UNDERGRADUATE COURSES & CAREERS 2013 - The University of ...

NATURAL SCIENCES

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES & CAREERS

AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE VETERINARY SCIENCE

2013

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HOW TO READ THIS GUIDE STEP 1 NATURAL SCIENCES AT SYDNEY This first section contains useful information about how to make the most of your time at uni. Find out about support programs for you, opportunities for further study – including travelling overseas – and much more. This section is really a taster to get you thinking about your options and opportunities as a Sydney student. PAGES 2-9

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GENERAL INFORMATION

“Participating in the Transition Program not only improved my first weeks of uni, but I also met new friends and found new ways of getting involved with uni life”

A great addition to our transition program is the SLAM Lunches.

HOW YOU CAN MAKE THE MOST OF UNI Ever worried about what uni is like? Or scared that you’re no longer the big fish? Don’t stress!

At Sydney, our uni experience is not only academic. We know (from lots of research) that the more engaged you are with extracurricular activities the more comfortable you are whilst you’re here. And you meet a great group of new friends.

opportunity to meet with students who will be in your classes and get valuable advice on what to expect at uni. There’s even a special session for parents to talk to them about the uni, how we work and advice on how to support you through your studies.

With that in mind, here are a few things you should check out once you start.

A great addition to our transition program is the SLAM Lunches. It’s a chance to get together with our senior students who are there to answer your questions, provide support and point you in the right direction during your first weeks at uni.

FIRST YEAR TRANSITION PROGRAM In Science, we are a very large community. The transition program allows you to meet lots of other friendly science students before you begin your studies as well as in your first weeks of university. The transition program consists of the science students’ workshop and SLAM lunches with senior students. sydney.edu.au/science/cstudent/ ug/student_experience/firstyear_ transition_program

STUDENT SOCIETIES Student Societies play a big role in student life at Sydney. There are so many to choose from! There’s one to suit every student – whether you like chess, chocolate, juggling or something a little more academic there is a society of people waiting for you. The faculty wide societies are: AgSoc – is undergraduate society that organises a number of formal functions including a ball and dinner, together

The Science Students’ Workshop is a one-day event in late February (just before orientation week) and is an

STEP 2 INDUSTRIES & SECTORS The question we are most often asked is “What will I do after I study…?” The answer is complex and often depends on what you study in your course. To help unlock the mystery around the question, we have dedicated a section of our prospectus to help you discover your future career options at Sydney in the natural sciences. We have showcased a range of industries, where our graduates are working and listed our courses and majors as possible pathways to help get you there.

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with barbecues, wine tastings, harbour cruises and even sports teams for interfaculty sports competitions. sydney.edu.au/agriculture/about_us/clubs_societies/ agricultural_society.shtml

SCIENCE CURRENT STUDENT SURVEY (2010) STATS: In 2010, the Faculty of Science surveyed their current students to evaluate the awareness, demand and effectiveness of the Faculty’s student services and transition programs for different cohorts of students. The results were interesting:

SciSoc - provides the perfect environment for meeting other science students (there are thousands of them!), socialising and making new friends. There’s fortnightly lunchtime BBQs on campus, fortnightly publication (Aqua Regia) for news on cutting edge science and upcoming socials, trivia and movie nights, debates and cocktail parties, and The Bucky Ball. sydney.edu.au/science/cstudent/ug/student_experience/ scisoc

28% of respondents say attending O Week and other transition and orientation programs helps make transition to uni easier.

Science Revue - was established in 2005 to showcase the creative talents of the students of the Faculty of Science. A revue is a variety show with skits, music and dance based around contemporary news and issues, university life and the faculty on which it is based. A comic science-based theme is chosen each year for the show – last year’s was “NASAblanca”. www.sciencerevue.org

19% of respondents say having peer support networks (people in the same field) helps make transition to uni easier. 25% say opportunities to meet students might help ease their transition to uni. 44% of respondents thought about their future career whilst at uni.

VetSoc - is a student activity society on campus that runs a number of events each year including the Spring Carnival Keg, the Rubix Cube Keg, the Vet Cruise and a third year half way dinner. The annual publication, The Centaur, showcases the events and highlights of the year. sydney.edu.au/vetscience/vetsoc

50% of students most prefer receiving career information from professionals working in their desired field

INDUSTRIES & SECTORS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES

CONSERVATION “The role of conservation is really to reverse the decline in our natural capital.” ATTICUS FLEMING, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY

Made famous by crusaders like David Attenborough, Jane Goodal and Steve Irwin, conservation is the best-known and often popular field within the environmental industry. Conservation focuses on the preservation of habitats, biodiversity and ecosystems – with an emphasis on the biology of the environment. Working in this sector can also involve assessing land for biodiversity value or building development. Not all conservation roles are outdoors; some include managing volunteers and community engagement – a key element in this popular sector – as well as staffing visitor centres and headquarter offices.

considerable regulatory responsibility underscores the critical role of professionals in managing these areas.

Australia has more than 9,400 protected areas – covering nearly 14 per cent of the country.

graduates who have strong skills and a pragmatic approach to the job.. “We want graduates who have great technical ability, but also those who are passionate about conservation, practical, and enjoy being in the bush”.

Atticus Fleming, Chief Executive of Australian Wildlife Conservancy, stresses the urgency of growing Australia’s conservation sector, “Australia has been blessed with natural capital. Our flora and fauna are considered mega diverse and many of them are found only in this country. But, our record over the last 100 years in preserving that capital has been lamentable. The role of conservation is really to reverse the decline in our natural capital”

Conservation professionals are principally employed by the public sector, including, the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, which manages the conservation of Australia’s biodiversity. Each state or territory has an environment department and may also have an Environmental Protection Authority. There are also regional natural resource management bodies and local councils who employ people conservation professionals. .

Mr Fleming believes that science is essential to effective conservation. He says the sector looks for science

Australia has more than 9,400 protected areas – covering nearly 14 per cent of the country’s total land mass. This

GRADUATE PROFILE: DR ALEX DIMENT Capacity Builder and Development Officer, Flora and Fauna International. Last year, in a remote corner of Tajikistan, camera traps captured rare footage of five snow leopards. The extraordinary photos (top right) were the result of a biodiversity survey led by Dr Alex Diment, Capacity Builder and Development Officer for the conservation organisation Flora and Fauna International.

Rare footage of a snow leopard, photographed by Dr Alex Diment’s survey group

Not-for-profit organisations employ environmental professionals in a wide variety of jobs on both private and public land, including the management of developing habitats, and coastline.. They also employ professionals to respond to critical situations, such as overseeing threatened species, rescuing wildlife, and managing fire. National park rangers recently achieved major conservation successes, bringing back a number of species from the brink of extinction, including the Lord Howe Island’s woodhen, the Norfolk Island boobook owl and the Phillip Island hibiscus.

Our majors – Agricultural Chemistry (p68) – Agricultural Genetics (p70) – Agricultural Science (p71) – Agricultural Systems (p71) – Biology (p74) – Entomology (p76) – Environmental Studies (p77) – Farming Systems (p78) – Geography (p79) – Geology and Geophysics (p80) – Horticulture (p81) – Livestock Production(p82) – Marine Biology, Geoscience and Marine Science (p83) – Natural Terrestrial Systems (p86) – Soil Science (p91)

Environmental jobs in Australia have been growing steadily over the last five years The Australian government’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy plans to achieve a 25% increase in the number of Australians and public and private organisations that participate in biodiversity conservation activities by 2015. New technology (satellite remote sensing, advanced computer modelling) is bringing a wealth of opportunity to the sector, providing more interesting aspects to conservation roles and opportunities to develop skills. Starting Salary: $51,000

AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT DEGREES

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AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT DEGREES

BACHELOR OF RESOURCE ECONOMICS

BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 2012 domestic students ATAR / IB 80.70 / 31 2013 international students ATAR / IB 84.40 / 31 UAC course code 511000 CRICOS code 000658B University course code BH002 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours) / 8 years PT (day only) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (pXX) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics In this applied economics course you will have the opportunity to combine your interests in science and business. This course has an emphasis on commodities, marketing and trade. You will learn how the principles of economics are applied to agribusiness, sustainability and natural resource issues. This course differentiates you from generalist economics and commerce graduates, and provides you with strong analytical and communication skills. In addition, the professional development unit represents a wonderful opportunity for you to apply your knowledge in real-life situations. It prepares you for the workplace and makes you incredibly competitive in the employment market. Agricultural economists are employed in the finance sector including risk management, commercial and merchant banking, and accounting, YEAR 1

PATHWAYS Our courses – B Animal and Veterinary Bioscience (p64) – B Environmental Systems (p58) – B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) – B Science (p60) – B Science (Advanced) (p60) – B Science in Agriculture (p59) – B Veterinary Science (p65)

Statistics

Despite long hours in the field and frequent travel – clocking-up 100 days away a year – Alex’s job gives him a sense of excitement and wonder of the world, and an enormous satisfaction from doing something worthwhile.

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AT A GLANCE Industry Bodies – ESA - Ecological Society of Australia – Society for Conservation Biology – Conservation Volunteers Australia – National Trust of Australia – Australian Conservation Foundation Government bodies – Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities – NSW Office of Environment and Heritage – Environment Protection Authority (EPA) NSW

Conservation and not-for-profit organisations often have internships or volunteering programs. These are an ideal way to develop networks and skills in the field, and are how most conservation professionals have entered into the industry. Mr Flemming agrees volunteering is an invaluable first step in seeking employment in the industry, and says that internships are “a genuine mechanism for getting work experience and then winning a conservation job at the end of it.”

With a conservation career that has taken him around the world, Alex’s journey began by majoring in biology at the University of Oxford followed by a Masters of Applied Science at Sydney. After five years working in Cambodia, Alex returned to Sydney for a PhD studying invasive foxes. Here he developed expertise in camera trapping and genetic analysis, which Alex says was his “calling card” in winning his current job. “Being an expert on a particular technique or species really helps in this industry,” he says.

PAGES 10-55 STEP 3 COURSE INDEX This section provides more information about our courses, the admission requirements, assumed knowledge and the majors or specialisations available to you. Remember a course is the structure within which your subjects and ultimately your major will sit.

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Student Societies play a big role in student life at Sydney. There are so many to choose from!

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

2012 domestic students ATAR / IB 82.80 / 32 2013 international students ATAR / IB 86.20 / 32 UAC course code 511004 CRICOS code 032440M University course code BH004 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours) / 8 years PT (day only) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (pXX) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics Extension 1 RECOMMENDED STUDIES Biology and/or Earth and Environmental Science Focusing on environmental and resource economics, this course provides an in depth study of economics combined with studies in science and mathematics. You will develop knowledge of ecological systems and be able to contribute to solving challenging environmental and management issues. Bachelor of Resource Economics graduates are qualified as applied economists, with specialised skills in resource and environmental economics. The course focuses on the private and social economic management of the environment and natural resources, including land, water, fisheries and forestry, ecological systems, the atmosphere, and resource commodities such as minerals, coal and oil. YEAR 1

YEAR 4

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

UNDERSTANDING LANDSCAPES


PRODUCTION ECONOMICS

MARKET & PRICE ANALYSIS

AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE POLICY

RESEARCH METHODS

RESEARCH COMPONENT A

RESEARCH COMPONENT B

MICROECONOMICS

MACROECONOMICS

INTERMEDIATE MICRO

INTERMEDIATE MACRO

AGEC OR ELECTIVE

AGEC OR ELECTIVE

RESEC OR AGEC ELECTIVE

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS STATISTICS A

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS STATISTICS B

APPLIED ECONOMETRIC MODELLING

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

AGEC ELECTIVE

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

MAJOR ELECTIVE

AG & RESOURCE ECONOMICS

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

AGEC ELECTIVE


24 CREDIT POINTS

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while others are involved in agribusiness, marketing and commodity trading, policy making and economic research. MAJORS* Accounting (subject to ATAR); Agribusiness; Agricultural economics; Agricultural finance; Agricultural marketing; Agricultural science; Commercial law; Economics; Econometrics; Finance; Geography; Government and international relations; Management; Marketing; Psychology * Subject to course requirements you may be able to complete a major or elective from the following faculties: arts and social sciences, business school, science

YEAR 2 SEMESTER 1

YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

YEAR 4

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

MICROECONOMICS

MACROECONOMICS

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS


BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS

RESEARCH METHODS


MATHEMATICS


MICROECONOMICS

MACROECONOMICS


ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS

SEMESTER 2

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & ETHICS

SEMESTER 1



MAJOR ELECTIVE

RESOURCE ECONOMICS

APPLIED OPTIMISATION

SENIOR ECONOMICS (OPTIONS)

MAJOR ELECTIVE


SEMESTER 2 RESEARCH COMPONENT B

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MATHEMATICS / STATISTICS

ECONOMETRICS

ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE


RESEC ELECTIVE

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MAJORS* Agricultural science; Biology; Chemistry; Commercial law; Economics; Econometrics; Finance; Geography; Geology; Government and international relations; Marine science; Mathematics; Resource economics; Soil science; Statistics. * Subject to course requirements you may be able to complete a major or elective from the following faculties: arts and social sciences, business school, science PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, The Economics Society of Australia,Agribusiness Association of Australia. Other international professional associations, including the American Agricultural Economics Association.

PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, The Economics Society of Australia, Agribusiness Association of Australia. other international professional associations, including the American Agricultural Economics Association.

BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

2012 domestic students ATAR / IB 83.05 / 32 2013 international students ATAR / IB 84.40 / 31 UAC course code 511006 CRICOS code 068774C University course code BH007 Duration 3 years FT Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (pXX) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics, Chemistry The course comprehensively examines both natural and agricultural systems. It differs from other environmental and agricultural courses in that it has a clear focus on building knowledge and skills in quantitative analysis across disciplines and the application of systems thinking to the issues of the day such as climate change, water, food security and carbon emissions. This unique course addresses the tensions and synergies of ecosystems. You will complete core units that span the plant sciences, hydrology, geomorphology, soil science and biosphereatmosphere interactions. Depending on your academic performance, you may apply for an additional honours year.

2012 domestic students ATAR / IB 76.55 / 29 2013 international students ATAR / IB 84.40 / 31 UAC course code 511001 CRICOS code 000659A University course code BH000 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours) / 8 years PT (day only) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (pXX ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics, Chemistry How we will feed the world is one of the greatest challenges facing society today. You will have the opportunity to develop a foundation in science with an emphasis on how it applies to managing food production and sustainable use of natural resources. You will develop strong skills in critical thinking, problem solving, research and communication. Highlighting the connectivity and dynamics of agricultural systems, you will learn how to apply the principles of science to solutions-based management.

YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2

Unique to the faculty’s degrees, your course includes a professional development program as a core unit of study. This professional development unit represents an opportunity for you to apply your knowledge in real-life situations. It prepares you for the workplace and makes you incredibly competitive in the employment market.

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

AUST ENVIRONMENTS & CLIMATE

ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

PLANT SCIENCE

HYDROLOGY

PLANT SCIENCE

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

INTRO STATISTICAL METHODS


STATISTICS

ENVIRONMENTAL GIS

SOIL SCIENCE

BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE

RURAL ENVIRONMENT

CLIMATE & THE ENVIRONMENT

APPLIED STATISTICAL METHODS

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

FOOD CHEMISTRY

AGROECOSYSTEMS

RESEARCH PROJECT A

RESEARCH PROJECT B

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

SOIL SCIENCE

HYDROLOGY

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

INTRO STATISTICS


AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

PLANT DISEASE

SOIL SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

SPECIALISATION UNIT


YEAR 1

BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

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Please note: Stream electives can be chosen from the area of agricultural systems or natural terrestrial systems.

SPECIALISATIONS Agricultural systems; Natural terrestrial systems.

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

YEAR 2 SEMESTER 1

YEAR 3

YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2

BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

SOIL SCIENCE

PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

SPECIALISATION UNIT

SPECIALISATION UNIT

24 CREDIT POINTS

24 CREDIT POINTS

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SPECIALISATIONS Agricultural chemistry; Agricultural economics; Agricultural genetics; Agronomy; Entomology; Environmetrics; Farming systems; Food science; Horticulture; Livestock production; Plant pathology; Soil science. To achieve a specialisation in one of these areas, you will undertake a combination of units of study (specialisation units) and a research project (Research Project A and Research Project B):

STEP 4 MAJORS Here you will find out more about the major or specialisation options available and how you get to study them from first year through to your senior year. PAGES 66-91

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MAJORS

AGRONOMY

BIOCHEMISTRY

sydney.edu.au/agriculture

sydney.edu.au/science/molecular_bioscience

“The thing I enjoyed most about agronomy was that I was constantly being challenged to engage in issues that affect the worlds increasing food shortage. I felt as though by studying agronomy I would be making a difference for the generations to come.” REBECCA THISTLEWHAITE B Science in Agriculture (Hons) Graduate 2012

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Agronomy is the study of science and technology and how it relates to food, fuel and fibre. You will develop an understanding of the concepts behind sustainable production, drawing on a number of disciplines including biology, chemistry, ecology, economics, marketing and genetics.

Modern agronomists are involved in today’s biggest issues such as producing enough nutritious food to feed a growing human population, managing sustainable ecosystems and creating new energy sources from plants. They increasingly encourage the practice of sustainable agriculture by developing and implementing plans to manage pests, crops, soil fertility and erosion, and animal waste in ways that reduce the use of harmful chemicals and do little damage to farms and the natural environment.

Agronomy

Agronomy

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Science in Agriculture WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units chosen: Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Example units Managing Agro-Ecosystems, Crop and Pasture Agronomy, Sustainable Farming Systematics, The Rural Environment, Climate and the Environment, Plant Form and Function, Soil Property and Processes.

Plant Science

“In second year at university I’m already working at the forefront of my field.” NA

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science, B Medical Science, B Science, B Science (Adv), B Science/M Nutrition and Dietetics

FIONA NAUGHTON Bachelor of Science student Majoring in biochemistry

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Chemistry, Biology

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Biochemistry is the study of how living organisms work at the molecular level. It lies at the interface of many disciplines, incorporating principles of chemistry, biology and physics.

Example units Molecular Biology and Biochemistry – Genes, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry – Proteins, Nutrition and Metabolism, Human Molecular Cell Biology, Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry, Proteomics and Functional Genomics

Biochemistry Nutrition

Biochemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics

Soil Science Statistics

Chemistry

Agriculture

Molecular Biology & Genetics

Biology Mathematics

Biology

BIOINFORMATICS

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY sydney.edu.au/medicine/anatomy

“Majoring in Anatomy and Histology has put me in good stead for my subsequent study of Medicine at Sydney. The department at Sydney is well equipped to ensure that all students gain hands-on experience during their studies.” MONIQUE ATKINSON , B Science (Adv) Graduate 2009

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Anatomy and histology is the study of the structure of living things. Your introduction to the area is through the study of cell structure (histology) and the basic tissue of mammalian biology and musculo-skeletal anatomy. In senior year we divide your studies into four disciplines. You will study topographical

STEP 5 HOW TO APPLY Our how to apply section has clear step-by-step instructions about how to apply to study at Sydney. We also have tables listing the academic requirements for our courses. PAGES 92-97

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anatomy (bones, muscles, nerves, arteries,veins); neuroanatomy (anatomy and organisation of the nervous system); histology (microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues) and embryology (development of an embryo from fertilisation to fetus stage). (Dissection plays a part.) WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science, B Medical Science, B Science, B Science (Adv) WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology Example units Forensic Osteology, Neuroscience, Motor Systems and Behaviour, Cranial and Cervical Anatomy, Cellular and Developmental Neuroscience, Electron Microscopy and Imaging, Microscopy and Histochemistry, Visceral anatomy, Musculo-skeletal anatomy

Anatomy Histology Neuroscience Electron Microscopy and Imaging

Anatomy Histology Physiology Molecular Biology & Genetics

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Bioinformatics brings together the fields of life science, computer science and statistics. When biological information is captured on computer, it can be used to produce new computer systems (databases, software, networks and even hardware) and solve problems in a wide variety of areas ranging from biology to medicine. Bioinformaticians strive to understand medical and biological systems through the creative use of statistics and computer analysis. They may write computer programs to analyse data in a new way, they may apply existing analytical tools to new data sets, they may introduce novel statistical methods

into the analysis of data and they may extend existing analytical capabilities to genome-sized data sets. The most recognised application of bioinformatics has been the mapping of the human genome sequence. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science, B Science, B Science (Adv)

Biology or Biochemistry Statistics Computer Science

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Chemistry, Biology

Bioinformatics

Example units Molecular Biology and Biochemistry – Genes, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry – Proteins, Human Molecular Cell Biology, Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry, Proteomics and Functional Genomics, Mathematics.

Biology

Biology and Molecular Biology & Genetics Information Systems Mathematics and Statistics

Mathematics and Statistics Biology

Psychology

Chemistry

Molecular Biology

Information Technologies

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HOW TO APPLY

HOW TO APPLY

RECOGNISING YOUR COMMITMENT TO MATHEMATICS & THE SCIENCES Do you think you will get good marks in the following subjects* at high school? – Agriculture – Biology – Chemistry – Earth & Environmental Science – Economics – Geography – Mathematics (not General) – Mathematics Extension 1 – Mathematics Extension 2 – Physics These are the subjects we consider for our flexible entry scheme across the Division of Natural Sciences. To find out more please visit: sydney.edu.au/flexibleentry

DOMESTIC STUDENTS

STEP 1

SELECT YOUR COURSE

STEP 2 CHECK THE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS For most courses, the assessment is based on the ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admission Rank) or equivalent. For some courses, like combined medicine entry is also based on an interview. STEP 3 EXPLORE YOUR ENTRY OPTIONS We offer a number of special entry pathways for students: i) Flexible entry – through the flexible entry scheme we look at wider ways of assessing your suitability for entry to certain courses rather than just allocating bonus points. For the sciences, we look at your results (Band 4 and above) in mathematics and science subjects in the HSC or IB. sydney.edu.au/flexibleentry ii) Special entry – including the Broadway scheme for you if you have been disadvantaged at school; Cadigal Program for you if you are of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent; Elite Athlete and Performers Scheme and a Rural Entry Scheme (Faculty of Veterinary Science) for you if you grew up in rural Australia. sydney.edu.au/ug-special iii) Mid-year entry is also available through UAC.

*Our combined science and humanities courses also take into account some humanities subjects (for example Languages).

STEP 4 VISIT US You should visit the campus during our open days to get a feel for the place as well as an opportunity to speak with the academics and students. STEP 5 APPLY You apply through the Universities Admissions Centre (UAC). On-time applications are due by Friday 28 September 2012. Late applications are accepted, but a late fee will apply. www.uac.edu.au

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS To be considered for entry as an international student you must not be a citizen of Australia or New Zealand (including dual citizenship), or a permanent resident of Australia. sydney.edu.au/internationaloffice/student

STEP 1 SELECT YOUR COURSE STEP 2 CHECK THE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS i) English language requirements- there are minimum English language requirements for entry to the University. Some courses have higher English language requirements. ii) Academic requirements: Each course has specific entry requirements. Check this guide and our website. Depending on where you completed your high school studies, you may need to complete a Foundation Program or equivalent. iii) Additional entry requirements- some courses have additional entry requirements, such as an interview for the combined medicine courses.

STEP 3 CHOOSE YOUR APPLICATION METHOD There are three ways for undergraduate international students to apply to study at Sydney. i) Apply through the Universities Admissions Centre (UAC )- if you are studying one of the following qualifications, then you should apply through UAC: – an Australian Year 12 qualification (eg. NSW HSC, VCE, SA Matriculation) in the current year – the International Baccalaureate in the current year – the New Zealand Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) Level 3 in New Zealand in the current year. www.uac.edu.au ii) Apply direct to the University: you can apply direct to the University from anywhere in the world via our online application form or through an agent. You can find a list of agents at sydney.edu.au/internationaloffice/agents

ENGLISH LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS International students are required to demonstrate their English language ability. This can be through proof of completion of a secondary qualification in English or by completing a recognised English language test. Unless otherwise stated, the acceptable English language requirements are: IELTS: Overall band score of 6.5 or better with no band below 6.0 TOEFL: 575 or better plus Test of Written English (TWE) at 4.5+ CBT (computer-based TOEFL): 233 with an Essay Rating of 4.5 IBT (internet-based TOEFL): 90+ Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English: Grades A or B Scores over two years old will not be accepted. If you are taking TOEFL, your results must be sent directly to the University of Sydney from TOEFL/TSE Services at Princeton USA and the TWE must also be taken. sydney.edu.au/ug-int-english COMPLETE APPLICATIONS

STEP 4

Make sure you provide a complete application with all of the required documents. If anything is missing it will delay the processing of your application.

Semester 1: 31 October

sydney.edu.au/international/ international_students

iii) Apply online via sydney.edu.au/courses COMPLETE AND SUBMIT YOUR APPLICATION Ensure you read all instructions carefully before commencing your application. Standard application deadlines are: Semester 2: 30 April

STUDY IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES CAN TAKE YOU ANYWHERE WHERE DO YOU WANT TO GO?

CONTENTS NATURAL SCIENCES AT SYDNEY 03 Welcome 04 How you can make the most of uni 06 How you can get more from your course & career 08 Financial support & academic preparation INDUSTRIES & SECTORS 10 How to use this section 11 A Message from the Chief Scientist of Australia 12 Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries 14 Astronomy 16 Biotechnology 18 Business, Management & Consultancy 20 Conservation 22 Education & Training 24 Finance, Banking & Insurance 26 Government, Defence & Legal 28 Health & Community 30 IT, Communications & Technology 32 Materials 34 Media, Marketing & Communications 36 Medical 38 Mining & Resources 40 NGOs & International Development 42 Psychology 44 Research 46 Sport Science 48 Sustainability 50 Tomorrow’s Technologies 52 Veterinary & Animal Industries 54 Water

COURSE INDEX 77 Environmental Studies 56 How to use this section 77 Environmetrics 58 Bachelor of Agricultural Economics 78 Farming Systems 58 Bachelor of Environmental Systems 78 Financial Mathematics & Statistics 59 Bachelor of Resource Economics 79 Food Science 59 Bachelor of Science in Agriculture 79 Geography 60 Bachelor of Science 80 Geology & Geophysics 60 Bachelor of Science (Advanced) 80 History & Philosophy of Science 61 Bachelor of Science (Advanced 81 Horticulture Mathematics) 81 Immunobiology 61 Bachelor of Liberal Arts & 82 Information Systems Science 82 Livestock Production 62 Bachelor of Medical Science 83 Marine Biology, Geoscience & 62 Combined Science/Medicine Science 63 Combined Science/Nutrition 83 Mathematics 63 Bachelor of Psychology 84 Medicinal Chemistry 64 Bachelor of Animal & Veterinary 84 Microbiology Bioscience 85 Molecular Biology & Genetics 65 Bachelor of Veterinary Science 85 Nanoscience & Technology 86 Natural Terrestrial Systems MAJORS 86 Neuroscience 66 How to use this section 87 Nutrition & Metabolism 68 Agribusiness 87 Pharmacology 68 Agricultural Chemistry 88 Physics 69 Agricultural Economics 88 Physiology 69 Agricultural Finance 89 Plant Pathology 70 Agricultural Genetics 89 Plant Science 70 Agricultural Marketing 90 Psychology 71 Agricultural Science 90 Resource Economics 71 Agricultural Systems 91 Soil Science 72 Agronomy 91 Statistics 72 Anatomy & Histology HOW TO APPLY 73 Biochemistry 73 Bioinformatics 92 Domestic students 74 Biology 93 International students 74 Cell Pathology 94 2013 International student 75 Chemistry academic entry requirements 75 Computational Science 96 2012 Domestic student academic 76 Computer Science entry requirements 76 Entomology 97 Important dates

THE NATURAL SCIENCES AT SYDNEY AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE VETERINARY SCIENCE

3 WELCOME

Professor Mark Adams, Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment

Professor Trevor Hambley, Dean of the Faculty of Science

Are you going to be a scientist or science-based professional in the 21st century? Or are you looking to undertake a course in the sciences as a highly valuable foundation for a vast array of other careers? We must play a key role in the sustainable development of our planet and our society. As our energy sources change we must tackle the problems of conservation and development of new and existing sources. These exciting disciplines seek to prevent and cure diseases, and are critical for understanding human behaviour, natural resources and ecosystems.

Veterinary Science is also mindful of the need to respond to the changing needs of the Australian community and country. Knowledge in the broad area of veterinary science and animal bioscience is expanding at a tremendous rate, and it is important to have access to information on new diseases and animal related topics not only in Australia but internationally as well.

In a similar vein, the agricultural and environmental sector is moving with these interesting and challenging times. Global demographics and consumer trends indicate that we will need to double food production in the next 20 years using less land and water available for agriculture than at present. Agriculture and Environment is addressing this challenge through research and training of graduates trained in science and economics who will provide leadership in ensuring food security and sustainable natural resource management.

Who could have foreseen the advances in these areas that occurred during the last hundred years? There have been revolutions in technologies such as nanoscience and optics and our understanding of environmental management or genes and molecular biology. These have followed ongoing advances in atomic physics, chemistry, mathematics, and the geosciences. In the coming decades we will continue to see (as yet unimaginable) developments in these areas and new fields will come to light. A training in the sciences involves you, not only in acquiring this new knowledge, but also in applying findings to improve our world, and using critical reasoning and problem-solving to use knowledge wisely.

Professor Rosanne Taylor, Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Science

Well-trained, critical and creative graduates will be increasingly valued in our society. The University of Sydney is a world leader in scientific and economic research and our researchled teaching programs are of the highest standard. We offer courses that cover a range of specialist options as well as broad science programs with in-built flexibility to suit you if you have not yet settled on your preferred area of interest. In either case, your first year will involve a broad-based introduction in which you will be encouraged to develop your own interests. This approach of combining a knowledge of fundamentals with later specialist training is recognised widely as the best available. We also offer courses at a variety of levels to suit your needs - whether you wish to develop a basic foundation in the sciences or are seeking a challenge in our Advanced and Talented Student Programs (TSP). We hope you will choose to study in the natural sciences with us at Sydney, in an institution that has wonderful staff, an outstanding teaching and research base, and many of the best courses available in Australia. Mark Adams, Trevor Hambley and Rosanne Taylor

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“The Transition Program is a chance to hear engaging student perspectives on how university works. I was so inspired by those mentoring me in first year, that I became a mentor to share my experiences with commencing students.” ISAAC CARNEY BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (ADVANCED), SECOND YEAR STUDENT

A great addition to our transition program is the SLAM Lunches.

HOW YOU CAN MAKE THE MOST OF UNI Ever worried about what uni is like? Or scared that you’re no longer the big fish? Don’t stress!

At Sydney, our uni experience is not only academic. We know (from lots of research) that the more engaged you are with extracurricular activities the more comfortable you are whilst you’re here. And you meet a great group of new friends. With that in mind, here are a few things you should check out once you start. FIRST YEAR TRANSITION PROGRAM In Science, we are a very large community. The transition program allows you to meet lots of other friendly science students before you begin your studies as well as in your first weeks of university. The transition program consists of the science students’ workshop and SLAM lunches with senior students. sydney.edu.au/science/cstudent/ ug/student_experience/firstyear_ transition_program The Science Students’ Workshop is a one-day event in late February (just before orientation week) and is an opportunity to meet with students

who will be in your classes and get valuable advice on what to expect at uni. There’s even a special session for parents to talk to them about the uni, how we work and advice on how to support you through your studies. A great addition to our transition program is the SLAM Lunches. It’s a chance to get together with our senior students who are there to answer your questions, provide support and point you in the right direction during your first weeks at uni. STUDENT SOCIETIES Student societies play a big role in student life at Sydney. There are so many to choose from! There’s one to suit every student – whether you like chess, chocolate, juggling or something a little more academic there is a society of people waiting for you. The faculty-wide societies are: AgSoc – is an undergraduate society that organises a number of formal functions including a ball and dinner, together with barbecues, wine tastings,

Student Societies play a big role in student life at Sydney. There are so many to choose from!

harbour cruises and even sports teams for interfaculty sports competitions. sydney.edu.au/agriculture/about_us/clubs_societies/ agricultural_society.shtml

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SCIENCE CURRENT STUDENT SURVEY STATS

SciSoc – provides the perfect environment for meeting other science students (there are thousands of them!), socialising and making new friends. There’s fortnightly lunchtime BBQs on campus, a fortnightly publication (Aqua Regia) for news on cutting edge science and upcoming socials, trivia and movie nights, debates and cocktail parties, and The Bucky Ball. sydney.edu.au/science/cstudent/ug/student_experience/ scisoc

In 2010, the Faculty of Science surveyed their current students to evaluate the awareness, demand and effectiveness of the Faculty’s student services and transition programs for different cohorts of students. The results were interesting:

Science Revue – was established in 2005 to showcase the creative talents of the students of the Faculty of Science. A revue is a variety show with skits, music and dance based around contemporary news and issues, university life and the faculty on which it is based. A comic science-based theme is chosen each year for the show – last year’s was “NASAblanca”. www.sciencerevue.org

19% of respondents say having peer support networks (people in the same field) helped make transition to uni easier.

VetSoc – is a student activity society on campus that runs a number of events each year including the Spring Carnival Keg, the Rubix Cube Keg, the Vet Cruise and a third year half way dinner. The annual publication, The Centaur, showcases the events and highlights of the year. sydney.edu.au/vetscience/vetsoc

28% of respondents say attending O Week and other transition and orientation programs helped make transition to uni easier.

25% say opportunities to meet students would help ease their transition to uni. 44% of respondents thought about their future career whilst at uni. 50% of students most prefer receiving career information from professionals working in their desired field.

6 There are so many options available to you at Sydney. You don’t need to know what you want to do from day one.

HOW YOU CAN GET MORE FROM YOUR COURSE & CAREER At Sydney we offer a number of programs and options that will really add value to your course and career prospects. There are a number of events and academic options available to you:

JUMPSTART YOUR SCIENCE CAREER An annual event where academics and industry leaders come together to talk about a range of careers available in different sectors – and how to get there. There are also built-in networking sessions where you can network with prospective employers and also seek advice on your career trajectory (or path). sydney.edu.au/science/career/events

STUDY OVERSEAS Ever thought about travelling overseas? Why not study overseas? Get a valuable international experience whilst earning your degree! We have over 250 exchange partners in 30 countries to choose from. In science, there is also a $5,000 scholarship to help you get there. An international exchange gives your education a global flavour, can enhance your academic opportunities and develop an international network, improve your language skills and cultural understanding in additional to personal development opportunities. sydney.edu.au/current_students/ student_exchange/

“I spent my Honours year researching livelihood, education and migration choices on a remote island in Vanuatu. It was a fantastic opportunity to apply my interest in development geography in the field and to gain an insight into the academic world – it was a challenging and enjoyable culmination to my undergraduate experience.” KATHERINE WILSON BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (ADVANCED MATHEMATICS) & BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS 1), 2010 UNIVERSITY MEDAL IN GEOGRAPHY ASSOCIATE, THE BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP

HONOURS Honours is a widely recognised and highly regarded additional year of undergraduate study. It provides you with a unique opportunity to explore your research potential by designing and independent project and producing a thesis of your work. sydney.edu.au/agriculture/future_ postgraduates/honours.shtml sydney.edu.au/science/cstudent/ug/ course/honours

SCIENCE TALENTED STUDENT PROGRAM (TSP) The TSP offers you the opportunity to maximise your intellectual growth and potential through greater course flexibility, undergraduate research opportunities, networking opportunities and an academic mentor to provide advice and direction. There are also opportunities to accelerate your study. Entry is by invitation from the Dean of Science, and is based on achieving an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) of 99 or above and excellent results in HSC Science or Mathematics. TSP Coordinator, Associate Professor Tony Masters [email protected] sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/ undergrad/tsp

ADVANCED UNITS OF STUDY If you’re really interested in the sciences, and think you’ll get a high ATAR the Bachelor of Science (Advanced) is a unique program that allows you to study most majors at a higher level. Even studying combined science with another course gives you this opportunity. We also try to be flexible, so anyone interested in studying these advanced units is able to – as long as they meet the academic criteria.

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FINANCIAL SUPPORT & ACADEMIC PREPARATION We also try to be flexible, so anyone interested in studying these advanced units is able to – as long as they meet the academic criteria.

As a prospective student there are a number of things you should consider when choosing where to study. They include financial support options, academic preparation and intensive programs, and student services.

PRIZES & SCHOLARSHIPS The University of Sydney offers more than 500 scholarships to undergraduate students every year! There are lots of different types of scholarships for both Australian and international students – academic merit, access, leadership, sports and many more. In addition to the university-wide scholarships our division also offers a range of scholarships. The Faculty of Agriculture and Environment offer two unique sustainability scholarships - Environmental Sustainability and Rural Sustainability - aimed at helping students who may find the financial constraints a barrier to uni study. Scholarships office: T +61 2 8627 8450 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/scholarships/

BRIDGING COURSES Are you concerned that you haven’t completed the correct subjects at school? Or that it’s been a while since you studied and you might be a little rusty? In the sciences, we know that a number of our students don’t feel that they have the foundation for tertiary science so we run a suite of bridging courses - biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics - just prior to the start of semester one (February). sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/ undergrad/entry/bridging

SUMMER SCHOOL Sydney Summer School is an intensive study period - similar to a semester, but much more concentrated - which provides you with an opportunity to catch up on required units. STUDENT SERVICES At Sydney we want to ensure you are supported, and we don’t just mean academically. We offer a range of services including: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander student support; accommodation information service; careers centre; childcare; chaplains; counselling and psychological services; disability services; financial assistance, scholarships and student safety. sydney.edu.au/current_students/ student_services/index

“As part of the TSP I’m working on a computer simulation to model sleep in the brain, to try and understand why some animals such as dolphins can sleep with only half their brain. Through the TSP, I’m also taking a research project over the summer holidays at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, to study ROMESH ABEYSURIYA BACHELOR OF SCIENCE photonic crystals for TSP STUDENT use in optics.”

INDUSTRIES & SECTORS 10


HOW TO USE THIS SECTION: Many students want to know what career they can pursue once they graduate. The following 44 pages will show just some of the possibilities that are available to you.

A MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF SCIENTIST OF AUSTRALIA, PROFESSOR IAN CHUBB

Science is integral to every part of our lives. It explains and improves our food, our health, our sport, our environment, our philosophies. It provides an understanding of the world around us, how we fit into it, a way to imagine what directions we might take and the threats and the opportunities facing our world. But science is more than physics formulas, chemical equations and the periodic table it embodies a way of thinking about the world, a way to draw conclusions that are fully justifiable in the face of contention because they are based on evidence. Scientific thinking encourages robust debate of ideas. It demands critical thinking and evaluation, necessary for law, journalism, politics and commerce. It is inherently creative and imaginative, valuable to the arts, teaching and entrepreneurship. And it creates a cohort

of students who have the skills and the instinct to challenge ideas, demanding high quality evidence before subscribing to another’s interests. The students that choose science now, are the students that will lead Australia to success in our future. And this future may be different from how you ever imagined. Twenty years ago, the internet, stem cell science and cloning were barely to be seen. But our imagination and creativity was in place. Only our imagination will limit the directions science will lead us in as we head towards 2015. By choosing science, you are choosing a future of discovery and a future of value to every single Australian. Good luck. Professor Ian Chubb AC Chief Scientist of Australia

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AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & FISHERIES “You are learning across disciplines and how they stitch together, to help provide solutions to big problems.” PROFESSOR IAN CHUBB, AUSTRALIA’S CHIEF SCIENTIST Agricultural science graduates will address the most important challenges facing us today: the supply of food, water, and energy in the face of a changing climate. Graduates work on Australian farms, in Australian agricultural companies and as research scientists in Australia and overseas. They are employed with commodity groups, banks, local and international agribusinesses, and government departments. They work as advisors, economists, scientists, teachers, traders, in policy, and as communicators. They are pioneering emerging areas like carbon trading and water trading, and they undertake many roles in managing Australia’s natural resources. Agriculture is a mainstay of the nation, generating commodities with a gross value of nearly $50 billion annually, providing 12 to 15 per cent of the country’ s exports. Despite the drought, agriculture remained a thriving sector of the economy. While other areas of the economy struggle with productivity, agriculture has continued to relentlessly increase in productivity, due in large part to the nation’s highlyskilled agricultural scientists and allied professionals, and the investment in research and development. But agriculture is coming under increasing pressure to produce more food and fibre in a more sustainable way. That means using less water, less energy, less land, less additional nutrients and producing fewer greenhouse gases while farmers act as stewards of the land and its biodiversity. Australia is a world-leading exporter of commodities such as wheat, beef, wine

and wool. Australia is also a significant exporter of agricultural science expertise and technology. Australian farmers are world leaders in their efficiency and adoption of technology. Jim Pratley, from the Australian Council of Deans of Agriculture, says agriculture has always been complex, but in the 21st century the degree of complexity has intensified. He says farmers and their advisors face increasing challenges including managing climate variability and drought, landscape sustainability and native vegetation, and playing a role in the carbon economy.

Australia will face degradation of arable land, urban sprawl, changing temperature and rainfall patterns and the country cannot afford to be without people who have the expertise to help it adapt.

Australia’s Chief Scientist, Professor Ian Chubb, believes agricultural science is an interesting, broadlybased degree. “You are not learning in substantial detail the facts of one particular discipline, you are learning across disciplines and how they stitch together, to help provide solutions to big problems.”

diet of as many as 400 million people through the export of its agricultural science and technology.

He says those big inter-disciplinary problems include food, irrigation and climate change.

Professor Chubb says Australia has an international reputation for agricultural research excellence. That research drives improvements in agricultural productivity, reduces poverty and has an important role in meeting the challenge of global food security. He argues our agricultural talents and skills are critical to Australia retaining its position “as a responsible global citizen with an influence in world affairs”.

Professor Chubb says Australia will face changing circumstances – degradation of arable land, urban sprawl, changing temperature and rainfall patterns – and the country cannot afford to be without people who have the expertise to help it adapt. He also points out Australia has traditionally played a substantial role in helping feed many millions around the world, a role that will be critically important as the world’s population increases. Australia currently produces enough food to help feed around 60 million people, and contributes to the

But Professor Chubb worries that Australia is at risk of losing its agricultural capacity. In 2010 there were just 743 graduates in agricultural science but over 4500 agricultural science jobs were advertised.

“If you were looking for a wide and varied suite of career options, then in many respects the approach that is taken in a lot of agricultural sciences is the sort of approach that opens opportunities for you,” Professor Chubb says.

GRADUATE PROFILE: ANDREW MCDONALD International Beef Trader, Nippon Meat Packers When Andrew McDonald applied for his job as an international beef trader with Nippon Meat Packers, he says the job description “pretty much ticked every box of what I did at university and what I liked”. Andrew studied for a Bachelor of Agricultural Economics between 1998 and 2001. He was interested in an economics and business-based degree, “but I also had an interest in dealing more in tangible goods and the country side of things”. He enjoyed the professional placements during his studies. “I worked in a winery, a macadamia farm, a dairy farm, as well as touring the Murray River Basin. You get to learn a lot and get some hands-on experience.” Academically, his focus was on economics, international trade and marketing “and I walked into a job where I am internationally marketing Australian products.” Nippon Meat Packers exports beef products to 34 countries. Andrew thinks studying agricultural economics gave him an advantage. “There are probably 10,000 students a year graduating with a business degree, whereas there is only 50 or 60 coming out with an agricultural economics degree in NSW. You automatically differentiate yourself, which is a good thing.”

AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (also known as Ag Institute Australia) –– Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society –– Agribusiness Association of Australia –– The Economic Society of Australia –– Australian Society of Horticultural Science –– Australia and New Zealand Society of Ecological Economics Accreditation schemes It is not necessary to register for accreditation to work as an agricultural scientist, consultant or economist. The Ag Institute Australia, together with the Australian Association of Agricultural Consultants, runs an accreditation scheme, CPAg or Certified Practicing Agriculturalist. This will be replaced in 2014 with AgCredited. It is available

to all agricultural and natural resource management professionals. Statistics Agriculture and the related food and beverage manufacturing, employs 536,000 directly, with 27,000 working in agricultural support industries. Starting salaries: –– Agricultural consultant: $40,000-52,000 –– Agricultural Scientist: $42,000-50,000 –– Agricultural Technician: $40,000-48,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Agricultural Economics (p58) –– B Animal and Veterinary Bioscience (p64) –– B Environmental Systems (p58) –– B Resource Economics (p59) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) Our majors –– Agricultural Science (p71) –– Agricultural Systems (p71) –– Biology (p74) –– Environmental Studies (p77) –– Farming Systems (p78) –– Geography (p79) –– Geology and Geophysics (p80) –– Livestock Production (p82) –– Marine Biology, Geoscience and Science (p83) –– Natural Terrestrial Systems (p86) –– Soil Science (p91)

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ASTRONOMY “The best thing about a career in astronomy is that there’s never any danger of getting bored or of running out of things to work on.” PROFESSOR BRYAN GAENSLER, DIRECTOR OF THE ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR ALL-SKY ASTROPHYSICS Discovering how stars change as they age, unravelling how the universe began and is evolving, and investigating black holes are just some of the amazing topics astronomers tackle in their jobs. Probing our universe and revealing its fundamental features is a key area of scientific research – and it’s remarkable how much is yet to be understood. Australia has a strong astronomy industry, with astronomers working at observatories, universities, research organisations such as the CSIRO, and museums. Australian astronomers produce internationally acclaimed research and run world class facilities. The future of astronomy in Australia is exciting, with our nation being one of two finalist countries being chosen to host the Square Kilometre Array – a multi-billion dollar facility that will be the most powerful telescope ever built. Many Australian astronomers are eminent leaders in the field, including Brian Schmidt who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011 for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae. “The best thing about a career in astronomy is that there’s never any danger of getting bored or of running out of things to work on. What we know about the Universe is completely dwarfed by all the things we don’t know. When I wake up each morning, I can never predict what surprising new thing I might discover that day,” says Professor Bryan Gaensler, Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) and based in the School of Physics at the University of Sydney.

“Australia has a very healthy and rapidly growing astronomy community, which has established itself as one of the world leaders in the field. Our particular strengths are both in traditional optical astronomy and in radio astronomy,” says Professor Gaensler. “Some of the most powerful radio telescopes in the world are in NSW and in WA, while our astronomers are world-renowned for their innovation and technical brilliance in building cutting-edge cameras and other instrumentation for the world’s biggest optical telescopes around the globe.” Most astronomers have science degrees with a major in physics or specifically in astronomy. Graduates with computer science, mathematics and engineering majors are also employed in the astronomy industry. “There are lots of exciting developments in astronomy in Australia. In optical astronomy, a new telescope called SkyMapper, based near Coonabarabran, is about to begin taking data. SkyMapper will provide a spectacular new way of looking at the sky by covering huge swathes of space in just a few minutes, allowing us to discover rare and dramatic events that have not previously been known about,” says Professor Gaensler. Australia is also a 10 per cent partner in the Giant Magellan Telescope – a project to build an enormous new observatory in Chile, to begin taking data in 2018. “In radio astronomy, we’re hoping the Square Kilometre Array will be built in outback Western Australia and Australian astronomers have already built some cutting-edge prototype telescopes on that site to demonstrate

Australian astronomers produce internationally acclaimed research and run world class facilities such as the Australia Telescope Compact Array (right).

the superb ‘radio quietness’ of this part of the country and to showcase our technical innovation. The Square Kilometre Array will answer fundamental questions about dark matter, dark energy and the origin of life.” A rapidly growing new area in Australian astronomy is supercomputing. Astronomers are now turning on some of the world’s most powerful supercomputers, designed to perform massive simulations of the entire Universe, and to process unprecedented amounts of data from new telescopes. ‘Space and Astronomy’ is one of three priorities identified in the Australian Government’s Super Science Initiative

– the others being ‘Marine and Climate’ and ‘Future Industries’ – indicating the importance of astronomy in Australia. INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– The Astronomical Society of Australia –– Astronomy Australia Ltd Statistics –– Australia has invested more than $400 million in the last few years in both innovative wide-field telescopes and the powerful computers needed to process the resulting torrents of data. –– 16 professional observatories are run in Australia, which host numerous telescopes.

Starting salary: $65,000 + Source: University HR Classification, Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science (Advanced Mathematics) (p61) Our majors –– Computer Science (p76) –– Mathematics (p83) –– Physics (p88)

GRADUATE PROFILE: PETER EDMONDS Press Scientist, Chandra X-Ray Centre, Cambridge, USA Peter Edmonds has a stellar career – working in astronomy means he deals with stars every day! After majoring in physics and doing Honours research in astronomy, followed by PhD research searching for pulsations from stars, Peter moved to the US for his first postdoctoral fellowship and has been there since. He now works at the Chandra X-ray Centre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which operates NASA’s flagship mission for X-ray astronomy. The Chandra X-ray Observatory orbits the Earth and detects X-ray emissions from very hot regions of the Universe such as exploded stars, clusters of galaxies, and matter around black holes. “As Press Scientist for Chandra, my job involves searching for the most exciting and important research that is being done with Chandra. I help produce press releases, press conferences and graphics to explain this research,” said Peter. “I enjoy this work because I’m learning all the time and because we have the ability to reach – and hopefully intrigue and inspire – large numbers of people.” Peter decided to pursue a career in astronomy after an inspiring talk given by Lawrence Cram, then head of astrophysics at the University of Sydney, to his third year physics class. “As an astronomer, I have worked with data from two of the greatest observatories mankind has built, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescope. It’s the only field where you can say, without a trace of irony or exaggeration, that the sky’s the limit!”

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BIOTECHNOLOGY “The promise of biotechnologies that are now within our reach to enhance and extend our lives is astounding.” DR ANNA LAVELLE, CEO OF AUSBIOTECH

Biotechnology combines biology and technology to produce new products. It harnesses the distinct functions of living cells – from simple bacteria and yeasts, to complex organisms like plants and animals – in order to improve our lives and the health of the planet.

beer, and to preserve dairy products. Today, biotechnology is used in human therapeutics, the agriculture sector, food technology, and medical devices and diagnostics. It also plays an important role in producing clean technologies including recycling and renewable energy.

Biotechnology is an ancient art as well as a modern science. For thousands of years people have used biological processes to make food products, such as bread, cheese, wine and

Dr Anna Lavelle, CEO of AusBiotech, Australia’s biotechnology industry organisation, says that biotechnology is a global industry of the future. “The promise of biotechnologies that are

GRADUATE PROFILE: MATTHEW QUEK Account Manager, Bio-Rad Laboratories Matthew Quek completed a Bachelor of Science (Honours) at the University of Sydney, and sees first hand how exciting the applications of biotechnology can be. “Undergrad science is obviously the solid foundation to any future career in biotechnology. But what sets biotechnology apart from other disciplines is how applied it can be. Biotechnology is all about bringing scientific research to the fore and using discoveries to benefit society as a whole. It is this process of idea conception to realising its application in the real world that makes biotechnology truly exciting and unique.” Matthew says that studying science at Sydney gave him the essential problem solving and critical thinking skills that can really be applied to any career path. “Since these skills are so widely applicable, the career opportunities are many and varied. Many of my friends interested in biotechnology went on to do PhDs while others moved into industry sales, market consulting or teaching.” After completing his Honours year Matthew moved straight into industry, and now works as an account manager for the diagnostics division of Bio-Rad Laboratories, a company that supplies diagnostic products to hospitals and private pathology laboratories. Matthew found that the people he met and the overall atmosphere at the University of Sydney made it a wonderful place to be. “I’m sure it’s been said before, but university isn’t just about the study, it’s an experience. The friends you make contribute as much to your education as the lecturers. The great thing I found at Sydney was that I was able to balance study with taking part in a range of sports and social clubs. I would highly recommend any future students to get involved with this side of uni life, as it’s extremely rewarding.”

Employment opportunities exist in new biotechnology companies as well as in existing industries that are incorporating new biotechnologies into their operations.

now within our reach to enhance and extend our lives is astounding” says Lavelle. Jobs in the biotechnology industry are diverse, highly-skilled and well paid. The interdependence of business and science is creating a growing industry. According to Lavelle, “people with both an understanding of the bio-sciences and business are in high demand. There are jobs in laboratories, clinical trial applications, policy and business development roles for people with bio-sciences training, just to name a few.” Australia is the leading location for biotechnology companies in the AsiaPacific. There are currently well over 1,500 biotechnology companies in the country, including 450 therapeutic and diagnostic companies and 600–1,000 medical technology companies. This translates to more than 40,000 Australian jobs in the biotechnology and pharmaceuticals sector, and at least another 10,000 jobs in the medical technology sector. Additionally, there are many thousands more jobs in the agricultural and industrial biotechnology sectors. As in many other science-related fields, postgraduate qualifications are highly beneficial and often essential. A sample of the career opportunities in biotechnology-related fields is outlined below: –– Agricultural scientist: studies agricultural productivity and food safety, explores ways to improve crop yield, control pests and weeds and conserve soil and water; potentially investigates the use of agricultural products for fuels –– Biotechnologist/life scientist: tests and analyses biological compounds that can be transformed into products such as medicines –– Environmental scientist: analyses measurements of air, food, water and soil to determine the best methods to clean and preserve the environment and minimise health hazards

–– Food technologist/food scientist: works on quality, safety and innovation of foods, e.g. analysing the nutritional and chemical content of food products, developing methods for the preservation of freshness, altering the characteristics of foods –– Research and development officer/scientist: plans, designs and coordinates research and development for specific programs; may be involved in developing systems and trials to refine and optimise operations or products AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– AusBiotech –– Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) –– The Australian Society for Microbiology Statistics Biotechnology in Australia is a rapidly developing industry with strong state and federal government support for innovation. Starting salaries: –– Life scientist: $50,000–60,000 –– Science technician: $42,000–55,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Animal and Veterinary Bioscience (p64) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) Our majors –– Biochemistry (p73) –– Bioinformatics (p73) –– Biology (p74) –– Cell pathology (p74) –– Chemistry (p75) –– Mathematics (p83) –– Microbiology (p84) –– Nanoscience and Technology (p85) –– Physics (p88)

Biotechnology is used everywhere, from medical diagnostics to food technology.

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BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT & CONSULTANCY “Science graduates, especially with postgraduate qualifications, gain the fundamental skills required to succeed in the consulting industry.” NEVILLE BAGOT, MANAGING DIRECTOR OF THIRD HORIZON CONSULTING PARTNERS

Consulting allows an individual to work on a range of problems across diverse industries, building up a strong skills base.

For new graduates entering today’s work force, management is one the largest, most varied, and most interesting areas of work available. Reduced to its essence, management is the process of managing people and resources in businesses. In practice, business careers in management are immensely varied, and can range from working one-on-one with individuals (e.g. as a human resources manager) to emphasising risk-taking and creative decision-making (e.g. starting and owning a business).

a jump of 5 per cent in revenue – job prospects for graduates are even better.

With a detailed understanding how specific management roles differ, you can pick the management job that best suits your skills and personality. Do you love risk? Then entrepreneurship is the job for you. Are you a visionary who wants to be a boss today and the boss’s boss tomorrow? Being a general manager may fit your personality. Are you driven by ideas and a strong desire to have a positive impact on clients? You might be perfect for management consultancy.

“Science graduates, especially with postgraduate qualifications, gain the fundamental skills required to succeed in the consulting industry, including analytical and logical reasoning, and complex data analysis,” he says.

In fact, the popular field of management consultancy is a rewarding career destination for science graduates. Management consultancies, according to the Managing Director of Third Horizon Consulting Partners, Neville Bagot, “provide expert resources to organisations to deal with specific problems that they either don’t have the skills to deal with themselves, or simply don’t have enough hands for.” Since consulting is a growing field with an even brighter future predicted – this year 35,000 consultants will sell $8 billion of advice in Australia alone,

Mr Bagot says that anybody who enjoys being challenged, is resourceful and has a passion for problem solving will find management consultancy a rewarding career. Science graduates, he says, are definitely part of that pool and are an important component of the workforce at Third Horizon, named in the 2010 BRW Fast 100 List with offices opening in London and Hong Kong.

“We’ve currently got a consultant with a PhD in Mathematical Biology helping create the new Transport for NSW department, and another consultant who went from studying the genetics and behaviour of honey bees to recently helping a large consumer goods company prepare to purchase another company.” INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE Professional bodies –– Institute of Management Consultants –– International Council of Management Consulting Institutes –– Australian Institute of Management –– Australian Institute of Company Directors Government Resources for starting and growing your business: www.business.gov.au

Statistics The Australian Management Consultancy Industry: Employs 35,000 people. Revenue: $8 billion per year The worldwide consulting services industry generates about $300 billion in revenue annually. Starting Management Consultant salary: $50,000-$80,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Agricultural Economics (p58) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Psychology (p63) –– B Resource Economics (p59) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science (Advanced Mathematics) (p61) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59)

Our majors –– Agribusiness (p68) –– Agricultural Economics (p69) –– Agricultural Finance (p69) –– Financial Mathematics and Statistics (p78) –– Mathematics (p83) –– Resource Economics (p90) –– Psychology (p90) –– Statistics (p91)

Also see the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and the University of Sydney Business School.

GRADUATE PROFILE: VINCENT LAM CEO and Founder, AsiaRay When he started his company 18 years ago, Vincent Lam had no idea he was doing it in the right place at the right time. As CEO and founder of one of the largest outdoor advertising agencies in the Greater China region, AsiaRay, Vincent has grown the company from its birth in 1993 to the behemoth it is today. With over 500 employees in 31 offices, AsiaRay’s growth will only continue as it is perfectly poised to ride the wave of China’s flourishing economy. Vincent’s entrepreneurial journey started at the University of Sydney, not in business, but with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) in computer science, which he later followed with a Master of Commerce at UNSW. A few years after university, he took the fortuitous opportunity to work in China at the invitation of a friend. While there, he was introduced to the parent of another friend, who offered to help Vincent start a business in advertising. From this small beginning, Vincent has created a business that is today responsible for the advertising billboards and light boxes in 30 airports, 6 metro lines and hundreds of highways and downtown streets in China and Hong Kong. Although Vincent’s undergraduate training was in science, he says the analytical skills learnt during his degree, particularly in Honours, were indispensible to helping him navigate the mechanics of running a business. “I learnt how to work independently and how to solve problems, which has come in use every day of my working life.”

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CONSERVATION “The role of conservation is really to reverse the decline in our natural capital.” ATTICUS FLEMING, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY

Made famous by crusaders like David Attenborough, Jane Goodall and Steve Irwin, conservation is the best-known and often popular field within the environmental industry. Conservation focuses on the preservation of habitats, biodiversity and ecosystems – with an emphasis on the biology of the environment. Working in this sector can also involve assessing land for biodiversity value or building development. Not all conservation roles are outdoors; some include managing volunteers and community engagement – a key element in this popular sector – as well as staffing visitor centres and headquarter offices. Australia has more than 9,400 protected areas – covering nearly 14 per cent of the country’s total land mass. This

considerable regulatory responsibility underscores the critical role of professionals in managing these areas. Atticus Fleming, Chief Executive of Australian Wildlife Conservancy, stresses the urgency of growing Australia’s conservation sector, “Australia has been blessed with natural capital. Our flora and fauna are considered mega diverse and many of them are found only in this country. But, our record over the last 100 years in preserving that capital has been lamentable. The role of conservation is really to reverse the decline in our natural capital.” Mr Fleming believes that science is essential to effective conservation. He says the sector looks for science

GRADUATE PROFILE: DR ALEX DIMENT Capacity Builder and Development Officer, Flora and Fauna International Last year, in a remote corner of Tajikistan, camera traps captured rare footage of five snow leopards. The extraordinary photos (top right) were the result of a biodiversity survey led by Dr Alex Diment, Capacity Builder and Development Officer for the conservation organisation Flora and Fauna International. With a conservation career that has taken him around the world, Alex’s journey began by majoring in biology at the University of Oxford followed by a Master of Applied Science at Sydney. After five years working in Cambodia, Alex returned to Sydney for a PhD studying invasive foxes. Here he developed expertise in camera trapping and genetic analysis, which Alex says was his “calling card” in winning his current job. “Being an expert on a particular technique or species really helps in this industry,” he says. Despite long hours in the field and frequent travel – clocking up 100 days away a year – Alex’s job gives him a sense of excitement and wonder of the world, and an enormous satisfaction from doing something worthwhile.

graduates who have strong skills and a pragmatic approach to the job. “We want graduates who have great technical ability, but also those who are passionate about conservation, practical, and enjoy being in the bush.” Conservation professionals are principally employed by the public sector, including, the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, which manages the conservation of Australia’s biodiversity. Each state or territory has an environment department and may also have an Environmental Protection Authority. There are also regional natural resource management bodies and local councils who employ people conservation professionals.

Australia has more than 9,400 protected areas – covering nearly 14 per cent of the country.

Rare footage of a snow leopard, photographed by Dr Alex Diment’s survey group

Not-for-profit organisations employ environmental professionals in a wide variety of jobs on both private and public land, including the management of developing habitats, and coastline. They also employ professionals to respond to critical situations, such as overseeing threatened species, rescuing wildlife, and managing fire. National park rangers recently achieved major conservation successes, bringing back a number of species from the brink of extinction, including Lord Howe Island’s woodhen, the Norfolk Island boobook owl and the Phillip Island hibiscus. Conservation and not-for-profit organisations often have internships or volunteering programs. These are an ideal way to develop networks and skills in the field, and are how most conservation professionals have entered the industry. Mr Flemming agrees volunteering is an invaluable first step in seeking employment in the industry, and says that internships are “a genuine mechanism for getting work experience and then winning a conservation job at the end of it.”

AT A GLANCE

PATHWAYS

Industry bodies –– Ecological Society of Australia (ESA) –– Society for Conservation Biology –– Conservation Volunteers Australia –– National Trust of Australia –– Australian Conservation Foundation

Our courses –– B Animal and Veterinary Bioscience (p64) –– B Environmental Systems (p58) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) –– B Veterinary Science (p65)

Government bodies –– Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities –– NSW Office of Environment and Heritage –– Environment Protection Authority (EPA) NSW Statistics Environmental jobs in Australia have been growing steadily over the last five years. The Australian Government’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy plans to achieve a 25 per cent increase in the number of Australians, public and private organisations that participate in biodiversity conservation activities by 2015. New technology (satellite remote sensing, advanced computer modelling) is bringing a wealth of opportunity to the sector, providing more interesting aspects to conservation roles and opportunities to develop skills. Salary: Conservation officer: $40,000-$52,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

Our majors –– Agricultural Chemistry (p68) –– Agricultural Genetics (p70) –– Agricultural Science (p71) –– Agricultural Systems (p71) –– Biology (p74) –– Entomology (p76) –– Environmental Studies (p77) –– Farming Systems (p78) –– Geography (p79) –– Geology and Geophysics (p80) –– Horticulture (p81) –– Livestock Production (p82) –– Marine Biology, Geoscience and Science (p83) –– Natural Terrestrial Systems (p86) –– Soil Science (p91)

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EDUCATION & TRAINING “Your passion for science will ignite the interests of students and will encourage them to pursue careers in science, which is really important for Australia’s future.” DR STEPHEN ZANDER, PRESIDENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION Effective public and political discourse about complex issues depends on a shared understanding of facts and good communication. It has never been more important for science to be taught well by trained experts. Many of Australia’s leading scientists describe the classroom as the first place they accessed scientific discovery and experimentation, where their interest in science was born and nurtured. Science teachers have a direct impact on the number and quality of scientists working in Australia, as well as the overall scientific literacy of the community. They have an essential role in maintaining and promoting the role of science in society. Dr Stephen Zander, President of the Australian Science Teachers Association agrees. “As a science teacher you have the opportunity of exposing students to the latest scientific breakthroughs and the knowledge that really makes a difference to our everyday lives. Your passion for science will ignite the interest of students and will hopefully encourage them to pursue careers in science, which is really important for Australia’s future,” he says. Education specialists are also found outside the classroom. Many decide to work in research, curriculum and policy development, corporate training and educational administration. Science educators can also be found teaching curriculum linked shows and workshops in museums, zoos, outdoor education centers and on the road with programs like Questacon’s travelling Science Circus and Smart Moves. An Australian education qualification is internationally recognised, and provides excellent opportunities for work overseas. Teachers and educators

are highly employable, usually with good working conditions, holidays, long service leave and family friendly hours.

Diploma or Master of Teaching, both of which will involve practical classroom training.

To be formally recognised as a teacher, science graduates need to combine their science degree with a Bachelor of Education or complete an extra qualification such as a Graduate

A range of government incentives and scholarships exist to encourage more people to consider a career in education, especially in rural and remote areas.

GRADUATE PROFILE: TILLY BOLEYN Science Education Officer, Powerhouse Museum Tilly Boleyn loved studying science and assumed, like many of her fellow students, that her future career would predominantly involve bossing around lab rats or collecting samples in a distant field station. She was astonished to learn about the varied and amazing adventures that the combination of science training, passion for the subject and communication skills opened up for her. Tilly completed her Bachelor of Science with Honours in Microbiology at the University of Sydney, and her dinner party conversation can still turn without warning - to the microevolution of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in response to antifungal agents. She worked as a researcher before trading in her love/hate relationship with pipettes and RNA extractions for the opportunity to bring science to the public through events, radio and television. You may have seen Tilly on various television breakfast shows and weather crosses, donating blood and singing the praises of the Australian Red Cross Blood Service when she was the Ambassador for the Frequent Donor Club. From there she moved behind the scenes to science communication as scientific researcher and backstage troublemaker for the ABC TV show Sleek Geeks, starring Adam Spencer and Dr Karl Kruszelnicki. In her next TV project Tilly moved in front of the camera, hosting and producing the Science Spectrum television series for TVS. Tilly cut her radio teeth on Sydney’s 2SER FM, starting off on Diffusion Science Radio before joining the ABC as a science broadcaster and event producer. During her time at the ABC Tilly managed the celebration of science, known as the Ultimo Science Festival. Over the past seven years the Festival has flourished as a vibrant, independent, cultural event that offers engagement, education and quality entertainment to over 17,000 participants each year. In her latest career move Tilly has shifted down the road from the ABC to the Powerhouse Museum. As the Science Education Officer she develops and produces science programs for museum visitors, school students and the community as part of the Ultimo Science Festival.

In NSW, primary and secondary teachers are required to be accredited with the NSW Institute of Teachers. AT A GLANCE Industry bodies/associations –– Australian Science Teachers Association (ASTA) –– Asssociation of Independent Schools of NSW –– Catholic Education office Government bodies –– NSW Department of Education and Communities (DEC) –– Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) –– NSW Institute of Teachers Statistics Starting salary: –– High school teacher: $57,000-60,000 Source: NSW Government School Classification

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Education (Secondary: Mathematics)/B Science* –– B Education (Secondary: Science)/B Science* –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Psychology (p63) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science (Advanced Mathematics) (p61) * See the Faculty of Education and Social Work. Our majors –– Biology (p74) –– Chemistry (p75) –– Geography (p79) –– Geology and Geophysics (p80) –– Mathematics (p83) –– Physics (p88)

Science teachers have a direct impact on the overall scientific literacy of the community.

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FINANCE, BANKING & INSURANCE “Individuals with a science background can develop unique and rewarding careers in the finance industry that cannot typically be achieved by those with conventional finance qualifications.” TOM PRICE, GLOBAL COMMODITIES ANALYST AT UBS AUSTRALIA

If you’re looking for excellent job prospects on top of a rich and rewarding career path, then it is worth considering the sector of financial services. Combining the fields of finance, banking and insurance, financial services is Australia’s largest industry, which contributes $129.8 billion to Australia’s $1.2 trillion economy and employs 400,000 Australians. Even with obvious changes in the current economic climate, Tom Price, Global Commodities Analyst at UBS Australia, agrees that as a source of employment, the financial services industry will always offer stability and diversity. “Although Australia’s finance sector is currently experiencing challenges, as the national economy comes under pressure from global trade weakness, high quality expertise is always in demand in this sector throughout the business cycle,” he says. Science-trained individuals are a major

source of this high quality expertise, because the analytical and numeric skills developed in a science degree – particularly model-based, applied mathematical skills – are entirely transferrable to the finance sector. Also, organisations see the benefit of having expertise from a range of academic backgrounds, including humanities and sciences, to add to their economics and finance base. “From UBS’s perspective, we actively seek skills from as wide a professional sphere as possible in order to enhance our research capability,” says Mr Price. “A dual-degree across science and finance, such as Bachelor of Science/Bachelor of Commerce, or an appropriate mix of education and industry experience will make you highly sought after by organisations such as UBS,” says Mr Price. Further, he adds that science training can even give you an added edge and will open doors to a range of employment possibilities in finance.

“Individuals with a science background can develop unique and rewarding careers in the finance industry that cannot typically be achieved by those with conventional finance qualifications – covering roles as diverse as analysis, consultancy and investment,” he says. Finance organisations certainly look for high-calibre graduates, but technical skills and academic results are not the only focus. “For UBS, degree subject is less important than a graduate’s ability to prove they can analyse problems, plan ahead, make decisions, demonstrate sound judgement, and communicate with others,” says Mr Price. “The other qualities UBS seeks in graduates are ambition, integrity, a commitment to accuracy and a desire to work as part of a friendly but driven team.” As a science student looking to branch into this industry, a number of financial services organisations offer holiday work experience programs for

Organisations see the benefit of having expertise from a range of academic backgrounds, including humanities and sciences, to add to their economics and finance base.

university students. Others, such as UBS, offer highly prized internships or graduate positions, and those who have not majored in economics or business are especially encouraged to apply. Although competition for these places can be intense, these programs offer an excellent entry point to an organisation, and are the best way to get a good overview of the industry and your chosen organisation.

–– Australian Securities and Investment Commission

INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE

Salary: –– Financial advisor/manager: $44,00060,000 –– Analyst: $45,000-65,000 –– Finance executives: $200,000 plus (depending upon the industry and the specific role)

Industry bodies –– Financial Services Institute of Australasia (Finsia) –– Australian Bankers’ Association –– Australian Financial Markets Association Government bodies –– Australian Government’s Department of Finance and Deregulation

Statistics –– The industry contributes $129.8 billion to Australia’s $1.2 trillion economy. –– The industry has been the largest industry contributor to the Australian economy since 2006. –– The industry currently employs over 400,000 people in Australia, 3.6 per cent of total employment.

Source: Graduate Careers Australia

GRADUATE PROFILE: TERRY MIU Investment Banking Analyst, Morgan Stanley Since childhood, Terry Miu has loved maths. So much so, that when it came time to choose a degree, Terry decided to study her favourite subject, even to the surprise of her parents. “When I told them I was majoring in maths, they said ‘Are you sure?’” remembers Terry. To combine her long-standing love for maths with her curiosity for the finance world, Terry enrolled in a Bachelor of Science majoring in financial maths. “For me, university was about doing something I was interested in, not restricting myself to a particular career path,” she says. In her second year, Terry decided that she wanted to pursue corporate finance, so she applied for an internship and was invited to interview at Morgan Stanley. After winning a place at the internship, Terry says she realised that a finance degree was not the only pathway to getting a job in corporate finance, but well-rounded candidates with different skill sets demonstrating a real interest in finance were also considered. At end of the internship, Terry was offered a full-time position and has been an Investment Banking Analyst for two years. She says the skills she forged during her degree in logical thinking, research, quantitative analysis, writing and presentation are indispensible to her current success. Terry advises any who feel they may too have a burning passion to work in finance, to “always do what interests you at university, because if you are doing what you love, then you’ll do well no matter what.” The content of this profile are views and opinions of Terry Miu in her personal capacity and not as a representative of Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley does not endorse this content.

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Agricultural Economics (p58) –– B Resource Economics (p59) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science (Advanced Mathematics) (p61) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) Also see the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and the University of Sydney Business School. Our majors –– Agribusiness (p68) –– Agricultural Economics (p69) –– Agricultural Finance (p69) –– Financial Mathematics and Statistics (p78) –– Resource Economics (p90) –– Statistics (p91)

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GOVERNMENT, DEFENCE & LEGAL “The interface between public policy law and science is something I encourage all students to think about.” PETER LEIHN, DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF THE NSW CHIEF SCIENTIST AND ENGINEER. Science has never been so important to our society. Science provides solutions for food production and service; mobile and information technologies; medical science; transport; housing; education; energy and the environment. But the real changes are only made when Governments, advised by scientists, legislate to enable the adoption of new technologies. Peter Leihn is the Director of the Office of the NSW Chief Scientist and Engineer. “Science can only do

so much,” he explains. “You need the policy environment to enforce change. You need programs. You need policy.” Mr Leihn’s undergraduate studies were motivated by the desire to conserve the beach environment he loved so much. His first job within Government was running the national GreenPower renewable energy program. “It was fantastic to take a program and raise the participation rates from about 180,000 to 750,000.” The program whetted his appetite for working in policy development and

he undertook a Masters Degree in Environmental Science and Law at the University of Sydney. “The interface between public policy law and science is something I encourage all students to think about,” he says. Science graduates also work with legal firms in the areas of patents, intellectual property and in some specialised areas like forensics. Mr Leihn says the role of his office is “to be independent advisors to the government. We can be called upon to review the science of others. We are

facilitators of research collaborations, we are funders of research and research infrastructure, so it is a fascinating role that changes every day. It has a high impact into the policy environment.” Mr Leihn says the State Government employs scientists from every faculty. The Department of Primary Industries (which covers agriculture, fisheries and forests); the Offices of Environment and Heritage, of Water and of Food Safety; the Ministry of Health; Innovation, Industry and Investment; the Institute of Sport; and Sydney Water Corporation all employ practising scientists. Many scientists work as policy advisors. “We have trained scientists who are interpreting the science for policy purposes,” Mr Leihn explains. “The basic skills that you get from a science degree are valuable, and they are applicable across a number of different roles within government.” On the Commonwealth level, the biggest employer of natural science graduates is the 6500 strong CSIRO, 1900 of whom are scientists. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry employs graduates from

virtually every area of natural sciences, with an emphasis on candidates with good communication and team working skills. The Department of Industry, Innovation, Science Research and Tertiary Education and the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities are also major employers of natural science graduates. The Defence Science and Technology Organisation has a staff of 2500. Chief Operating Officer, Dr Len Sciacca, explains “we tackle difficult defence problems. We bring together people from different backgrounds; material sciences, mathematicians, computer scientists, electrical engineers, psychologists and more recently biomedical people as well.” Dr Sciacca says scientists often work together in multidisciplinary teams. He says although many problems they must solve are mathematical, there other aspects to cover. “DSTO seeks out talented people with a variety of science backgrounds who can exercise innovative thinking and who possess analytical and problemsolving skills,” Dr Sciacca says.

Other Government agencies that employ of science graduates include the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Geosciences Australia, The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the MurrayDarling Basin Authority. Mr Leihn points out there are more options for science graduates than wearing a lab coat. He says working in Government as a policy advisor is one way science graduates can help make a difference. “Science is so broad now there is virtually no policy that won’t benefit from science or at least scientific process in a presentation of evidence to decision makers,” he says. AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology –– Agricultural Economic and Resource Economics –– The Economic Society of Australia –– The Society of Biology –– Royal Australian Chemical Institute –– Australian Computer Society –– Geographical Society of NSW –– Australian Institute of Marine Science –– Australian Mathematical Society –– Australian Institute of Physics –– Australian Psychological Society –– Australian Institute of Medical Scientists Statistics –– 18 per cent national workforce in public sector –– 29,000 employed in 2009 (administration and safety roles)

GRADUATE PROFILE: MATTHEW FRANCIS R&D Scientist, IPS Radio & Space Services, Bureau of Meteorology Matt Francis did not plan to end up as an R&D Scientist at IPS Radio & Space Services in the Bureau of Meteorology. But his studies prepared him well for his work. “The research and modelling and problem-solving skills are the important thing, more than the actual knowledge.” After a double degree in arts and science he undertook a PhD in computational cosmology. For the last couple of years he has worked on space weather, studying solar flares that can affect high frequency radio signals, disrupt GPS signals and even knock out power grids, like they did in Quebec, Canada, in 1989. “There are a lot of potentially very catastrophic things that don’t happen very often. We have systems in place to alert people for 1 in 100 year events.” Solar flares have an 11 year cycle, and in late 2012, early 2013 they will reach their maximum. Matt reassures this episode looks like being “very, very mild.” But people are far more dependent on technologies like GPS and mobile phones today. “There is an increasing concern in the community about whether or not it is being taken seriously enough, but it is still pretty low risk,” Matt says.

Salaries: Based on area of study: –– Agricultural Sciences: $48,300 –– Biological/microbial sciences: $50,000 –– Economics: $50,000 –– Environment: $50,000 –– Geology or Geophysics: $50,400 –– IT: $52,000 –– Medical sciences: $55,000 –– Physics: $50,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia, Australian Government

PATHWAYS Our courses –– All. Refer to p56. Options are also available in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and the Sydney Law School. Our majors –– All. Refer to p66.

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HEALTH & COMMUNITY “The world needs as much food in the next 40 years as we’ve used in the past 400 years.” PROFESSOR MARTIN COLE, CHIEF OF FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES AT THE CSIRO

The thriving agricultural, food, and nutritional sciences industries are working symbiotically to meet growing global demand for safe, abundant, nutritious food, while at the same time protecting and maintaining a healthy environment. Scientific innovations are key to our ability to feed an exponentially increasing population in a sustainable way. Professor Martin Cole, CSIRO’s Chief of Food and Nutritional Sciences, says we can expect several food and health megashocks in the coming years. “The world needs as much food in the next 40 years as we’ve used in the past 400 years. A strong research effort is important to ensure we can sustainably produce not only enough food, but food that is healthy and safe, produced with the least possible environmental insult. Biosecurity is another key consideration, given the complexity of the food supply, the continued population growth and the transmission of animal diseases into the human lifecycle. These will present exciting challenges for future scientists,” he says.

Australia has a significant role to play in the global food industry. New scientific methods and technologies are providing opportunities for novel approaches to managing food safety risks.

As one of the world’s largest exporters of wheat, cattle and other key nutritional commodities, Australia has a significant role in the global food industry. Improved methods and technologies create new and better approaches to managing food safety risks. Scientists in this field offer critical support to the food manufacturing industry and public health groups to better identify and control hazards in the food supply. Improved processing technologies are resulting in safer foods with fewer preservatives. Molecular advances are helping scientists examine the ways in which individual nutrients affect health outcomes, paving the way for personalised medicine and nutrition

strategies that may lead to better health and disease management. An undergraduate science degree is a wonderful beginning to career opportunities in these areas of health and community. A small sample of potential careers are listed below: –– Agricultural chemist: analyses agricultural and food products to ensure product quality and safety; may also work in environmental monitoring and protection; may be involved in development of new technologies for processing of raw products –– Agricultural scientist: studies agricultural productivity and food safety, looking for ways to improve crop yield, control pests and weeds and conserve soil and water; may investigate ways to use agricultural products for fuels –– Dietitian/nutritionist: plans food and nutrition programs, promotes healthy eating habits and recommends dietary modifications; may be involved in nutritional research –– Environmental scientist: analyses measurements of air, food, water and soil to determine the best methods to clean and preserve the environment and minimise health hazards –– Food microbiologist: examines microorganisms in food with the aim of improving food production and food safety; may also study outbreaks of food-borne illness and track the origin and spread of the illness to help prevent future outbreaks –– Food quality assurance officer: monitors the quality of the environment in order to interpret the impact of human actions and to develop strategies for restoring ecosystems

–– Food scientist: uses their knowledge of science, engineering and biotechnology to develop new or better ways of preserving, processing, packaging, storing and delivering food; may be involved in research into new food sources –– Plant scientist: studies plants, feed and fibre crops to help food producers develop healthy foods; may also look at ways to conserve natural resources –– Soil scientist: employed in a wide range of occupations in public and private enterprises, working in basic and applied research in land and soil management

AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– The Australian Society for Microbiology –– Dietitians Association of Australia –– Public Health Association of Australia –– Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) Statistics –– Agricultural scientist: $42,000-50,000 –– Food and wine scientist: $40,00056,000 –– Food technologist: $38,000-50,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Environmental Systems (p58) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Medical Science (p62) –– B Psychology (p63) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science/M Nutrition and Dietetics (p63) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59)

Also see the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Sydney Nursing School. Our majors –– Agricultural Chemistry (p68) –– Agricultural Genetics (p70) –– Agricultural Science (p71) –– Agricultural Systems (p71) –– Biochemistry (p73) –– Cell pathology (p74) –– Environmental Studies (p77) –– Food Science (p79) –– Immunobiology (p81) –– Medicinal Chemistry (p84) –– Microbiology (p84) –– Molecular Biology and Genetics (p85) –– Neuroscience (p86) –– Nutrition & Metabolism (p87) –– Pharmacology (p87) –– Physiology (p88) –– Plant Pathology (p89) –– Plant Science (p89) –– Psychology (p90)

GRADUATE PROFILE: CLAIRE MARNANE Clinical Dietitian, Wesley Hospital Researcher, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit at Liverpool Hospital Claire Marnane completed a Bachelor of Science (Hons) degree with a major in psychology, and believes that the practical aspects of her course gave her skills that are valuable in any career. “There was a big emphasis on developing expertise in both independent work and team projects, which are undoubtedly useful experiences as well as perennially favourite topics for job interviewers. I was surprised at how comfortable I became giving presentations during my undergraduate course, which is something that I’ve used time and time again since graduation.” After completing her undergraduate course, Claire worked as a research assistant in a teaching hospital, at a clinic treating anxiety disorders. She then decided to complete further training in the field of dietetics, and completed a Master of Nutrition and Dietetics at Sydney. “When I studied dietetic treatment of eating disorders I realised I’d found the perfect hybrid of psychology and dietetics,” she says. Claire now works part-time as a clinical dietitian in the eating disorders unit at Wesley Hospital, where she’s also research active, and does research for the Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit at Liverpool Hospital. Claire says that a science degree at Sydney provides a broad grounding in different subjects. “This is so important, because you never know what specific skills will be valued in the jobs that will be available after you graduate. It’s about walking that line between keeping a clear focus on where you want your degree to take you, while also trying to introduce knowledge, skills and experiences in as many different fields as possible to balance your prospects.”

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IT, COMMUNICATIONS & TECHNOLOGY “This is big picture, exciting science.” PROFESSOR BEN EGGLETON DIRECTOR, CENTRE FOR ULTRAHIGH BANDWIDTH DEVICES FOR OPTICAL SYSTEMS (CUDOS)

Information and communications technology (ICT) is about enhancing and improving the exchange of information and knowledge to make things work in a more efficient way. New technological advances have a vast range of applications across many industries, and are having an increasing impact on many aspects of our daily lives. For example, advances in telecommunication and information technologies have enabled substantially higher communication bandwidths over longer distances. Australian research and innovation resulted in the invention of the global wireless communication network we know as WiFi. ICT underpins the fight against climate change, is the backbone to movie animation, is central to discovering cures for many diseases and to mapping the human genome. Advances in ICT are even transforming the way our government operates, expanding capability, providing better service delivery, improving efficiency and reducing costs. This is an evolving and exciting field for science graduates, and the range of career possibilities continues to grow with each technological advance. Careers encompass a diverse number of areas from business consulting and sales to software engineering, web development, multimedia and technical roles in research and product development. Globally, the ICT sector is thriving. In Australia it contributes more to our national economy than agriculture, defence or education and almost as much the mining sector. Currently, over 500,000 people are

working in technology jobs across Australia. ICT skills also transfer well between countries, so experienced ICT professionals may find career opportunities almost anywhere in the developed world. An undergraduate science course is an ideal base for career opportunities in ICT. As in many other science-related fields, postgraduate qualifications are often essential or highly beneficial. A sample of the career opportunities in ICT fields is outlined below: –– Bioinformatician: uses statistics and computer analysis to understand medical and biological systems –– Computational scientist: writes computer codes and implements models describing a wide variety of systems –– Information systems professional: manages the change processes that are initiated by introducing new technology; manages the operation of activities based on computing and communications technology –– Systems analyst: works with people to introduce or expand appropriate technology within their business or organisation –– Web developer: uses software languages to construct and maintain website content and applications.

INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Computer Society –– Australian Information Industry Association –– Australian Interactive Media Industry Association –– Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association –– Australian Robotics and Automation Association –– Game Developers Association of Australia –– Internet Industry Association –– Internet Society of Australia Statistics Starting salaries: –– ICT Business/Systems Analyst: $49,000-65,000 –– ICT Support Technician: $35,00060,000 –– Software/Applications Programmer: $50,000-65,000 –– Systems Administrator: $48,00073,000 –– Web Developer: $40,000-52,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

Growth and opportunities Employment opportunities for ICT graduates are very strong at present. Investment in technology and IT infrastructure is ongoing, suggesting very good employment growth in the coming years. Telecommunications is projected to have high employment growth within the sector over the next few years, with forecast demand for nearly 20,000 new jobs. PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science (Advanced Mathematics) (p61) Also see the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies. Our majors –– Computational Science (p75) –– Computer Science (p76) –– Financial Mathematics and Statistics (p78) –– Information Systems (p82) –– Mathematics (p83) –– Neuroscience (p86) –– Nanoscience and Technology (p85) –– Physics (p88) –– Statistics (p91)

GRADUATE PROFILE: PROFESSOR BEN EGGLETON Director, Centre For Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices For Optical Systems (CUDOS) Professor Ben Eggleton, who majored in maths and physics as part of his undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree (Hons) at the University of Sydney, says that the high quality science teaching and mentoring, combined with the chance to engage in hands-on research, gave him the skills and drive to pursue a career in science and technology. “Science at Sydney gives you a great opportunity to not only participate in research projects, but to be part of a team and work at the frontline of new discoveries and developments,” he says. Ben spent the summers of his undergraduate years working in the astronomy department. “This is something Sydney does extremely well – there’s a huge range of different research programs and undergraduates can get a real taste of working as part of a team, going on field trips, presenting at meetings, having access to cutting edge equipment. It exposes you to real-world research and allows you to get your name on publications at an early stage,“ he says. It’s how Ben found his true interest in optical communications. He completed a PhD at Sydney and postdoctoral research at Bell Laboratories in the US, where he had the opportunity to work at the interface of science and technology. Ben returned to the University and is now the director of the Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS). He states “our goal is to transform the communications industry with photonic chip technology. This will allow us to process data at high speed and low cost, while consuming little power.” Ben explains that optical networks have the potential to not only transform communications, but could revolutionise health, education and defence by offering faster, more energy-efficient communications systems. “This is big picture, exciting science,” he enthuses. Ben hopes that potential undergraduates will recognise the great opportunities they have to work at the interface of science research and technology at Sydney. “There’s a lot happening now and over the coming years, especially with the new Australian Institute for Nanotechnology being built on campus. It really is an outstanding achievement for the University,” Ben says.

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MATERIALS “The fact that new materials play a major role in driving new technologies led me to choose materials research.” PROFESSOR MARCELA BILEK, RESEARCHER, SCHOOL OF PHYSICS, THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Materials scientists delve inside materials and figure them out from the atom upwards. It’s a burgeoning and essential area of research which allows us to understand how the molecular and atomic structure of a material relates to its properties. Chemists, physicists, imaging specialists, biologists, biochemists and medical researchers are involved in different types of materials science, going beyond merely analysing materials to creating new materials with novel properties. Opportunities in materials science exist in industry, research organisations, universities, private companies and hospitals, with materials being investigated and designed for a huge array of applications – everything we touch is made from some sort of material, whether man-made or naturally occurring or a combination of the two.

The materials sector is a big money area with research attracting lots of funding and offering huge potential for commercialisation. Using nanotechnology techniques and quantum science, work on materials is at the forefront of cutting edge science.

investigate and manipulate properties such as strength, density, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, magnetics, phase transformation, expansion and contraction, corrosion, malleability, fatiguing, manufacturing processes, optical properties and quantum properties.

From designing new materials to investigating the fundamental properties of existing materials to forensic failure analysis of materials in machinery and building applications, there are hugely diverse approaches and opportunities in materials science.

Imaging of materials in order to study their structure is a key component of materials research, which requires specialists who contribute their expertise in techniques such as electron microscopy, neutron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, x-ray scattering, calorimetry and atom probe tomography.

Materials scientists investigate crystalline materials such as metals, minerals and ceramics; polymers such as plastics, rubbers and elastomers; and amorphous solids such as glass and some plastics. These materials can be produced as bulk materials or thin films, which have very different properties. Materials scientists

Australia was ranked 15th in the world in 2011 in terms of national output of materials science and technology research papers indexed in Thomson Reuters Web of Science over the previous five year period. Such strength in materials science

GRADUATE PROFILE: PROFESSOR MARCELA BILEK Researcher, School of Physics, the University of Sydney Creating entirely new materials using her novel technique to attach biologically functional molecules to surfaces and designing materials for use in energy related technologies, has won Professor Marcela Bilek a suite of prizes and made for a fulfilling career in materials science. After completing her Bachelor of Science with first class Honours in physics at the University of Sydney, where she won the University Medal, Marcela went to the University of Cambridge in the UK to do her PhD research on the plasma synthesis of materials for microelectronic applications. “I was always interested in understanding how things work and this curiosity drove me towards science in early high school. I also had a desire to see my work applied to benefit humanity. The fact that new materials play a major role in driving new technologies led me to choose materials research,” says Marcela. “As I’ve always enjoyed all science disciplines, I love the multidisciplinary work I do in the biomaterials arena. My work on these biomaterials gives me a rich and diverse experience, providing endless opportunities to learn new things, through interactions with my wonderful colleagues in the life sciences, chemistry and engineering,” she says. Now working in the School of Physics at the University of Sydney, Marcela’s research focuses on the development of plasma based synthesis and materials processing technologies, specifically using energetic ions from plasma to tailor the properties of materials. Her new biomaterials have many applications, such as making implantable biomedical devices – like hip and knee replacements or stents in the heart – that are biocompatible and can also stimulate optimal tissue responses in the person who has the implant, helping to reduce the problem of implant rejection. “I love discovering new materials and combining experimental work with theory to develop a deep understanding of the materials properties and the processes used to create them.”

in Australia for our relatively small population is remarkable, with the Thomson Reuters ranking placing Australia ahead of technically focused countries such as Sweden, Singapore, Switzerland and The Netherlands. The Thomson Reuters 2011 rankings also ranked research paper outputs in specific materials science disciplines, placing Australia ninth in the world in output of research papers on electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering and tenth in the world in output of research papers on metal-organic frameworks over the same five year period. Research and development in advanced materials is a sector that is growing rapidly, as new types of materials and techniques for analysing them open up new fields of enquiry. Advanced materials include, for example, nanoporous materials

which can store hydrogen for ‘clean’ energy use, crystal lattices that shrink when heated for use in building and engineering applications, thin films containing functional biomolecules for use in medicine, materials with carbon fibres that make them extremely strong, polymers which change colour in response to specific chemical cues, and nanosphere capsules which can deliver drugs to specific areas of the body.

Australia ranked 15th in the world in 2011 by Thomson Reuters Web of Science in terms of national output of materials science and technology research papers over the period 20072011.

New and exciting fields of materials science emerge constantly and offer a huge choice of career opportunities, which will shape the future of our material world.

PATHWAYS

INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Materials Australia –– Australian Research Network for Advanced Materials

Statistics Starting salary: $65,000 and salaries go upwards for management roles. Source: University HR Classification

Our courses –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) Our majors –– Chemistry (p75) –– Nanoscience and Technology (p85) –– Physics (p88)

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MEDIA, MARKETING & COMMUNICATIONS “We are all about creative ways to engage Australians with science, and the first step in that process is to have people with a strong background in science.” DR PAUL WILLIS, DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA

Science and a knack for engaging people may seem an unlikely combination, but the field of media, marketing and communications is a gold mine of career opportunities for graduates who are trained in science and have a flair for getting a message across to an audience. Over the last 20 years, the burgeoning field of science communication in Australia is proving that it is no longer enough to simply do science. We now have to engage people, particularly those who are not currently interested in science, and inspire them to think about how science works and what it means to their daily lives. Science Editor at the Sydney Morning Herald, Deb Smith, who is sciencetrained with an honours degree in physical chemistry from the University of Sydney, says that there is a real need to get more scientifically trained people into the media as many of today’s issues are scientifically based. In the highly sought-after media industry, there are a number of journalism positions specifically set aside for science graduates across print, TV and radio. In Australia, these can be mostly found at the ABC, science magazines such as Cosmos and New Scientist, and trade publications. We now have to engage people and inspire them to think about how science works and what it means to their daily lives.

However, Ms Smith says that for most journalism positions, experience and a strong record as a reporter, rather than technical qualifications, are still the main selection criteria. For this reason, Ms Smith recommends combining your science degree with postgraduate qualifications in journalism as the

best bet for landing your first job as a science reporter. “Getting into journalism is very competitive, so it’s important to gain as much experience as possible and develop a portfolio,” says Ms Smith. “Apply for as many internships as you can and try to get freelance work.” She also suggests joining organisations such as the Australian Science Communicators to meet like-minded people. Science graduates can also find jobs in science communication and media relations, working as communication officers for universities, research institutes like the CSIRO, museums and pharmaceutical companies. As a communication officer, your role is to implement your organisation’s communication strategy and to raise its profile though websites and other e-communication tools, producing print publications and communications (reports, press releases, etc.), and organising events and press conferences. Dr Paul Willis, Director of the Royal Institution of Australia (RiAus) – a leading science communication hub – says that science graduates are an essential part of their product. “We’ve probably got more PhDs on staff for the size of our workforce than most universities!” he says. “We are all about creative ways to engage Australians with science, and the first step in that process is to have people with a strong background in science.” Closely tied to the field of communications is marketing – the industry concerned with identifying,

GRADUATE PROFILE: KARINA HOLDEN Commissioning Editor, Science & Nature Documentaries, ABC Minutes before sunrise, Karina Holden was pushing through 2 million people all heading for the Ganges. Why? It was the holiest day in India when reclusive priests were making a once-in-16-year pilgrimage to the holy river. And Karina was determined to film them. As the commissioning editor of science and nature documentaries at the ABC, who has made over 30 awardwinning films for National Geographic, Discovery Channel and Animal Planet, Karina is living her dream. But despite her enviable job, Karina’s journey there has been a round about tale featuring old-fashioned hard work, enthusiasm and a bit of luck. Starting with a BSc at the University of Sydney, Karina’s passion was ignited in 3rd year after specialising in Zoology and History & Philosophy of Science (HPS), which she says helped shape her as a journalist. But Karina’s lucky break came during her post-graduate degree when a producer from the ABC Natural History Unit (NHU) contacted Karina about doing a story on the snakes she was studying – and that set her on a new path. Karina decided to volunteer at the unit for a summer, and after 6 weeks, she was asked to stay on as a paid employee. Based on her own experience, Karina says people wanting to work in science journalism must create opportunities. “Be positive, seize every chance you can, put yourself in the right places and get yourself known for the right reasons!”

satisfying and keeping customers. Marketing can be a fruitful career destination for science graduates, depending on your skill set. If you are always on the leading edge of social and Internet culture, with an innate understanding of what people want, then you may be perfect as a product/brand manager, responsible for marketing and developing products such as gaming consoles, shoes, and even university courses. If, on the other hand, you have stellar analytical skills, you may find your niche as a market researcher, who uses quantitative data to understand the behaviour of consumers and what drives them to buy iPhones or Androids. According to Dr Willis, a science graduate’s degree is a tool kit that will equip you with creative ways of solving the problems you will encounter in almost any job. The added understanding of communicating with people, he says, “is an effective way of extending that tool kit, developing more skills that will prove useful.

“If you have a solid degree in science, you are able to do just about anything. If you have added to that degree some studies of communications, you can tell the world about almost anything. INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Science Communicators –– Australian Science Media Centre –– Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance –– Public Relations Institute of Australia –– Australian Marketing Institute Government bodies –– Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy –– Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) Statistics and Trends –– Media and Communications changing landscape: The media is changing very rapidly and it is difficult to predict the future. While some areas such as print are under pressure, nontraditional media outlets such as the internet are gaining new business at a high rate.

–– New Media Future: Journalists, science communicators and marketers will need to use modern technology and communication media – videos, interactive graphics, new technologies and social media – to present information in new and different ways. Salaries: –– Graduate communications role: $40,000-50,000 –– Communication professional: $100,000+ Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– All. Refer to p56. Also see the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Our majors –– All. Refer to p66.

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MEDICAL “In terms of medical achievements and future opportunities, Australia is emerging as a leader in the development of targeted medicines.” DR MARTIN CROSS, CEO OF ALPHAPHARM

A science course will give you a strong analytical background that will allow you to work in many roles in medical industries.

Science is a major driver of and partner in medical and health-related professions. Many associated fields, including medical research, the development of medical products and devices, health administration, and health policy rely on evidencebased methods and outcomes, Career opportunities founded in this field exist in universities, government and industry-funded organisations, the pharmaceutical industry, communications organisations, biomedical companies, and diagnostic laboratories.

medicine, medical science, research or dentistry.

Dr Martin Cross is the CEO of Alphapharm, Australia’s largest supplier of pharmaceuticals to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. He says, “In terms of medical achievements and future opportunities, Australia is emerging as a leader in the development of targeted medicines and medical microelectronics and imaging systems. There’s such a broad range of potential career opportunities. I’d encourage students to find one that excites and interests them – it can lead to highly rewarding work that makes a meaningful contribution to people’s lives.”

–– Clinical research associate: sets up, monitors and completes clinical trials that investigate the effects, risks and benefits of a medicine

Dr Cross competed a Bachelor of Science in biology followed by a PhD in microbiology before beginning a career in the pharmaceutical industry. “I think my strong grounding in science allowed me to really see how medicines work, and prepared me for the challenges and practicalities of working in the medical industry,” he says. Undergraduate science or medical science studies create a strong foundation from which to pursue postgraduate study in clinical

A sample of career opportunities for science graduates in medical fields is listed below: –– Analytical chemist: analyses and studies the physical or chemical properties of drug substances and formulations –– Biomedical or medical scientist: performs medical laboratory tests on blood, other body fluids and tissues to assist clinicians in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease

–– Health physicist: assesses health impacts to the community and environment from sources of radiation including radioactivity concentrations in water, soil and air as well as effective doses of radiation in people –– Manufacturing operations manager: oversees all processes involved in the manufacturing of a medicine –– Medical chemist: studies the structural properties of compounds intended for drug development –– Medical information officer: provides technical resources and expertise in medical training of sales forces regarding new product development –– Microbiologist: investigates the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, or fungi –– Neuroscientist: investigates areas of the nervous system and conditions

GRADUATE PROFILE: DR LAURENCE CANTRILL Head of Microscopy, Kids Research Institute, Westmead Laurence Cantrill completed his undergraduate science degree with a focus on genetics and plant biology. “Science at Sydney was fascinating. You’re learning about how the world works, and as you learn more you start to become more engaged,” enthuses Laurence. Laurence went on to complete a PhD in biology and now works as the head microscopist at the Kids Research Institute, Westmead. He’s excited about working with the institute’s new Correlative Light and Electron Microscope (CLEM) suite, installed in 2011. “These new microscopes will help bridge the gap between light and electron microscopy, so that researchers can make medical observations in greater detail and clarity than previously possible,” explains Laurence. Laurence firmly believes that science is a great general degree with wide ranging applications across medical fields and industries. “My course gave me many options in terms of career paths. I started off doing plant-based science, but the skills I acquired along the way allowed me to move into medical imaging and research. Science teaches you how to think critically, to analyse problems, to organise your time, to run experiments. These skills that can be valuable in any field,” he says.

that affect it; also involved in research into social problems such as addiction and gambling and longer-term issues such as ageing –– Product manager: responsible for the development and implementation of an annual marketing plan and promotion budget AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Institute of Biology –– Australian Institute of Medical Scientists –– Australian Medical Association –– Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) Statistics Salaries: –– Life sciences: $47,000 –– Physical sciences: $50,000 –– Psychology: $49,000 –– Social sciences: $45,100 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Medical Science (p62) –– B Medical Science/B Medicine B Surgery (p62) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science (Advanced)/B Medicine B Surgery (p62) –– B Science/M Nutrition and Dietetics (p63) Also see the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Sydney Medical School. Our majors –– Anatomy and Histology (p72) –– Biochemistry (p73) –– Biology (p74) –– Cell pathology (p74) –– Immunobiology (p81) –– Medicinal Chemistry (p84) –– Microbiology (p84) –– Molecular Biology and Genetics (p85) –– Neuroscience (p86) –– Nutrition and Metabolism (p87) –– Pharmacology (p87) –– Physiology (p88)

–– Psychology (p90)

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MINING & RESOURCES “NSW mining is a world-class $20 billion industry creating jobs, growth and prosperity across the State.” STEPHEN GALILEE, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE NSW MINERALS COUNCIL

The mining and resources industry is big business for the Australian Economy. It is intrinsically linked to our economic future and global influence. The Minerals Council of Australia lists the current value of exports generated by the minerals industry as $205.8 billion making it one of the top five producers of most of the world’s key minerals commodities. Surprisingly, it is also the largest employer of environmental professionals in Australia today. Western Australia is often the first place we think of when you think about the mining and resources industry. We don’t realise just how developed the industry is in our own backyard. Mr Stephen Galilee, the Chief Executive of the NSW Minerals Council, says “NSW mining is a world-class $20 billion industry creating jobs, growth and prosperity across the State. Our miners underpin economic progress both at home and around the world by supplying the coal needed to fire power stations and to make steel. And we produce gold, silver, copper, zinc and other metals needed for many other products we use every day.” The mining and resources industry employs 239,000 people in Australia according to the Australian Government’s Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. “Around 90,000 people are directly employed in NSW mining and minerals processing and another 300,000 jobs are supported indirectly. The resourcefulness and ingenuity of our dedicated workforce - past, present and future - puts our country in a strong position to benefit from the many rewards that the mining industry provides,” says Mr Galilee.

Committed to reducing negative impacts on the environment, the industry is hiring graduates with an understanding of emerging research and technologies that can help increase operational efficiency while decreasing waste and emissions. The NSW Minerals Council set a target of a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and created a billion dollar industry fund to help reduce

greenhouse emissions from the burning of coal. “From the fields of engineering and metallurgy to surveying and environmental work, our hardworking NSW mining professionals enjoy an enviable track record of innovation and problem-solving and are always striving to achieve new breakthroughs. It is in this spirit that our NSW miners will

continue to approach the challenges of the future, and we welcome all interested women and men to join us,” says Mr Galilee. The number of graduates from an environmental and geosciences background is rapidly growing. Their work is across every stage of a mine. When planning a new mine the importance is placed on environmental management and testing, including water quality, sediments, rock cores, geographical information systems to urban and rural planning which includes rehabilitating mine sites upon completion of work. There are numerous opportunities across many professions; you just need to find the right fit for you. AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) –– Australian Institute of Geoscientists –– Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists

–– Minerals Council of Australia –– NSW Minerals Council –– Geological Society of Australia –– Australian Institute of Geoscientists –– Geoscience Australia –– Institution of Engineering and Mining Surveyors Australia –– Mining Industry Geospatial Consortium (MIGC)

–– Senior Exploration Geologist: $90,000-135,000 –– Environmental Scientist: $6,0000100,000+ –– Mine Surveyor: $70,000-105,000 –– Senior Surveyor: $85,000-120,000 –– Chief Surveyor: $90,000-130,000

Statistics The Minerals Council of Australia has a range of facts and figures about the industry and career prospects:

PATHWAYS

–– responsible for 7 per cent of Australia’s GDP in 2011 –– largest employer of environmental professionals in Australia –– Currently spends over $184 million per annum on rehabilitating disturbed land Salaries: –– Chief Geologist: $115,000-165,000 –– Senior Mine Geologist: $90,000135,000 –– Mine Geologist: $75,000-110,000 –– Graduate Geologist: $60,000-85,000 –– Exploration Geologist: $75,000-125,000

Source: Hays Specialist Recruitment and the Minerals Council of Australia

Our courses –– B Environmental Systems (p58) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Resource Economics (p59) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) Also see the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies. Our majors –– Geography (p79) –– Geology and Geophysics (p80) –– Environmental Studies (p77) –– Resource Economics (p90) –– Soil Science (p91)

GRADUATE PROFILE: MICHAEL PETROZZI Managing Director, Macquarie Drilling Pty Ltd. Michael completed his Bachelor’s degree with First Class Honours and the University Medal in Geosciences at Sydney in 1994. His next step was to embark on a PhD in collaboration with Waste Service NSW and Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). Throughout his PhD Michael worked independently which developed his skill set for the workplace. Michael explains, “It taught me how to work autonomously and have a mindset of focus and perseverance.” Michael’s research also provided him with invaluable industry connections. Michael credits his PhD as a way of fast tracking his business career. Michael also identified niche areas where he could apply his knowledge and experience. This led him to his first role – setting up a multidisciplinary environmental, geotechnical and mining services consultancy company Consulting Earth Scientists. In July 2011, he sold Consulting Earth Scientists by means of a management buyout. This allowed Michael in his role as Managing Director of Macquarie Drilling, a drilling services business, to develop both organically and by adding bolt-on acquisitions to a core business which started in 1993. Macquarie Drilling is a diversified Australian drilling contractor with operations in coal, mineral exploration, mining, underground and site investigation drilling. “I believe that the key to being successful in any industry is to stay close to your core business and to remain customer focused.” This philosophy has worked well for Michael with Macquarie Drilling ranked #46 in the 2011 BRW Business Magazine’s 100 Fastest Growing Companies in Australia.

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NGOS & INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT “If you have the desire, commitment and passion to make a difference to people and the planet, the NGO and development sector is for you.” HELEN GIBBONS, CEO OF GREENPEACE AUSTRALIA PACIFIC

Science skills are absolutely key for staff in many NGOs (non-government organisations) that work in areas such as the environment, conservation, social development and advocacy. There are many different types of NGOs and development agencies, with a huge variety of agendas, approaches and scales of action. As such, different NGOs employ different disciplines of science graduates, but all offer a rewarding career that can be incredibly fulfilling and give employees a real sense of purpose. “To Australia and indeed the globe, the importance of the NGO and Development sector is vital. While corporate and public service sectors tend to dominate the Australian and global economy, the NGO sector represents the passion and commitment of people for social and environmental issues,” said Helen Gibbons, CEO of Greenpeace Australia Pacific. “Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace, play a watchdog role for society and give a voice to the environment and its species for the sake of social and environmental justice. Greenpeace as an independent campaigning organisation uses non-violent and creative confrontation to expose environmental problems and solutions for a green and peaceful future,” said Helen Gibbons. “If you have the desire, commitment and passion to make a difference to people and the planet, the NGO and Development sector is for you. Working for NGOs you can often find benefits such as flexible work arrangements,

International development NGOs employ agricultural scientists to help farmers in developing countries by teaching them new agricultural techniques.

opportunities to work across projects which align with your values, and alongside passionate and motivated colleagues. As well as the great personal and career satisfaction that comes from the knowledge you are helping to shape Australia’s future.” Environmental NGOs seek to effect change in areas relating to human impact issues in natural systems such as deforestation, loss of biodiversity or pollution of the air, soil and water. The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was created with the purpose of advocating and representing scientific issues and collaboration among environmental NGOs. Science graduates with majors in ecology, zoology, plant science, entomology, microbiology, soil science, geology, chemistry and environmental studies are highly sought after by environmental NGOs. “Greenpeace Australia Pacific’s campaigns are founded on evidence and science, so this background certainly helps in supporting the case for the fundamental work undertaken by the organisation. Whilst not a pre-requisite for employment with

Greenpeace Australia Pacific, a background in the ecological, biological or environmental sciences can help in many positions. There are many ways to become involved in Greenpeace Australia Pacific as an intern, volunteer or paid employee with roles ranging from campaigning, administration, fundraising, IT, communications and media, politics and a lot more,” said Helen Gibbons. Other NGOs focus on specific diseases such as cancer, AIDS, malaria or tuberculosis, and science graduates are employed to research cures, or ways of preventing spread of these diseases, or to plan responses to health emergencies in developing countries. With a background in microbiology, immunobiology, pharmacology, physiology, Cell pathology, anatomy and histology, biochemistry or molecular biology, graduates can work for these disease focussed NGOs. Animal welfare NGOs employ graduates with majors in veterinary science, biology, zoology and livestock production. Social development NGOs focus on areas such as mental health, child

protection, social services, indigenous programs, human rights and refugee rights. Science graduates with a variety of backgrounds, especially psychology, nutrition and geography, are employed in social development roles. International development NGOs employ agricultural scientists to help farmers in developing countries by teaching them new agricultural techniques, offering new breeds of crops and helping malnourished populations gain access to food. Some NGOs specifically concentrate on science by expanding the scientific capacity of developing regions through targeted professional training and exchange programs. Roles for science graduates across the different types of NGOs can range from scientific research to running education programs to devising strategies to protect or further the NGO’s central issue. With a science background, graduates in these roles can speak with authority on the science-based issues at hand and influence government policies relating to these issues.

In Australia, the NGO and community engagement program sector was allocated $135 million of the $4.3 billion 2010/2011 aid budget, according to the Australian Council For International Development. Funding for NGOs mainly comes from donations from individuals and philanthropic organisations, rather than government funding. As such, development and fundraising officers with science backgrounds relevant to their particular NGO play a key role in effectively raising public support. In the 2008/09 period, Australian NGOs received just over $800 million in private donations from Australians supporting as regular donors, supporting a fundraiser event, or giving a one-off donation. In addition to a rewarding career using skills gained in a science degree, the NGO and development sector offers a career in an industry which enjoys high levels of public confidence, according to research by the World Economic Forum in 2004. The study, based on interviews of 19 000 people across 20 countries, revealed that NGOs are widely regarded as the most trustworthy of organisations. The World Economic Forum Global Survey

GRADUATE PROFILE: ALISON MOFFITT Research Officer, Anglicare Sydney As a Research Officer in mapping and data systems for Anglicare Sydney, Alison Moffitt uses her geography skills every day in her job supporting a charity which provides family support, aged care services, migrant support, disability support and many other services. Alison works on a range of social research and spatial analysis projects across these different areas of Anglicare’s service, and also provides support for strategic planning and data management across the organisation. “I loved studying environmental and human geography at university. My geography subjects gave me practical experience alongside very useful theory, which has helped me greatly in the workforce,” says Alison. “During my studies in geography I learnt how to use GIS to make maps and interpret spatial data, I improved my skills in Excel, I had opportunities to conduct interviews and surveys on field trips and I also had opportunities to analyse the raw data we collected. Now I use these skills every day at work,” says Alison. Having worked at Anglicare for three years, Alison loves her fulfilling job and the dynamic people she works with. “It’s really satisfying to know that my work leads to better outcomes for the people we serve, either by directly improving services or by trying to influence public policy. It’s also a great team environment to work in. My colleagues both within and outside the organisation are friendly, passionate and keen to collaborate so that our work can have the most positive impact it can.”

on Trust in 2004 found that Australians had an even higher degree of trust in NGOs than the other nations involved in the survey. AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) –– Australian Council For International Development Statistics –– Average salary: $65,000. Salaries in NGOs vary widely according to how well resourced the particular organisation is and the role type

Source: MyCareer

–– Over $800 million was donated by Australians through private donations to NGOs in the 2008-09 period –– $135 million allocated to the NGO and community engagement program sector of the $4.3 billion 2010/2011 aid budget in Australia PATHWAYS Our courses –– All. Refer to p56. Our majors –– All. Refer to p66.

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PSYCHOLOGY “On an individual and community level, Australians are drawn to the insights that psychology provides.” PROFESSOR SIMON CROWE, PRESIDENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Psychology can lead graduates into meaningful work in an array of settings. Businesses and organiations that utilise psychology training and psychologists include, corporations and sporting groups, courts and jails, hospitals and mental health facilities, universities and schools. There is always an option to work within a private practice as well. Professor Simon Crowe, President of the Australian Psychological Society says, “on an individual and community level, Australians are drawn to the insights that psychology provides. This was illustrated to me by recent national and international media interest in research that I conducted showing that those who were heavy users of caffeine were more prone to hallucinations.”

Psychology is a health profession, and one that is almost unrivalled in the scope in which it can be applied.

The science of human behaviour attracts many people who are interested in brain function, memory, learning, human development and the processes determining how people think, feel, behave and react. Psychologists use the latest research on the factors that influence these processes. They devise and test methods to improve performance, address mental illness, and help people to live happier, healthier lives. Psychology is a health profession, and one that is almost unrivalled in the scope in which it can be applied. Demand for psychologists is growing, and the outlook for the industry is positive. Career opportunities exist in three main areas: 1. Research and teaching - the science 2. Service provision - the helping profession 3. Beyond the individual - the application of social science at a systems level

Many psychologists move flexibly across these areas. For example, some psychologists might conduct research and provide clinical services in a mental health setting. Others may work in universities as well as conducting private counseling practices. A health psychologist might be involved in health promotion in the community, pain management with individual clients, and research on effective health policy. Psychologists are trained according to a scientistpractitioner model. This means that practitioners must keep up with the latest developments in psychological science, preferably engaging in research themselves, while researchers are expected to test their findings in ‘real-world’ contexts – or at least to be aware of the limitations of research conducted in artificial or confined conditions. Professor Crowe is a long-term member of the Australian Psychological Society and three of its Colleges (Forensic, Clinical and Clinical Neuropsychologists). “This culture of community and knowledge sharing has been invaluable in exposing me to the many areas of fascinating research and practice in psychology throughout Australia and the world. I am convinced of the great future ahead for those who commit to a career in this fast-moving, important field where collaboration and professional development are always available and encouraged.”

AT A GLANCE

PATHWAYS

Industry bodies –– Australian Psychological Society (APS)

Our courses –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Medical Science (p62) –– B Psychology (p63) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60)

Accrediting bodies –– Australian Psychology Accreditation Council (APAC) –– Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA) Statistics –– In 2012 there were approximately 28,300 registered Psychologists in Australia, with the majority of these working in direct service provision. –– Starting salary: $50,000

Also see the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and the University of Sydney Business School. Our majors –– Neuroscience (p86) –– Psychology (p90)

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

GRADUATE PROFILE: AMANDA GREEN Clinical Psychologist, Northern Beaches Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service Amanda Green’s expertise in psychology has helped hundreds of people find support and solutions when they need it the most. Amanda graduated from the University of Sydney in 2007 with a Bachelor of Psychology, going on to look at activity based anorexia in rats for her Honours thesis. The internships she completed throughout her Doctor of Clinical Psychology/Master of Science gave her invaluable experience and understanding of therapy techniques for survivors of sexual, verbal and physical abuse as well as substance dependence. Amanda’s first encounter with the complexities of indigenous and remote mental health was through an internship in Broken Hill. This rewarding experience laid the foundation for a lifelong interest in the unique challenges for rural and remote communities. Amanda was shocked to witness the hesitancy people had in seeking support for anxiety and depression, some waiting as long as 18 years to get medical help due to a range of personal and cultural factors. Her studies allowed her great opportunities to learn practical skills in delivering evidence-based therapy to adults, children, adolescents and families. Currently working as a Clinical Psychologist for the Northern Beaches Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Amanda’s time at the University of Sydney was crucial in preparing her to work with children and adolescents with complex difficulties such as anxiety, depression, deliberate self-harm, suicidal ideation and eating disorders. Long term Amanda hopes to return to rural areas and reconnect with communities where mental health issues remain largely unaddressed and stigmatised.

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RESEARCH “The research you carry out or what you discover may actually change the lives of millions of people in the future.” LEANNE HARVEY, ACTING CEO OF THE AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL

Working as a research scientist is one of the most interesting, exciting, fulfilling and flexible jobs you can do. Imagine working underwater to investigate tropical reef systems, or at the top of the highest mountain ranges to uncover the geological processes of mountain formation, or in a chemistry lab creating new molecules that will help us produce green energy. Imagine working at the forefront of quantum computing or developing new medicines or investigating how the brain stores and recalls memories. There are no limits to the possibilities of working as a research scientist – if you can imagine an area to investigate, then you can build a career in that area. Scientific research takes place in universities, government research organisations, hospitals, private research organisations, museums and in industry. Government research organisations in Australia include: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), and Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). Scientific research is not just a fascinating career choice – it’s absolutely essential for Australia’s economy, environment, society and culture.

Australian scientists hold the key to our country’s future competitiveness, innovation and productivity.

“Science is exciting and important. It helps us understand the world we live in. In Australia, science has helped us do so many amazing things like build cheaper and cleaner cars, develop the bionic ear, and help save the possible extinction of species such as the Tasmanian Devil,” says Ms

Leanne Harvey, Acting CEO, Australian Research Council. “Working as a scientist will be a rewarding and intellectually challenging career, and perhaps the research you carry out or what you discover may actually change the lives of millions of people in the future,” said Ms Harvey. “As shown in the recent Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) assessment of the quality of research happening across our higher education institutions, Australia really excels in areas such as astronomy, immunology and quantum physics. “Into the future we will also need to focus on research areas that are vital for Australia’s future development – such as mathematics, engineering, materials science, biotechnology and nanotechnology, information technology and communications. There are just so many wonderful opportunities available in scientific research.” Scientific research drives the productivity and innovation capacity of nations internationally, and for Australia specifically. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has identified that public and private research and development exert significant effects on our national productivity. Working as a scientist is extremely fulfilling as it allows you to help find solutions to the most significant challenges of our time, such as our changing climate, diseases, food availability and national security. Research scientists get to travel internationally as part of the job to use equipment, to visit field sites

and collect samples, to work with collaborators and to present findings to international audiences at conferences. The collaborative nature of science is another attractive feature – scientists work with other scientists, industry, community organisations, government and the international community. Australian scientists hold the key to our country’s future competitiveness, innovation and productivity. A career in science is inherently fascinating and fulfilling on a personal level, and hugely important on a national and global level. INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Research Council –– National Health and Medical Research Council –– Australian Academy of Science Statistics Salaries for postdoctoral research scientists start from around $65,000 and go well upwards for management roles. Source: University HR Classification

PATHWAYS Our courses –– All. Refer to p56. Our majors –– All. Refer to p66.

GRADUATE PROFILE: DR LIZ NEW Researcher, School of Chemistry, the University of Sydney With her career in chemistry research taking her to the UK, the US and back to Australia, Dr Liz New has enjoyed the perks of her scientific research career. Now back working in the School of Chemistry at Sydney, her research focuses on developing chemical tools to allow us to understand biology. “There is nothing quite like scientific research, where every day we can develop totally new technology, and discover new things about how systems work. Chemistry has the potential to contribute to all areas of scientific research and I am particularly interested in how it can help us understand biology,” says Liz. Liz completed her Bachelor of Science (Advanced) with first class Honours in chemistry at the University of Sydney and won the University Medal for her research on developing fluorescent analogues of the chemotherapy drug, cisplatin, to allow the drug’s behaviour in cells to be studied using fluorescence microscopy. Following on from her Honours research success, Liz completed a Masters of Science by research at the University of Sydney, continuing her work on cisplatin with Professor Trevor Hambley (the current Dean of Science). A PhD at the University of Durham in the UK followed, then a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California at Berkeley. “My research career has given me great opportunities to live in different countries and to travel extensively to conferences. I’ve also used amazing equipment around the world,” says Liz. “Scientific research allows you to make real contributions – whether they are physical technologies or advances in knowledge. A career in science gives you the unique opportunity to be curious and then use lots of different methods to answer those questions.”

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SPORT SCIENCE “Studying science has been extremely useful to me as an athlete.” DR ANDREW BLACK, FORMER AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL TEAM ROWER AND UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

Great results in sport are not achieved by chance. Along with the hard work and discipline required to become a successful athlete, the science behind sport is a key factor in many improvements and achievements. The skills gained in an undergraduate science degree can be used to assess and develop better sports programs as well as improve performance. Scientific analysis and research provide an essential framework for understanding the physical, mechanical and psychological aspects of sports performance, the dynamics of sports techniques and the technology associated with sports equipment. Science is also integral to understanding the effects of training, fitness, endurance and fatigue on the body, from a molecular and cellular level to cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and psychological responses. Identifying the genes that may impact on physical strength and endurance, as well as those that affect psychological factors such as persistence and competitive drive, may one day help to identify talent and suitability for certain sports. The genetics of injury recovery is also an evolving area of scientific investigation. Dr Andrew Black, former Australian national team rower and University of Sydney Director of Research Development, is someone who appreciates the benefits of a science degree in sport. “Studying science has been extremely useful to me as an athlete. Not only does it provide a framework for understanding the basic principles of sporting techniques and performance, it gives you valuable knowledge about methodological

A strong scientific education can be an effective springboard to several career options in sport and exercise disciplines.

approaches to problem solving and learning.” Given the continuing emergence of many new technologies, science can also provide a methodical and systematic approach for coaches, athletes and teams seeking to improve performance. Examining the physics of movement and skills acquisition, investigating the biological changes that occur during workouts, analysing and improving the design of sporting equipment and monitoring how the body and mind deal with the demands of performance are just some of the ways in which science can help to improve sporting success. It’s not just elite sports where science has a leading role. Physical activity has an important impact on the human body and is a key part of a healthy lifestyle. Understanding the scientific basis of physical activity is an essential part of promoting positive health behaviours to people of all ages and abilities. A strong scientific education can be an effective springboard to several career options in sport and exercise disciplines. As in many other science-related fields, postgraduate qualifications may be essential or highly beneficial for certain careers. A sample of career opportunities in sportsrelated fields is:

–– Biomechanist: conducts research in the area of sports performance and sports techniques, footwear development, acute and chronic injury prevention and treatment strategies –– Sports statistician: collects and analyses data from athletes and sporting events –– Exercise physiologist: analyses how physical movement affects human function; assesses muscle strength, breathing and heart rate to help build training programs for athletes –– Sports/exercise scientist: applies scientific principles to sporting activities; works to enhance athletic performance and minimise the risk of injury; may focus on research into sporting techniques and development of equipment –– Sports psychologist: assists athletes in achieving goals by better understanding their mental strengths and weaknesses; helps athletes to develop strategies to enhance performance –– Sports dietitian: provides expert guidance on nutritional needs for athletes, including ways to maximise energy levels, what to eat and drink before, during and after competition and how to maintain appropriate body fat levels

INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Academy of Science –– Australian Institute of Physics –– Australian Psychological Society –– Exercise and Sports Science Australia –– Sports Dietitians Australia –– Sports Medicine Australia –– Dieticians Association of Australia Statistics Salaries: Exercise physiologist: $47,000–$54,000

Growth and opportunities One of Australia’s competitive advantages in recent years has been strong innovation in sports research and development, making Australian athletes better prepared and equipped than many competitors. It is predicted that innovation, research, science and technology will continue to be drivers of Australian sporting excellence in the coming decades. PATHWAYS

Sports/research scientist: $50,000–$60,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

Our courses –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Medical Science (p62) –– B Psychology (p63) –– B Science (p60)

–– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science/M Nutrition and Dietetics (p63) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) Options are also available in the Faculty of Health Sciences. Our majors –– Anatomy and Histology (p72) –– Food Science (p79) –– Immunobiology (p81) –– Mathematics (p83) –– Microbiology (p84) –– Molecular Biology and Genetics (p85) –– Nutrition and Metabolism (p87) –– Pharmacology (p87) –– Physiology (p88) –– Psychology (p90)

GRADUATE PROFILE: WILLIAM TONG Postgraduate teaching fellow and PhD student, University of Sydney William Tong completed a Bachelor of Science (Honours) at the University of Sydney, and is currently a postgraduate teaching fellow and PhD student in mathematics. He is working closely with athletes to improve sporting performance. “My research is about modelling and optimising the twisting somersault for platform divers, but the work could also be applied to trampolinists, gymnasts or aerial skiers,” he says. William is collaborating with the NSW Institute of Sport and working with several Olympic athletes. “I measure and collect divers’ somersaulting data and compare it to my mathematical model. If the reality and theoretical results are similar, I can use my model to discover new maneuvers for a particular dive or maybe even a completely new dive. This type of research could even increase the chances of another gold medal at the Olympics,” William enthuses. William explains that a key advantage of an undergraduate science degree at Sydney is the capability to apply it to many – often unexpected – areas, like sport. “You don’t need to be sporty to get into sports! With your science knowledge and the ability to progress and adapt, it can take you beyond the confines of science and into the real world. Once you learn how to apply the theory to real-life applications, you begin to see things in a new light.” William believes that sport is an area where scientific knowledge is critical. “There are areas which require ongoing research, teaching methods that could be refined and equipment that can be improved to guide the next Olympian,” he explains. “Science can lead you in many exciting directions. Even though you may not see the big picture when you start, the undergraduate steps will eventually lead you there.”

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SUSTAINABILITY “More industries are cottoning on to the business case of sustainability.” CRAIG ROUSSAC, GENERAL MANAGER OF SUSTAINABILITY, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT FOR INVESTA PROPERTY GROUP

A new wave of professionals are driving environmentally conscious design, policy, and technology in the growing field of sustainability. Sustainability became a buzzword in the late 80s when people realised the need to reduce waste, energy use and pollution to ensure the health of the planet and ourselves. But, over the last 10 years, sustainability has become an integral part of innovative businesses and governments.

Where sustainability used to be a way for companies to satisfy environmentally conscious customers, it is now seen as an actual engine for growth in business.

successes, and perform cost-benefit analyses. Sustainability managers are hired directly by companies, such as Investa Property Group, or by While sustainability used to be a way for consultancy firms. companies to satisfy environmentally Mr Roussac, who is now completing conscious customers, it is now seen as an actual engine for growth in business. a PhD in architecture at Sydney, says “science graduates are a valuable A United Nations study conducted part of sustainability teams because last year revealed that almost 95 per sustainability is done well when it is cent of CEOs believe sustainability is based on sound evidence, so we need “important” or “very important” to the the skepticism and scrutiny that people future success of their company. with scientific training can bring.” Craig Roussac, General Manager of However, he recommends a combined Sustainability, Safety and Environment degree for the broad knowledge base for Investa Property Group, says, that is important in this industry. “more industries are cottoning on to He says, “We need to work in an the business case of sustainability.” interdisciplinary way so science as His company has been judged the a double degree, combined with ‘most sustainable company’ by Ethical humanities or business, is very helpful.” Investor, included in the Global 100 List of the most sustainable The more traditional sector of corporations, and listed as the world’s environmental protection and leading company on the Dow Jones legislation is another good option sustainability index. “Being a responsible for graduates hoping to work in the business helps you differentiate yourself from your competitors, while saving you money through being efficient,” he says. A number of companies now hire sustainability managers or corporate responsibility managers to maximize the eco-efficiency of their business. A large part of a sustainability manager’s job is to audit a business’ waste production and use of energy and water. They will design and deliver strategies to reduce waste, measure the results, report on

field of sustainability. This sector develops and enforces environmental policy and legislation to improve the environment and sustainability. Environmental protection officers (EPOs) audit industries and businesses, and negotiate appropriate responses to breaches of environmental regulations. EPOs are hired by companies, government authorities (e.g. Environmental Protection Authorities), and consultancies. EPOs will also work with environmental scientists, planners, and community groups to manage natural systems, minimise pollution and rehabilitate sites to protect and improve ecosystems. In order to make the laws that protect the environment, you’ll need to be a public servant in a government department, such as the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Government departments and agencies will employ environmental

GRADUATE PROFILE: LINDSAY SOUTAR National Campaign Coordinator, 100% Renewable Community Campaign Imagine knowing that you have helped establish a $10 billion fund for renewable energy in Australia. For Lindsay Soutar, the experience has been one of the highlights of her career. “It was pretty amazing travelling to Canberra last year to submit a report documenting 15,000 conversations with community groups, then finding out a few weeks later that our efforts had helped establish a multibillion-dollar renewable energy fund,” says the former geography honours student who is now the National Campaign Coordinator for the 100% Renewable Community Campaign. Lindsay’s passion for environmental sustainability started at university where she completed Honours and worked at the Australian Mekong Resource Centre in Thailand. After university, Lindsay initiated a volunteer community organisation in her local area – Climate Action Newtown. This ultimately led her to start up her own organisation, the 100% Renewable Community Campaign, for which Lindsay was awarded the 2011 Environment Minister’s Young Environmentalist of the Year Award. Despite the “full time plus” working conditions that comes with starting up an organisation, Lindsay’s job give her enormous satisfaction from “working on one of the most challenging and fast changing areas of public decision making and on a really important global issue that I care deeply about.”

scientists or policy advisors who have the responsibility of gathering peer-reviewed scientific evidence that will help develop policy ideas, draft guidelines, and generate legislative solutions for environmental problems. A number of similar opportunities also exist within non-government organisations (NGOs) – such as the Centre for Policy Development and Nature Conservation Council of NSW – who influence policy by conducting research, campaigning and lobbying government departments, and preparing reports. AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities –– NSW Office of Environment and Heritage –– Environment Protection Authority (EPA) NSW –– Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand

–– Sustainable Energy Association of Australia (SEA) –– Association of professional engineers, scientists and managers, Australia (APESMA) –– Models of success and sustainability (MOSS) –– International Society of Sustainability Professionals (ISSP) –– Sustainable Business Australia –– Environmental Defenders Offices –– Environment Victoria Statistics –– The global green economy is worth $6 trillion and is the world’s fastest growing market. –– In Australia, current estimates suggest that there are between 50,000-300,000 green collar workers, and that this figure will grow to 847,000 jobs by 2030 Salaries: –– Environmental consultant: $46,00057,000 –– Environmental research scientist: $50,000-60,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Animal and Veterinary Science (p64) –– B Environmental Systems (p58) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Resource Economics (p59) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) Our majors –– Agricultural Chemistry (p68) –– Agricultural Genetics (p70) –– Agricultural Science (p71) –– Agricultural Systems (p71) –– Biology (p74) –– Entomology (p76) –– Environmental Studies (p77) –– Farming Systems (p78) –– Geography (p79) –– Geology and Geophysics (p80) –– Horticulture (p81) –– Livestock Production (p82) –– Marine Biology, Geoscience and Science (p83) –– Natural Terrestrial Systems (p86) –– Plant pathology (p89) –– Resource Economics (p90) –– Soil Science (p91)

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TOMORROW’S TECHNOLOGIES “Science, innovative thinking and technology have dramatically changed the way you and I live.” DR MEGAN CLARKE, CEO OF THE CSIRO The world of advanced technology is evolving quickly. Photonics, optics, quantum technology, and nanotechnologies are key enabling or ‘frontier’ technologies for the 21st century. They are essential drivers for growing industry sectors such as communication, transport, manufacturing, and information technologies. In fact, the telecommunication and information technology revolution of recent years is the result of advances in photonics that allowed vastly higher communications bandwidths over longer distances.

Australia is at the forefront of developments in these technological fields. Global companies in a range of major industries are benefiting from Australian innovations in aeronautics, electronics, computing, and health to name a few. These technologies also represent thriving fields of research in Australia. They are delivering significant breakthroughs that will have longlasting impacts on the way we live. One of the most outstanding Australian developments is the invention of WiFi, which makes wireless communication possible.

Dr Megan Clarke, CEO of the CSIRO, is embracing the development of these emerging technologies. A member of the Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council, Dr Clarke began her career as a mine geologist and has worked in mineral exploration, mine geology, and research and development management. She says, “science, innovative thinking and technology have dramatically changed the way you and I live – creating radical advances in every segment of our life. These things have brought the world closer and every day, indeed every second of every day, we see

new inventive, groundbreaking trends emerging that will continue to change life as we now know it on our planet and even those beyond.” An undergraduate science degree is an ideal base for opportunities in photonics, optics, quantum technology and nanotechnology. For example, a wide variety of career options exist within the area of nanoscience, including chemists, engineers, physicists, computer, and materials scientists. As in many other science-related fields, postgraduate qualifications are often essential or highly beneficial. Both industries and governments around the world identify these technologies as priority areas. They have attracted substantial research and development funding.. Many career opportunities have strong industrial and international linkages.

–– Engineer: manufactures, machines and manipulates material to smaller and smaller dimensions –– Industrial chemist/materials scientist: develops methods for synthesising and assembling extremely small structures atom-by-atom –– Medical physicist: involved in the commissioning, calibration, safe operation and maintenance of diagnostic medical instruments –– Nanotechnologist: develops new experimental methods to manipulate atoms and molecules

WHAT IS… Nanotechnology: manipulation of materials on atomic scales Optics: use of lenses and mirrors to manipulate light Photonics: use of materials e.g. optical fibres to manipulate light Quantum technology: engineering of physical devices and systems that manipulate quantum particles (eg. individual photons and electrons)

–– Optics engineer: develops optic and photonic components for scientific instruments –– Photonic research scientist: develops the next generation of photonic devices for data communications.

A sample of the career opportunities in the areas of photonics, optics, quantum technology, and nanotechnology is outlined below: –– Computer scientist: develops software tools for modeling complex systems

AT A GLANCE GRADUATE PROFILE: DR JOSEPH BEVITT Scientific Coordinator, ANSTO Bragg Institute Dr Joseph Bevitt completed a Bachelor of Science (Advanced) (Honours) at the University of Sydney, and appreciates the opportunity he had to study with the best and brightest developing scientific minds in the country. “Your choice of university is crucial – it provides your networking framework and support base from which you will call upon throughout your working life,” says Joseph. Joseph strongly believes that developing skills and knowledge through a University of Sydney science degree allows students the freedom to explore the depth and breadth of scientific endeavours, and to find out what really captures their imagination. “The variety of courses and modules on offer, the ability to approach academics for summer vacation research experience, the high quality of teaching and lab support staff are all wonderful reasons to study science at Sydney,” enthuses Joseph. Joseph obtained his PhD in chemistry from the University of Sydney in 2006 and now works as the Scientific Coordinator of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) Bragg Institute, managing access to the neutron scattering facilities associated with the OPAL nuclear reactor. “The OPAL nuclear research reactor is used by ANSTO researchers to make radioactive materials – each year it creates around 60,000 patient doses of radiopharmaceuticals used for radiation therapy and medical imaging of the body’s soft tissues to detect disease,” says Joseph. OPAL also produces neutrons used for research into understanding the dynamics of porous materials. “The potential impact of this research is profound and could lead to development of systems that reduce our need for oil and petrol,” says Joseph.

Industry bodies –– Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) –– Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) Statistics Salaries: –– Life scientist: $50,000-60,000 –– Science technician: $42,000-55,000 Source: Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Medical Science (p62) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science (Advanced Mathematics) (p61) Our majors –– Biochemistry (p73) –– Bioinformatics (p73) –– Chemistry (p75) –– Computational Science (p75) –– Computer Science (p76) –– Information Systems (p82) –– Neuroscience (p86) –– Nanoscience and Technology (p85) –– Physics (p88)

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VET & ANIMAL INDUSTRIES “(This is) the most exciting and challenging time to enter veterinary science in living memory.” BARRY SMYTH, PRESIDENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION With the highest incidence of pet ownership in the world and widespread breeding of livestock for food and recreation, veterinary and animal industries are thriving in Australia. The majority of professionals in this field are veterinarians, treating sickness, disease, and injury for companion animals and livestock. A degree in veterinary science prepares veterinarians in a wide variety of skills for a diverse career path. The majority of veterinarians enter private veterinary business in veterinary practice. Most veterinary practice work relates to companion animals in households in the major cities and regional towns. The remainder involves veterinary services to a wide range of species in different management systems – for example poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, alpacas, and horses. There is a vast range of skills that veterinarians can use in a number of careers other than veterinary practice. An especially important role for veterinarians is the monitoring of animal welfare in suburban, peri-urban and rural areas of Australia. Monitoring

There is a vast range of skills that veterinarians can use in a number of careers other than veterinary practice.

is most often done in private veterinary practice when examining animals in the clinic or hospital, and on Australian farms. Monitoring the disease status of animal populations is another important role for all veterinarians. It has critical ramifications for a safe, secure, reliable food supply here in Australia, as well as for our ability to meet the needs of overseas markets. Disease monitoring tracks the various animal diseases already present in Australia, and detect as quickly as possible any new diseases not previously seen in Australia’s animals. Barry Smyth, President of the Australian Veterinary Association, considers this “the most exciting and challenging time to enter veterinary science in living memory”, stating that those working in this industry will be constantly learning and challenged by new techniques and technologies. You don’t need a veterinary degree to work in the animal industry. There are other qualifications that can lead to very rewarding opportunities in the pharmaceutical industry, government

services (including welfare, biosecurity and quarantine), zoos, artificial breeding establishments, natural resource management, feral animal control, medical research laboratories, university teaching and research, various roles teaching in the TAFE system, pet food and other nutritional services. AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Veterinary Association –– Veterinary Practitioners Board of NSW –– Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority –– Australian Companion Animal Council Statistics –– There are currently about 10,000 veterinarians registered in Australia and about 7500 of them work in private veterinary businesses. –– The seven veterinary schools in Australia graduate about 500 new veterinarians annually. Starting salary: $45,000 Source: Australian Veterinary Association

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Animal and Veterinary Bioscience (p64) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) –– B Veterinary Science (p65) Our majors –– Agricultural Genetics (p70) –– Agricultural Science (p71) –– Agricultural Systems (p71) –– Biology (p74) –– Entomology (p76) –– Farming Systems (p78) –– Food Science (p79) –– Livestock Production (p82) –– Natural Terrestrial Systems (p86)

GRADUATE PROFILE: ROBERT JOHNSON Official Veterinarian, Royal Agricultural Society President of the Unusual and Exotic Pets Group Robert Johnson has been a veterinarian “for longer than the Bondi Vet but not quite as long as Dr Harry” having graduated from the University of Sydney in 1977 where he saw Vietnam draft resistors arrested on campus, gay liberation campaigns and a Madam Lash concert on the front lawn. These days he runs a small animal, wildlife and reptile practice in Penrith with his wife Jane who is also a veterinarian. While this would be enough work for most people, Robert also works as a clinical veterinarian at Taronga Zoo, treating everything from elephants to echidnas. Robert’s relationship with the University of Sydney has remained close since his days as a student 35 years ago, hosting practical students at his clinic and acting as a mentor to third year students. Robert is President of the Unusual and Exotic Pets Group and a Policy Advisory Council member as part of the Australian Veterinary Association. He is also Official Veterinarian for the Royal Agricultural Society and a lecturer in wildlife and reptile medicine at James Cook University. Relaxation from this hectic schedule involves listening to the blues, drawing cartoons and hanging out with his skink “Spike” and carpet python “Cecil”. At the time of writing, Robert is in Fiji relocating 100 critically endangered wild Fijian Crested Iguanas as part of a Taronga Conservation Society project. Given the incredible range of species Robert has worked with throughout his career, this sort of challenge could be seen as just another day in the office!

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WATER “Water is such a huge issue and there is so much work to be done that I really do encourage graduates to get involved.” DR RHONDDA DICKSON, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE MURRAY DARLING BASIN AUTHORITY Living on the driest inhabited continent on Earth, Australians know the value of water. The issue of water in Australia is so critical that Dr Rhondda Dickson, Chief Executive of the Murray Darling Basin Authority (MDBA), says our water industry is of “national importance in terms of human water needs, industrial use, food production and our natural environment.” The industry is currently experiencing rapid growth, which is creating unprecedented career opportunities. Water industry bodies anticipate that approximately $30 billion will be invested in infrastructure over the next 10 years and that 40,000 new workers will be needed by 2018.

“It’s definitely an area where the number of positions will continue to increase. Water is such a huge issue and there is so much work to be done that I really do encourage graduates to get involved,” says Dr Dickson. Ian Rowbottom, AECOM’s Water Industry Director, agrees, saying that the industry is no longer “the domain of the male engineer”, but has grown to include more female engineers as well as more scientists and other disciplines, which is “increasingly essential to deal with the complex array of issues facing the water industry.” As a whole, the water industry looks after all aspects of the water cycle and

GRADUATE PROFILE: MARC DALEY Coastal Advisor, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage Growing up on Sydney’s northern beaches, Marc Daley forged a close relationship with the coast from a young age. “I was part of the local surf club and was in the water pretty much every day,” remembers Marc. This daily exposure to the beach enabled Marc to see first-hand how his local coastline was being managed, and inspired him to play a key role in coastal management. In keeping with his childhood dreams, Marc is now a Coastal Advisor for the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, and in his role, provides advice on managing the impacts of hazards on NSW coasts, beaches and estuaries. Marc’s path to winning his dream job started with a Marine Science degree at Sydney, where he studied marine biology, oceanography, geology and coastal zone management. Next, Marc enrolled in Honours, which he says was essential in opening the door to his PhD and future job. It was contacts developed during his PhD that led Marc to his current job, in which he says no two days are the same. “Any day could see me implementing policy reform, improving planning and management within the coastal zone or writing briefing notes for the Minister. “I feel lucky to have landed a job that’s in-line with my studies in the field I’m passionate about, and it’s rewarding to be making an ongoing difference to how we manage our coastline for both our and future generations.”

its management: supply, treatment, wastewater treatment, resource planning, policy, law and research. The sector is spilt into distinct areas such as urban water (e.g. drinking water, waste water and stormwater), rural water (e.g. irrigation), surface water, pollution, and protection of groundwater, rivers, wetlands and estuaries. The sector employs many professionals with science and mathematics skills. Hydrologists, for example, solve waterrelated problems such as controlling river flooding or designing agricultural irrigation schemes. Other jobs include developing advanced treatment processes to ensure wastewater and stormwater can be used, or

Water security is one of the main environmental policy areas for the government.

monitoring harmful freshwater and marine organisms. Depending on your preference, science-related roles can mean spending lots of time in the field (e.g. collecting samples from rivers), in the laboratory (e.g. water quality analysis), or in front of the computer (e.g. mathematical modeling to predict groundwater levels). Water authorities also employ engineers – who are central to the sector – in creating and operating infrastructure needed for collecting, storing, purifying, delivering, and managing water. Another major area, which is increasing in its demand for specialists, is policy and planning. The water industry faces complex issues requiring innovative and workable solutions. Professionals are needed to create rules for water accounting, trade and sustainability. Because water security is one of the main environmental policy areas for the government, many positions are within the public sector. The main government employers are: the Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, state or territory environmental bodies (e.g. NSW Office of Environment and Heritage) and the associated Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), regional Catchment Management Authorities (CMA), and local governments. Graduate programs are an excellent way to get started in the water industry, and almost all agencies have them. Dr Dickson says the MDBA hires many science graduates, with a range of majors, especially through their

graduate program. You can even get a foot in the door while still at university via the cadetship program, which Dr Dickson says develops the right skills and increases students’ opportunity of working with the MDBA in the future. Consultancy firms are also a major source of employment. Rowbottom from AECOM – one of the largest technical consultancies in the worldsays scientists working in the consulting industry can “expand beyond pure water science roles into more general environmental assessment and participation in construction teams.” Mr Rowbottom adds that consultancy firms provide opportunities to work on international water projects with aid and relief agencies. “Working in the water industry not only provides significant career development, it’s also helping to make a difference to the environment and to people’s lives,” says Mr Rowbottom. AT A GLANCE Industry bodies –– Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) –– National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS) –– National Water Commission –– Bureau of Meteorology Australia –– Australian Water Association –– Stormwater Industry Association –– Water Industry Operators Association –– Water Services Association of Australia –– Irrigation Australia –– Australian Society of Limnology –– Australian Coastal Society

Statistics –– Employs 80,000 people –– Has an annual turnover of over $8 billion –– Contains over 400 water providers –– $30 billion will be spent on water infrastructure over the next 10 years –– There will be a demand for 40,000 new water workers by 2018 –– Australian Water Association is Australia’s leading membership association for water professionals and organisations. Salaries: –– Hydrologist: $38,000-60,000 –– Coastal management officer: $62,000-68,000 –– Scientist: $50,000-60,000 Source: ABC, MyCareer, Graduate Careers Australia

PATHWAYS Our courses –– B Environmental Systems (p58) –– B Liberal Arts and Science (p61) –– B Science (p60) –– B Science (Advanced) (p60) –– B Science in Agriculture (p59) Our majors –– Agricultural Systems (p71) –– Biology (p74) –– Environmental studies (p77) –– Geography (p79) –– Geology and Geophysics (p80) –– Marine Biology, Geoscience and Science (p83) –– Natural Terrestrial Systems (p86)

YOUR NATURAL SCIENCES COURSE OPTIONS

HOW TO USE THIS SECTION: This section provides you with information about the range of courses on offer. It is the next step in finding out which course suits you best for your future. You will find information about the course, the academic requirements, the length of the course, about the course, a sample pathway (what you will study) and a list of the majors or specialisations available to you.

58

AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT COURSES

BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 2012 domestic students ATAR/IB 80.70/30 2013 international students ATAR/IB 84.40/31 UAC course code 511000 CRICOS code 000658B University course code BH002 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours)/8 years PT (day only) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics In this applied economics course you will have the opportunity to combine your interests in science and business. This course has an emphasis on commodities, marketing and trade. You will learn how the principles of economics are applied to agribusiness, sustainability and natural resource issues. This course differentiates you from generalist economics and commerce graduates, and provides you with strong analytical and communication skills. In addition, the professional development unit represents a wonderful opportunity for you to apply your knowledge in real-life situations. It prepares you for the workplace and makes you incredibly competitive in the employment market. Agricultural economists are employed in the finance sector including risk management, commercial and merchant banking, and accounting, while others are involved in agribusiness, marketing and commodity trading, policy making and economic research. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

YEAR 4

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2



PRODUCTION ECONOMICS



RESEARCH METHODS



MICROECONOMICS

MACROECONOMICS

INTERMEDIATE MICRO

INTERMEDIATE MACRO

AGEC OR ELECTIVE

AGEC OR ELECTIVE


BUSINESS & ECONOMICS STATISTICS A

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS STATISTICS B

APPLIED ECONOMETRIC MODELLING

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

AGEC ELECTIVE


MAJOR ELECTIVE


MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

AGEC ELECTIVE


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MAJORS* Accounting (subject to ATAR); Agribusiness (p68); Agricultural Economics (p69); Agricultural Finance (p69); Agricultural Marketing (p70); Agricultural Science (p71); Commercial law; Economics; Econometrics; Finance; Geography (p79); Government and international relations; Management; Marketing; Psychology (p90). * Subject to course requirements you may be able to complete a major or elective from the following faculties: arts and social sciences, business school, science. PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, The Economics Society of Australia, Agribusiness Association of Australia, other international professional associations, including the American Agricultural Economics Association.

BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2012 domestic students ATAR/IB 83.05/31 2013 international students ATAR/IB 84.40/31 UAC course code 511006 CRICOS code 068774C University course code BH007 Duration 3 years FT Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics, Chemistry The course comprehensively examines both natural and agricultural systems. It differs from other environmental and agricultural courses in that it has a clear focus on building knowledge and skills in quantitative analysis across disciplines and the application of systems thinking to the issues of the day such as climate change, water, food security and carbon emissions. This unique course addresses the tensions and synergies of ecosystems. You will complete core units that span the plant sciences, hydrology, geomorphology, soil science and biosphereatmosphere interactions. Depending on your academic performance, you may apply for an additional honours year. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

AUST ENVIRONMENTS & CLIMATE

ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

PLANT SCIENCE

HYDROLOGY

PLANT SCIENCE

INTRO STATISTICAL METHODS


STATISTICS

ENVIRONMENTAL GIS

SOIL SCIENCE

BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

SOIL SCIENCE

HYDROLOGY

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

STREAM ELECTIVE

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Please note: Stream electives can be chosen from the area of agricultural systems or natural terrestrial systems.

SPECIALISATIONS Agricultural Systems (p71); Natural Terrestrial Systems (p86).

59 BACHELOR OF RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2012 domestic students ATAR/IB 82.80/31 2013 international students ATAR/IB 86.20/32 UAC course code 511004 CRICOS code 032440M University course code BH004 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours)/8 years PT (day only) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics Extension 1 RECOMMENDED STUDIES Biology and/or Earth and Environmental Science Focusing on environmental and resource economics, this course provides an in depth study of economics combined with studies in science and mathematics. You will develop knowledge of ecological systems and be able to contribute to solving challenging environmental and management issues. Bachelor of Resource Economics graduates are qualified as applied economists, with specialised skills in resource and environmental economics. The course focuses on the private and social economic management of the environment and natural resources, including land, water, fisheries and forestry, ecological systems, the atmosphere, and resource commodities such as minerals, coal and oil. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

YEAR 4

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

MICROECONOMICS

MACROECONOMICS



BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS

RESEARCH METHODS



MATHEMATICS


MICROECONOMICS

MACROECONOMICS


ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & ETHICS



MAJOR ELECTIVE

RESOURCE ECONOMICS

APPLIED OPTIMISATION

SENIOR ECONOMICS (OPTIONS)

MAJOR ELECTIVE


MAJOR ELECTIVE

MATHEMATICS / STATISTICS

ECONOMETRICS

ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE

MAJOR ELECTIVE


RESEC ELECTIVE

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MAJORS* Agricultural Science (p71); Biology (p74); Chemistry (p75); Commercial law; Economics; Econometrics; Finance; Geography (p79); Geology (p80); Government and international relations; Marine science (p83); Mathematics (p83); Resource Economics (p90); Soil Science (p91); Statistics (p91). * Subject to course requirements you may be able to complete a major or elective from the following faculties: arts and social sciences, business school, science PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, The Economics Society of Australia, Agribusiness Association of Australia, other international professional associations, including the American Agricultural Economics Association.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE 2012 domestic students ATAR/IB 76.55/28 2013 international students ATAR/IB 84.40/31 UAC course code 511001 CRICOS code 000659A University course code BH000 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours)/8 years PT (day only) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics, Chemistry How we will feed the world is one of the greatest challenges facing society today. You will have the opportunity to develop a foundation in science with an emphasis on how it applies to managing food production and sustainable use of natural resources. You will develop strong skills in critical thinking, problem solving, research and communication. Highlighting the connectivity and dynamics of agricultural systems, you will learn how to apply the principles of science to solutions-based management. Unique to the faculty’s degrees, your course includes a professional development program as a core unit of study. This professional development unit represents an opportunity for you to apply your knowledge in real-life situations. It prepares you for the workplace and makes you incredibly competitive in the employment market. YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

YEAR 4

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

RURAL ENVIRONMENT

CLIMATE & THE ENVIRONMENT

APPLIED STATISTICAL METHODS

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

FOOD CHEMISTRY

AGROECOSYSTEMS

RESEARCH PROJECT A

RESEARCH PROJECT B

INTRO STATISTICS



AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

PLANT DISEASE

SOIL SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

CHEMISTRY (OPTIONS)

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

SPECIALISATION UNIT


BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

BIOLOGY (OPTIONS)

SOIL SCIENCE

PLANT FORM & FUNCTION

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

SPECIALISATION UNIT

SPECIALISATION UNIT

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SPECIALISATIONS** Agricultural Chemistry (p68); Agricultural Economics (p69); Agricultural Genetics (p70); Agronomy (p72); Entomology (p76); Environmetrics (p77); Farming Systems (p78); Food Science (p79); Horticulture (p81); Livestock Production (p82); Plant Pathology (p89); Soil Science (p91). **To achieve a specialisation in one of these areas, you will undertake a combination of units of study (specialisation units) and a research project (Research Project A and Research Project B).

60

SCIENCE COURSES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BSC) 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 82.10/30 2013 international students ATAR/IB 78/29 UAC course code 512040 CRICOS code 000719E University course code LH000 Duration 3 years FT/6 Years PT Mid year entry Yes English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. Other assumed knowledge depends on units studied. All students in the BSc must take some units of study in mathematics. The Bachelor of Science (BSc) allows you the choice of over 30 specialist majors in one course. The extensive list of majors offered encompasses all types of scientific endeavour, from the fundamental sciences of physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics in all their wonderful variety, through to psychology, life sciences, sciences of the natural environment, interdisciplinary sciences, and history and philosophy of science. You will take at least one major in the BSc, and many students complete two. You are free to take up to one third of your BSc in areas outside science, and are also encouraged to consider the possibility of spending a semester on exchange at an overseas partner university after your first year. Courses you can combine with: B Arts, B Commerce, B Education, B Engineering, B Information Technology, B Laws, M Nursing, M Nutrition and Dietetics. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS

MAJOR 1 INTERMEDIATE UNIT

MAJOR 1 INTERMEDIATE UNIT ADV

MAJOR 1

MAJOR 1

JUNIOR SCIENCE ELECTIVE 1


MAJOR 2 INTERMEDIATE UNIT OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 INTERMEDIATE UNIT OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 1

MAJOR 1



INTERMEDIATE SCIENCE ELECTIVE


MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

INTERMEDIATE OR SENIOR ELECTIVE


MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

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MAJORS Agricultural Chemistry (p68); Anatomy and Histology (p72); Biochemistry (p73); Bioinformatics (p73); Biology (p74); Cell pathology (p74); Chemistry (p75); Computational Science (p75); Computer Science (p76); Environmental Studies (p77); Financial Mathematics and Statistics (p78); Geography (p79); Geology and Geophysics (p80); History and Philosophy of Science (p80); Immunobiology (p81); Information Systems (p82); Marine Biology, Geoscience and Science (p83); Mathematics (p83); Medicinal Chemistry (p84); Microbiology (p84); Molecular Biology and Genetics (p85); Nanoscience and Technology (p85); Neuroscience (p86); Nutrition and Metabolism (p87); Pharmacology (p87); Physics (p88); Physiology (p88); Plant Science (p89); Psychology (p90); Soil Science (p91); Statistics (p91). PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Most majors in the BSc are recognised by the relevant professional association. For example, if you major in chemistry you may be eligible for graduate membership of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI).

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (ADVANCED) 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 95.00/37 2013 international students ATAR/IB 93/36 UAC course code 512041 CRICOS code 000719E University course code LH000 Duration 3 years FT/6 Years PT Mid year entry Yes English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. Other assumed knowledge depends on units studied. All students in the BSc must take some units of study in mathematics. The advanced science course retains much of the flexibility of the Bachelor of Science. Advanced units cater to the needs of the best students; the material taught is demanding, but the results are extremely rewarding. Advanced units are available to you in many other programs including the BSc, BSc (Advanced Mathematics) and Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Science. Courses you can combine with: B Arts, B Commerce, B Education, B Engineering, B Information Technology, B Laws, M Nursing, M Nutrition and Dietetics, MBBS. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS



MAJOR 1 ADVANCED

MAJOR 1 ADVANCED





MAJOR 1 ADVANCED

MAJOR 1 ADVANCED





MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE



MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

24 CREDIT POINTS

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MAJORS As for the Bachelor of Science (above). The following majors are available for study at the advanced level: Anatomy and Histology (p72); Biochemistry (p73); Bioinformatics (p73); Biology (p74); Chemistry (p75); Computational Science (p75); Computer Science (p76); Financial Mathematics and Statistics (p78); Geography (p79); Geology and Geophysics (p80); Immunobiology (p81); Marine Biology, Geoscience and Science (p83); Mathematics (p83); Medicinal Chemistry (p84); Microbiology (p84); Nanoscience and Technology (p85); Neuroscience (p86); Pharmacology (p87); Physics (p88); Physiology (p88); Plant Science (p89); Statistics (p91). PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Most majors in the BSc are recognised by the relevant professional association. For example, if you major in chemistry you may be eligible for graduate membership of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI).

61 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (ADVANCED MATHEMATICS) 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 98.35/41 2013 international students ATAR/IB 95/37 UAC course code 512042 CRICOS code 000719E University course code LH000 Duration 3 years FT/6 Years PT Mid year entry Yes English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE HSC Mathematics Extension 2 The advanced mathematics course is similar in structure to both the Bachelor of Science and the Bachelor of Science (Advanced). This course is for you if you are a highly talented student who wants to combine your interest in mathematics with some other area of science or technology. In this course, you will study the majority of your mathematics material at the advanced level or as part of the Talented Student Program. You also have the opportunity to complement your study with other advanced science units of study and challenging units from other faculties. You can study advanced mathematics units in many other courses, including the BSc, BSc (Advanced) and Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Science and most combined courses. Courses you can combine with: B Arts, B Commerce, B Education, B Engineering, B Information Technology, B Laws, M Nursing, M Nutrition and Dietetics. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS

INTERMEDIATE MATHS ADV


SENIOR MATHS ADV

SENIOR MATHS ADV





SENIOR MATHS ADV

SENIOR MATHS ADV





MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

INTERMEDIATE OR SENIOR SCIENCE ELECTIVE

INTERMEDIATE OR SENIOR SCIENCE ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

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MAJORS Financial Mathematics and Statistics (p78); Mathematics (p83); Statistics (p91).

BACHELOR OF LIBERAL ARTS & SCIENCE 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 70.05/25 2013 international students ATAR/IB 70/25 UAC course code 512009 CRICOS code 068569G University course code LH056 Duration 3 years FT/6 Years PT Mid year entry Yes English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Depends on subject areas chosen. Some units of study assume a level of knowledge of the subject area. This course is designed to provide you with a background in both the humanities and the sciences, as well as communication and analytical skills through the liberal studies stream which are identified by potential employers as desirable in a wide range of careers. The course gives you lots of flexibility and a large breadth of subject choice. While graduates of the course will be highly employable, it also provides a suitable background for you to enter into research via the honours year or master’s by research, or into a postgraduate coursework program for further specialisation. If you have a wide variety of interests and don’t want to restrict yourself to majors offered in a specialist course, or if you have specific interests in areas covered in both the arts and the sciences, you will be interested in the Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Science. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

ARTS

ARTS

ARTS

ARTS

ARTS

ARTS

JUNIOR SCIENCE

JUNIOR SCIENCE

INTERMEDIATE SCIENCE

INTERMEDIATE SCIENCE

SENIOR SCIENCE

SENIOR SCIENCE

JUNIOR SCIENCE

JUNIOR SCIENCE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

SENIOR SCIENCE

SENIOR SCIENCE

LS: ANALYTICAL THINKING

LS: COMMUNICATION

LS: ETHICS

LS ELECTIVE

LS ELECTIVE

LS ELECTIVE

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Please note: science major example shown.

MAJORS FROM SCIENCE See p60. MAJORS FROM ARTS American Studies; Ancient History; Anthropology; Arab World, Islam and The Middle East; Arabic Language and Literature; Archaeology; Art History and Theory; Asian Studies; Australian Literature; Biblical Studies; Celtic Studies; Chinese Studies; Classical Studies; Cultural Studies; Digital Cultures; Economics; English; European Studies; Film Studies; French Studies; Gender Studies; Germanic Studies; Government and International Relations; Greek (Ancient); Hebrew (Classical and Modern); History; Indigenous Australian Studies; Indonesian Studies; International and Comparative Literary Studies; Italian Studies; Japanese Studies; Jewish Civilisation, Thought and Culture; Korean Studies; Latin; Linguistics; Medieval Studies; Modern Greek Studies; Music; Performance Studies; Philosophy; Political Economy; Sanskrit; Social Policy; Socio-Legal Studies; Sociology; Spanish and Latin American Studies; Studies in Religion.

62

SCIENCE COURSES

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 92.05/35 2013 international students ATAR/IB 88/33 UAC course code 512080/512081 (2nd year entry) CRICOS code 016246B University course code LH010 Duration 3 years FT/6 Years PT Mid year entry Yes English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics, Chemistry and Biology or Physics The Bachelor of Medical Science will give you an understanding of the structure and function of the human body, from molecules to whole systems. You will also be introduced to aspects of abnormal functioning. Schools in the Faculty of Science teach the basic sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, microbiology and biochemistry. A unique feature of the course is that the Sydney Medical School teach the clinical sciences: anatomy, pathology, physiology, pharmacology, infectious diseases and immunology. You have the opportunity to complete your honours year in one of these disciplines. Graduates may be successful in gaining competitive entry into the University of Sydney Medical Program. Courses you can combine with: B Engineering, B Information Technology, MBBS. SAMPLE PATHWAY *Students may elect to spread their core medical science units over second and third year. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS

MEDICAL SCIENCE

MEDICAL SCIENCE

MAJOR 1

MAJOR 1

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

MEDICAL SCIENCE

MEDICAL SCIENCE

MAJOR 1

MAJOR 1

PHYSICS/PSYCHOLOGY

PHYSICS/PSYCHOLOGY

MEDICAL SCIENCE

MEDICAL SCIENCE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE*

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE*

BIOLOGY

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

MAJOR 2 OR ELECTIVE

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MAJORS Medical science. Majors include: Anatomy and Histology (p72); Biochemistry (p73); Cell Pathology (p74); Immunobiology (p81); Microbiology (p84); Molecular Biology and Genetics (p85); Neuroscience (p86); Pharmacology (p87); Physiology (p88); Psychology (p90). Additional science majors are available.

COMBINED SCIENCE/MEDICINE 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 99.95/45 + interview 2012 ATSI students ATAR/IB 95/37 + interview 2013 international students ATAR/IB** 99.50/43 + interview UAC course code 512097 ATSI UAC course code 512098 CRICOS Codes: BSc(Adv)/MBBS 052435J BMedSci/MBBS 052436G University course codes: BSc(Adv)/MBBS LH033 BMedSci/MBBS LH034 Duration 7 years FT Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Refer to Bachelor of Science (Advanced) or Bachelor of Medical Science. All students in the BSc must take some units of study in mathematics. The Faculty of Science and Sydney Medical School offer you the opportunity to get a strong foundation in the sciences through the Bachelor of Science (Advanced) or the Bachelor of Medical Science followed by the University’s prestigious four-year graduate medical program (MBBS). In your first three years you undertake an advanced science or medical science course. Alongside your studies in scientific areas you will also complete a compulsory zero credit point unit in which you research some aspect of medicine. This is arranged in consultation with academics in the Sydney Medical School. The medical curriculum emphasises practical delivery with much of the program using problembased learning with contextually relevant medical issues as the foundation of the course. From your first year in the MBBS through to your final year, you will have contact with patients and observe the physical aspects of disease. We also offer a combined science medicine program entry for Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander students through the Cadigal Program. ADDITIONAL ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS Short-listed applicants will be interviewed. For more details please visit: sydney.edu.au/medicine/future-students MAJORS As listed for the BSc (Advanced) (p60) or BMedSc (see above) and medicine. PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Graduates of the MBBS are eligible for registration by medical boards in all Australian states and territories and in New Zealand. Majors within the Bachelor of Science (Advanced) and Medical Science may also have professional recognition. Please refer to relevant major. ** The Faculty of Science considers international applicants for these programs who achieve an ATAR (or equivalent) of 99.5 by completing an eligible qualification in 2012. For example, an Australian Year 12 qualification, the International Baccalaureate, New Zealand National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NZEA) Level 3 or the University of Sydney Foundation Program. For a full list of eligible qualifications visit sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/ undergrad/course/com-scimed

63 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE/MASTER OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 96.85/39 2013 international students ATAR/IB 94/36 UAC course code 512099 CRICOS code 069875A University course code LH026 Duration 5 years FT Mid year entry No English requirements (international) IELTS 7.0 (min 6.5 in each band) IBT 100 (24/22) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Mathematics, Chemistry and Biology This program is designed to give you a solid knowledge of nutritional science and nutrition as a scientific discipline, and to make you a scientist capable of working in and furthering this emerging field. The BSc/MND will prepare you to lead in the dietetics profession, and maintain and advance the profession’s standards. You start your combined course with the three-year BSc and, as long as you have met the progression requirements, you then complete two years in the MND. In your BSc, you complete units of study in biochemistry, molecular biology and human physiology which are necessary prerequisites for accreditation by the Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA). If you would like to obtain accreditation as a dietitian, you will need to undertake one semester of practical placement in clinical/community/food service/public health, and industry areas in the master’s course. YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

YEAR 4

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 1

MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS


BIOCHEMISTRY

MAJOR 1*

MAJOR 1*

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

MAJOR 1*

BIOLOGY




PSYCHOLOGY

ELECTIVE

SCIENCE ELECTIVE

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SEMESTER 1

YEAR 5

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE

FOOD SERVICE MANAGEMENT

DIETETICS TRAINING PLACEMENT

NUTRITION RESEARCH PROJECT

MAJOR 1*

DIETARY INTAKE & NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT

PUBLIC HEALTH & COMMUNITY NUTRITION

MAJOR 2 OR SCIENCE ELECTIVE


DIETETICS PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

MEDICAL NUTRITION

SCIENCE ELECTIVE



METHODS IN NUTRITION RESEARCH

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* Major 1 must be one of the four majors listed below: MAJORS Biochemistry (p73); Microbiology (p84); Physiology (p88); Psychology (p90). PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA) – upon completion of the MND.

BACHELOR OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 97.00/39 2013 international students ATAR/IB 95/37 UAC course code 512085 CRICOS code 019184J University course code LH057 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) Standard (p93) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE None for psychology subjects. Science stream: Mathematics. All students in the science stream must take some units of study in mathematics. Other assumed knowledge depends on subjects chosen alongside psychology. The Bachelor of Psychology (BPsych) is a specialised program with either an arts or science stream. The arts stream caters for students whose interests lie in the humanities and social sciences, while the science stream will cater for those who have science-oriented interests. If you are interested in both the arts and sciences, there is room in both streams to undertake a small number of elective units in subject areas other than the one in which you enrolled. The psychology subjects you study are identical for both streams. Progression in the BPsych requires a minimum credit average in first year psychology and a minimum distinction average in psychology in second and third year. Students who do not satisfy these requirements are not able to continue in the BPsych course. These students have an automatic right of transfer to a course that allows a major in psychology. In addition to the BPsych, there are many other courses with a recognised major in psychology (e.g. in the science, arts, health sciences, medical science or liberal arts and science courses). SCIENCE STREAM of BACHELOR OF PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

YEAR 4

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

MATHEMATICS*

MATHEMATICS*

INTERMEDIATE PSYCHOLOGY


SENIOR PSYCHOLOGY

SENIOR PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY HONOURS

PSYCHOLOGY HONOURS

PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY



SENIOR PSYCHOLOGY

SENIOR PSYCHOLOGY

SCIENCE ELECTIVE

SCIENCE ELECTIVE

SCIENCE ELECTIVE

SCIENCE ELECTIVE

SENIOR PSYCHOLOGY

SENIOR PSYCH OR ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE

ELECTIVE



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PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Psychology Accreditation Council, Australian Psychological Society (APS) and Psychology Board of Australia. For more information about becoming a member of the APS or a registered psychologist, see p90. *Mathematics not required for students completing the Arts stream.

64

VETERINARY SCIENCE COURSES

BACHELOR OF ANIMAL & VETERINARY BIOSCIENCE 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 84.40/31 2013 international students ATAR/IB 79.50/29 UAC course code 512105 CRICOS code 053423E University course code NH003 Duration 4 years FT (incl Honours)/8 years PT (incl Honours) Mid year entry No English requirements (international) IELTS 6.5 (min 6.0 in each band) IBT 90 (min 21 in Writing) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Chemistry, Mathematics RECOMMENDED STUDIES Biology The Bachelor of Animal and Veterinary Bioscience (BAVBS) is a flexible applied science program that allows you to tailor your studies to your specific interests, within the field of animal science. Starting with a strong science foundation, the four year animal and veterinary bioscience degree develops scientific skills in applied animal health and disease; behaviour and welfare science; genetics and biotechnology; nutrition and feed technology; reproduction and assisted reproductive technologies. Emphasis is placed on the development of analytical, quantitative, computing and communication skills, as well as practical animal handling and management and includes at least 60 days of practical, faculty-supported work experience. The course is based at our Camperdown campus for the first three years, but you will also make use of the faculty’s large animal teaching and research facilities at the University’s farms and Camden campus. In your final year, you will gain specialist research skills by completing an individual research project in an animal science area of interest. You may choose to pursue your specialist studies at either of the two campuses, depending on your choice of research project and coursework units of study. YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1

YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

YEAR 3 SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2 RESEARCH PROJECT A OR B

RURAL ENVIRONMENT

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY


ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

ANIMAL NUTRITION

RESEARCH PROJECT A OR ANIMAL GENETICS OR ANIMAL PRODUCTION

BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY

STATISTICAL METHODS

ANIMAL CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

ANIMAL GENETICS


RESEARCH PROJECT A OR ANIMAL GENETICS OR ANIMAL PRODUCTION

RESEARCH PROJECT A OR B

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY


INTRO VETERINARY PATHOGENESIS

BAVBS ELECTIVE

BAVBS ELECTIVE

ANIMAL GENETICS OR ANIMAL PRODUCTION


STATISTICAL METHODS

CELL BIOLOGY

ANIMAL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

ANIMAL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

BAVBS ELECTIVE

BAVBS ELECTIVE



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AREAS OF INTEREST Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Nutrition, Animal Production and Husbandry, Animal Reproduction , Animal Health and Disease, Animal Genetics and Biotechnology, Conservation Genetics and Biotechnology, Global Food Crisis.

FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE RURAL ENTRY SCHEME If you have completed an Australian Year 12 examination in the last two years, have no tertiary record, and have completed at least the last four years of secondary education at a rural school, you may be eligible for admission under the Faculty of Veterinary Science Rural Students Entry Scheme. Under this scheme, a limited number of places will be available to applicants whose ATAR is not more than five points below the main round ATAR cut-off. For more information please visit:

sydney.edu.au/vetscience

65 BACHELOR OF VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012 Domestic students ATAR/IB 97.25/39* 2013 international students ATAR/IB 92/35* *Entry is based on: ATAR (or equivalent), STAT result (>150/200) and ‘Commitment to Veterinary Science’ submission. UAC course code 512100 CRICOS code 000669K University course code NH002 Duration 5 years FT Mid year entry No English requirements (international) IELTS 7.0 (min 7.0 in each band) IBT 100 (min 24 in Writing) ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics RECOMMENDED STUDIES Biology The Bachelor of Veterinary Science is an exciting, innovative course providing the knowledge, practical and generic skills to pursue many career options as veterinary scientists participating in the care and welfare of animals. To qualify as a veterinarian, you must acquire a great deal of knowledge and master many skills. The most efficient way of achieving this is through an integrated approach to learning. Essentially this means that at each step of the Bachelor of Veterinary Science, knowledge is made relevant to veterinary practice. Rather than studying a topic in isolation, you will be shown the relevance of information to a range of related disciplines in veterinary science. This brings the goal of becoming a veterinarian much closer and by the end of the first year you will have a sound understanding of many of the key issues facing veterinarians. The final year of the course is lecture free and is dedicated to participating in practice-based activities and the management and care of patients. This facilitates the transition into veterinary practice and provides new graduates with the confidence and professional competence needed in the workplace. ADDITIONAL ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS Year 12 domestic applicants will be considered for selection on the basis of your performance in the HSC or equivalent, a satisfactory result in the multiple choice version of the STAT (>150/200) and the submission of a ‘Commitment to Veterinary Science’ form. However if you have previously completed a minimum of one-year full-time study of an approved university course you will be considered for selection on the basis of your Grade Point Average (GPA), multiple choice version of the STAT result and the submission of a ‘Commitment to Veterinary Science’ form. YEAR 1

YEAR 2

YEAR 3

YEAR 4

YEAR 5

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

ANIMAL DIGESTION & NUTRITION

EQUINE ANATOMY

ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR & WELFARE

ANIMAL DISEASE

LARGE ANIMAL HEALTH & PRODUCTION

LARGE ANIMAL HEALTH & PRODUCTION

ANESTHESIA & INTENSIVE CARE

PRIMARY ACCESSION MEDICINE

CELL BIOLOGY

CELL BIOLOGY

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE

VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY


VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

INTENSIVE ANIMAL HEALTH & PRODUCTION

RURAL PUBLIC PRACTICE

REFERRAL MEDICINE

VETERINARY ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY



VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY

VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

VETERINARY ANESTHESIA & SURGERY

VETERINARY ANESTHESIA & SURGERY

SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE

SMALL ANIMAL SURGERY

CHEMISTRY


VETERINARY BIOMETRY

VETERINARY PATHOLOGY

SMALL ANIMAL MEDICINE & THERAPEUTICS

SMALL ANIMAL MEDICINE & THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH

RURAL MIXED PRACTICE

RURAL MIXED PRACTICE

PREPARATION VETERINARY PRACTICE

ELECTIVE ROTATION

ELECTIVE ROTATION

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VETERINARY CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY

VETERINARY GENETICS 24 CREDIT POINTS

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PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (UK), and Veterinary Surgeons’ Board in each state and territory in Australia.

66

VETERINARY SCIENCE COURSES

MAJORS GIVE YOU THE 67 CHANCE TO SPECIALISE IN YOUR COURSE VETERINARY SCIENCE COURSES

AND WE HAVE PLENTY TO CHOOSE FROM

HOW TO USE THIS SECTION: Majors (and in some cases specialisations) are the essence of your course. In the next 24 pages are the range of options on offer to you. Each major has information about the area, how you can study it (which courses) and if there’s any assumed knowledge. Each major also has a pathway (see yellow arrow). This is designed to give you an idea of the types of subjects you will study in the area. If you’re really keen, and want to know more, the handbooks are the place to go for detailed unit requirements: sydney.edu.au/handbooks

68

MAJORS

AGRIBUSINESS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

Agricultural Economics Agricultural Finance Agricultural Marketing

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Agricultural business focuses on the various businesses and activities associated with the modern food industry. Large-scale food production encompasses not only the farm itself, but also the chain of agriculture-related commercial operations that connect the product to the market place. Opportunities exist for you from supplychain and processing to marketing to distribution.

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? HSC Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1.

Agricultural Economics Resource Economics Business Information Systems

PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Agribusiness Association of Australia, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society and other international professional associations including the American Agricultural Economics Association.

International Business

Example units Agribusiness Marketing; Industrial Organisation of Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance and Risk.

Agricultural Marketing Business Information Systems

Industrial Relations

Agricultural Economics

Industrial Relations

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Agricultural Economics (p58).

International Business Agricultural Economics Business Economics & Statistics Business Information Systems Industrial Relations International Business

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Agricultural chemistry is the study of both chemistry and biochemistry, which are important in environmental production, the processing of raw products into foods, fibre and fuel, and environmental monitoring and remediation. These studies emphasise the relationships between plants, animals and bacteria, and their environment. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science in Agriculture (p59) (as a specialisation).

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Chemistry, Biology. PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI). Example units Land and Water Ecochemistry; Human Molecular Cell Biology; The Soil at Work; Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry; Protein Biochemistry; Human Biochemistry; Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

Agricultural Chemistry Biochemistry Chemistry Soil Science

Agricultural Chemistry Biochemistry Plant Science Chemistry

Chemistry Biology Molecular Biology & Genetics

69 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

“Agricultural economics is an applied major, so even in my first year subjects I was able to apply them to real life situations.” GABRIELLA MORONA B Agricultural Economics, third year student

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Agricultural economics provides you with a foundation in economics – including business management and marketing – combined with modern agriculture. The combination of these skills makes you a specialist in the agricultural industry. The result, ideally, is an agriculture industry that better understands efficiency, sustainability and market demand. The field of agricultural economics looks at all elements of agricultural production and applies rational thought and planning as a whole.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Agricultural Economics (p58), B Science in Agriculture (p59) (as a specialisation). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? HSC Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, the Economics Society of Australia, and other international professional associations including the American Agricultural Economics Association. Example units Agricultural and Resource Systems; Market and Price Analysis; Production Economics; Agricultural and Resource Policy; Agribusiness Management; Applied Optimisation.

Agricultural Economics

Agricultural Economics Agricultural and Resource Policy Optimisation

Agricultural Economics Macroeconomics Microeconomics

Agricultural Economics Macroeconomics Microeconomics

AGRICULTURAL FINANCE sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Agricultural finance is concerned with the financing of agricultural-related activities, from production to market. The recent financial crisis has made the provision of agricultural investment more important and the need to explore innovative approaches to rural and agricultural finance even more vital. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Agricultural Economics (p58).

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? HSC Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. Example units Corporate Finance; Industrial Organisation of Agribusiness; Quantitative Planning Methods.

Agricultural Economics Agricultural Finance

Agricultural Economics Agricultural Finance

Agricultural Economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Finance Agricultural Economics Business & Economic Statistics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Finance

70

MAJORS

AGRICULTURAL GENETICS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Agricultural Genetics is the study of genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology as they apply to the plant and animal species of agriculture, as well as other organisms that impact on these by being weeds, pests, pathogens or beneficial organisms.

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units chosen: HSC Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. Genetics

Example units Cytogenetics; Plant Breeding; Molecular Genetics and Breeding; Agricultural Genetics; Molecular Biology. Genetics Statistics

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Science in Agriculture (p59).

Genetics Statistics

Statistics Mathematics Biology

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Marketing systems are dynamic; they are competitive and involve continuous change and improvement. Agricultural marketing is a form of marketing that encompasses all goods and services related to the food industry.

marketing. This requires those involved in marketing chains to understand buyer requirements, both in terms of product and business conditions.

Numerous interconnected activities are involved in doing this, such as production, packing, transport, storage, food processing distribution, advertising, and sale. Financial services that make it possible to secure products are also normally included as part of agricultural

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? HSC Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Agricultural Economics (p58).

Example units Marketing Principles; Agribusiness Marketing; Industrial Organisation of Agribusiness; Consumer Behaviour; Marketing Strategy and Planning.

Agricultural Economics Agricultural Marketing

Agricultural Economics Agricultural Marketing

Agricultural Economics Marketing

Agricultural Economics Business Statistics

71 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. You will study farm crops and animals with the primary goal of improving quantity and quality.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Agricultural Economics (p58), B Resource Economics (p59). Example units The Rural Environment; Climate and the Environment; Plant Form and Function; Soil Properties and Processes.

Agriculture

Agriculture Plant Science Soil Science

Your expertise covers a range of agricultural areas – from improving crop yields to agricultural commodities to genetics and biotechnology.

Agriculture Plant Science Soil Science

Agriculture Biology

AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Agricultural Systems is the study of managed environments. It considers aspects of agricultural genetics, the management of agro-ecosystems in developing countries, atmospheric processes and climate, and sustainable farming systems. Units of study span plant sciences, hydrology, geomorphology, soil science and atmospheric-biospheric interactions.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Environmental Systems (p58). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Recommended Studies: Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology (a chemistry bridging course before lectures commence is advisable). Example units Crop and Pasture Agronomy; Sustainable Farming Systems; Environmental Law and Ethics; Microbial Ecology; Soil Biology; Land and Water Ecochemistry; Integrated Pest Management; GIS; Remote Sensing and Land Management.

Land & Water Science Soil Science Environmental Systems Plant Science Agronomy Agriculture Statistics Resource Economics Entomology Environmental Systems Statistics Soil Science Land & Water Science Plant Science Chemistry Genetics Economics Entomology Microbiology Biology Chemistry Environmental Systems Resource Economics Mathematics Agriculture Agricultural Economics

72

MAJORS

AGRONOMY sydney.edu.au/agriculture

“The thing I enjoyed most about agronomy was that I was constantly being challenged to engage in issues that affect the world’s increasing food shortage. I felt as though by studying agronomy I would be making a difference for the generations to come.” REBECCA THISTLEWHAITE, B Science in Agriculture (Hons), 2012

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Agronomy is the study of science and technology and how it relates to food, fuel and fibre. You will develop an understanding of the concepts behind sustainable production, drawing on a number of disciplines including biology, chemistry, ecology, economics, marketing and genetics.

Modern agronomists are involved in today’s biggest issues such as producing enough nutritious food to feed a growing human population, managing sustainable ecosystems and creating new energy sources from plants. They increasingly encourage the practice of sustainable agriculture by developing and implementing plans to manage pests, crops, soil fertility and erosion, and animal waste in ways that reduce the use of harmful chemicals and do little damage to farms and the natural environment.

Agronomy

Agronomy

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Science in Agriculture (p59). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units chosen: Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. Example units Managing Agro-Ecosystems; Crop and Pasture Agronomy; Sustainable Farming Systematics; The Rural Environment; Climate and the Environment; Plant Form and Function; Soil Property and Processes.

Plant Science Soil Science Statistics

Agriculture Biology Mathematics

ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY sydney.edu.au/medicine/anatomy

“Majoring in Anatomy and Histology has put me in good stead for my subsequent study of medicine at Sydney. The department at Sydney is well equipped to ensure that all students gain hands-on experience during their studies.”

anatomy (bones, muscles, nerves, arteries,veins); neuroanatomy (anatomy and organisation of the nervous system); histology (microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues) and embryology (development of an embryo from fertilisation to fetus stage). Dissection plays a part.

MONIQUE ATKINSON , B Science (Adv), 2009

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology.

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Anatomy and histology is the study of the structure of living things. Your introduction to the area is through the study of cell structure (histology) and the basic tissue of mammalian biology and musculo-skeletal anatomy. In senior year we divide your studies into four disciplines. You will study topographical

Anatomy Histology

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60).

Example units Forensic Osteology; Neuroscience; Motor Systems and Behaviour; Cranial and Cervical Anatomy; Cellular and Developmental Neuroscience; Electron Microscopy and Imaging; Microscopy and Histochemistry; Visceral Anatomy; Musculo-skeletal Anatomy.

Neuroscience Electron Microscopy & Imaging

Anatomy Histology Physiology Molecular Biology & Genetics

Biology Psychology Molecular Biology

73 BIOCHEMISTRY sydney.edu.au/science/molecular_bioscience

“In second year at university I’m already working at the forefront of my field.” NA FIONA NAUGHTON, B Science student

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Biochemistry is the study of how living organisms work at the molecular level. It lies at the interface of many disciplines, incorporating principles of chemistry, biology and physics.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60), B Science/ M Nutrition and Dietetics (p63). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Chemistry, Biology.

Biochemistry Nutrition

Example units Molecular Biology and Biochemistry–Genes; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry–Proteins; Nutrition and Metabolism; Human Molecular Cell Biology; Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry; Proteomics and Functional Genomics.


Chemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics Biology

BIOINFORMATICS sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/undergrad/course/study_bio

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Bioinformatics brings together the fields of life science, computer science and statistics. When biological information is captured on computer, it can be used to produce new computer systems (databases, software, networks and even hardware) and solve problems in a wide variety of areas ranging from biology to medicine. Bioinformaticians strive to understand medical and biological systems through the creative use of statistics and computer analysis. They may write computer programs to analyse data in a new way, they may apply existing analytical tools to new data sets, they may introduce novel statistical methods

into the analysis of data and they may extend existing analytical capabilities to genome-sized data sets. The most recognised application of bioinformatics has been the mapping of the human genome sequence. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Chemistry, Biology. Example units Bioinformatics and Genomics; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry–Genes; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry– Proteins; Human Molecular Cell Biology; Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry; Proteomics and Functional Genomics; Mathematics.

Biology or Biochemistry Statistics Computer Science Bioinformatics Biology and Molecular Biology & Genetics Information Systems Mathematics & Statistics Mathematics & Statistics Biology Chemistry Information Technologies

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MAJORS

BIOLOGY sydney.edu.au/science/biology

“Biology is one of the most exciting majors on offer. As part of my studies, I’ve travelled to the Northern Territory and the Great Barrier Reef to study some unimaginably odd creatures, from minuscule, alien molluscs to magnificently colourful frogs. My lecturers are also researchers in the process of answering some of the most important and interesting questions in science.” JUN TONG, B Science/B Arts, third year student

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Biology is the study of life. It is an immensely diverse science, ranging from the study of molecules and their modes of action, through to understanding complex communities and their relationship with the environment. We

are living in a most exciting time for studying and working in biology as the new technologies - such as recombinant DNA, genomics and proteomics - place powerful tools in the hands of biologists. These advances, along with our ability to process and interpret large volumes of complex data, have generated a gigantic leap in our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms and processes controlling life. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology. Example units Concepts in Biology; Human Biology; Living Systems; Zoology; Botany; Ecology and Conservation; Marine Biology; Tropical Wildlife Biology and Management; Coral Reef Biology; Animal Behaviour; Animal Physiology; Plant Development; Terrestrial Field Ecology.

Biology (Marine, Tropical Wildlife, Animal Physiology, Ecology)

Biology Plant Sciences Environment Geosciences Microbiology

Biology

CELL PATHOLOGY sydney.edu.au/medicine/pathology

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Cell pathology is the study of disease using the techniques of modern cell biology. The aim is to understand how cellular and molecular mechanisms interact during disease processes. Cell pathology is also an introduction to the world of biomedical research. By studying scientific papers, and discussing them in tutorials, you will discover the scientific approach to a problem. You will study various experimental approaches and learn to criticise assumptions made by the great experimenters while investigating the milestones of scientific discovery. During the experimental component of the major, you learn to apply this knowledge. Some experiments carried out during

the unit are closely modelled on certain classic studies that significantly advanced scientific knowledge. Others are related to the current research interests of departmental staff, and may never have been carried out before. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology, Chemistry. Example units Pathogenesis of Human Disease; Microscopy and Histochemistry; Human Molecular Cell Biology; Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry; Microbes in Infection; Human Cellular Physiology.

Cell Pathology Histology Biochemistry Microbiology Physiology Anatomy Biochemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics Biology History & Philosophy of Science Microbiology Pharmacology Physiology Biology Molecular Biology & Genetics Chemistry Psychology

75 CHEMISTRY sydney.edu.au/science/chemistry

“The thing I liked most about Chemistry was that the lecture content was constantly being related back to real-world examples and situations, which made the theoretical aspects of the course much more enjoyable and feel more relevant.” DERRICK ROBERTS, B Science (Adv) Hons, 2011 Gates Cambridge Scholarship 2013

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Chemistry is the study of many different things around us: the study of how one substance changes into another and the relationship between the nature and the structure of molecules. Chemistry is also the study of how to obtain metals from ores, convert oil into plastics and develop cures for cancer. Chemistry is often referred to as “the central science” since its successes feed into many different disciplines.

Chemistry units at the University of Sydney are an integral part of a wide range of courses. In many cases the study of chemistry is a requirement of the course. You will find studying chemistry to be diverse, challenging and fascinating. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). AREAS OF CHEMISTRY AT SYDNEY: –– Computational and Theoretical Chemistry –– Chemical Education –– Molecular Design and Synthesis –– Materials Chemistry –– Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy –– Molecular Spectroscopy and Photonics –– Drug Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry –– Supramolecular Chemistry –– Biological Chemistry/Chemical Biology –– Soft Matter –– Neutron and Synchrotron Diffraction and Spectroscopy WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Chemistry and depending on units: Mathematics.

Chemistry

Chemistry

Chemistry Mathematics

PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI).

COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/science/physics/current/cosc.shtml

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Computational science is an interdisciplinary major that builds on units offered by physics and mathematics with units offered by other science disciplines. Computational science is the application of computer nalysis to the solving of problems in the natural sciences. It covers the formulation and analysis of problems, the use of software packages and programs to solve these problems computationally, simulations and modelling, mathematical and numerical analysis, highperformance supercomputing, graphics, visualisation and programming. Computational science students have very strong analytical and numerical problem-solving skills. These skills make them highly sought after in the areas

of scientific and financial research, in delivering industry and corporate IT solutions and assisting with policy development in government departments. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). Options are also available in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies in courses such as B Information Technology and B Computer Science. WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Mathematics. Example units Computational Science in Matlab and C; Scientific Computing; Mathematical Computing; Applied Linear Models; Stochastic Processes and Time Series; Differential Equations and Biomathematics; Introduction to Artificial Intelligence; Ecological Methods; Bioinformatics and Genomics.

Computational Sciences Mathematics & Statistics Bioinformatics Biology Computer Sciences Mathematics Statistics Computer Science Biology and/or Environment

Computational Sciences Mathematics

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MAJORS

COMPUTER SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/engineering/it

“Computer science is relevant to understanding so many technologies we utilise today; being able to apply your learning, on a daily basis, from the day you start a lecture is extraordinary.” HARI BHRUGUBANDA, B Science (Adv) third year student

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Computer science involves the study of computers and the programs that run on computers. No previous programming knowledge is assumed, but you will be expected to graduate with a sound knowledge of languages such as Java, C, C++ and Python. Furthermore, your foundation of computer programming will be built on a study of algorithms, data structures, networks and operating

system internals. This major will appeal to you if you are technically minded and interested in the future development and support of technology. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). Options are also available in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies in courses such as B Information Technology and B Computer Science. WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Mathematics. Example units Data Communications and the Internet; Internet Software Platforms; E-Business Analysis and Design; Introduction to Artificial Intelligence; Graphics and Multimedia; Software Development Project; Human-Computer Interaction; Algorithms and Complexity; Systems Analysis and Modelling; Introduction to IT Security.

Computer Sciences Information Systems Electrical & Information Engineering

Computer Sciences Mathematics Software

Computer Science Mathematics

ENTOMOLOGY sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Entomology is the study of insects – the most abundant group of organisms on Earth. Insects play important ecological roles in natural and agricultural ecosystems as pollinators, herbivores, predators, parasites and disease vectors. In a changing climate, understanding the interactions of insects with their environment is becoming increasingly important. How will insect habitats change? How can we manage human health risks posed by invasive insects? How can we use insects as natural biological controls? This form of biology

teaches you about external and internal insect anatomy, feeding modes, life cycles and behaviour. This fascinating subject will introduce you to a range of disciplines such as evolutionary biology and functional ecology. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Science in Agriculture (p59). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units chosen: Biology.

Entomology Biology

Entomology Biology

Example units Insect Taxonomy and Systematics; Integrated Pest Management; Agricultural Entomology. Entomology Biology

Biology Molecular Biology & Genetics

77 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES sydney.edu.au/science/geosciences/undergrad/ug_enviro.shtml

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? In environmental studies you will examine human interactions with the natural and built environment. It encapsulates the fundamental social aspects of sustainability, environmental assessment, law, ethics, development, energy use, economics and politics. In order to adequately cover the material, the units are taught by various staff from within various schools across the Faculty of Science.

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? None. Recommended: Geography, Biology or Earth and Environmental Science. Example units Earth, Environment and Society; Environmental Law and Ethics; Environmental Assessment; GIS in Coastal Management; Ecology and Conservation; Environment and Resource Management; Southeast Asia Field School.

Environmental Studies Geography

Environmental Studies

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60).

Geography Ecology

Geosciences Biology Chemistry Mathematics

ENVIRONMETRICS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Environmetrics is concerned with the analysis of data obtained from experiments and observations of natural phenomena. A variety of statistical analysis techniques is covered including the use of spatial analysis and geographical information science for decision-making in an environmental context in the advanced units.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Resource Economics (p59), B Science in Agriculture (p59). Example units Environmental GIS; Statistics in the Natural Sciences; GIS; Remote Sensing and Land Management; Soil Properties and Processes.

Environmetrics

Geoscience Soil Science Environmetrics Statistics Agriculture Biology Geoscience Marine Science Soil Science

Geoscience

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MAJORS

FARMING SYSTEMS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? The continuing supply of quality food and fibre is the most fundamental need of all human societies across the globe. From the beginnings of human society, urban consumers have expected farmers to produce quality products at an affordable price. Commonly, the prices received by farmers are a fraction of the price paid by consumers. At times, these farm-gate prices are insufficient to allow the full costs of production, including environmental costs, to be met.

Farming systems provides you with the knowledge and sensitivity to deal with the challenges in real farming situations more sustainably.

Agricultural Economics Agronomy

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Science in Agriculture (p59). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units chosen: HSC Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. Example units Industrial Organisation of Agribusiness; Sustainable Farming Systems; Managing Agro-Ecosystems.

Agricultural Economics Agronomy

Agricultural Economics Statistics Soil Science Plant Science

Agriculture Biology Statistics Mathematics

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS & STATISTICS sydney.edu.au/science/maths WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Financial mathematics and statistics is designed to meet the needs of a particularly popular area of employment for mathematics graduates. This major requires the completion of core units of study including specialist financial mathematics units as well as related units in mathematics and statistics. The expertise acquired is needed not only for the operation and analysis of investment portfolios, but also to establish, operate and maintain protocols for pricing traditional products like options and futures and modern products such as barriers, caps, swaps, exotics and other derivative securities.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60), B Science (Adv Maths) (p61). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: HSC Mathematics Extension 1 and Extension 2. Example units Stochastic Processes and Time Series; Financial Mathematics; Statistical Tests; Probability and Statistical Models; Optimisation and Financial Mathematics; Applied Linear Models; Database Systems; Mathematical Computing; Introduction to Partial Differential Equations; Statistical Inference.

Mathematics Statistics Information Systems (elective)

Mathematics Statistics

Mathematics

79 FOOD SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Food science focuses on the understanding of the properties, relationship between form and function and quality of food components, and the interactions between these components during storage, processing and digestion leading to the understanding of the role of agricultural products as foods.

broad areas of application of food science and technology in this international industry. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Science in Agriculture (p59). Example units Principles of Biochemical Analysis; Food Biotechnology; Chemistry and Biochemistry of Foods.

Food science will enhance your understanding of the importance of food to human nutrition and wellbeing in addition to a working knowledge of

Biochemistry Biotechnology Agricultural Chemistry

Agricultural Chemistry Biochemistry Plant Science Chemistry Agricultural Chemistry Biochemistry Plant Science Chemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics Chemistry Biology Molecular Biology & Genetics

GEOGRAPHY sydney.edu.au/science/geosciences

“The best decision I made was to go on the field school for my geography major to Indonesia. I met a great group of people, got to see Indonesia in a way that I would never have had a chance to see otherwise and I got some practical experience in the field to see what a future in geography would hold.” ALANA MARSHALL, B Arts and Sciences, 2012

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? The study of geography helps us develop an understanding of the processes that shape the surface of the earth, how humans use and interact

with this environment, and ways in which people, societies and economies organise themselves spatially. Geography endeavours to do what few sciences attempt: to create a holistic and integrated understanding of interactive complex environmental systems. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Agricultural Economics (p58), B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). Example units Earth, Environment and Society; The Geography of Cities and Regions; Environmental and Resource Management; Oceans, Coasts and Climate Change; Natural Hazards and GIS; Asia-Pacific Field School; Global Development and Livelihoods; Urban Citizenship and Sustainability; Coastal Environments and Processes; Environmental Assessment; Environmental Law and Ethics; Geographical Concepts; Skills and Methods.

Geography

Geography Environmental Studies Geology Chemistry Resource Economics Government

Geography

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MAJORS

GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS sydney.edu.au/science/geosciences

“What I love about geology and geophysics is the first-hand experience and skills you gain during field trips, where you form lasting friendships and get to go to places you would not have otherwise experienced.” PHILIP DEAKIN, B Commerce/B Science, fourth year student

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Geology and geophysics are extremely diverse sciences that deal with the study of the Earth as a complex system, including its composition, structure, origin and evolution of life, environments, global climate and sea level changes, natural hazards and resource exploration. Geology and geophysics provide a unifying context for understanding the workings of the

Earth system and the dynamic structural and ecosystem relationships between the continents and oceans. The combination of geology and geophysics with other disciplines such as geography, archaeology, biology, chemistry, physics, computing, engineering, economics and law can lead to many specialisations. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). Example units Field Geology and Geophysics; Earth’s Structure and Evolution; Global Energy and Resources; Environmental and Sedimentary Geology; Geophysical Methods; Fossils and Tectonics; Environmental and Resource Management; Volcanoes, Hot Rocks and Minerals; Oceans, Coasts and Climate Change; Earth, Environment and Society.

Geology Geophysics

Geology Geophysics

Geosciences Geology Environmental Sciences

HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/science/hps

“History and philosophy of science was by far the most valuable part of my course. It was an opportunity to creatively and critically understand so many of our world’s foundations with some of the most innovative and interesting teachers I’ve ever met.” CARRIE HARDIE, B Arts and Sciences, 2009

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? History and philosophy of science (HPS) investigates the nature of science, how science has developed, and how it has come to occupy such a central position. HPS is an exciting area of study where

you will be stimulated to think critically and creatively about developments within science and their impact on society. It places science in its historical and social contexts and examines how science differs from other forms of knowledge. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60). Example units Bioethics; The Birth of Modern Science; History of Biological/Medical Sciences; The Scientific Revolution; Science and Society; Science and Ethics.

History & Philosophy of Science



81 HORTICULTURE sydney.edu.au/agriculture

“Horticulture is important because we are feeding the nation and the world! We are also dealing with droughts, efficient irrigation, fertilizers, food safe chemicals, natural and local movements.”

vegetable and ornamental production, postharvest biology and technology, and amenity/urban horticulture. There are also specialisations within areas of entomology, plant biotechnology, plant breeding and molecular genetics, and plant pathology.

CASSIA FERGUSON,, B Science in Agriculture, 2010


Horticulture involves working outdoors with the application of technical, design, planning, scientific and management skills.

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Horticulture is all about cultivating plants Example units Issues in Horticultural Science; Research and Practice in for human-use. Horticulture can take on many forms and covers a wide range Horticultural Science. of areas in the fields related to fruit,

Horticulture

Horticulture Plant Science

Horticulture Plant Science Biology

Chemistry Biology Agriculture

IMMUNOBIOLOGY sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/undergrad/course/study_immunobiology

“The unit content itself is quite interesting. Particular topics are taught by guest lecturers that are experts in their field which gives me a whole new perspective to what I’ve been learning.” CHARMAINE VALENZUELA, B Science, 2012

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Immunology is the study of defence mechanisms that protect individuals against infections and cancers. Immunobiology draws together immunology and biology, microbiology, biochemistry, pathology and physiology.

Studies in immunology are leading to advances in clinical medicine, including understanding allergies, transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and insulin-dependent diabetes, and the development of new vaccines. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60).

Immunology Virology Biochemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology, Chemistry. Example units Molecular and Cellular Immunology; Immunology in Human Disease; Medical and Applied Virology; Medical and Applied Virology Advanced.

Immunobiology

Biology Chemistry

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MAJORS

INFORMATION SYSTEMS sydney.edu.au/engineering/it

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Information systems (IS) involves creating computer systems that satisfy individual and organisational needs. IS encompasses issues such as strategic planning, system development, system implementation, network design and management, operational management, end-user needs and education. Rather than being about developing and enhancing the performance of computers, information systems is about making computer systems work for people and organisations.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60). Options are also available in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies in courses such as B Information Technology and B Computer Science. WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Mathematics. Example units E-Business Analysis and Design; Human-Computer Interaction; Database Systems; Analytical Methods and Information Systems; Introduction to IT Security; Systems Analysis and Modelling; Management of IT Projects and Systems.

Information Technology Information Systems Electrical & Information Engineering

Computer Sciences Information Technology Information Systems

Information Technology Computer Science Mathematics

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Population growth, rising income and urbanisation are the fundamental driving forces determining the development of modern livestock production. The world demand for animal products is likely to triple in the next 30 years. Extending our understanding of the biological, social and economic aspects of livestock systems is a vital ingredient for determining intervention points and the development of efficient technologies for farmers. You will learn how to understand and manage livestock production in changing environmental conditions, and integrate your knowledge of nutrition and

cropping practices and apply them to management decisionmaking. In addition you will contrast new and traditional methods, assess natural resources management, and debate social and scientific views of animal production. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Science in Agriculture (p59). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units chosen: HSC Mathematics or HSC Mathematics Extension 1. Example units Crop and Pasture Agronomy; Livestock Production Systems.

Agronomy

Plant Science Soil Science Statistics Animal Science

Plant Science Soil Science Statistics Animal Science

Agriculture Biology Mathematics Statistics Animal Management

83 MARINE BIOLOGY, GEOSCIENCE & SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/science/geosciences/undergrad/ug_marine.shtml WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Marine science is the scientific study of coasts, open oceans, seas and deep-sea floors. Marine science draws together many aspect of science for the better understanding and management of the marine environment. These areas include biology, ecology, oceanography, geography, geology and geophysics, and aspects of engineering, law, physics, chemistry and mathematics. The three majors available differ in the final year when you choose to focus on biology (marine biology major), geoscience units (marine geoscience major) or a mix of biology and geoscience (marine science major).

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? Marine Biology: B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60) Marine Geoscience: B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60) Marine Science: B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60)

Biology, and/or Geoscience

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology, Chemistry. Example units Rivers: Science and Management; GIS in Coastal Management; Marine Field Ecology; Ecological Methods; Geophysical Methods; Coral Reef Biology.

Biology Geoscience Environment

Biology Chemistry Geoscience

MATHEMATICS sydney.edu.au/science/maths

“I found studying mathematics is so much more than just plugging numbers into calculators and equations. By studying mathematics, I learnt how to approach, model and formulate solutions to real world problems. The staff are dedicated and friendly, with a real passion for research and teaching.” MARCELLO SOLOMON, B Science (Adv Mathematics) (Hons) student

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Mathematics is an indispensable tool for analysing and explaining the world around us, providing us with the skills to deal with the most abstract concepts. Although mathematics is one of our oldest disciplines of study, current research is opening up exciting new frontiers in pure mathematics, applied mathematics and statistics.

Mathematics and statistics play a fundamental role in the physical, chemical and biological sciences, in commerce, in engineering and in every other activity where quantitative, analytical or logical understanding is important. Ultimately, mathematics is about clarity of thought and precision of understanding. A major in mathematics can be tailored to suit your particular interests, as you are able to choose freely from units in both pure mathematics and applied mathematics. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60), B Science (Adv Maths) (p61).

Mathematics

Mathematics

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: HSC Mathematics Extension 1 and Extension 2. Example units Differential Equations and Biomathematics; Fluid Dynamics; Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics; Linear Algebra and Vector Calculus; Mathematical Computing; Number Theory and Cryptography; Optimization and Financial Mathematics; Partial Differential Equations and Waves.

Mathematics

84

MAJORS

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/undergrad/course/study_medchem

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? The discovery of new drugs is one of the most exciting and rapidly developing fields in science. There is a growing need for safer, more effective pharmaceuticals against old diseases (like cancer), new ones (such as HIV/AIDS) and diseases that are becoming more widespread (such as malaria and tuberculosis). Medicinal chemistry looks at how to find drugs and how to make them. The technologies used in medicinal chemistry are changing quickly, and there are other, new factors influencing the way we do this science - for example in today’s world it is increasingly important to make drugs affordably.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology, Chemistry. Chemistry

Example units Toxicology; Drug Design and Development; Pharmacology Fundamentals; Pharmacology: Drugs and People.

Pharmacology

Chemistry Pharmacology

Chemistry Biology or Molecular Biology & Genetics

MICROBIOLOGY sydney.edu.au/science/molecular_bioscience

“I was amazed to find the extent of positive influences microbes have on our health. My research aims to identify ways that our body maintains beneficial microbes. The image (above) shows gut bacteria that depend on being fed by the host secreting mucin into the gut.” YI VEE CHEW, PhD student in Microbiology

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc) are the most abundant and diverse forms of life. As such they have an extraordinarily wide influence on humans and our environment. Understanding microbes is central to major issues such as infectious diseases, lifestyle diseases (e.g. obesity), climate

change, environmental sustainability and food security. A microbiology major will give you the skills and knowledge to understand the biology of micro-organisms, how microorganisms affect us, and how we can exploit them. Teaching examples are focused around the industries of healthcare, environment, agriculture, food science, biotechnology and fundamental research. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60), B Science/M Nutrition and Dietetics (p63). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Biology, Chemistry. PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Society for Microbiology. Example units Microbial Life; Microbes in Society; Microbes in Infection; Virology; Molecular Microbiology Concepts; Molecular Microbiology Research Skills; Medical and Applied Virology.

Microbiology Virology

Microbiology Molecular Biology & Genetics

Biology Chemistry Moelcular Biology & Genetics or Plant Science

85 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS sydney.edu.au/science/molecular_bioscience WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Molecular Biology is an area of biochemistry that seeks to understand and unravel complex structures and the behaviour of living organisms by focusing on their molecular constitution. It focuses on the genome, the information store of the cell, and the products of genes, the proteins, which are the workhorses of the cell.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Chemistry, Biology.

Biochemistry Biology

Example units Molecular Biology and Biochemistry - Genes; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry - Proteins; Human Molecular Cell Biology; Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry; Proteomics and Functional Genomics.

Molecular Biology & Genetics


Biology Chemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics

NANOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY sydney.edu.au/science/physics/current/nano.shtml WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Nanoscience and nanotechnology are about the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers (a nanometer is a 1 billionth of a meter), where unique phenomena enable new knowledge and novel applications. At this level, physical, chemical and biological properties differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter. Fifty years ago, the first human nanotechnology, the integrated circuit, gave birth to the information age. Today nanoscience is planting the seeds needed to grow even more nanotechnologies, capable of manipulating, for instance, the quantum properties of matter, energy, and light the way that integrated circuits manipulate electrons.

Nanoscience encompasses an enormously wide range of topics, including condensed-matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; materials science; engineering; chemistry and biology. The field of nanoscience occurs at the intersection of three great trends: Moore’s law and the shrinking of electronic devices into the quantum realm, rapid advances in molecular biology that reveal the operation of nature’s nanotechnology, and the evolution of chemistry toward the construction of large molecules and supra-molecular complexes. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60).

Materials Chemistry Membranes, SelfAssembly and Surfaces Physics Quantum Mechanics, Condensed Matter Mechanics of Solids Materials

Chemistry Physics Mechanics (Eng & IT)

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics. Example units Quantum Mechanics and Physics Lab; Mechanics of Solids; Condensed Matter Physics/Nanoscience/Lab.

Chemistry Mathematics Physics

86

MAJORS

NATURAL TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

“Most units I have completed link together or flow on from one another. This has allowed me to consider the relationships between components such as soil, water, carbon and plants and reflect on how their interaction may impact upon a system.” MILLICENT SMITH, B Environmental Systems, third year student

WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? The study of natural systems considers aspects of conservation biology and applied ecology, the conservation of Australian flora, environmental law and ethics, the science and management of river systems, plant evolution and growth, and terrestrial field ecology.

An understanding of natural systems provides expertise across environmental consultancy, catchment management, climate change research, plant breeding, ecology, environmental protection, sustainable agriculture, production in natural and managed environments, soil science, land and water conservation and hydrology. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS SPECIALISATION? B Environmental Systems (p58). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Recommended studies: Mathematics, Chemistry or Biology (a chemistry bridging course before lectures commence is advisable). Example units Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions; Fire in Australian Ecosystems; Environmental Law and Ethics; Rivers: Science, Policy and Management; Terrestrial Field Ecology; Environmental Assessment.

Land & Water Science Soil Science Environmental Systems Plant Science Biology Geoscience Microbiology Environmental Systems Soil Science Land & Water Science Plant Science Geoscience Microbiology Chemistry Environmental Systems Resource Economics Mathematics Geoscience

NEUROSCIENCE sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/undergrad/course/study_neurosci

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Neuroscience is the study of the brain and employs many of the basic sciences in attempting to understand the brain as the basis of all human behaviour. Important aspects of behaviour can be studied at the level of individual nerve cells, their properties and the ways they communicate with one another. Neuroscience embraces studies that cut across boundaries between traditional subject areas. As reflected in the structure of this major, it ranges from anatomy to neuronal function, from the cellular and molecular biology of the neuron to complex phenomena such as perception and emotion, from the

regulation of breathing and blood pressure to movement of the body, from development to ageing, from normal cognition to mental illness and neuro-degeneration. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology, Chemistry. Example units Concepts of Neuroanatomy; Pharmacology Fundamentals; Pharmacology: Drugs and People; Cognitive and Social Psychology; Neuropharmacology; Neuroscience: Motor Systems and Behaviour; Cognition; Language and Thought; Cellular and Developmental Neuroscience.

Neuroscience Psychology Pharmacology

Anatomy Molecular Biology & Genetics Physiology Psychology

Biology Chemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics Psychology

87 NUTRITION & METABOLISM sydney.edu.au/science/molecular_bioscience

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? In Nutrition and Metabolism you will explore biochemical reactions that take place in cells, how these are influenced by different nutrients and what are the implications for the whole body. Nutrition is a multidisciplinary science that covers the role of food in health and disease. Advances in biomolecular science have increased the focus of nutrition on the metabolic pathways that transform nutrients.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units chosen. Biology, Chemistry. Example units Nutrition and Metabolism; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry - Genes; Molecular Biology; Human Cellular Physiology; Human Molecular Cell Biology; Medical and Metabolic Biochemistry.

Nutrition Biochemistry Physiology

Molecular Biology Biochemistry Physiology

Molecular Biology Chemistry

PHARMACOLOGY sydney.edu.au/medicine/pharmacology

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Drugs play a key role in the treatment of most human diseases. Increasingly, doctors rely on drugs not only to cure disease, for example antibiotics to treat infections, but also in the prevention of diseases, such as lipid lowering drugs for heart disease. A thorough knowledge of pharmacology is important to the future of medical research and practice.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology, Chemistry. Pharmacology

Example units Toxicology; Drug Design and Development; Drug Therapy; Neuropharmacology.

Pharmacology

Biology / Molecular Biology Chemistry

88

MAJORS

PHYSICS sydney.edu.au/science/physics

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Physics deals with the fundamental phenomena of nature: space, time, matter and energy. It underpins all science and technology. Physics enables us to develop an understanding of everything from the nucleus of an atom to the structure and origin of the universe. Physics is excellent training for hundreds of careers: jobs requiring critical reasoning, logical thought, teamwork and problem solving are commonly filled by physics graduates. Physics attracts some of the very best students in the faculty. They are offered the opportunity to undertake special programs, working with staff on projects of current research interest. Recent graduates have found employment in

companies such as Telstra, BHP Billiton, Canon and research organisations such as CSIRO, DSTO and NASA. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). Physics

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Mathematics, Physics. AREAS OF PHYSICS AT SYDNEY: –– Computational and Experimental Physics –– Astronomy –– Condensed Matter Physics –– Electromagnetism –– Optics –– Particle Physics –– Quantum Physics –– Relativity –– Thermodynamics

Physics Maths

Physics Maths

PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Australian Institute of Physics.

PHYSIOLOGY sydney.edu.au/medicine/physiology

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Physiology is the study of how the various tissues and organs of the body work to support life and grow. Some physiology researchers investigate the way the blood pressure is regulated during normal life and in health crises. Others study the way misplaced atoms in an ion channel protein in cells might cause a disease like cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy. This requires a vast array of experimental methods including molecular biology, electrical recordings of nerve signaling, advanced imaging techniques, as well as whole organism

studies. The outcomes of physiological studies advance our understanding of how the body works and are often of practical relevance in clinical medicine. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60), B Science/M Nutrition and Dietetics (p63).

Physiology

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Biology. Depends on units: Chemistry, Mathematics. Example units Human Cellular Physiology; Neuroscience: Special Senses; Neuroscience: Motor Systems and Behaviour; Heart and Circulation; Cellular and Developmental Neuroscience; Cells and Development.

Physiology Molecular Biology

Chemistry Maths Molecular Biology

89 PLANT PATHOLOGY sydney.edu.au/agriculture

“My area of research is investigating a disease caused by an exotic pathogen that is affecting native vegetation the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area.”

by infectious diseases and environmental conditions. You will develop interdisciplinary expertise in diagnosing plant disease and symptom development, and learn about the epidemiology and management of pathogens that cause disease. Additionally you will study natural plant defense mechanisms, plant-parasite relationships and breeding for disease resistance.

ZOE-JOY NEWBY, PhD in Plant Pathology student


WHAT IS THE SPECIALISATION? Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases caused by pathogens. Keeping plants healthy requires a thorough understanding of plant disease caused

Example units Advanced Mycology and Plant Pathology; Soil Biology; Microbes in the Environment.

Plant Pathology Plant Science

Plant Pathology Microbiology

Microbiology

Biology

PLANT SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/science/fstudent/undergrad/course/study_plantsci

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Plants are essential to the existence of humans and other animals on our planet. They are the source of many of the things we depend on - the oxygen we breathe, food we eat, fibre for clothing and shelter and chemicals for pharmaceuticals and industry. Plants are a fundamental part of all ecosystems, helping to provide clean water, healthy soils and habitat for wildlife. Studying plant sciences helps us understand how plants survive in their environment and provide these benefits for us.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: Biology, Chemistry. Example units Advanced Mycology and Plant Pathology; Fungi in the Environment; Terrestrial Field Ecology; Systematics and Evolution of Plants; Australian Flora: Ecology and Conservation; Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

Biology Plant Science

Biology Plant Science Molecular Biology

Biology Chemistry

90

MAJORS

PSYCHOLOGY sydney.edu.au/science/psychology

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It is a diverse discipline that is concerned with the way we behave in groups as well as individual behaviour patterns; it is concerned with the way we act as well as the way we think and it is concerned with our interaction with the physical world as well as our interaction with others. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Agricultural Economics (p58)*, B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Medical Science (p62)**, B Psychology (p63), B Science (p60), B Science/M Nutrition and Dietetics (p63). PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION Full registration is achieved through the Psychology Board of Australia. The current requirements for registration as a psychologist in Australia are that you

complete an accredited 4-year program in psychology and then either: a) complete an accredited two-three year postgraduate course; or b) complete an accredited one year postgraduate course plus one year Board approved internship; or c) complete a two year Board approved internship.

Psychology

These conditions may be revised in the future. Accreditation of psychology courses in Australia is overseen by the Australian Psychology Accreditation Council. A list of University of Sydney accredited courses for a psychology major and/or honours is available at the APAC website: www.psychologycouncil.org.au

Psychology

The psychology profession is represented nationally by the Australian Psychological Society (APS) and membership eligibility depends on level of qualifications. Example units Learning and Behaviour; Social Psychology; Personality and Intelligence; Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience; Statistics and Research Methods for Psychology; Applied Psychology.

Psychology

* Note: BAgEc – not eligible for accreditation to become a registered psychologist ** Accreditation pending

RESOURCE ECONOMICS sydney.edu.au/agriculture

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Resource Economics provides you with a foundation of science and economicsincluding resource economics, and quantitative analytical economics. The course will make you a specialist in the private and social economic management of the environment and natural resources, including land, water, fisheries and forestry, ecological systems, the atmosphere, and resource commodities such as minerals, coal, and oil. Resource economics addresses the most challenging current issues of the day, such as food security, climate change, carbon, water and the environment.

WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Resource Economics (p59). WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? HSC Mathematics Extension 1, Chemistry. Recommended: Biology or Earth and Environmental Science Example units Differential Calculus; Linear Algrbra; Market and Price Analysis; Production Economics; Applied Optimisation.

Resource Economics

Resource Economics Optimisation Agricultural & Resource Policy

Resource Economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Science

Resource Economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Science

91 SOIL SCIENCE sydney.edu.au/agriculture

“Outcomes of my research will enable better understanding of soil carbon which is vital to the management of natural resources in an effective and sustainable manner.” SENANI KARUNARATNE, PhD in Agriculture student

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Soil is one of our greatest natural resources. Soil science encompasses how soil forms, its role in the environment, land conservation and rehabilitation issues. Soil science is a multi-disciplinary subject combining

aspects of physics, chemistry, biology and the integrative themes of pedology (the science of natural soils) and geomorphology (the study of the physical features of the Earth’s surface). WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science in Agriculture (p59) (as a specialisation). Example units Soil Properties and Processes; Introductory Hydrology; Environmental GIS; Land and Water Ecochemistry; Soil Biology.

Soil Science Geosciences

Soil Science Geosciences Land & Water Science

Soil Science Biology Geosciences Land & Water Science

STATISTICS sydney.edu.au/science/maths

“Studying statistics at Sydney is both rewarding and insightful. There is a lot of active research and we’re able to develop statistical tools and apply these to current data. It prepares you for dealing with real world problems in areas like finance, physics, medicine and biology, as well as grounding in the theoretical development of statistics.” SHEILA GHAZANFAR, B Science (Adv Mathematics), 2012

WHAT IS THE MAJOR? Statistics are used in all areas of the sciences and social sciences, and underlie the making of scientific inferences under uncertainty. In a statistics major, you will look at the areas of probability and theoretical and

applied statistics, and the application of these methods in a number of areas of science. You will also learn about the design of experiments, sample surveys and problems in data analysis. The major units of study are essential training if you wish to become a professional statistician, tertiary teacher or researcher, and there are also units of study which provide a basic knowledge of statistical methods and techniques for students specialising in other fields. WHERE CAN I STUDY THIS MAJOR? B Liberal Arts and Science (p61), B Resource Economics (p59), B Science (p60), B Science (Adv) (p60), B Science (Adv Maths) (p61).

Statistics

Statistics

WHAT IS THE ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE? Depends on units: HSC Mathematics Extension 1 and Extension 2. Example units Statistical Inference; Applied Linear Models; Stochastic Processes and Time Series; Probability and Statistical Models.

Mathematics

92

HOW TO APPLY

HOW TO APPLY

RECOGNISING YOUR COMMITMENT TO MATHEMATICS & THE SCIENCES Do you think you will get good marks in the following HSC subjects* at high school? –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Agriculture Biology Chemistry Earth & Environmental Science Economics Geography Mathematics (not General) Mathematics Extension 1 Mathematics Extension 2 Physics

These are the subjects we consider for our flexible entry scheme across the Division of Natural Sciences. To find out more please visit: sydney.edu.au/flexibleentry

DOMESTIC STUDENTS

STEP 1 SELECT YOUR COURSE STEP 2 CHECK THE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS For most courses, the assessment is based on the ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admission Rank) or equivalent. For some courses, like combined medicine entry is also based on an interview.

STEP 3

EXPLORE YOUR ENTRY OPTIONS We offer a number of special entry pathways for students: i) Flexible entry: through the flexible entry scheme we look at wider ways of assessing your suitability for entry to certain courses rather than just allocating bonus points. For the sciences, we look at your results (Band 4 and above) in mathematics and science subjects in the HSC or IB. sydney.edu.au/flexibleentry ii) Special entry: including the Broadway scheme for you if you have been disadvantaged at school; Cadigal Program for you if you are of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent; Elite Athlete and Performers Scheme and a Rural Entry Scheme (Faculty of Veterinary Science) for you if you grew up in rural Australia. sydney.edu.au/ug-special iii) Mid-year entry is also available through UAC.

* HSC subjects or equivalent. See www.uac.edu.au/documents/undergraduate/ IB_Subject_Comparison_Table.pdf Our combined science and humanities courses also take into account some humanities subjects (for example Languages).

STEP 4 VISIT US You should visit the campus during our open days to get a feel for the place as well as an opportunity to speak with the academics and students. STEP 5 APPLY You apply through the Universities Admissions Centre (UAC). On-time applications are due by Friday 28 September 2012. Late applications are accepted, but a late fee will apply. www.uac.edu.au

93

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS To be considered for entry as an international student you must not be a citizen of Australia or New Zealand (including dual citizenship), or a permanent resident of Australia. sydney.edu.au/internationaloffice/student

STEP 1 SELECT YOUR COURSE STEP 2 CHECK THE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS i) English language requirements: there are minimum English language requirements for entry to the University. Some courses have higher English language requirements. ii) Academic requirements: Each course has specific entry requirements. Check this guide and our website. Depending on where you completed your high school studies, you may need to complete a Foundation Program or equivalent. iii) Additional entry requirements: some courses have additional entry requirements, such as an interview for the combined medicine courses.

STEP 3

CHOOSE YOUR APPLICATION METHOD There are three ways for undergraduate international students to apply to study at Sydney. i) Apply through the Universities Admissions Centre (UAC): if you are studying one of the following qualifications, then you should apply through UAC: –– an Australian Year 12 qualification (eg. NSW HSC, VCE, SA Matriculation) in the current year –– the International Baccalaureate in the current year (or direct to the University) –– the New Zealand Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) Level 3 in New Zealand in the current year. www.uac.edu.au ii) Apply direct to the University: you can apply direct to the University from anywhere in the world via our online application form or through an agent. You can find a list of agents at sydney.edu.au/internationaloffice/agents iii) Apply online via sydney.edu.au/courses

STEP 4 COMPLETE AND SUBMIT YOUR APPLICATION Ensure you read all instructions carefully before commencing your application. Standard application deadlines are: Semester 1: 31 October Semester 2: 30 April

ENGLISH LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS International students are required to demonstrate their English language ability. This can be through proof of completion of a secondary qualification in English or by completing a recognised English language test. Unless otherwise stated, the acceptable English language requirements are: IELTS: Overall band score of 6.5 or better with no band below 6.0 TOEFL: 575 or better plus Test of Written English (TWE) at 4.5+ CBT (computer-based TOEFL): 233 with an Essay Rating of 4.5 IBT (internet-based TOEFL): 90+ Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English: Grades A or B Scores over two years old will not be accepted. If you are taking TOEFL, your results must be sent directly to the University of Sydney from TOEFL/TSE Services at Princeton USA and the TWE must also be taken. sydney.edu.au/ug-int-english COMPLETE APPLICATIONS Make sure you provide a complete application with all of the required documents. If anything is missing it will delay the processing of your application. sydney.edu.au/international/ international_students

94

HOW TO APPLY

Course Name

CRICOS Code

Duration

Semester Intake

English Requirement IELTS

English Requirement IBT

ATAR

USFP

USFP English

GCE A Level 3 Subjects

GCE A Level 4 Subjects

IB

India - CBSE

Indian SC

Canada - OSSD

Norway Vitnemal

South Africa

SAT with 1 AP

Sweden

Hong Kong ALE

Hong Kong HKDSE

Malaysia - STPM 3 Subjects

Malaysia - STPM 4

French Baccalaureat

Singapore A Levels

Germany Arbitur

PR of China GaoKao Beijing**

PR of China GaoKao Jiangsu**

PR of China GaoKao Shanghai**

Annual international fees #

2013 INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ACADEMIC ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

B Agricultural Economics

000658B

4.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

84.40

7.3

C

10.0

9.5

31

12

84

74

3.8

63

1640

2.7

9.0

24.5

14

13

12.3

20.5

2.6

524

345

468

$30,000

B Resource Economics

032440M

4.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

86.20

7.4

C

11.0

10.5

32

14

88

76

4.0

65

1680

2.8

10.0

24.5

15

15

12.6

21.0

2.6

524

345

468

$30,000

B Science in Agriculture

000659A

4.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

84.40

7.3

C

10.0

9.5

31

12

84

74

3.8

63

1640

2.7

9.0

24.5

14

13

12.3

20.5

2.6

524

345

468

$30,000

B Environmental Systems

068774C

3.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

84.40

7.3

C

10.0

9.5

31

12

84

74

3.8

63

1640

2.7

9.0

24.5

14

13

12.3

20.5

2.6

524

345

468

$30,000

B Liberal Arts & Science

068569G

3.0

M/J

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

70.00

6.2

C

4.5

4.0

25

7

65

52

2.0

50

1420

2.0

3.0

22.0

6

5

9.5

16.0

3.8

524

345

468

$35,040

B Medical Science

016246B

3.0

M/J

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

88.00

7.4

C

11.0

10.5

33

14

88

78

4.0

66

1700

2.8

10.0

25.0

15

15

12.6

21.5

2.4

524

345

468

$39,360

B Medical Science/B Medicine/B Surgery*

052436G

7.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

99.50

N/A

C

N/A

18.0

43

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

97

2100

N/A

18.0

29.0

N/A

25

N/A

24.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

$39,360 (yr 1-3) $62,880 (yr 4-7)

B Psychology

019184J

4.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

95.00

8.0

C

14.0

13.5

37

18

96

89

5.0

76

1860

3.5

13.5

27.0

19

19

14.0

22.5

1.6

524

345

468

$38,400

B Science

000719E

3.0

M/J

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

78.00

6.8

C

7.0

6.5

29

9

75

62

3.4

59

1530

2.1

6.0

23.0

9

9

10.3

18.5

3.2

524

345

468

$37,440

B Science (Advanced Mathematics)

000719E

3.0

M/J

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

95.00

8.0

C

14.0

13.5

37

18

96

89

5.0

76

1860

3.5

13.5

27.0

19

19

14.0

22.5

1.6

524

345

468

$37,440

B Science (Advanced)

000719E

3.0

M/J

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

93.00

7.8

C

13.0

12.5

36

16

92

84

4.6

71

1810

3.2

12.0

26.0

18

17

13.5

22.0

2.0

524

345

468

$37,440

B Science (Advanced)/B Medicine/B Surgery*

052435J

7.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

99.50

N/A

C

N/A

18.0

43

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

97

2100

N/A

18.0

29.0

N/A

25

N/A

24.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

$37,440 (yr 1-3) $62,880 (yr 4-7)

B Commerce/B Science

055965C

5.0

M/J

7.0 (6.0)

100 (23/22)

94.15

7.9

C+

13.5

13.5

36

18

94

89

5.0

75

1860

3.5

13.0

27.0

19

19

14.0

22.5

1.8

524

345

468

$32,000

B Science/B Arts

068691F

4.0

M/J

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

78.00

6.8

C

7.0

6.5

29

9

75

62

3.4

59

1530

2.1

6.0

23.0

9

9

10.3

18.5

3.2

524

345

468

$34,080

B Science/B Laws

016237C

5.0

M/J

7.5 (7.0)

110 (25/24)

94.70

8.0

B-

14.0

13.5

37

18

96

89

5.0

76

1860

3.5

13.5

27.0

19

19

14.0

22.5

1.6

524

345

468

$38,160

B Science/M Nutrition & Dietetics

069875A

5.0

M

7.0 (6.5)

100 (24/23)

94.00

7.8

C+

13.5

13.0

36

17

94

86

4.8

73

1840

3.4

12.5

27.0

19

18

13.5

22.0

2.0

524

345

468

$37,440 (yrs 1-3) $34,560 (yrs 4-5)

B Animal & Veterinary Bioscience

053423E

4.0

M

6.5 (6.0)

90 (23/22)

79.50

6.9

C

8.0

7.5

29

10

80

66

3.4

59

1560

2.3

7.0

23.5

11

10

11.0

19.0

3.2

524

345

468

$36,720

B Veterinary Science

000669K

5.0

M

7.0 (7.0)

100 (25/24)

92.00

7.7

C+

12.5

12.0

35

15

90

82

4.6

70

1790

3.2

11.5

26.0

17

16

13.0

22.0

2.2

524

345

468

$49,920

The information in this table is subject to change and should only be used as a guide. Key

Explanantion

Norway - Vitnemal

Norwegian Certificate of Completion of Upper Secondary School Examinations (Vitnemal fra den Videregaende Skole).

ATAR

Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank is a measure of a student’s overall academic achievement relative to other students in Australia. The ATAR requirement is set by faculties for each course. The ATAR is applicable to most Australian Year 12 examinations

South Africa

Award of National Senior Certificate (NSC) from 2008 onwards with minimum requirements for admission to higher education. Score based on average percentage mark for all NSC percentage marks presented.

Yrs

Standard full time course duration in years. Most international students must maintain a full time course load as a condition of their student visa.

SAT and 1 AP

M/J

Indicates whether the course is available for entry in March and/or July. Note that the standard academic year runs from March to November some courses may have limited subject choices if commenced in the July semester.

Scholastic Aptitude Test (USA) from 2005 onwards. Total of Critical Reading, Mathematical and Writing test scores for SAT1. A minimum of one Advanced Placement subject must be presented with a minimum Grade B or score of 4 or better together with evidence of graduation from a senior secondary qualification. SAT score required will be lower for applicants with 2 APs, each with a score of 4 or better.

N/A

Not Applicable as an entry score cannot be applied.

Sweden

Swedish Secondary School Leaving Certificate (Slutbetyg). Entry requirement is the grade point average (where MVG=4, VG=3, G=2, IG=1).

Hong Kong ALE

Hong Kong A Levels. Total of best three subjects at Advanced Level (where A=5, B=4, C=3, D=2, E=1). Add one point each for Pure or Applied Maths, Chemistry, Biology or Physics subjects. Advanced Supplementary subjects may also be added to the total (where A=2.5, B=2, C=1.5, D=1, E=0.5).

English - IELTS

The first score is the overall score required, the second score(s) (in brackets) is the minimum score required in each component L-Listening, R-Reading, S-Speaking, W-Writing

English - IBT

The IBT is the Internet-based TOEFL test. The first score is the overall requirement (total of all components). Students must also achieve the required minimum in other sections (Unless specified as L-Listening, R-Reading, S-SPeaking, W-Writing, the first number in brackets is the Writing section, the second number is for all other sections).

Hong Kong HKDSE

USFP

University of Sydney Foundation program. The USFP scores can serve as a guide to entry for other foundation programs. However, students should note that, depending on the foundation program, the requirements may vary from course to course and are generally higher. Some foundation programs are expressed as a percentage. In this table an 8 is equal to 80%, 9.5 is 95% and so on. Separate English requirements will also apply.

The Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) aggregate is based on 4 core subjects and 1 Category A Elective subject (Category B and C subjects not counted). Grades for all subjects except Mathematics are based on subject Level 1=1 point, Level 2=2 points etc. up to Level 5=5 points and Levels 5* and 5**=6. Compulsory Mathematics - Levels 5**,5*=3, Level 5=2.5, Level 4=2, Level 3=1.5, Level 2=1, Level 1=0.5. Extension Mathematics - Levels 5**, 5*, 5=3, Level 4=2.5, Level 3=2, Level 2=1.5, Level 1=1.

Malaysia - STPM

Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia. Total of 3 or 4 Advanced Level subjects taken in the same academic year (where A=7, A-=6, B+=5, B=4, B-=3, C+=2, C=1).

General Certificate of Education Advanced Levels including UK GCE and Cambridge Higher School Certificate and other overseas derivatives. Applicants must present either 3 or 4 Advanced level (A2) subjects in the same academic year. The entry requirement is determined by the total of all A2 subjects (where a mark of A=5, B=4, C=3, D=2, E=1). A maximum of two ‘Stand Alone’ Advanced Subsidiary subjects may be added to the total (where a mark of A=2.5, B=2, C=1.5, D=1, E=0.5), as long as these subjects have not been studied at Advanced Level.

French Baccalaureate

French Baccalaureat admission average.

Singapore A Levels

Singapore A Levels refer to the A levels conducted in Singapore from 2007 onwards. Applicants must present at least 3 H2 subjects, 1 H1 content-based subject, Project Work and General Paper (GP) or Knowledge and Inquiry (KI). Mother Tongue is not included. Entry is calculated on the basis that A=5, B=4, C=3, D=2, E=1 for H2 subjects. The notional value of H1 subjects is half of that assigned to H2 subjects (where A=2.5, B=2, C=1.5, D=1, E=0.5). 1 H3 subject (on the basis of Distinction=2.5, Merit=2.0, Pass=1.0) or a 4th H2 subect may also be included in the aggregate.

Germany - Abitur

Abitur ‘average grade’ or Durchschnittsnote is used to assess this qualification.

GCE AL3 & AL4

International Baccalaureate

International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma. Entry based on total score for completed IB Diploma.

India - CBSE

All India Senior School Certificate awarded by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). Entry requirement is the total of the best four externally examined subjects (where A1=5, A2=4.5, B1=3.5, B2=3, C1=2, C2=1.5, D1=1, D2=0.5).

Indian SC

Indian School Certificate awarded by the Indian Council of School Examinations. Average of best four externally examined subjects

Canada - OSSD

Ontario Secondary School Diploma. Entry requirement is the average of 6 University/College preparation courses.

*The ATAR cut-off will be determined on a competitive basis once all applications have been received by Sydney Medical School. It is expected that the ATAR will be 99.5 or greater. Non-NSW HSC results are converted to an ATAR equivalence.

PR of China GaoKao

GaoKao Tier 1 score required for University of Sydney undergraduate degrees. Scores are subject to change annually. Courses with additional entry criteria must have the additional entry criteria satisfied in addition to the GaoKao score listed. **For other PR ofChina province entry scores, please visit the International Office website: sydney.edu.au/future_students/international_undergraduate/admissions/entry_requirements/academic.shtml # Typically fees increase between 5 – 10% per annum. For the latest fees information, visit sydney.edu.au/io/publications/fees

96

HOW TO APPLY

2012 DOMESTIC STUDENT ACADEMIC ENTRY REQUIREMENTS 2012

2012

ATAR*

IB

4 years (includes honours)

80.7

30

58

B Environmental Systems

3 years (4 with honours)

83.05

31

58

511004

B Resource Economics


82.80

31

59

511001

B Science in Agriculture


76.55

28

59

512040

B Science


82.1

30

60

512041

B Science (Advanced)


95.00

37

60

512042

B Science (Advanced Mathematics)


98.35

41

61

512009

B Liberal Arts and Science


70.05

25

61

512080

B Medical Science


92.05

35

62

512097

B Science (Adv) or B Med Sc/MBBS

7 years

99.95^

45

62

512098

B Science (Adv) or B Med Sc/MBBS (ATSI)

7 years

95.00^

37

62

512099

B Science/Master of Nutrition and Dietetics

5 years

96.85

39

63

512085

B Psychology


97

39

63

511535

B Commerce/B Science

5 years

94.15

36

See B Science

511607

B Education (Secondary: Mathematics)/B Science

5 years

82.45

31

See B Science

511608

B Education (Secondary: Science)/B Science

5 years

82.15

30

See B Science

511790

B Engineering/B Medical Science

5 years

92.25

35

See B Medical Science

511770

B Engineering/B Science

5 years

90.15

34

See B Science

511763

B Information Technology/B Medical Science

5 years

93.40

36

See B Medical Science

511764

B Information Technology/B Science

5 years

93.05

36

See B Science

512094

B Science/B Arts

4 years

80.50

30

See B Science

511801

B Science/B Laws

5 years

99.70

44

See B Science

511914

B Science/Master of Nursing

4 years

82.50

31

See B Science

512105

B Animal and Veterinary Bioscience

4 years

84.40

31

64

512100

B Veterinary Science

5 years

97.25^

39

64

UAC CODE COURSE

DURATION

511000

B Agricultural Economics

511006

*The 2012 ATAR is the main round cut-off for Commonwealth Supported Places. ^

Plus additional criteria.

PAGE

IMPORTANT DATES FIRST SEMESTER 2013

SECOND SEMESTER 2013

SUMMER SCHOOL 2013

EVENTS IN 2012/2013

4 MARCH Lectures begin

29 JULY Lectures begin

2 JANUARY Lectures begin

25 AUGUST 2012 Open Day

29 MARCH - 5 APRIL Mid-semester vacation

30 SEPTEMBER - 4 OCTOBER 1 MARCH Mid-semester vacation Summer School ends

10 - 14 JUNE Study vacation

4 - 8 NOVEMBER Study vacation

17 - 21 SEPTEMBER 2012 Honours Information Week

17 - 29 JUNE Examination period

11 - 23 NOVEMBER Examination period

3 JANUARY 2013 Info Day

29 JUNE Semester ends

23 NOVEMBER Semester ends

IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT FEES –– All fees stated in this booklet are in Australian dollars. –– The indicative costs are for a normal full time (FT) year (48 credit points) or equivalent and reflect the typical pattern of enrolment for this course. The University’s tuition fees are reviewed annually and may be varied during the period of study. The exact tuition fee for your course may depend on the specific units of study in which you enrol. –– All fees stated in this booklet do not include additional course costs such as textbooks or additional units/equipment. –– All fees stated in this booklet do not include voluntary subscriptions or GST payable on voluntary subscriptions. For further details about voluntary subscriptions please visit: sydney.edu.au/studentcentre

HELP UNIVERSITY FUTURE STUDENT HELPLINE T 1300 362 006 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/future_students INTERNATIONAL STUDENT OFFICE T 1800 899 376 (within Australia – future students only) +61 2 8627 8300 (outside Australia) F +61 2 8627 8387 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/international/international_students

This publication features photography by Louise Atkins, Nathan Atkins, Trixie Barretto, Mark Donohoe, Misha Donohoe, Jayne Ion, Katie Kaars, Ted Sealey and Collin Zheng. Written by Louise Atkins, Carla Avolio, Vanessa Barratt, Katynna Gill, Sue Markham and Asa Wahlquist. Edited by Louise Atkins, Jas Chambers and Rachel Day. Produced by Chris Angwin, Division of Natural Sciences for use in 2012 for 2013. Printed by Impress Colour.

UNIVERSITIES ADMISSIONS CENTRE (UAC) Quad 2, Australia Centre (first building on right) 8 Parkview Drive, Homebush Bay NSW 2127, Australia T +61 2 9752 0200 www.uac.edu.au

CONTACT Faculty of Agriculture and Environment T +61 2 8627 1000 F +61 2 8627 1099 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/agriculture Faculty of Science T +61 2 9351 3021 F +61 2 9351 4846 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/science Faculty of Veterinary Science T +61 2 9351 8783 F +61 2 9351 3056 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/vetscience University Future Student Helpline T 1300 362 006 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/future_students International Student Office T 1800 899 376 (within Australia – future students only) +61 2 8627 8300 (outside Australia) F +61 2 8627 8387 E [email protected] sydney.edu.au/international/international_students

NATURAL SCIENCES

Produced by the Natural Sciences, the University of Sydney, May 2012. The University reserves the right to make alterations to any information contained within this publication without notice.

ABN 15 211 513 464 CRICOS 00026A