 and £432 respectively. Figures for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are all around £150 a day.

46

47

Council of Europe, annual penal statistics; SPACE I - Prison Populations, Survey 2015 Final Report, 14 March 2017 Bank of England, series XUAAERS: Annual average Spot exchange rate, Euro into Sterling, accessed 3 Jan 2017

28 UK Prison Population Statistics

5. Appendix Tables Table 1a: Prison population, annual average by gender, 1900-2016, England and Wales Total % Female 17,435 17% 18,980 16% 19,437 16% 20,795 16% 21,428 15% 21,525 15% 21,074 14% 20,926 14% 22,146 13% 22,018 12%

Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Males 26,198 28,094 30,066 29,925 28,718 29,580 32,127 34,056 31,656 33,814

Females 901 931 997 971 882 841 959 953 805 853

2,581 2,472 2,613 2,484 2,359 2,067 1,848 1,769 1,604 1,404

20,904 19,797 19,442 18,236 15,808 11,311 10,058 9,660 9,199 9,683

12% 12% 13% 14% 15% 18% 18% 18% 17% 14%

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

38,040 38,673 37,348 35,747 35,823 38,601 40,161 40,212 40,409 40,762

988 1,035 980 1,027 1,044 1,219 1,282 1,358 1,387 1,458

39,028 39,708 38,328 36,774 36,867 39,820 41,443 41,570 41,796 42,220

3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

9,573 10,791 10,557 10,117 9,808 9,635 9,972 10,300 10,305 10,094

1,427 1,388 1,209 1,031 942 874 888 879 804 767

11,000 12,179 11,766 11,148 10,750 10,509 10,860 11,179 11,109 10,861

13% 11% 10% 9% 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 7%

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

40,748 41,904 42,381 42,072 41,822 44,701 45,163 46,722 47,113 46,736

1,516 1,407 1,326 1,390 1,473 1,532 1,607 1,704 1,759 1,764

42,264 43,311 43,707 43,462 43,295 46,233 46,770 48,426 48,872 48,500

4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4%

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

10,561 10,884 11,992 12,180 11,493 10,587 9,939 9,894 10,388 9,662

785 792 811 806 745 719 674 668 698 664

11,346 11,676 12,803 12,986 12,238 11,306 10,613 10,562 11,086 10,326

7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

43,378 43,250 43,157 42,991 46,810 48,983 53,019 58,439 62,194 61,523

1,597 1,559 1,562 1,561 1,811 1,979 2,262 2,675 3,105 3,247

44,975 44,809 44,719 44,552 48,621 50,962 55,281 61,114 65,299 64,770

4% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5%

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949

8,443 9,667 11,223 11,430 11,438 13,180 14,556 15,986 18,621 18,783

934 968 1,177 1,360 1,477 1,528 1,233 1,081 1,144 1,096

9,377 10,635 12,400 12,790 12,915 14,708 15,789 17,067 19,765 19,879

10% 9% 9% 11% 11% 10% 8% 6% 6% 6%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

61,252 62,560 66,479 68,612 70,208 71,512 73,680 75,842 78,158 79,277

3,350 3,740 4,299 4,425 4,448 4,467 4,447 4,374 4,414 4,283

64,602 66,300 70,778 73,037 74,656 75,979 78,127 80,216 82,572 83,559

5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5%

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

19,367 20,687 22,568 22,473 21,337 20,156 19,941 21,742 24,459 25,727

1,107 1,093 1,112 1,137 1,084 978 866 860 920 896

20,474 21,780 23,680 23,610 22,421 21,134 20,807 22,602 25,379 26,623

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

80,489 81,763 82,481 80,359 81,402 81,741 81,493

4,236 4,188 4,154 3,890 3,905 3,885 3,854

84,725 85,951 86,634 84,249 85,307 85,626 85,348

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909

Males 14,459 15,868 16,240 17,418 18,167 18,398 18,102 18,045 19,268 19,333

Females 2,976 3,112 3,197 3,377 3,261 3,127 2,972 2,881 2,878 2,685

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

18,323 17,325 16,829 15,752 13,449 9,244 8,210 7,891 7,595 8,279

1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

Notes: Annual average is average of the 12 month end populations 2014 - 2016 calculated from quarterly bulletins Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, October-December 2013 , 24 April 2014 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates

Total % Female 27,099 3% 29,025 3% 31,063 3% 30,896 3% 29,600 3% 30,421 3% 33,086 3% 35,009 3% 32,461 2% 34,667 2%

29 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 1b: Prison population at month end, 2010-2016, England and Wales Year

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

Males 79,253 79,701 80,894 80,758 80,695 80,735 80,549 80,916 81,150 80,989 81,174 79,054

Females 4,125 4,224 4,290 4,328 4,323 4,267 4,201 4,257 4,279 4,235 4,299 4,001

Total 83,378 83,925 85,184 85,086 85,018 85,002 84,750 85,173 85,429 85,224 85,473 83,055

% females 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

January February March April May June July August September October November December

80,166 80,953 81,148 80,225 81,080 81,189 81,272 82,501 83,245 83,319 83,945 82,112

4,089 4,224 4,252 4,123 4,209 4,185 4,139 4,269 4,256 4,224 4,222 4,060

84,255 85,177 85,400 84,348 85,289 85,374 85,411 86,770 87,501 87,543 88,167 86,172

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

January February March April May June July August September October November December

83,607 83,530 83,313 83,130 82,860 81,925 82,574 82,594 82,334 82,170 81,894 79,837

4,192 4,203 4,218 4,279 4,208 4,123 4,178 4,114 4,123 4,131 4,153 3,920

87,799 87,733 87,531 87,409 87,068 86,048 86,752 86,708 86,457 86,301 86,047 83,757

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

January February March April May June July August September October November December

80,001 80,489 79,900 80,289 80,044 79,989 80,232 79,925 80,555 81,306 81,220 80,356

3,917 3,962 3,869 3,887 3,853 3,853 3,853 3,845 3,933 3,971 3,933 3,807

83,918 84,451 83,769 84,176 83,897 83,842 84,085 83,770 84,488 85,277 85,153 84,163

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

January February March April May June July August September October November December

81,045 81,521 81,377 80,789 80,988 81,580 81,726 81,387 81,783 81,869 81,894 80,863

3,932 3,948 3,888 3,857 3,857 3,929 3,927 3,915 3,915 3,917 3,943 3,828

84,977 85,469 85,265 84,646 84,845 85,509 85,653 85,302 85,698 85,786 85,837 84,691

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

January February March April May June July August September October November December

81,035 81,478 81,798 81,797 81,789 82,289 82,257 81,732 81,998 81,617 81,957 81,143

3,803 3,833 3,866 3,844 3,905 3,904 3,922 3,947 3,888 3,917 3,963 3,825

84,838 85,311 85,664 85,641 85,694 86,193 86,179 85,679 85,886 85,534 85,920 84,968

4% 4% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

January February March April May June July August September October November December

81,664 81,912 81,615 81,269 81,699 81,272 81,116 81,143 81,796 82,025 81,934 80,476

3,831 3,854 3,826 3,783 3,859 3,862 3,868 3,854 3,843 3,901 3,939 3,831

85,495 85,766 85,441 85,052 85,558 85,134 84,984 84,997 85,639 85,926 85,873 84,307

4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5%

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates

30 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 2: Population, England & Wales, 1901 to 2015 Mid Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2015

Males 10,463,400 11,924,700 12,790,100 14,324,600 15,195,750 16,066,900 16,879,800 17,739,600 18,513,500 19,054,011 19,953,785 22,156,014 22,941,259

Females 11,518,700 13,105,000 14,596,100 16,107,700 17,053,500 17,999,300 18,640,200 19,433,200 20,045,200 20,822,863 21,599,395 23,340,766 23,983,751

Total 21,982,100 25,029,700 27,386,200 30,432,300 32,249,250 34,066,200 35,520,000 37,172,800 38,558,700 39,876,874 41,553,180 45,496,780 46,925,010

Notes: 1901-1981 figures are those aged 15 and over. 1991 onwards figures are those aged 16 and over. 1941 is average of 1931 and 1951. Sources: B. Mitchell, Birtish Historical Statistics , 1988, p15-16. NOMIS, Census 1991-2011. ONS, Population Estimates Analysis Tool, 2015, accessed January 2017.

Table 3: Prison population by type of custody, Dec 2016, England and Wales

Adults 18-20 yr olds 15-17 yr olds

Sentenced 69,692 3,423 473

Remand: Untried 5,781 580 106

Remand: Convicted unsentenced 2,492 271 21

Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016 , 26 January 2017

31 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 4: Sentenced population by sentence length, England and Wales Total prison population by sentence length Year 2005 2010 2015 2016

Less than or equal to 6 months to less than 6 months 12 4,680 1,632 4,335 1,956 4,111 2,079 3,618 2,336

12 months to less than 4 years 17,596 17,125 18,608 17,958

4 years or more determinate 24,848 22,094 28,807 31,474

Indeterminate 5,723 12,680 12,053 11,021

1 - 4 years 3,866 3,594 1,965 1,796

Over 4 years determinate 1,532 1,540 1,174 1,184

Indeterminate 149 438 130 113

Recall N.A. 457 286 214

Total sentenced males (all ages) 58,780 67,561 69,404 70,339

1 - 4 years 166 138 59 40

Over 4 years determinate 54 51 32 22

Indeterminate 10 16 3 2

Recall N.A. 20 7 4

Total sentenced females (all ages) 3,477 3,439 3,255 3,249

1 - 4 years 60,966 69,841 71,619 72,591

Over 4 years determinate 60,935 70,021 71,749 72,627

Indeterminate 62,072 70,619 72,297 73,230

Recall N.A. 70,820 72,401 73,299

Total sentenced people (male & female) 62,257 71,000 72,659 73,588

1 - 4 years 1,291 1,159 1,040 997

Over 4 years determinate 1,322 979 910 961

Indeterminate 185 381 362 358

Recall N.A. 180 258 289

Total sentenced people (male & female) 62,257 71,000 72,659 73,588

Non-adult males by sentence Year 2005 2010 2015 2016

Less than one year 1,829 1,470 591 482

Recall N.A. 4,873 6,176 6,570

Total 62,257 71,000 72,659 73,588

Non-adult females by sentence Year 2005 2010 2015 2016

Less than one year 93 84 25 20

All males by sentence

Year 2005 2010 2015 2016

Less than one year 61,579 70,278 72,042 72,987

All females by sentence Year 2005 2010 2015 2016

Less than one year 678 722 617 601

Notes: 2005, 2010 and 2015 as at end June. 2016 as at end of December Recalls were recorded differently in 2005 and are threfore not available for comparison Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates

32 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 5a: Prisoners in custody by offence type as at 30 June, 2000-2014, England and Wales All Male

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

VATP 12,819 13,336 14,085 14,883 15,950 17,294 18,518 19,899 21,439 22,207 22,551 22,612 22,145 21,132 21,631

Sexual Offences 5,651 5,571 5,857 6,070 6,362 6,908 7,447 8,062 8,480 9,158 10,415 10,832 11,407 11,515 12,241

VATP 2,343 2,041 1,762 1,567

Sexual Offences 556 538 441 422

Robbery 7,140 7,401 8,512 9,036 9,186 9,084 9,348 9,733 9,768 9,825 9,960 10,148 10,244 9,581 9,363

Burglary 10,706 10,050 10,831 10,426 9,847 9,281 8,905 9,097 9,188 8,706 8,018 8,222 8,405 8,143 8,264

Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 6,177 1,031 5,847 1,108 5,965 1,112 5,737 1,114 5,223 1,288 4,903 1,744 4,784 1,871 4,282 1,965 4,303 2,123 3,492 2,073 4,281 1,689 4,573 1,476 5,003 1,425 4,808 1,376 4,645 1,380

Burglary 1,322 1,203 994 795

Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 508 30 517 33 399 30 334 23

All Female Drug Motoring offences offences 8,956 2,571 9,330 2,770 10,109 2,609 10,362 3,039 10,562 2,672 11,054 2,370 10,891 2,111 11,216 1,593 11,700 1,483 11,354 1,105 11,901 973 11,611 875 11,663 825 11,247 743 11,631 839

Other offences 4,900 4,573 5,083 5,397 6,126 6,641 7,110 7,265 7,789 7,466 8,735 8,952 8,838 8,537 8,861

Offence not recorded 1,245 1,574 1,855 1,854 1,803 1,288 1,081 1,029 893 2,124 1,145 840 712 875 811

Drug Motoring offences offences 790 83 697 60 639 52 794 62

Other offences 1,152 1,030 732 718

Offence not recorded 108 86 91 84

TOTAL 61,196 61,560 66,018 67,918 69,019 70,567 72,066 74,141 77,166 77,510 79,668 80,141 80,667 77,957 79,666

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

VATP 509 556 670 644 741 788 802 847 936 1,027 1,090 1,104 1,098 1,045 1,079

Sexual Offences 27 28 26 30 34 42 48 57 53 82 121 103 98 92 116

VATP 114 112 74 67

Sexual Offences 8 8 2 0

Robbery 233 295 418 524 468 404 383 367 359 408 321 378 397 369 358

Burglary 214 222 325 341 322 312 282 246 270 246 192 232 258 235 275

Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 685 150 637 147 737 143 769 148 630 165 579 269 615 304 488 296 586 374 502 318 530 233 552 221 599 237 536 194 614 187

Burglary 9 19 10 6

Theft and Fraud and handling forgery 31 5 30 3 18 3 16 0

Non-adult male

2011 2012 2013 2014

Robbery 2,190 2,118 1,668 1,375

Other offences 282 307 347 412 472 502 501 537 554 524 629 657 667 667 625

Offence not recorded 86 104 133 94 101 103 113 122 108 105 108 69 65 82 67

TOTAL 3,328 3,670 4,333 4,546 4,400 4,478 4,410 4,237 4,399 4,227 4,207 4,158 4,092 3,795 3,892

Drug Motoring offences offences 45 0 25 1 13 1 11 2

Other offences 82 55 33 32

Offence not recorded 10 6 5 3

TOTAL 360 311 194 168

Non-adult female

Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, October-December 2013, 24 April 2014 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, April 2010-September 2012, 25 April 2013 MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, January to March 2014, 31 July 2014

Drug Motoring offences offences 1,099 43 1,324 50 1,491 43 1,513 71 1,423 44 1,437 42 1,326 36 1,240 37 1,134 25 999 16 962 21 824 18 651 22 551 24 544 27

TOTAL 9,082 8,323 6,808 6,174

2011 2012 2013 2014

Robbery 56 52 35 31

33 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 5b: Prisoners in custody by offence type, 2015-2016, England and Wales All male

2015 2016

Violence against the person

Sexual offences

Robbery

19,663 19,661

12,117 13,808

8,987 7,926

Criminal Theft damage offences and arson 13,132 11,155

1,412 1,327

Possession Drug of offences weapons 11,613 11,970

Public order offences

Miscellanous crimes against society

Fraud offences

1,452 1,316

3,611 3,801

1,308 1,340

3,540 3,345

54 51

269 258

185 187

128 90

189 190

4 18

8 38

1,968 2,598

Summary non- Summary motoring motoring

Offence not recorded

TOTAL

389 398

728 323

79,920 78,968

206 214

16 14

50 31

3,830 3,795

23 11

341 284

19 33

53 15

5,605 4,759

3 0

18 56

1 6

3 5

177 1,043

All female 2015 2016

997 1,072

93 126

370 337

844 784

155 140

526 495

65 86

Non-adult male 2015 2016

1,204 1,099

378 418

1,195 815

1,052 598

96 70

722 863

205 273

Non-adult female 2015 2016

55 310

2 85

34 138

21 144

9 34

14 159

5 50

Notes: 2015 figures at March, 2016 figures at December Source MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017; October to December 2015, 27 October 2016

34 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 6: Prisoner population by age, England and Wales 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

15-17 2,592 2,254 2,275 2,327 2,440 2,429 2,526 2,120 1,656 1,581 1,282 866 741 680 600

18-20 8,330 7,945 7,736 7,811 8,003 8,616 8,826 8,772 8,578 7,927 7,443 6,272 5,701 5,050 4,357

21-24 13,111 13,613 13,233 12,964 12,623 12,776 13,392 13,909 14,274 14,047 14,005 12,822 12,473 11,939 10,464

25-29 13,599 13,971 14,127 14,309 14,889 15,067 15,830 15,477 15,686 15,491 15,575 15,395 16,136 16,088 15,361

30-39 20,390 21,654 21,877 22,007 21,960 21,413 22,073 21,699 22,220 22,740 22,900 23,248 24,361 25,075 25,374

Notes: Figures taken at the end of June 2002-2015 and at December 2016 Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013

40-49 8,371 9,210 9,973 11,069 11,881 12,638 13,400 13,866 14,325 14,645 15,116 15,008 15,017 15,381 15,183

50-59 3,313 3,446 3,613 3,929 4,231 4,583 4,753 5,023 5,414 5,928 6,460 6,760 7,360 7,871 8,386

60+ 1,511 1,564 1,655 1,775 1,954 2,212 2,394 2,525 2,849 3,015 3,267 3,471 3,720 4,109 4,582

Total 71,217 73,657 74,489 76,191 77,981 79,734 83,194 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307

35 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 7: Prisoner population by nationality, ethnicity and religion, England and Wales Nationality

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

British nationals 62,564 63,614 64,379 65,670 66,160 67,767 70,751 70,898 71,016 73,030 73,238 72,179 73,999 75,161 74,316

Foreign nationals 7,716 8,912 8,942 9,651 10,879 11,093 11,498 11,467 11,135 10,779 10,861 10,786 10,834 10,512 9,749

Ethnicity

Unrecorded nationality 939 1,132 1,167 869 944 874 946 1,026 2,851 1,565 1,949 877 676 520 242

Total 71,217 73,657 74,488 76,189 77,982 79,733 83,193 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307

White 51,281 56,824 57,137 58,251 60,196 60,718 61,229 61,899 61,867 60,706 62,491 63,498 61,755

Mixed 1,859 2,157 2,299 2,441 2,691 2,846 2,995 3,114 3,159 3,208 3,479 3,492 3,590

Chinese or Asian or Black or other ethnic Asian British Black British group 694 3,837 10,044 862 4,564 11,170 954 11,806 5,117 12,017 1,155 5,288 1,354 5,804 12,557 1,448 6,040 12,099 11,639 1,202 6,042 11,126 924 6,193 960 6,335 11,281 10,847 1,014 6,474 1,053 6,615 10,790 10,686 909 6,992 6,877 10,461 1,014

Not stated/ Unrecorded 6,772 613 668 581 592 240 1,895 2,118 2,446 1,593 1,081 616 610

Other/nonrecognised Not recorded 390 10 503 12 607 9 3 612 2 746 811 4 839 17 846 39 935 2,365 1,867 1,027 1,077 2,037 1,322 1,113 1,593 358 1,317 179 1,547 130

Total 71,217 73,657 74,488 76,189 77,982 79,733 83,193 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307

Religion

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Christian 41,342 42,463 41,438 41,154 40,827 41,350 41,794 40,244 41,226 42,511 43,176 42,341 42,706 42,678 40,919

Muslim 5,502 6,136 6,571 7,246 8,243 8,864 9,795 9,932 10,437 10,672 11,248 11,426 12,106 12,543 12,825

Hindu 271 339 342 370 368 357 434 431 435 452 456 451 447 476 400

Sikh 442 490 498 543 579 608 648 661 669 711 777 799 732 788 759

Buddhist 676 947 1,133 1,237 1,432 1,609 1,737 1,817 1,872 1,793 1,756 1,638 1,629 1,556 1,529

Jewish 179 184 181 197 187 231 220 220 233 228 252 268 319 372 449

No religion 22,405 22,584 23,709 24,826 25,598 25,900 27,710 29,201 26,830 26,113 25,269 24,484 25,619 26,284 25,749

Notes: 2002-2015 data at end of June, 2016 data are latest figures at December In June 2015 the “Chinese” ethnicity was moved into the “Asian or Asian British” group. The “Chinese or other ethnic” group category was renamed “Other”. This should be considered when comparing ethnicity rates pre and post June 2015. Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various years MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013

Total 74,488 76,189 77,982 79,733 83,193 83,391 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 86,193 84,307

36 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 8: Prison population to certified normal accommodation by establishment, December 2016, England and Wales Establishment Leeds Wandsworth Swansea Brixton Leicester Lincoln Preston Durham Exeter Doncaster Cardiff Winchester Altcourse Hull Usk/Prescoed Pentonville Forest Bank Birmingham Nottingham Chelmsford Bedford Thameside Bristol Bullingdon Isis Woodhill Huntercombe Elmley (Sheppey) Ranby High Down

In use CNA 669 943 268 458 208 403 455 595 318 738 539 469 794 723 378 906 1064 694 723 551 192 932 407 869 478 568 369 1007 832 821

Population 1,150 1,579 443 714 325 630 711 916 486 1,115 771 665 1,117 1,013 530 1,238 1,445 929 966 733 252 1,223 518 1,102 606 720 462 1,245 1,026 984

% pop to CNA 171.9% 167.4% 165.3% 155.9% 156.3% 156.3% 156.3% 153.9% 152.8% 151.1% 143.0% 141.8% 140.7% 140.1% 140.2% 136.6% 135.8% 133.9% 133.6% 133.0% 131.3% 131.2% 127.3% 126.8% 126.8% 126.8% 125.2% 123.6% 123.3% 119.9%

Source: MoJ, Population bulletin: monthly December 2016, 13 January 2017

Establishment Norwich Oakwood Stoke Heath Holme House Peterborough (Male & Female) Buckley Hall Hewell Humber Belmarsh Lancaster Farms Glen Parva Isle of Wight Hindley Lewes Lindholme Parc Rye Hill Wayland Stocken Whatton Aylesbury Erlestoke Guys Marsh Moorland Bure Featherstone Maidstone Manchester Portland Wormwood Scrubs

In use CNA 626 1605 662 1036 1119 409 1018 947 760 495 561 976 516 467 916 1559 600 864 768 769 410 360 518 886 604 611 565 965 458 1156

Population 754 1,918 773 1,185 1,273 457 1,145 1,056 843 550 618 1,073 564 507 999 1,692 654 941 829 827 439 384 553 944 639 649 600 1,024 486 1,231

% pop to CNA 120.4% 119.5% 116.8% 114.4% 113.8% 111.7% 112.5% 111.5% 110.9% 111.1% 110.2% 109.9% 109.3% 108.6% 109.1% 108.5% 109.0% 108.9% 107.9% 107.5% 107.1% 106.7% 106.8% 106.5% 105.8% 106.2% 106.2% 106.1% 106.1% 106.5%

Establishment Wymott Coldingley Littlehey New Hall Risley Bronzefield Dovegate Eastwood Park Garth Ford Foston Hall Low Newton Stafford Wealstun Highpoint (North and South) Brinsford Channings Wood Gartree Lowdham Grange Onley The Mount Liverpool Dartmoor Hatfield Leyhill Long Lartin Send Standford Hill (Sheppey) Thorn Cross Wakefield

In use CNA 1,099 493 1,154 371 1,050 527 1,060 382 810 521 303 306 741 809 1,297 479 698 708 900 742 1,003 1,101 640 338 515 548 282 464 381 750

Population 1,164 516 1,217 391 1,105 547 1,104 397 842 537 312 315 753 826 1,307 481 701 711 904 744 1,000 1,097 635 335 510 541 278 461 376 741

% pop to CNA 105.9% 104.7% 105.5% 105.4% 105.2% 103.8% 104.2% 103.9% 104.0% 103.1% 103.0% 102.9% 101.6% 102.1% 100.8% 100.4% 100.4% 100.4% 100.4% 100.3% 99.7% 99.6% 99.2% 99.1% 99.0% 98.7% 98.6% 99.4% 98.7% 98.8%

Establishment Drake Hall Full Sutton Haverigg Hollesley Bay Northumberland Swinfen Hall Ashfield Frankland Grendon/Springhill Kirklevington Grange Rochester Downview Kirkham North Sea Camp Styal Warren Hill Whitemoor Swaleside (Sheppey) East Sutton Park Sudbury Deerbolt Werrington Cookham Wood Feltham Askham Grange Wetherby

In use CNA 340 606 286 461 1348 604 408 844 568 283 754 300 657 420 471 257 458 1112 100 581 473 118 188 555 126 336

Population 333 592 281 451 1,327 592 395 815 551 274 732 287 626 401 449 243 437 1,044 93 542 434 108 166 485 104 238

% pop to CNA 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 98.0% 97.0% 97.0% 97.0% 97.0% 97.0% 96.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 95.0% 94.0% 93.0% 93.0% 92.0% 92.0% 88.0% 87.0% 83.0% 71.0%

37 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 9a: Safety in custody by calendar year, England and Wales Prisoner assualts

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Assaults 14,926 15,298 15,896 15,363 14,507 15,088 14,965 14,207 15,886 19,054 25,049

Self-harm incidents 23,448 23,228 24,119 24,471 26,721 25,166 23,305 23,240 24,761 30,706 37,784

Assaults per 1,000 prisoners 193 191 194 185 171 177 172 168 187 223 293

Self-harm individuals 6,020 6,352 6,521 6,831 6,958 6,868 6,803 6,956 7,511 8,964 10,761

Prisoner on Serious Prisoner (PonP) assaults assaults 1,392 11,365 1,489 11,984 1,532 12,728 1,326 12,365 1,410 11,418 1,352 11,944 1,278 12,000 1,497 11,067 1,998 12,363 2,639 14,413 3,372 18,510

PonP assaults per 1,000 147 150 155 149 135 140 138 131 145 168 217

Serious PonP assaults 1,092 1,209 1,261 1,076 1,115 1,079 1,039 1,193 1,575 2,036 2,644

Self-harming Self-harm Self-harm incidents per individuals per Self-harm 1,000 1,000 incidents per prisoners individual prisoners 303 78 4 290 79 4 294 79 4 294 82 4 315 82 4 295 81 4 268 78 3 275 82 3 294 89 3 359 105 3 443 126 4

Self harm related Hospital Attendances 1,233 1,230 1,337 1,266 1,388 1,512 1,490 1,646 1,726 2,056 2,583

Assaults Assaults on staff on staff per 1,000 3,536 46 3,343 42 3,255 40 3,057 37 2,937 35 3,053 36 3,014 35 3,178 38 3,503 41 4,597 54 6,430 75

Serious assaults on staff 282 281 306 252 310 281 250 328 446 602 761

Notes: Figures at September each year, 2016 figures provisional Sources: MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2016 , 1 March 2017; MoJ, Safety in Custody Quartely: update to September 2015 , 28 January 2016

38 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 9b: Deaths in custody by calendar year, England and Wales Deaths per 1,000 prisoners 1978 1979

Homicides Natural causes 5 34 1 43

Self-inflicted 16 27

Other 4 1

Total 59 72

Natural causes 0.81 1.02

Self-inflicted 0.38 0.64

Other 0.10 0.02

All deaths 1.41 1.71

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

2 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0

35 36 32 37 35 27 29 35 44 31

27 21 27 27 27 29 21 46 37 49

0 0 2 0 2 3 5 0 1 2

64 58 61 64 65 59 57 81 82 82

0.83 0.83 0.73 0.85 0.81 0.58 0.62 0.72 0.90 0.64

0.64 0.48 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.45 0.95 0.76 1.01

0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.04

1.51 1.34 1.40 1.47 1.50 1.28 1.22 1.67 1.68 1.69

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

4 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 4 0

39 21 34 40 38 52 53 47 46 58

51 43 41 48 61 59 65 68 83 91

3 4 3 2 5 3 2 1 1 0

97 71 81 93 108 117 122 118 134 149

0.87 0.47 0.76 0.90 0.78 1.02 0.96 0.77 0.70 0.90

1.13 0.96 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.16 1.18 1.11 1.27 1.40

0.07 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00

2.16 1.58 1.81 2.09 2.22 2.30 2.21 1.93 2.05 2.30

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

3 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 3 0

61 68 66 86 101 89 83 89 99 104

81 73 95 95 96 78 66 91 61 61

1 1 3 1 9 5 4 4 3 4

146 142 164 183 208 175 153 185 166 169

0.94 1.03 0.93 1.18 1.35 1.17 1.06 1.11 1.20 1.24

1.25 1.10 1.34 1.30 1.29 1.03 0.84 1.13 0.74 0.73

0.02 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05

2.26 2.14 2.32 2.51 2.79 2.30 1.96 2.31 2.01 2.02

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

1 2 0 4 3 8 3

126 122 123 131 145 147 196

58 58 61 76 89 90 119

13 10 8 4 6 12 36

198 192 192 215 243 257 354

1.49 1.42 1.42 1.55 1.70 1.72 2.30

0.68 0.67 0.70 0.90 1.04 1.05 1.39

0.15 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.14 0.42

2.34 2.23 2.22 2.55 2.85 3.00 4.15

Notes: 2016 figures are provisional (September) Source: MoJ, Safety in Custody quarterly: update to September 2016, Deaths in prison custody 1978 to 2016 , 1 March 2017

39 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 10a: Daily average prison population, 1900-2015/16, Scotland Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909

Total 2,698 2,908 2,971 2,946 2,883 2,874 2,906 3,016 3,208 3,084

Year 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

Total 1,661 1,636 1,677 1,856 1,851 1,694 1,636 1,593 1,543 1,350

Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Total 2,821 2,997 3,238 3,504 3,250 3,381 3,858 4,238 4,541 4,834

Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00

Total 4,724 4,839 5,257 5,637 5,585 5,626 5,993 6,059 6,029 5,975

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

2,777 2,722 2,814 2,694 2,603 1,995 1,674 1,437 1,296 1,335

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949

1,320 1,337 1,559 1,560 1,606 1,955 1,983 1,889 1,902 1,835

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

5,003 5,338 5,220 4,810 4,689 4,951 4,884 4,871 5,062 4,585

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

5,883 6,186 6,475 6,776 6,779 6,856 7,187 7,376 7,827 7,964

1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

1,874 2,115 2,028 2,028 1,891 1,688 1,781 1,735 1,715 1,670

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

1,781 1,851 2,089 2,152 2,169 2,176 2,268 2,435 2,672 2,866

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

4,860 4,518 4,891 5,052 4,753 5,273 5,587 5,446 5,229 4,986

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16

7,854 8,179 8,057 7,894 7,731 7,675

Sources: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, 18 December 2015 Scottish Prison Service, Scottish Prison Service Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15, July 2015; 2015/16, July 2016

40 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 10b: Population of Scotland Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2015

Population 2,977,100 3,224,300 3,442,800 3,538,200 3,689,750 3,841,300 3,840,300 3,874,300 3,957,300 4,051,748 4,155,129 4,441,350 4,517,328

Notes: 1941 is the average of 1931 and 1951. 2015 is the ONS mid year population estimate. People aged 15 years or older. Sources: B. Mitchell, Birtish Historical Statistics , 1988, p. 15-16. NOMIS, Census 1991. Scotlands Census, Census 2001-2011. ONS, Mid-2015 population estimates Scotland.

41 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 11: Average daily prison population by custody type, Scotland Remand

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Convicted awaiting Untried sentence 1,036 188 1,032 218 1,329 243 1,306 255 1,415 264 1,170 352 1,112 362 1,238 363 1,155 314 1,163 311

Total 1,223 1,250 1,572 1,561 1,679 1,522 1,474 1,601 1,469 1,474

Sentenced

Young persons 261 285 361 355 334 305 262 258 198 167

Adults 962 965 1,211 1,206 1,344 1,217 1,212 1,342 1,271 1,307

Young persons (direct sentence) 545 607 621 658 658 690 576 533 473 383

Notes: - = nill, * = 0.5 Source: Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections Scotland 2013/14, 18 December 2015

Adult Fine Recalls from (direct sentence) defaulters supervision 4,599 51 351 4,553 47 397 4,433 46 515 4,516 28 611 4,879 11 600 5,120 9 622 5,111 9 682 5,332 8 702 5,392 9 713 5,334 9 693

Other

Others 5 1 * * -

Total 5,551 5,605 5,614 5,814 6,147 6,441 6,378 6,576 6,587 6,419

Court martial 1 * 1 1 1 1 *

Civil prisoners 1 1 1 1 * 1 * 1 * 1

42 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 12: Prison population by age as at 30 June, Scotland Under 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 or over

Male 2 51 139 180 236 238 223 259 546 1,223 1,035 903 606 345 180 118 64 73

2005 Female 0 0 5 6 14 9 16 24 33 66 53 52 36 13 7 2 2 0

Total 2 51 144 186 250 247 239 283 579 1,289 1,088 955 642 358 187 120 66 73

Male 0 30 120 209 250 293 314 305 632 1,433 1,185 889 765 516 273 150 92 88

2010 Female 0 0 7 14 10 16 11 17 30 106 61 69 40 32 18 4 1 3

Total 0 30 127 223 260 309 325 322 662 1,539 1,246 958 805 548 291 154 93 91

Male 0 14 62 124 170 190 208 275 553 1,463 1,347 965 798 529 354 182 102 110

2013 Female 0 1 1 6 7 12 13 12 28 91 100 60 39 31 18 14 1 3

Total 0 15 63 130 177 202 221 287 581 1,554 1,447 1,025 837 560 372 196 103 113

Total

6,421

338

6,759

7,544

439

7,983

7,446

437

7,883

Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015

Table 13: Prison population by ethnicity as at 30 June, Scotland White Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Other Asian Black-African Black-Caribbean Black-Other Mixed Other

Male 6,270 41 9 2 10 3 15 22 19 1 29

2005 Female 323 2 3 2 3 2 3

Total 6,593 41 11 2 10 3 18 24 22 3 32

Male 7,226 24 56 19 13 73 6 69 26 21 11

2010 Female 426 2 0 3 3 1 0 1 1 2 0

Total 7,652 26 56 22 16 74 6 70 27 23 11

Male 7,181 66 11 2 10 38 44 38 20 19 17

2013 Female 422 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 3 4 1

Total 7,603 68 12 2 11 39 46 38 23 23 18

Total

6,421

338

6,759

7,544

439

7,983

7,446

437

7,883

Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015

43 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 14: Prison population by religion as at 30 June, Scotland Church of Scotland Roman Catholic Other Christian Muslim Buddhist Sikh Jewish Hindu Other None

Male 2,502 1,630 242 87 7 4 2 2 87 1,858

2005 Female 89 86 13 0 0 1 0 0 13 136

Total 2,591 1,716 255 87 7 5 2 2 100 1,994

Male 2,357 1,761 328 178 35 7 3 3 54 2,818

2010 Female 91 100 16 2 1 5 224

Total 2,448 1,861 344 180 35 8 3 3 59 3,042

Male 2,077 1,701 333 198 19 10 9 5 71 3,023

2013 Female 68 83 24 3 1 1 7 250

Total 2,145 1,784 357 201 20 11 9 5 78 3,273

Total

6,421

338

6,759

7,544

439

7,983

7,446

437

7,883

Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015

Table 15: Prison population by supervision level as at 30 June, Scotland High Medium Low

Male 693 3,271 2,457

2005 Female 25 225 88

Total 718 3,496 2,545

Male 526 4,482 2,536

2010 Female 32 300 107

Total 558 4,782 2,643

Male 642 4,354 2,450

2013 Female 32 273 132

Total 674 4,627 2,582

Total

6,421

338

6,759

7,544

439

7,983

7,446

437

7,883

Sources: Scottish Government, Prison Statistics Scotland 2005/06, August 2006 Scottish Government, Prison Statistics and population projections 2010/11, August 2011 Scottish Government, Prison statistics and population projections 2013/14, 18 December 2015

44 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 16: Average daily prison population by custody type, Northern Ireland

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014/15 2015/16

Remand 311 266 341 385 446 444 529 525 507 505 508 590 545 492 421 419 393

Fine Immediate defaulter custody 22 729 22 616 17 662 20 747 24 794 25 826 29 873 26 909 21 955 20 934 30 33 35 4 2 3 6

Noncriminal 6 6 6 8 10 6 2 6 6 6

Total 1,068 910 1,026 1,160 1,274 1,301 1,433 1,466 1,489 1,465

NI Population 1,306,841 1,318,565 1,333,076 1,345,859 1,359,060 1,374,990 1,391,959 1,410,124 1,425,672 1,438,948

2 2 1 1 1 1 2

1,465 1,682 1,774 1,827 1,830 1,799 1,592

1,449,687 1,458,055 1,466,330 1,471,570 1,480,918 1,489,620 ..

925 1,057 1,193 1,330 1,406 1,376 1,192

Sources: Northern Ireland DoJ, the Northern Ireland prison population 2015 and 2015/16, 30 September 2016 NISRA, NI mid-year population estimates , 31 August 2016

45 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 17: International comparisons: prisoners per 100,000 head of population Country Lithuania Latvia Estonia Turkey Poland Slovakia Hungary Montenegro Czech Republic Romania England and Wales Scotland Serbia Liechtenstein Spain Malta Portugal Bulgaria Greece Austria France Northern Ireland Ireland Italy Croatia Switzerland Germany Slovenia Netherlands Denmark Sweden Finland

Rate 293 237 231 207 206 185 181 181 177 151 146 145 144 143 140 137 136 109 108 102 101 93 92 90 89 80 78 74 71 64 59 58

Source: Eurostat, Prison capacity and number of persons held, 2014, 25/05/2016

46 UK Prison Population Statistics

Table 18: Prison population per 100,000 population, selected European jurisdictions Lithuania Latvia Estonia Poland Turkey Montenegro Slovakia Czech Republic Romania Serbia Spain Belgium Luxembourg Greece Austria Denmark Croatia Italy Switzerland Ireland Germany Slovenia Norway Sweden Finland Liechtenstein

Rate 295.6 238.9 222.4 204.9 204.0 191.8 184.8 177.0 151.8 144.6 143.1 118.1 116.7 108.7 101.3 90.7 89.1 88.2 84.0 76.6 76.2 72.2 70.3 55.4 54.4 21.4

England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

182.0 170.0 107.0

Notes: Data for the UK is not directly comparable to the rest of the data as they are calculated differently Source: University of Lausanne’s, Council of Europe, Annual Penal Statistics, 1 January 2015, accessed March 2017 UK figures not available in this dataset. Figures taken from previous analysis in this paper which use latest 15+ prison population figures from mid-year estimates

47 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017

Table 19: Expenses in penal institutions by country, average cost per day for the detention of one person in 2014 Sweden Norway Netherlands Liechtenstein Denmark Ireland Finland Italy Belgium Germany Scotland England and Wales Austria Northern Ireland France Spain Czech Republic Portugal Slovakia Greece Hungary Latvia Russian Fed. Turkey Romania Serbia Montenegro Lithuania Bulgaria Croatia

€ 354.00 348.00 273.00 230.00 191.00 189.00 175.00 141.76 137.28 129.35 125.00 115.76 112.97 112.20 102.67 59.72 45.00 41.22 39.39 28.16 26.57 22.58 22.51 21.72 19.79 19.38 19.00 16.05 13.68 7.29

£ 439.35 431.90 338.82 285.45 237.05 234.57 217.19 175.94 170.38 160.54 155.14 143.67 140.21 139.25 127.42 74.12 55.85 51.16 48.89 34.95 32.98 28.02 27.94 26.96 24.56 24.05 23.58 19.92 16.98 9.05

Notes: Average amount spent per day for the detention of one person in 2014. The CoE table is denominated in euros, Exchange rate 2014: €1 = £1.2411 Source: Council of Europe, annual penal statistics; SPACE I - Prison Populations, Survey 2015 Final Report, 14 March 2017; Bank of England, series XUAAERS: Annual average Spot exchange rate, Euro into Sterling , accessed 3 Jan 2017

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