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(D) Regional English accents work to define the way of life and culture within a particular area of the United States. (
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- 1 artigo de cunho informativo-científico: fontes variadas, temas atuais, apresentação de dados e opiniões, predominância de inglês Britânico. - 5 questões objetivas, das quais: 2 de Interpretação de texto – atentar ao uso das questões de interpretação para testar a compreensão de alguns conceitos gramaticais e alguns itens específicos de vocabulário; 3 de Vocabulário ou Gramática – atentar à cobrança da interpretação do contexto para a resolução.

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REFERÊNCIA (PRONOMES) Voz Passiva s

Conectores Verbos Modais comparativos Tradução, Sinonímia,

Vocabulário ( Paráfrases e contexto )

ULBRA 2015/1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

There's no shortage of water on the blue planet—just a shortage of fresh water. New technologies may offer better ways to get the salt out. Three hundred million people now get their water from the sea or from brackish groundwater that is too salty to drink. That’s double the number a decade ago. Desalination took off in the 1970s in the Middle East and has since spread to 150 countries. Within the next six years new desalination plants may add as much as 13 billion gallons a day to the global water supply, the equivalent of another Colorado River. The reason for the boom is simple: As populations grow and agriculture and industry expand, fresh water— especially clean fresh water—is getting scarcer. “The thing about water is, you gotta have it,” says Tom Pankratz, editor of the Water Desalination Report, a trade publication. “Desalination is not a cheap way to get water, but sometimes it’s the only way there is.” And it’s much cheaper than it was two decades ago. The first desalination method—and still the most common, especially in oil-rich countries along the Persian Gulf— was brute-force distillation: Heat seawater until it turns to steam, leaving its salt behind, then condense it. The current state of the art, used, for example, at plants that opened recently in Tampa Bay, Florida, and Perth, Australia, is reverse osmosis, in which water is forced through a membrane that catches the salt. Pumping seawater to pressures of more than a thousand pounds per square inch takes less energy than boiling it—but it is still expensive. Researchers are now working on at least three new technologies that could cut the energy required even further. The closest to commercialization, called forward osmosis, draws water through the porous membrane into a solution that contains even more salt than seawater, but a kind of salt that is easily evaporated. The other two approaches redesign the membrane itself— one by using carbon nanotubes as the pores, the other by using the same proteins that usher water molecules through the membranes of living cells. None of the three will be a solution for all the world’s water woes. Desalination inevitably leaves behind a concentrated brine, which can harm the environment and even the water supply itself. Brine discharges are especially tricky to dispose of at inland desalination plants, and they’re also raising the salinity in parts of the shallow Persian Gulf. The saltier the water gets, the more expensive it becomes to desalinate. What’s more, none of the new technologies seem simple and cheap enough to offer much hope to the world’s poor, says geologist Farouk El-Baz of Boston University. He recently attended a desalination-industry conference looking for ways to bring fresh water to the war-torn Sudanese region of Darfur. “I asked the engineers, ‘What if you are in a tiny village of 3,000, and the water is a hundred feet underground and laden with salt, and there is no electricity?’ ” El-Baz says. “Their mouths just dropped.”

(Fonte: Disponível em: http:// http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/big-idea/09/desalination-pg2)

01. According to the text: (A) There’s a shortage of water on the blue planet. (B) The shortage of fresh water is due solely to overpopulation. (C) There is no consensus as to the shortage of fresh water (D) Fresh water is getting scarce due to desalination. (E) There’s a shortage of fresh water on the planet Earth. 02. According to the text: (A) It is not expensive to unheat seawater. (B) New technologies offer better and cheaper solutions for desalting water. (C) Desalination is the cheapest way to get fresh water. (D) There’s no solution so far in terms of getting fresh water without any side effects. (E) None of the above statements are correct.

As questões de interpretação da prova da ULBRA tendem a focar em pontos específicos do texto, mas que tem importância chave no mesmo. Lembre-se de procurar no texto as frases que dão suporte às suas respostas e de prestar atenção aos tópicos frasais. Nesse caso, para a questão 1 a resposta está na linha 1. Já pra a questão 2, observe a linha 21.

03. The sentence which has the opposite meaning of: “The saltier the water gets, the more expensive it becomes to desalinate.” (l.24), is: (A) The less salty water gets, the cheaper it becomes to salt it. (B) The more saltier the water gets, the less expensive it becomes to desalinate. (C) The sweeter the water gets, the more expensive it becomes to desalinate. (D) The less salty the water gets, the cheaper it becomes to desalinate. comparativos (E) None of the above statements are correct.

04. Check the correct statement concerning reference: (A) In: “Three hundred million now get their invaluable water from the sea or from brackish groundwater that is too salty to drink.”, their refers to “million”. (B) In: “Desalination is not a cheap way to get water, but sometimes it’s the only way there is.”, it refers to “cheap way”. (C) In: Pumping seawater to pressures of more than a thousand pounds per square inch takes less energy than boiling it – but it is still expensive.”, it refers to “pumping seawater”. (D) In: “Brine discharges are especially tricky to dispose of at inland desalination plants, and they’re also raising the salinity in parts of the shallow Persian Gulf”, they refers to “plants”. (E) In: “Heat seawater until it turns to steam […]” it refers to “heat”.

REFERÊNCIA (PRONOMES)

*Questão anulada.

05. In the last paragraph, the statement: “Their mouths just dropped”, “just” has the same meaning as in: (A) I’ve just finished doing the exercise. (B) They just didn’t understand what was said. (C) It was a just appraisal. (D) I was just going to call you. Vocabulário (E) It was just wonderful!

(contexto)

mais questoes comparativos 01. (ULBRA 2010/2) According to the text, the statement: “The less plastic that enters into the environment, the safer the wildlife will be”, has the same meaning as (A) The more plastic found in the environment, the more wildlife there would be. (B) The environment will be safer if there is more wildlife. (C) The more dangerous the wildlife, the less plastic there will be. (D) The wildlife will be safer if there is less plastic in the environment. (E) The environment will be as safe as the wildlife if there is more plastic.

REFERÊNCIA (PRONOMES) 02. (ULBRA 2011/5) Mark the correct statement concerning reference: (A) In the statement, “[w]hile it is important to note that the majority of tobacco smokers quit on their own without using evidencebased cessation treatments […]”, their refers to treatments. (B) In the statement, “[b]ut the authors also expressed that it is detrimental for men who may think they are at an advantage and then not put forth the proper effort to end their smoking habit.”, they refers to authors. (C) In the statement, “women are less likely than men to benefit from nicotine replacement therapies, which also contribute to the difficulty some of them experience when trying to quit”, them refers to men. (D) In the statement, “[w]hether male or female, smoking cessation is a challenge, but one that can be overcome and lead to tremendous improvement in one’s quality of life and overall health”, one refers to challenge. (E) All of the statements are correct.

ULBRA 2014/1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

A demographic revolution is taking place in the world. We are witnessing the perks of improved healthcare and living standards as longevity rises across the globe. The number of people over the age of 60 is expected to increase to 2 billion by 2050, from about 600 million in 2000. This change will be most dramatic in countries in the global south, where the number of older people is expected to triple during the next 40 years. However, as often happens with demographic change, social attitudes and legal protection lag behind. Those in charge of making policies are left scrambling to keep up with the transforming landscape. With global aging of the population, there is an urgent need to reassess what role individual societies give to older people to make sure they are capable to enjoy a decent standard of living and can continue to contribute to society as long as they wish. Shunting older people to the sidelines of our communities is not only unjust, it makes little sense for countries to miss out on the huge opportunities that longer life brings, and the asset that older people represent. Many older people keep working and, in doing so, important knowledge and skills are passed to younger generations, and to others who act as carers to their family. In most countries, it is still considered acceptable to deny people work, access to healthcare, education or the right to participate in government purely because of their age. Indeed, except for migrant workers and their families, international human rights conventions do not recognise specifically that age discrimination should not be allowed. Human rights are, of course, universal, and, therefore, older people's rights are protected in a general sense by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but the absence of an explicit mandate against age discrimination allows the issue to slip under the net and continue as acceptable practice. Age International is thus pushing for progress towards a new UN convention on the rights of the elderly, to clarify how rights can work better for people in later life. We have learned from the experience of human rights conventions for children, women and people with disabilities, that giving governments greater guidance on how to protect the rights of people in specific circumstances can have a huge impact on their wellbeing. What it means to be "human" and to live with dignity, respect and security requires different responses from society, depending on our age and physical circumstances. This is widely accepted for other demographic groups, and should be the basis for our approach to older people. Older people are not a homogenous group – differences in how we age, our economic status and social standing underline the arbitrary nature of age discrimination. Around the world, the debate about how to adapt to a changing demographic has been framed in terms of how working-age people will cope with the "burden" of an ageing population, rather than recognising the value and potential older people bring to their communities when they live healthier, longer, active lives. Experience shows us that if discrimination is made legally unacceptable, impetus is given to a societal shift in attitude – witness, for example, the transformation of women's lives in some countries where sex discrimination laws have been passed. The need to make older people's rights clearer in law is increasingly important in many developing countries, where the impact of HIV, conflict and parents seeking work in cities have often meant grandparents are taking on the care of their grandchildren at a time in their lives when they most need support. Thus, (with) the enshrinement of the rights of the elderly in a UN convention, not only would we ensure that all individuals are granted security and dignity into old age, but that those caring for the next generation are given the best possible environment to raise happy, healthy, productive future adults. Governments need to approach these issues head on and make sure that global human rights legislation is fit for the future and able to respond to the opportunities and challenges of ageing in the 21st century. (Adapted from http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jul/31/ageism-human-rights-older-people)

01. According to the text: (A) All countries, without exceptions, will see an increase in the number of older people. (B) The number of older people is increasing due to improved health care and living standards. (C) The more the older population increases, the more laws for protecting them are proposed. (D) Social attitudes and legal protection towards older people keep up to their needs. (E) None of the above statements are correct.

Aqui a prova cobra o entendimento de uma premissa central do texto, que pode ser confirmada na frase “We are witnessing the perks of improved healthcare and living standards as longevity rises across the globe” nas linhas 1-2.

02. According to the text: (A) There is no explicit mandate against age discrimination, what [sic*] allows for older people to be discriminated. (B) The fact that older people contribute to society guarantees them a decent standard of living. (C) Older people may never be considered a burden to society. A resposta pode ser (D) Due to the fact that older people are not a homogeneous group, they may encontrada sem dificuldade be discriminated more than other social groups. nas linhas 18 e 19. (E) Age International clarifies how rights can work better for older people. *the use of “what” as a relative pronoun is incorrect, “which” should have been used instead.

03. Mark the CORRECT statement concerning the meanings of the words or expressions extracted from the text. (A) The expression “lag behind” (l.5) gives the idea of movement forward. (B) The expression “to slip under the net” (l.18) gives the idea of being dealt with. (C) In: “Those in charge of making policies are left scrambling to keep up with the transforming landscape.” (l.5-6), scrambling means falling behind. (D) In: “Governments need to approach these issues head on […].” (l-37-38), head on does not give the idea of confrontation. (E) In: “[…] it makes little sense for countries to miss out on the huge opportunities […].” (l.10), to miss out does not mean to lose.

Vocabulário (contexto) 04. The only statement which does NOT show a passive voice construction is: (A) Experience shows us that if discrimination is made legally unacceptable, impetus is given to a societal shift in attitude […]. (B) In most countries, it is still considered acceptable to deny people work, access to healthcare, education or the right to participate in government purely because of their age. (C) The debate about how to adapt to a changing demographic has been framed in terms of how working-age people will cope with the “burden” of an ageing population […]. (D) We have learned from experience of human rights conventions for children, women and people with disabilities, that giving governments greater guidance on how to protect the rights of people in specific circumstances can have a huge impact on their wellbeing. v(E) International human rights conventions do not recognize specifically that age discrimination should not be allowed.

Voz Passiva 05. In the sentence, “Thus, (with) the enshrinement of the rights of the elderly in a UN convention, not only would we ensure that all individuals are granted security and dignity in old age, but that those caring for the next generation are given the best possible environment to raise happy, healthy, productive future adults” (l.35-37), the noun enshrinment may be translated as: (A) Depreciação. (B) Adoração. (C) Satisfação. (D) Preservação. Vocabulário (Tradução) (E) Degradação.

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mais questoes Voz Passiva 01. (ULBRA 2011/4) The only sentence that does NOT contain a passive voice construction is: (A) Our city centers are being polluted with gasoline and diesel fumes and contributing to gridlock by opting for individual vehicles at the expense of public transportation. (B) A condition precedent is that citizens must be able to switch between these different transportation modes easily. (C) Chrysler’s green mobility vehicle, Peapod, was launched last April. (D) What can be done to solve these problems? (E) AGC uses electricity where the network is electrified and reverts to diesel on other tracks. 02. (ULBRA 2011/2) The only statement which does NOT show a passive voice construction is: (A) The emergence of different ways of life is also followed by the emergence of different ways of speaking. (B) The reason for this is the stereotypical connection between the area in which the accent is spoken and the individual that possesses the accent. (C) Accents can be so strong that words are pronounced in a completely different way. (D) Regional English accents work to define the way of life and culture within a particular area of the United States. (E) Another problem caused by regional accents is that they have the ability of inhibiting communication. 03. (ULBRA 2011/1) The only statement which does NOT show a passive voice construction is: (A) 80 to 90 percent [of languages] are spoken by indigenous peoples. (B) Computers can be used by native peoples to write in previously nonwritten languages (C) Adaptational ideas about property, health care, food, children, power, and disputes are related to linguistic diversity. (D) None of the younger generation were learning it. (E) It is estimated that there are about 15 percent fewer languages now than in 1500 A.D.

REFERÊNCIA (PRONOMES) 04. (ULBRA 2011/1) Mark the incorrect statement concerning reference: (A) “A few native-language communities, like the Aymara and the Tswana, are large and robust, but most of them are small and fragile”; them refers to the Aymara and the Tswana. (B) “Five Kom speakers in Cameroon produced a 2,000-word dictionary from a 25,000-word body of literature they wrote in those two weeks”; they refers to five Kom speakers. (C) “The loss of language diversity diminishes our ability to adapt because it decreases the pool of knowledge from which to draw”; it refers to the loss of language diversity. (D) “Not speaking its own language can hurt a group's claim to special ethnic status”; its refers to a group. (E) “The Indians argued that not only was the company´s offer to pay for the land inadequate, but also that the land was important to their identity.”; their refers to the Indians. 05. (ULBRA 2010/4) In the statement: “Experts concerned about the possible impact of radiation, on developing brains, coming from the use of mobile phones, have preached caution over children's use of them”. The object pronoun them refers to: (A) Children. (B) Brains. (C) Experts. (D) Mobile phones. (E) Radiation.

Verbos Modais 06. (ULBRA 2011/5) Mark the alternative which contains a modal verb which expresses permission: (A) [...] women experience more severe withdrawal symptoms than men when quitting smoking, which can make the act of quitting much harder and more uncomfortable for women. (B) They may get discouraged quickly and end their efforts prematurely. (C) The difficulty of smoking cessation based on sex should not be discounted. (D) Proper weight management, emotional and psychological support should also be applied to cessation efforts and can facilitate a smoke-free lifestyle long-term. (E) All of the above alternatives are incorrect. 07. (ULBRA 2011/3) Might in “wind powered generators might just be the solution for power shortages…” and Must in “In an electricity-dependent world, power supplies must provide the required electricity for communities and businesses” express respectively the ideas of: (A) Possibility - advice. (B) Permission - duty. (C) Probability - obligation. (D) Probability - deduction. (E) Possibility - assumption. 08. (ULBRA 2011/2) In the sentence, “while it’s impossible to believe that everyone can speak in exactly the same way in all areas of a vast nation, the different accents may at times be so difficult to understand that they inhibit communication”. The modal verbs can and may express: (A) Ability and permission. (B) Ability and possibility. (C) Certainty and ability. (D) Certainty and possibility. (E) Possibility and permission.

Conectores

09. (ULBRA 2011/5) A linking word that can best substitute the word despite, in “[d]espite the findings of this new study, the difficulty of smoking cessation based on sex should not be discounted”, is: (A) Moreover. (B) However. (C) Notwithstanding. (D) Furthermore. (E) But. 10. (ULBRA 2011-4) The word that best completes the blank in the sentence: “The passenger vehicle _______________ remains the most commonly used transportation mode in our cities”, is: (A) Despite. (B) Nonetheless. (C) Even though. (D) In addition. (E) Although.

11. (ULBRA 2011/3) The word “since” in the statement: “Since there is no burning process in a wind powered generator that produces toxic gases, it is very safe to build one in residential areas” may be substituted, with the same meaning as the original sentence, for: (A) As long. (B) Considering that. (C) Although. (D) Until. (E) Despite. 12. (ULBRA 2010/4) “Experts concerned about the possible impact of radiation, on developing brains, coming from the use of mobile phones, have preached caution over children's use of them. _____________, Prof Abramson says the amount of radiation transmitted when texting is a mere 0.03 per cent of that transmitted during voice calls – suggesting radiation is not to blame for the brain effects.” The word that best fits the blank space is: (A) However. (B) Moreover. (C) Therefore. (D) Although. (E) Thus. 13. (ULBRA 2010/3) In the sentence, “It has enabled us to do and enjoy a multitude of tasks and activities that would otherwise be impossible”, the word otherwise could be easily substituted for: (A) however; (B) although; (C) though; (D) because; (E) differently.

ANSWER KEY ULBRA 2015/1 – 01.E 02.D 03.D 04.C 05.B Mais Questões – 01.D 03.D ULBRA 2014/1 – 01.B 02.A 03.C 04.D 05.D Mais Questões – 01.B 02.D 03.D 04.A 05.D 06.E 07.C 08.B 09.C 10.B 11.B 12.A 13.E