use of force - Los Angeles Police Department

L O S A N G E L E S P O L I C E D E P A R T M E N T

LAPD Chief of Police Charlie Beck

USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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Los Angeles Police Department | Los Angeles Police Department

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“Every operation embarked upon by the Department, regardless of mission, shall never compromise the indisputable pinnacle of objectives - the reverence for human life.”

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U S E O F F O R C E Y E A R - E N D E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y

2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

R E V I E W

L O S

LAPD

A N G E L E S

P O L I C E

D E P A R T M E N T

Los Angeles Police Department

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2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LAPD Mission Statement

It is the mission of the Los Angeles Police Department to safeguard the lives and property of the people we serve, to reduce the incidence and fear of crime, and to enhance public safety while working with the diverse communities to improve their quality of life. Our mandate is to do so with honor and integrity, while at all times conducting ourselves with the highest ethical standards to maintain public confidence.

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PURPOSE OF THE 2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW

10 INTRODUCTION 13

CITY & DEPARTMENT INFORMATION

16

DEPARTMENT TRAINING & Development

21

LESS LETHAL DEPLOYMENT

23

COMPARISON TO OTHER LARGE AGENCIES

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THE USE OF FORCE

30

THE INVESTIGATION, REVIEW, AND ADJUDICATION PROCESS

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2015 CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

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2015 NON-CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Federal and state law defines general use of force policy standards and practices for all law enforcement agencies. The City of Los Angeles civilian police oversight body, the Board of Police Commissioners, however, further refines the Department’s use of force policy by establishing administrative standards. As a result, the Department’s prescribed policies and procedures are more restrictive when compared to the broader legal guidelines. Therefore, officer involved shootings can be deemed out of policy by the Department and/or the Board of Police Commissioners, despite the lawfulness of the officer’s decisions and actions.


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PURPOSE OF THE 2015

USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW

While the Los Angeles Police Department (“Department”)

has published previous use of force year-end reviews, this report takes a broader perspective at use of force itself and the many factors that must be taken into consideration when evaluating use of force patterns and trends. It is important to recognize that each use of force incident involves a unique set of circumstances that must always be taken into account when making analytical conclusions. An officer’s involvement and decision-making process in a use of force incident, and the level of force applied, is based on a suspect’s actions or inactions. Throughout the incident, an officer must continuously reassess the circumstances and adjust his/her response and application of force, when necessary.

To address the topic of use of force, Chief of Police Charlie Beck stated,

If you view these things in a vacuum or with limited comparative data, it’s hard to draw conclusions. I want to provide enough data that people can see the total picture, not just one small piece of it. I think it’s important that LA be a leader in this and that we try to put some reason behind the conclusions that are being reached.

It is important to note that a vast majority of police interactions with the public do not involve use of force. In 2015, the Department had 1,503,758 public contacts. During those public contacts, 1,924 resulted in a use of force. These use of force incidents represented only 0.13 percent of the Department’s total public contacts.

2015 Public Contacts vs. Use of Force Incidents

2015

LAPD USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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2015 PUBLIC CONTACTS VS. USE OF FORCE INCIDENTS

Use of Force incidents per 1,000 Public Contacts: 1.3 (0.13%)

Officer Involved Shooting incidents per 1,000 Public Contacts: 0.03 (0.003%)


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Asian/Pacific 1 Total Islander

5%

White

Black

19%

19%

57%

12 Total

Suspect Ethnicity in 2015 OIS Incidents 4% 4% 4%

2 15%

25%

12 23

Hispanic

7

White

2

Other

2

Unknown

48%

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Hispanic

Suspect Weapons in 2015 OIS Incidents 2%

Asian/Pacific Islander Black

Deceased suspects in Officer Involved Shooting incidents in 2015

4 Total

4 Total

21%

21%

13%

43%

10

Edged Weapon

21

Firearm

6

Replica Firearm

10

Other

1

None


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INTRODUCTION Communities and law enforcement agencies across the

nation experienced many challenges in 2015. Unfortunate and controversial events occurred in cities, large and small, including Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Ferguson, and Cleveland. The loss of life, whether civilian or within the ranks of law enforcement, are always tragic and should be treated as a catalyst for betterment and forward progression for all. Every operation embarked upon by the Department, regardless of mission, shall never compromise the indisputable pinnacle of objectives - the reverence for human life. No investigative outcome or task outweighs the value of life. To emphasize the Department’s commitment to the City of Los Angeles and its residents, management developed new training centered on current issues facing the country. All sworn personnel were assigned to participate in the Public Trust and Preservation of Life class during 2015. Additionally, the Department has a long-standing partnership with the Museum of Tolerance, which facilitates the Building Community Trust course that officers attend on a semi-annual basis. However, additional avenues to train Department personnel are constantly considered and evaluated. Quality through Continuous Improvement and Respect for People are two of the Department’s core values. As an ever evolving Department, the pursuit of continuous improvement concedes that constructive criticism and thoughtful input from all stakeholders is always encouraged and solicited. Regardless of progress made from past decades, there will never be a time for complacency or satisfaction; not now – not in the future. The collective need to respect each other may never have been greater, and if the City of Los Angeles and the United States as a whole intends to succeed in accomplishing a paradigm change in law enforcement policies and tactics, existing relationships must be fostered, while many new are created.

The Department fully understands that the community’s trust in its intentions and faith in its operations are crucial for both short-term and long-term success. For that trust not to erode, transparency is of paramount importance. At the direction and oversight by the Board of Police Commissioners, the Department seeks to constantly identify areas that require change, while also recognizing successful practices that effectively improve the quality of life for all residents in the City of Los Angeles. On November 10, 2015, Police Commission President Matthew Johnson stated,

[…] we must fully commit to minimizing the number of use of force incidents. The LAPD Use of Force Policy specifically states that, “The Department’s guiding value when using force shall be reverence for human life.” With that as our guiding principle, I am confident we can significantly reduce the number of use of force incidents while continuing to ensure the safety of our officers. If successful, we will not only reduce the incidents of physical harm to both our residents and our officers, we will also increase the level of trust and respect between the police and our community members. This will also reduce financial harm to the City and reduce the amount of organizational harm that invariably follows use of force incidents.

The Board of Police Commissioners (“Commissioners”) specifically requested for the Department to prepare a comprehensive use of force report detailing what transpired in 2015, as well as a five-year comparison to obtain a thorough understanding of force used by Department personnel. In response, Use of Force Review Division was tasked with the responsibility of creating the 2015 Use of Force Year-End Review.

In response to public concerns, the Department created a new entity in 2015 to make the organization increasingly approachable and to assist in cultivating relationships with the residents it is sworn to protect and serve. Suitably, the Community Relationship Division seeks to build relationships and trust between the Department and the diverse communities in Los Angeles while leveraging best practices in community outreach and community policing.

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Core Values SERVICE TO OUR COMMUNITIES.

We are dedicated to enhancing public safety and reducing the fear and the incidence of crime. People in our communities are our most important customers. Our motto, “To Protect and to Serve,” is not just a slogan - it is our way of life. We will work in partnership with the people in our communities and do our best, within the law, to solve community problems that affect public safety. We value the great diversity of people in both our residential and business communities and serve all with equal dedication.

REVERENCE FOR THE LAW.

We have been given the honor and privilege of enforcing the law. We must always exercise integrity in the use of the power and authority that have been given to us by the people. Our personal and professional behavior should be a model for all to follow. We will obey and support the letter and the spirit of the law.

COMMITMENT TO LEADERSHIP.

We believe the Los Angeles Police Department should be a leader in Law Enforcement. We also believe that each individual needs to be a leader in his or her area of responsibility. Making sure that our values become part of our day-to-day work life is our mandate. We must each work to ensure that our co-workers, our professional colleagues and our communities have the highest respect for the Los Angeles Police Department.

INTEGRITY IN ALL WE SAY AND DO.

Integrity is our standard. We are proud of our profession and will conduct ourselves in a manner that merits the respect of all people. We will demonstrate honest, ethical behavior in all our interactions. Our actions will match our words. We must have the courage to stand up for our beliefs and do what is right. Throughout the ranks, the Los Angeles Police Department has a long history of integrity and freedom from corruption. Upholding this proud tradition is a challenge we must all continue to meet.

RESPECT FOR PEOPLE.

Working with the Los Angeles Police Department should be challenging and rewarding. Our people are our most important resource. We can best serve the many and varied needs of our communities by empowering our employees to fulfill their responsibilities with knowledge, authority and appropriate discretion. We encourage our people to submit ideas, we listen to their suggestions, and we help them develop to their maximum potential. We believe in treating all people with respect and dignity. We show concern and empathy for the victims of crime and treat violators of the law with fairness and dignity. By demonstrating respect for others, we will earn respect for the Los Angeles Police Department.

QUALITY THROUGH CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT.

We will strive to achieve the highest level of quality in all aspects of our work. We can never be satisfied with the “status quo.” We must aim for continuous improvement in serving the people in our communities. We value innovation and support creativity. We realize that constant change is a way of life in a dynamic city like Los Angeles, and we dedicate ourselves to proactively seeking new and better ways to serve.


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CITY & DEPARTMENT

Information

CITY OF LOS ANGELES

Filipino: 230 personnel, or two percent; American Indian: 35 personnel, or less than one percent; and, g Other: 22 personnel, or less than one percent. g

As of 2015, the City of Los Angeles consists of a population of approximately 3.96 million residents and encompasses an area of 468 square miles.1

g

Based on the current population figures in Los Angeles, approximately 1.9 million, or 48 percent, are of Hispanic descent. Approximately 1.06 million, or 27 percent, are White. Asian/Pacific Islanders comprise of 554,400 residents, or 14 percent. Blacks comprise nine percent of the population with 356,000 residents, and 79,200 residents are designated as “Other” ethnicities, which is two percent of the population.

On a per capita basis, the Department has approximately 25 officers per 10,000 residents, compared to the Chicago Police Department and the New York Police Department ratios of 41 and 44 officers per 10,000 residents, respectively.2 From a geographic perspective, the Department has 21 officers per square mile, compared to Chicago Police Department with 53 officers per square mile and New York Police Department with 114 officers per square mile.3

DEPARTMENT

Sworn Department personnel of Hispanic descent comprise the highest number of employees in the Department with 4,521 individuals out of the 9,939 total, or 45 percent. The following depicts the remaining Department sworn personnel categories according to ethnicity along with their respective totals and percentage breakdowns:

The Department’s patrol function is managed through the Office of Operations (OO). There are four bureaus within OO, which are further divided into 21 geographical areas, four traffic divisions, and Criminal Gang and Homicide Division.

White: 3,326 personnel, or 33 percent; Black: 1,073 personnel, or 11 percent; g Asian/Pacific Islander: 732 personnel, or seven percent; g g

OFFICE OF OPERATIONS

“To Protect and to Serve” THE MOTTO, “TO PROTECT AND TO SERVE,” STATES THE ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF THE LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT. THE DEPARTMENT PROTECTS THE RIGHT OF ALL PERSONS WITHIN ITS JURISDICTION TO BE FREE FROM CRIMINAL ATTACK, TO BE SECURE IN THEIR POSSESSIONS, AND TO LIVE IN PEACE. THE DEPARTMENT SERVES THE PEOPLE OF LOS ANGELES BY PERFORMING THE LAW ENFORCEMENT FUNCTION IN A PROFESSIONAL MANNER, AND IT IS TO THESE PEOPLE THAT THE DEPARTMENT IS ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE.

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Central Bureau

South Bureau

Valley Bureau

West Bureau

Central Hollenbeck Newton Northeast Rampart Central Traffic

77th Street Harbor Southeast Southwest South Traffic Criminal Gang and Homicide

Devonshire Foothill Mission North Hollywood Topanga Van Nuys West Valley Valley Traffic

Hollywood Olympic Pacific West Los Angeles Wilshire West Traffic

United States Census Bureau, Los Angeles City QuickFacts, October 14, 2015. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, 2011 Uniform Crime Reports. 3 Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, 2011 Uniform Crime Reports. 1 2


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CITY & DEPARTMENT INFORMATION COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP DIVISION

CRD is comprised of two sections. The Digital Media and Crime Prevention Section handle all social media accounts, crime prevention programs, and special events. The Community Engagement Section fosters relationships with community-based organizations, leaders, groups, and stakeholders, while simultaneously educating the public of the Department’s mission. It also collaborates with patrol divisions and geographical bureaus on community outreach and relationship-based policing issues.

In August 2015, Community Relationship Division (CRD) was formed, aimed at building trust and relationships between the Department and the diverse communities in Los Angeles through outreach, community policing, and digital media. CRD personnel were selected based on their exceptional skills in developing community partnerships, supporting field personnel in community engagement efforts, and promoting positive engagement through social media and city-wide community events.

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12760 Osborne St. (818) 756-8861

180 N. Los Angeles St. (213) 356-3440

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TRAINING &

Development

LAPD

DEPARTMENT Training & Development

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Effective law enforcement training is evolutionary and

adaptable to emerging issues. This is especially the case with respect to the use of force and the development of the modern police officer. The Department has consistently tailored and adapted training methods and curriculum based on academic research and emerging societal trends. The expectation is for police officers to resolve situations safely and with the least amount of force possible. In 2014, the Department evaluated its training to identify areas where improvements could be made, with a particular focus on the subject of use of force. For example, lessons learned from a series of Officer Involved Shooting (OIS) incidents resulted in an extensive assessment of internal and external use of force and OIS data, policies, and a comparative analysis of training with the largest law enforcement agencies in the country. The goal of this review was to develop training and to implement procedures that would improve performance and emphasize de-escalation of force and the continued institutionalization of Preservation of Life. Preservation of Life and building public trust were immediately identified as essential elements of many law enforcement use of force policies. The goal is to ensure that all officers are being taught the reasoning behind the policy and not just the policy itself. In addition, a byproduct of this review revealed the need to improve transparency, as it became increasingly apparent that releasing timely information to the public in a multifaceted communication and social media-driven culture is important and demanded. Chief of Police Charlie Beck began championing the concept of “Relationship-Based Policing” (RBP), where he established the expectation for Department personnel to build one-on-one personal relationships with members of the community by breaking down barriers, improving communication, and providing everyone a better understanding of each other’s perspectives and needs. It was discovered that building public trust encompasses all of the principles of RBP, as the public expects police officers to set good examples, embrace policy changes, and foster personal relationships. The review also disclosed that there is a national debate on four key training topics that will become the focus of how the Department designs and implements future training:

1. Building public trust/preservation of life; 2. Teaching use of force de-escalation techniques; 3. Dealing with persons suspected of being mentally ill; and, 4. Mastering laws of arrest such as consensual encounters, reasonable suspicion, and probable cause. The Department’s training program operates like a small college or university and has 147 California Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) certified courses in its catalogue. In fact, for many years, the Department has used the name “LAPD University” in reference to the many classes it has developed over time. The Academy curriculum teaches basic police concepts, which would be the equivalent of 100 level classes, while the Command Development Courses are considered graduate classes, or at the 500 level. Department training managers are able to gain a better understanding on how to develop career paths for their personnel by utilizing the newly organized online library and creating new courses to address additional training needs. The Department has also reached out to the University of Southern California and the University of California, Irvine, in efforts to form partnerships and develop a university certificate program, tentatively named Modern Policing: Building Trust, Justice, and Safety. The curriculum will be developed by university professors and intended to offer academic, interdisciplinary, and research-based perspectives on topics such as the evolution of policing, comparative policing models, how social contexts impact human interactions, how to form partnerships, modern data analytics, developing communications strategies, and how to plan, evaluate and assess strategic plans. Finally, the Department recognized that it required an even greater commitment to improving training. Therefore, it implemented an extensive reorganizational model, which included a disbandment of the former Personnel and Training Bureau and created the new Police Sciences and Training Bureau (PSTB) in March 2015.


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TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT POLICE ACADEMY TRAINING

In 2008, the Department implemented a completely redesigned Academy curriculum, which was geared towards problem based learning (PBL). The Department recognized that the Academy’s tradition of strong, tactical skill training must continue, but it also established that improvements had to be made to maximize critical thinking and capitalize on initiative and human potential. The training goal was implemented to compliment tactical strengths by developing officers who are also selfmotivated, interdependent, community oriented, critical thinkers and problem solvers. Through the examination of best practices in law enforcement training, three key constructs were identified as a lens for all Department training for recruits, active officers and civilians. These constructs, as discussed by the Director of Police Training and Education (PTE) in the article, “Changing the Training Paradigm,” are as follows:

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Training the Whole Person - Peak performance is achieved by utilization of all three learning domains: psychomotor domain – physical skills and strength; cognitive domain – critical thinking and problem solving; and affective domain – utilizing emotional intelligence. Preparing people for all facets of their job will develop more resilient individuals, and ultimately, a more resilient workforce. In a Team, By a Team, to be a Team - Public safety requires team effort. All officers must develop individual skills within the framework of a team. Teamwork should facilitate self-assessment, appreciation for the skills of others, and increases the value on collaboration. Teamwork incorporates respect for other teams both inside the Department and within the community. Through an Event, Not to an Event - To be comprehensively effective, training must be conducted within an experiential learning environment that requires critical thinking all the way through an event. Training “through an event” includes training not only for the skills needed in a crisis, but for the ongoing response once the tactical operation concludes. Leaders must learn to anticipate the ongoing needs of their people, the political environment, and the resources they need once the crisis is over. Understanding the context and ensuring follow-through with key stakeholders will improve the Department’s response for future incidents.

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TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY HOURS

The Academy is 912 hours long, exceeding the POST requirement of 664 hours of mandated training. Class sizes generally range from 30 to 50 recruits. A new recruit class typically starts every four weeks, and each class is in training for six months. At any point, there are as many as six academy classes running simultaneously. The Department’s goal is to exceed all POST minimum training requirements.

ACADEMY TESTING

The design of the Academy is to build confidence through basic scenarios at the beginning of the program and to enhance competency by addressing increasingly more complex scenarios as the Academy progresses. Students must pass 25 POST Learning Domain exams and 14 scenario tests in order to graduate.

IN-SERVICE TRAINING

As a result of the Department’s comprehensive review of its training curriculum, many new courses have been developed and updated procedures have been implemented. Provided below is a brief overview of key subjects:

NATIONAL DISCUSSION ON BUILDING PUBLIC TRUST

A five-hour class delivered to all sworn and reserve officers in 2015. The class was facilitated by staff officers and designed to encourage discussions on topics such as preservation of life, embracing the humanity of policing, history of the Department’s community relations, erosion public trust, the importance of constitutional policing, use of force de-escalation techniques, and addressing the needs of persons with mental illnesses. This class is a prerequisite to the 10-hour Use of Force Update, where officers are placed in practical application scenarios.

USE OF FORCE UPDATE CLASS (10-HOUR)

On October 29, 2015, the Department implemented the mandated 10-hour Use of Force Update for all sworn personnel. The class is critical in addressing contemporary events involving use of force, dealing with persons involved in a mental health crisis, constitutional policing, preservation of human life, and strengthening de-escalation skills. Officers are given the opportunity to practice less lethal force options, including the beanbag shotgun, OC spray, and TASER. Scenarios have been designed to utilize a range of critical thinking and problem-


solving strategies, and to reinforce good communication and de-escalation skills. As of December 3, 2015, nine classes have been completed and 522 officers have participated. The goal is to hold three classes weekly with approximately 60 officers in attendance. The projected time-frame to train the Department’s sworn personnel is currently one year.

POLICE SCIENCE LEADERSHIP (PSL)

Police Science Leadership I is a pilot course, which utilizes adult learning concepts and practical applications to teach officers investigative and field operational skills necessary to solve long-term problems in the community while increasing public trust and police legitimacy. This new course was designed to fill a training gap that the Department identified in its curriculum. The PSL program is a unique 80-hour course that returns a complete class of officers to the Academy after they have successfully completed 11 months of probationary experience in the field. It is believed that upon completion of probation, an officer is more receptive to learn advanced concepts in leadership, communications skills, dealing with the mentally ill, how to build public trust, and use of force deescalation techniques. The leadership skills component will include image and impression management, fair and impartial policing, purposeful communication, and community relationship development. These same officers return for an additional 80-hours of training at the three-year (PSL II) and five-year (PSL III) marks of their careers. Implementing the PSL program shows a strong commitment, with 240 hours of instruction, to developing officers and regularly exposing them to new and innovative ideas in policing. Finally, officers will receive 40-hours of Mental Health Intervention Training on topics such as crisis communications, suicide by cop, substance abuse, autism, and psychopharmacology.

FIELD TRAINING OFFICER (FTO)

The Field Training Officer course is currently under curriculum review as a result of State Senate Bill 29, which has directed POST to increase mental health training. This presented the Department an opportunity to integrate updated training on preservation of life, use of force deescalation, mental illness, and constitutional policing. The Department, in collaboration with POST, developed new curriculum which is anticipated to be implemented during the third quarter of 2016.

QUALIFICATION COURSE UPDATE

In 2015, the Department updated its qualification course for the first time in over 26 years. The old course was based on firearm concepts developed decades ago when the Department issued six-shot revolvers to its recruits. After a comprehensive review of the qualification phases, it was determined to be beneficial to update the course to reflect current training and tactics.

Note: The Department requires the majority of its officers to qualify four times a year with their firearms, once with a shotgun, and once on a Force Option Simulator (FOS) machine. As a general rule, approximately 95% of officers pass the qualification course on their first attempt. Any officer that fails three or more attempts is required to attend firearms re-integration training, where they receive one-on-one instruction from a Training Division firearms instructor.

FAIR AND IMPARTIAL POLICING (FIP)

This course was given to all command staff members in December 2014. The focus of FIP was on the impact of bias policing, implicit bias, contact theory, and counterstereotype training. Components of a successful FIP program include recruitment and hiring of a diversified workforce, policies prohibiting biased policing, successful Academy and in-service training programs, outreach to diverse communities, leadership, and accountability.

POST PERISHABLE SKILLS

POST requires a minimum of 24-hours of Continual Professional Training every two years for certified peace officers. Fourteen training hours shall address perishable skills, such as firearms, arrest and control, driving, and tactical communications. The Department obtained approval from POST to re-write the entire 24-hour curriculum to integrate new topics, including building public trust, preservation of life, and procedural justice. The new curriculum was approved by POST and a pilot class will be conducted in February 2016.

MUSEUM OF TOLERANCE (MOT)

The Department has negotiated with MOT to increase the number of presentations for its 10-hour class on “Building Public Trust” to 25 sessions in Fiscal Year (FY) 2015-2016, and to 40 sessions in FY 2016-2017. This course was created by combining their POST approved curriculum on “Racial Profiling” and “Beyond Diversity.”

LAW ENFORCEMENT TACTICAL APPLICATION COURSE (LETAC)

The Law Enforcement Tactical Application Course is a 32-hour course designed to reinforce and to enhance an officer’s basic tactical knowledge and skills. It includes indepth discussion on the Department’s use of force policy, force options, command and control, tactical planning and communication, and firearms safety. Students are evaluated using practical combat range and FOS application scenarios.


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19

TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT OTHER TRAINING TOPICS

The Department relies on additional training platforms to maintain proficiency standards for sworn personnel. Force Option Simulators (FOS) present scenarios in a virtual reality based environment that requires officers to rely on their skills, knowledge, and experience in addressing challenging situations that may require use of force. Tactical Debriefs are designed to address training needs in a collaborative setting with instructors as a result of an actual use of force incident.

FORCE OPTION SIMULATORS

All 21 patrol divisions have been furnished with a FOS, providing officers with the ability to train on a continuous basis. The FOS training enhances articulation skills, presents opportunities to re-evaluate various force options available, and to utilize the optimal option to resolve the situation. FOS also facilitates practice on de-escalation scenarios on various techniques to control emotional response to critical incidents, and helps develop a deeper understanding of “what you can do” versus “what you should do.” For example, the Department increased the number of deadly force incident scenarios to teach and

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LESS LETHAL

DEPLOYMENT

TACTICAL DEBRIEFS

The use of Tactical Debriefs affords the involved parties the opportunity to enhance performance, reinforce best practices, and cultivate lessons learned for future training.Officers involved in Categorical Use of Force (CUOF) incidents participate in Tactical Debriefs, which are conducted by the Training Division supervisors who were present during the concerned Use of Force Review Board (UOFRB). Tactical Debriefs have yielded training recommendations such as the utilization of smaller sized targets to simulate changes in shooting distance, quick target switches to induce fast-paced, high stress decision making, and slow fire settings. These recommendations were implemented for both recruit and in-service training on April 1, 2015.

National Discussion on Building Trust

Police Science Leadership

Qualification Course Update

Museum of Tolerance

10-Hour Use of Force Update

Field Training Officer Update

POST Perishable Skills Training

Law Enforcement Tactical Application Course

Tactical Debriefs

Fair and Impartial Policing

20

demonstrate that the use of sound tactics can conceivably resolve such situations without lethal force. Use of the FOS has been incorporated into the Mental Health Intervention Training course that also enables officers to practice deescalation skills.

TASER

The Office of Operations published Notice No. 4 on September 21, 2015, titled, “TASER X26P Deployment,” which directs all patrol officers to carry a TASER on their person. The Department is currently equipped with 3,205 TASERs and holsters. Funding requests for an additional 4,400 units have been made. All Department recruits are trained and certified in the use of the TASER while in the Academy. Additional training for in-service personnel is currently being provided in the 10-hour Use of Force Update class.

LESS LETHAL OPTIONS

The Department is in the process of evaluating and testing new less lethal force options, including, but not limited to, a gel-based OC spray that directs a stream of gel as opposed to an aerosol spray and a 40-millimeter impact launcher. Additionally, beanbag shotgun mounts are expected to be integrated into each patrol vehicle’s main cabin area for faster access, as opposed to the trunk.

Force Option Simulator



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21

COMPARISON TO

Other Large Agencies

City Comparison: Officer Involved Shootings OFFICERMajor INVOLVED SHOOTINGS – 4 COMPARISON

80

2015

70

Department 2014

60

Los Angeles Police Department 2013 Chicago Police Department Police Department Houston 2012 Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Police Department New York2011 Philadelphia Police Department

50 40 30 20 10 0

2012

2013

2014

2015

62 58 30 37 36 44

37 50 41 49 45 59

46 42 37 44 40 43

30 43 34 33 35 29

48 49 30 34 34 22*

* Philadelphia Police Department's 2015 OIS data is through September 2015.

LAPD

2011

CPD

HPD

2012

LASD

2013

NYPD

2014

PPD

2015

2015

In 2015, the Department had 48 OIS incidents, which was 2014 one fewer than the Chicago Police Department (CPD), but more than the New York Police Department (NYPD), the 2013 Houston Police Department (HPD), the Philadelphia Police 2012the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (PPD), and Department (LASD). The LASD and the NYPD had the third 2011 highest count, with 34 OIS incidents each.

IN 2015, THE DEPARTMENT HAD 48 officer involved shootings

2011

An analysis of the five year average of OIS incidents from 2011 through 2015 revealed that the CPD were involved in a greater number of shootings than the Department. From 2011 through 2015, the Department had 223 OIS

incidents, or an annual average of 44.6. The CPD had 242 OIS incidents in the five year period, or an annual average of 48.4. The LASD had the third highest five year total with 197 incidents, or an annual average of 39.4 incidents. The NYPD had the fourth highest count with 190 incidents, or an annual average of 38 OIS incidents. PPD had the fifth highest count with 175 OIS incidents, or an annual average of 43.8 incidents.5 Lastly, HPD had a five year total of 172 OIS incidents, or a five year annual average of 34.4 incidents.

PPD’s 2015 OIS data was through September 2015. CPD’s 2011 through 2014 OIS data was retrieved from the City of Chicago Independent Police Review Authority. CPD’s 2015 OIS data was provided by CPD’s Research and Development Division. 5 PPD’s five year annual average for the period of 2011 through 2015 is calculated with data through September 2015, as that was the most recent information available. 4

22

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23

0

LAPD

CPD

HPD

LASD

NYPD

PPD

COMPARISON TO OTHER LARGE AGENCIES DECEASED OFFICER Major City SUSPECTS Comparison: SuspectsIN Killed in Officer Involved Shootings INVOLVED SHOOTINGS – COMPARISON 30

2015

25

Department

2014

Los Angeles Police Department Chicago2013 Police Department Houston Police Department 2012 Los Angeles Sheriff's Department New York2011 Police Department Philadelphia Police Department

20 15 10 5 0

LAPD

2011

CPD

2012

HPD

LASD

2013

NYPD

2014

PPD

g g g g

2012

2013

2014

2015

26 23 7 13 9 12

17 8 11 17 16 16

15 13 9 21 8 11

18 18 10 20 8 4

21 8 12 14 - ** 2*

* Philadelphia Police Department's 2015 OIS data is through September 2015. ** New York Police Department's OIS data for suspects killed is yet to be released.

2015

Of the 48 OIS incidents involving Department personnel in 2015, 21 suspects died as a result of police gunfire, representing 44 percent of all OIS incidents. The following depicts the remaining agencies and their deceased suspect totals and percentages in relation to their respective 2015 OIS incident totals: g

2011

LASD: 14 deceased, or 41 percent; HPD: 12 deceased, or 40 percent; PPD: Two deceased, or 22 percent;6 CPD: Eight deceased, or 16 percent; and, NYPD: Information not available.

FIREARMS QUALIFICATION COMPARISON

Firearms qualification is an essential component of law enforcement training and aptitude. An improvement in marksmanship reduces the risk of unnecessarily jeopardizing innocent bystanders, stopping the threat with minimal force, and improves officers’ ability to protect themselves and the public from harm.

LAPD: Qualify four times per year with handguns; once

per year with a shotgun and once per year on a Force Options Simulator. There are years-of-service and rank exemptions.

LASD: Qualify four times per year with handguns; one

time every two years with a shotgun and offers qualification on a Force Options Simulator (not mandatory). There are no years-of-service and/or rank exemptions.

Of the 223 OIS incidents involving Department personnel from 2011 through 2015, 97 suspects died as a result of police gunfire, representing 43 percent of all OIS incidents. In comparison, the LASD had an equal percentage with 85 suspects who died as a result of deputy gunfire during 197 incidents, or 43 percent. The following depicts the remaining agencies and their five year totals and percentages in relation to their respective five year incident totals: g g g g

CPD: 70 deaths, or 29 percent; HPD: 49 deaths, or 28 percent; NYPD: Information not available;7 and PPD: Information not available.8

CHICAGO PD: Qualify once per year with handguns;

unknown with a shotgun and unknown on a Force Options Simulator. There are no years-of-service and/or rank exemptions.

HOUSTON PD: Qualify once per year with handguns;

once per year with a shotgun and no Force Options Simulator. There are no years-of-service and/or rank exemptions.

NEW YORK PD:

Qualify twice per year with handguns; unknown with a shotgun and unknown on a Force Options Simulator. There are no years-of-service and/or rank exemptions.

PHILADELPHIA PD: Qualify once per year with

handguns; twice with a shotgun and no qualification required on a Force Options Simulator. There are no yearsof-service and/or rank exemptions.

On a per capita basis,

the Department has approximately 25 officers per 10,000 residents

PPD’s 2015 OIS data was through September 2015. NYPD was excluded from the comparison as their 2015 data was yet to be released. 8 PPD was excluded from the comparison as their 2015 data was yet to be released. 6 7

24

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25


The Use Of Force

THE DEPARTMENT’S USE OF FORCE POLICY

It is the policy of the Department that personnel may use only the force which is “objectively reasonable” to: g g g g g

Defend themselves; Defend others; Effect an arrest or detention; Prevent escape; or, Overcome resistance.

Law enforcement officers are authorized to use deadly force to: 1. Protect themselves or others from what is reasonably believed to be an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury; or, 2. Prevent a crime where the suspect’s actions place person(s) in imminent jeopardy of death or serious bodily injury; or, 3. Prevent the escape of a violent fleeing felon when there is probable cause to believe the escape will pose a significant threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or others if apprehension is delayed. In this circumstance, officers shall, to the extent practical, avoid using deadly force that might subject innocent bystanders or hostages to possible death or injury. The Department’s use of force policies are more restrictive than state and federal law. For example, State law allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles where the suspect is using the vehicle itself as a weapon, while Department

policy prohibits officers from using deadly force in such circumstances. The Department examines reasonableness using Graham v. Connor, the State of California legal standards set forth in California Penal Code Section 835(a), and from the articulable facts from the perspective of a Los Angeles Police Officer with similar training and experience placed in generally the same set of circumstances as those of the evaluated incident. In determining the appropriate level of force, officers shall evaluate each situation in light of the facts and circumstances of each particular case. Those factors may include, but are not limited to: The seriousness of the crime or suspected offense; The level of threat or resistance presented by the subject; g Whether the subject was posing an immediate threat to officers or a danger to the community; g The potential for injury to citizens, officers or subjects; g The risk or apparent attempt by the subject to escape; g The conduct of the subject being confronted (as reasonably perceived by the officer at the time); g The time available to an officer to make a decision; g The availability of other resources; g The training and experience of the officer; g The proximity or access of weapons to the subject; g Officer versus subject factors such as age, size, relative strength, skill level, injury/exhaustion and number officers versus subjects; and, g The environmental factors and/or other exigent circumstances. g g


THE USE OF FORCE

26

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27

THE USE OF FORCE The graph below illustrates the force options available to officers as it relates to the Department’s use of force policy. It should be noted that the force options in the graph do not have to be attempted in a progressive order, but that the officer must constantly assess each situation when evaluating which level of force is justified under the current

THE USE OF FORCE circumstances (for example, an incident where an officer utilizes a baton strike on a suspect who is actively shooting at a victim would not be required to attempt verbalization strategies as an initial action to stop the suspect due to the exigency of the incident):

NON-CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE (NCUOF) DEFINED

A reportable NCUOF is defined as an incident in which any on-duty Department employee, or off-duty employee whose occupation as a Department employee is a factor, uses a less-lethal control device or physical force to compel a person to comply with the employee’s direction, overcome resistance of a person during an arrest or a detention, or defend any individual from an aggressive action by another person.

CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE (CUOF) DEFINED A CUOF is defined as:

An incident involving the use of deadly force (e.g., discharge of a firearm) by a Department employee; g All uses of an upper body control hold by a Department employee, including the use of a modified carotid, full carotid or locked carotid hold; g All deaths while the arrestee or detainee is in the custodial care of the Department (also known as an In-Custody Death or ICD); g A use of force incident resulting in death; g A use of force incident resulting in an injury requiring hospitalization, commonly referred to as a Law Enforcement Related Injury Investigation, or LERII; g All intentional head strikes with an impact weapon or device (e.g., baton, flashlight, etc.) and all unintentional (inadvertent or accidental) head strikes that result in serious bodily injury, hospitalization or death. Note: Serious bodily injury, as defined in California Penal Code Section 243(f)(4), includes, but is not limited to, the following: • Loss of consciousness; • Concussion; • Bone fracture; • Protracted loss or impairment of function of any bodily member or organ; • A wound requiring extensive suturing; and, • Serious disfigurement. g

28 | Page 22

2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SUMMARY | 2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW, EXECUTIVE

Officer-involved animal shootings and non-tactical unintentional discharges; g An incident in which a member of the public has contact with a Department canine and hospitalization is required. Under Department policy, a canine contact is not a use of force but has been included in this category to satisfy the provisions of the Consent Decree; and, g Incidents where the Department has agreed to conduct similar critical incident investigations for a non-Department entity, such as a Los Angeles Fire Department Arson Unit. g

All other reportable uses of force, including the discharge of a TASER, the use of a chemical irritant control device, or all unintentional (inadvertent or accidental) head strikes with an impact weapon or device which do not result in serious bodily injury, hospitalization or death which have been approved to be handled as a Level I NCUOF by the Commanding Officer, Force Investigation Division (FID), are classified as NCUOF incidents.


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29

THE INVESTIGATION, REVIEW, AND ADJUDICATION PROCESS

THE INVESTIGATION, REVIEW, AND ADJUDICATION PROCESS Non-Categorical Use of Force

(NCUOF) incident occurs. Concurrent with the Department’s internal review of FORCE INVESTIGATION DIVISION’S each CUOF by the UOFRB and Chief of Police, the OIG RESPONSIBILITIES independently reviews every CUOF case. As it conducts its Following a CUOF incident, FID responds within one hour own review, the OIG’s staff also monitors the progression upon notification of the incident and assumes responsibility of the Department’s internal review. This monitoring role and Supervisor responds of the overall investigation. As part of the investigation, an investigation. Force Investigation Division (FID) personnelat respond includes attendance every UOFRB, whereconducts the OIG may FID personnel conduct interviews with all involved parties,and begin the CUOF incident investigation. ask questions and provide input to the board members. locate and collect evidence, manage crime scenes, coordinate the acquisition of photographs, and liaise with Once the Chief’s report to the Commission on a case is other relevant Department and non-Department entities. Commander reviews completed, it is reviewed by the OIG. The Watch OIG evaluates the supervisor's Chief of Police (COP) 72-hour Briefing the Chief’s findings and reports its own, completed independent investigation. other significant CUOF incdents). OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL (all OIS andset of recommendations to the Commission for use in its adjudication of the case. In those cases where the AND THE LOS ANGELES DISTRICT OIG concurs with the findings of the Chief of Police, it General Training Update completed within 90 ATTORNEY’S OFFICE TheitDivisional recommend to the Commission that adoptCommanding those Officer days of thewill incident for all substantially reviews the NCUOF investigation. Personnel from the Office of the Inspector General involvedCUOF personnelIf (identified the findings. the OIGbybelieves additional or different analysis (OIG) and representatives from the Los Angeles District Area Commanding Officer). is warranted, the OIG will provide that analysis to the Attorney’s Office (LADA) are notified of CUOF incidents.9 Commission in its report. If the OIG determines that the The OIG responds to the scene to monitor the conduct of Officer(s) may receive may receive available evidence supports findings other than thoseOfficer(s) training, and/or discipline. Use of Force Review Division receives completed FID’s on-scene investigation, assessing compliance with set forth by the an Chief, it will recommend, with supporting FID investigation and conducts analysis applicable policy standards. of the CUOF incident and schedules a Use of analysis, that the Commission modify the Chief’s findings.

Categorical Use of Force incident (CUOF) occurs.

Personnel from LADA respond to OIS and ICD incidents to lend advice to FID regarding criminal law issues as they pertain to the investigation and also to assess whether an independent criminal investigation is required.

Force Review Board (UOFRB).

72-HOUR BRIEFING

The Bureau Commanding officer reviews the NCUOF investigation.

Within 72-Hours of an OIS (or other significant CUOF

The UOFRB is convened, chaired incident wherein a briefing is deemed necessary by the by the Director of the may receive Chief of Police),Services. an initial briefing isOfficer(s) scheduled for the ChiefOfficer(s) may receive Office of Administrative training, and/or discipline.

of Police and other concerned command staff members. During the briefing, FID provides a preliminary presentation All FID investigations are closely overseen by the OIG. of the the incident and answers questions by the Chief and The COP receives UOFRB findings and The OIG’s oversight begins immediately following the The Bureau Commanding evaluatesthe CUOF incident. COP reports attending staffThemembers. officer reviews the NCUOF occurrence of a CUOF. The OIG has a 24-hour response his recommendations to the Board of investigation. Police Commissioners (BOPC). capability, and is promptly notified following the occurrence Although the briefing is an initial assessment of the incident, of a CUOF. The OIG responds to the scene of CUOF incidents based on preliminary information, UOFD many maybasic endorsefacts are and monitors the conduct of FID’s on-scene investigation, UOFD may recommend the Divison's and/or available at this stage. The objective of the briefing is training and/or The BOPC will receive the COP's recommendations Bureau's assessing compliance with applicable policy standards, discipline. address issues that require immediate Department and evaluate to the CUOF incident. The BOPC will the recommendation, or as well as more generally working to ensure the overall adjudicate the incident andThe a Tactical Debriefemployees is attention. involved of the incident do not completed within 90 days. quality of the investigative work being performed. As the attend the briefing. investigation progresses over the months that follow the incident, the OIG maintains its oversight role. The OIG’s oversight of each investigation culminates in a detailed Officer's actions may be adjuticated as In Policy, Tactical Debrief or, review of every completed investigation case file, and a written assessment to the Commission of the quality of that investigation. In practice, the OIG works closely with FID in order to ensure that, whenever possible, investigative issues identified during the course of the investigation are addressed and resolved.

OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL

NCUOF

CUOF

Categorical Use of Force (CUOF) incident occurs.

Non-Categorical Use of Force (NCUOF) incident occurs.

Force Investigation Division (FID) personnel respond and begin the CUOF incident investigation.

Supervisor responds and conducts an investigation.

Chief of Police (COP) 72-hour Briefing (all OIS and other significant CUOF incdents).

Watch Commander reviews the supervisor's completed investigation.

General Training Update completed within 90 days of the CUOF incident for all substantially involved personnel (identified by the Area Commanding Officer).

Use of Force Review Division receives completed FID investigation, conducts an analysis of the CUOF incident and schedules a Use of Force Review Board (UOFRB).

The UOFRB is convened, chaired by the Director of the Office of Administrative Services.

The COP receives the UOFRB findings and evaluates the CUOF incident. The COP reports his recommendations to the Board of Police Commissioners (BOPC). The BOPC will receive the COP's recommendations and evaluate the CUOF incident. The BOPC will the adjudicate the incident and a Tactical Debrief is completed within 90 days. Officer's actions may be adjuticated as In Policy, Tactical Debrief or,

The Divisional Commanding Officer reviews the NCUOF investigation.

Officer(s) may receive training, and/or

Officer(s) may receive discipline.

The Bureau Commanding officer reviews the NCUOF investigation.

Officer(s) may receive training, and/or

Officer(s) may receive discipline.

Use of Force Review Division (UOFD) reviews the NCUOF investigation.

UOFD may endorse the UOFD may recommend Divison's and/or training and/or Bureau's discipline. recommendation, or

COP may recommend extensive re-training and/or discipline.

The OIG’s Use of Force Section is a unit dedicated on a full-time basis to reviewing all work performed by FID. Currently staffed by seven Police Special Investigators and headed by an Assistant Inspector General, the Use of Force Section closely reviews all work performed by FID and, on behalf of the Inspector General, prepares a detailed report on each case for the Commission. 9

30

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31

CATEGORICAL Use of Force Statistics, OIS Hit DEPARTMENT TOTAL Source of Activity OIS - Hit 50

2015 2014 2013 2012 OIS - Hit 2011

40 30

Radio Call

Private Person Call

20

Pre-Planned

10 0

Observation 0

5

2011

2012

2013

Off-Duty 2014

Department Total

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

47

29

34

26

38

2015

Other 2013 2014 2015 10 15 2011 20 25 2012 30 0 1 2 In 2015, Department personnel were involved in 38 OIS Hit incidents, an increase of 122013 incidents, or 46 percent, 2011 2012 2014 2015 compared to 2014. In the four year period from 2011 through 2014, there were a total of 136 OIS Hit incidents,

3 4 5 resulting in an annual average of 34 incidents. The 2015 count exceeded the 2011 through 2014 annual average by four incidents, or approximately 12 percent.

CLASSIFICATION Classification

CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE Statistical Analysis

Classification

20

2015 I II 2014 III 2013 IV 2012 V VI 2011

15 10 5 0

I 2011

II

III 2012

IV 2013

V

VI 2014

Unknown 2015

In 2015, 33 of the 38 OIS Hit incidents, or 87 percent, involved a suspect armed with a weapon. Additionally, in those 33 incidents where the suspect was armed with a weapon, 19 suspects, or 58 percent, were armed with a firearm.

32

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VII Unknown TOTAL

Classification I II III IV V VI VII

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

10 19 0 2 12 4 0 0 47

4 11 1 5 7 1 0 0 29

11 10 1 5 5 2 0 0 34

5 10 0 1 9 1 0 0 26

5 12 2 3 13 2 0 1 38

Description Suspect verified with firearm – fired at officer or 3rd party Suspect verified with firearm – firearm in hand or position to fire, but did not fire Perception shooting – firearm present but not drawn Perception shooting – no firearm found Shooting of person armed with weapon other than firearm Shooting of person with no weapon - Serious bodily injury to self/others Other


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33

11

CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE, OIS HIT


Source of Activity

Officer - Unit Assigned

OFFICER UNIT ASSIGNED

SOURCE OF ACTIVITY Radio Call

Pre-Planned Off-Duty

Observation

Source

Source of Activity 0 5

10

15

20

25

2012

Pre-Planned Off-Duty Other 0 2012

1

20

2

3

2012 2015 152013 2014

2011 2013

American Indian Asian/Pac. Black III IV Filipino V Hispanic White Other 2011

VI

0

5

2014

2015

2015 2014 2013 Officer Ethnicity 2012 2011

2012

20

30

2013

40

18 6 3 1 3 0 0 1 0 29

2013 22 47 0 4 0 0 1 0 34

5

2014

2015

20 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 26

19 12 2 2 0 0 2 1 38

50

2014

60

V

VI

Unknown

Ethnicity

2011

2012

2013

2014

Other TOTAL

0 5 6 2 50 41 1 105

1 4 6 1 59 20 0 91

1 3 3 2 48 27 1 85

0 5 1 0 32 18 0 56

2015

In 2015, Hispanic officers were involved in the most OIS Hit incidents with 34 officers, or 55 percent, of the 62 total officers involved in OIS Hit incidents. White officers were involved in the second most incidents with 18 officers, or 29 percent. Asian/Pacific Islander and Black officers were

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 2015 10 1 04 4 0 34 18 1 62

|

2011

2012

2013

2015

2012

0

5

30 Weapon System Used 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2

30

40

50

2013

60

70

2014

80

2015

10

3

15

20

25

30

35

2015 2014 2013 2012 Officer Injuries 4 2011 5-10 11 or More

BY OFFICERS Average Rounds 30

5

0 1-5 6-10 11-1516-2021-2526-3031-3536-4041-4546-5051 or more

0

2011

2012 2012

2013 2013

2014

2015 2014

2012

2013

2014

2015

0 21 65 17 1 0 1 0 105

1 6 60 20 3 0 1 0 91

0 13 56 14 1 0 1 0 85

0 17 32 7 0 0 0 0 56

0 2 52 7 0 0 0 1 62

Metropolitan Division were the third largest group with 59 officers, or 15 percent. In 2015, Metropolitan Division had two officers involved in OIS Hit incidents, which was a significant reduction when compared to the 2014 total of 17 officers, or 88 percent. 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

2015 2014 No. of Shooters 2013 1 2012 2 3 2011 4 5 - 10 11 or more TOTAL

2015

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

27 12 2 2 2 2 47

12 7 3 2 3 2 29

14 9 4 2 4 1 34

13 10 1 0 1 1 26

24 8 4 1 1 0 38

2015 per incident was the second largest category with a total 2014 of 46 OIS Hit incidents, or 26 percent, during the five year 2013 period. No significant issues or trends were noted. 2012 2011

2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5

2015

Specialized Investigative Custody Off-Duty Other TOTAL

2011

40

201112 2012 2013 2014 2015 Shotgun Rifle From 201110through 2015, the majority of OIS Hit incidents involved only 8 one officer firing a weapon. A total of 90 out of 174 incidents, or 52 percent, involved only one officer 6 firing a weapon. The group representing two officers firing 4 2 0 ROUNDS Number ofInjured RoundsPER Fired INCIDENT per Incident AVERAGE Deceased

Average Distance 150

20

11 - 20 OF OFFICERS FIRING NUMBER Number of Officers Firing per Incident More than 20 PER INCIDENT

2011

2014

10

6 - 10

Handgun

involved in the third most800 incidents with four officers, or six percent, each. No other 700 ethnicities were involved in OIS Hit 600 compared to the year-to-year incidents during 2015. When 500issues or trends were noted. comparison, no significant 400 300 200 100 0 2011 2012 2013 2014


0

1-5

The total number of officers exceeds the total incident count, as multiple officers may have been involved in an incident.

34

2015 Unit 2014 Administrative 2013 Metropolitan 2012 Patrol 2011

From 2011 through 2015, patrol officers were involved in the most OIS Hit incidents, with 265 out of 399 total involved of Service officers, or 66 percent. Officer Officers- Years assigned to specialized units were involved in the second most OIS Hit incidents, with 65 officers, or 16 percent, and officers assigned to Less than 1

Total Rounds

Officer Gender 10

2011

2015 2014 2013 Division. Twelve incidents, or 2012 32 percent, occurred during field detentions, based on 2011 officers’ observations (e.g. pedestrian and traffic stops).

2015 American Indian 2014 Asian/Pacific Islander Black 2013 Filipino 2012 Hispanic 2011 White

Unknown

10

28 10 2 2 5 0 0 2 0 47

2012

Classification

4

In 2015, most of the Department’s 10 OIS Hit incidents resulted from radio calls and observation stops. Specifically, 19 of the Department’s 38 OIS Hit 5 incidents, or 50 percent, originated from radio calls generated by Communications 0 I II III IV Classification

OFFICER ETHNICITY10

2011

RadioOther Call Observation 0 1 Private Person Call Pre-Planned Call 2013Station2014 2015 Ambush Off-Duty Other TOTAL

30

2011

Private Person Call

30

Administrative Metropolitan Patrol Specialized Investigative Custody Services Off-Duty Other

Private Person Call

OIS - Hit

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Average Rounds

13.8

18.7

16.3

9.6

6.0

In 2015, an average of six rounds was fired during OIS Hit incidents. This continued a five year downward trend in number of rounds fired per incident.


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35

Investigative Custody Services Off-Duty CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE, OIS HIT Other 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2011


11 Rounds Fired vs. Hits OFFICER HIT RATIOOIS

800 700 600 500 400 300 Less200 than 1 100 01 - 5

2015 2014

Officer - Years of Service

Rounds Fired

2011

2012

11 - 20 OIS

OIS

2013 2012

Rounds Fired Hits 2011 2015 Hit Ratio (%)

6 - 10

More than 20

SUSPECT ETHNICITYSuspect Ethnicity

0

Rounds Fired Hits 40% Hit Ratio (%)

5

10

2011 15 735 199 27%

Hits

2013

2014

2012 OIS25 Hit2013 Ratio 20 30 576 158 27%

637 127 20%

2014 35 265 85 32%

2014 2013 2012 2015 2011 402015 301 113 38%

30%

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

735 199 27%

576 158 27%

637 127 20%

265 85 32%

301 113 38%

2011 2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

The hit ratio for officers involved in OIS Hit incidents improved in 2015. This continued a three year trend of increasing hit ratios. When combined with the downward trend in the average number of rounds fired per incident, 2015indicates that officers are increasingly accurate this data when 2014 firing their weapons. 2013

20%

2012 2011

12 10% OFFICER INJURIES Officer Injuries

0%

Hit Ratio (%)

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Injured

2011

2012

2015Category 2014Injured 2013Deceased 2012TOTAL 2011

2013

2014

2015

5

2012

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

11 0 11

8 0 8

4 0 4

5 0 5

11 0 11

2015

10 15 20 Suspect Ethnicity 2013

2014

50-59 60 and Above Unknown 0

0-17 18-23 24-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 and Above Unknown 2011 0 2011

2015

5

10

15

American 2014Indian Asian/Pacific 2013 Islander Black 2012 Filipino 2011 Hispanic White Other TOTAL

2012 5

2012

2013

2014

2015

0 0 19 0 23 5 0 47

0 1 3 0 17 6 2 29

0 0 12 0 17 5 0 34

0 1 10 0 10 4 1 26

0 2 8 0 22 5 1 38

2015 or 13 percent. The Asian/Pacific Islander and suspects, 2014 Other categories had a combined total of eight suspects, 2013 or five percent, involved in OIS Hit incidents from 2011 20122015. During the five-year period, no significant 2015 through 2011 2014 issues or trends were noted. 2013 2012 2011

Suspect Age Age

2015

0-17 2014 18-23 2013 24-29 2012 30-39 2011 40-49 50-59 60 and Above Unknown TOTAL

Suspect Gender

2012

2011

20

2013

10 201315 2014

2014 20

2012

2013

Male

2015

2015

From 2011 through 2015, the 30 to 39 age group represented the largest age group with 45 out of 174 total suspects, or 26 percent, involved in Suspect OIS Hit incidents. The Male Female Gender 30 to 39 age group is the most represented age group during the five year average, which can be attributed to the

2011

11

25

American Indian suspects were involved in the most OIS In 2015, Hispanic Asian/Pac Hit incidents, representing 22 suspects, 58 percent, of SuspectorAge the 38 totalBlack suspects involved in OIS Hit incidents. Black suspectsFilipino were involved in the second most incidents 0-17 Hispanic representing eight suspects, or 21 percent. White 18-23 White suspects were involved in the third most incidents with five 24-29 Other 30-39 5 10 15 20 25 40-490

SUSPECT AGE

No Department personnel were killed during OIS Hit incidents from 2011 through 2015. However, 39 officers sustained injuries during the same five year period.

Deceased

Ethnicity

American Indian Asian/Pac Black Filipino Hispanic White Other 0

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

3 12 8 9 8 5 2 0 47

0 10 8 4 4 1 2 0 29

1 7 9 8 1 5 3 0 34

0 5 6 4 7 2 2 0 26

1 4 6 20 4 0 0 3 38

dramatic increase in OIS Hit incidents for that particular age group in 2015. The 18 to 23 age group was the second largest, with 38 suspects, or 22 percent, followed by the 24 to 29 age group with 37 suspects, or 21 percent.

2014

2015

Female

The 2015 OIS Hit Ratio was calculated based on preliminary numbers, pending completion of Coroner’s reports and FID investigations.

12

Officer injuries include any injury sustained by an officer during the incident, but were not necessarily caused by the suspect.

36

|



|

37

5 Deceased CATEGORICALInjured USE OF FORCE, OIS HIT


0

Gang Membership

SUSPECT INDICATION OF Indication of Mental Illness - OIS Hit 13 MENTAL ILLNESS

SUSPECT GANG MEMBERSHIP 35

15 12

2015

30

2014

25

2013

9

2011

3

2011

2012

2013

2014

Mental Illness

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

10

5

4

10

5

14

5 0

2015

In 2015, 14 of the 38 suspects involved in OIS Hit incidents, or 37 percent, had an indication of mental illness. The of Mental Illness - OIS No Hit 2015 percentageIndication of suspects who had an indication of mental illness experienced a year-over-year increase of 1

2013

15 Yes

0

2014

20

2012

6

2015

Yes

2011

18 percentage points when compared to 19 percent in 2014. Additionally, the 2015 percentage exceeded the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 18 percent by 19 percentage points.

Gang 2012 Member

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Yes 2011 No/Unknown TOTAL

15 32 47

13 16 29

16 18 34

8 18 26

13 25 38

No/Unknown

2012

2013

2014

2015

From 2011 through 2015, 65 of the 174 total suspects, or 37 percent, involved in OIS Hit incidents were verified as documented gang members. When compared to the year-

to-year comparison, no significant issues or trends were noted.

Number of Incidents Where Suspects Fired at Officers

2015 2014 2013

12

2012

14 SUSPECT UNDERUnder THE INFLUENCE the Influence - OIS Hit

10

2011

Suspect Injuries - OIS Hit SUSPECT INJURIES 8 6

0

25

Suspect Under the Influence: OIS - Hit

2015 2014

20

Under the Influence

2013

15

Yes

2012 No

10

Unknown 2011 TOTAL

5

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

24 2 0 26

16 1 0 17

11 4 0 15

14 3 1 18

8 4 9 21

30

4

25

2

20

0

Yes

No

2014

2015

5

Nine decedents, or 43 percent, currently have an unknown under the influence designation, pending completion of the investigation by FID.

2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

2013

10

Unknown

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Of the 21 suspects who died as a result of OIS Hit incidents in 2015, eight decedents, or 38 percent, were identified as being under the influence of a controlled substance.

2012

15

0

0

2011

15

Injured

Deceased

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 In 2015, 21 suspects died as a result of OIS Hit incidents. When compared to the 2014 total of 18, the number of deceased suspects increased by Illness three suspects, Indication of Mental - OIS Hitor 17 percent, in 2015. Additionally, when compared to the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 19 deceased suspects, 2015 had two deceased suspects, or 11 percent, above the four year annual average.

2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

Category

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Injured Deceased Unknown TOTAL

21 26 0 47

13 17 0 30

20 15 0 35

10 18 0 28

17 21 0 38

From 2011 through 2015, an average of 19.4 suspects involved in OIS Hit incidents died as a result of police gunfire each year. The year with the most number of deceased suspects was in 2011, when 26 died.

2015 2014

12

2013

9

2012

6

2011

3 0

13 14

Indication of mental illness was determined based on records with the Department’s Mental Evaluation Unit and the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. Suspects were determined to be under the influence of alcohol and/or narcotics based on the Coroner’s toxicology reports.

38

|


Indication of Mental Illness - OIS No Hit


|

39

USEShootings OF FORCE, OIS HIT OfficersCATEGORICAL Involved in Multiple (2011-2015) OFFICERS Officer INVOLVED IN MULTIPLE OIS HIT INCIDENTS by Gender

ADJUDICATION (OUT Out OFof Policy POLICY) - OIS Hit

Number Shootings per Officer NUMBER OFofSHOOTINGS PER OFFICER

Female From 2011 through 2015, a total of 36 Department personnel were involved in more than one OIS Hit incident. Male The percentage breakdown of these officers is detailed below: Two Three

No. of Shootings

Four

Two Three Four Five or More TOTAL

Five or More

Thirty-three personnel, or 92 percent, were involved in two OIS incidents in the five year period; three personnel, or

Officer by Ethnicity Officer by Gender

OFFICER BY ETHNICITY

Category

2014

Draw & Exhibit Non-Lethal Less Lethal Lethal 0

2

2011

4

6

2012

8

2013

10

12

2014

Tactics2013 Drawing and Exhibiting 2012 Non-Lethal 2011 Less Lethal Lethal TOTAL

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

9 0 1 0 2 12

8 0 0 0 0 8

5 0 0 0 12 17

7 2 1 0 3 13

0 0 0 0 1 1

2015

In 2013, a disproportionate number of officers were found of Policy - OIS However, No Hit Out of Policy when usingOut lethal force. eight out of the 12 officers found Out of Policy were involved in one incident, Tacticsthus inflating the annual total. Draw & Exhibit

A majority of the 2015 CUOF incidents, including OIS Hit investigations, had yet to be adjudicated at the time the data was collected for the year-end report, as the investi2015 process was still ongoing. gative 2014

2013 2012

Non-Lethal

2011

Lethal 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

American Indian

Filipino Hispanic White Other Sixteen personnel, or 44 percent, were White; 14 personnel, or 39 percent, were Hispanic; three personnel,

Officer by Bureau

Central

Administrative White Other Sixteen personnel, or 44 percent, were assigned to Counter Terrorism and Special Operations Bureau; seven personnel, or 19 percent, were assigned to Central Bureau; five personnel, or 14 percent, were assigned to South Bureau; Officer or by eight Yearspercent, of Service three personnel, were assigned Valley

Ethnicity American Indian Asian/Pacific Islander Black Filipino Hispanic White Other TOTAL

No. of Officers 0 3 3 0 14 16 0 36

or eight percent, were Black; and three personnel, or eight percent, were Asian/Pacific Islander.

South American Indian Valley Asian/Pacific Islander West Black Traffic Filipino CTSOB Hispanic

|

33 3 0 0 36

2015

Tactics

Less Lethal

Male Black

40

No. of Officers

eight percent, were involved in three OIS incidents in the five year period.

Female Asian/Pacific Islander

OFFICER BY BUREAU Officer by Ethnicity


Adjudication - Executive SUmmary

Bureau Central South Valley West Traffic CTSOB Administrative TOTAL

No. of Officers 7 5 3 2 1 16 2 36

Bureau; two personnel, or six percent, were assigned to West Bureau; two personnel, or six percent, were assigned to an Administrative function; one employee, or three percent, was assigned to a Traffic division.

2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END Less REVIEW, SUMMARY than EXECUTIVE 1


|

41

42

|


LAPD Los Angeles Police Department

|

43

Observation

CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE, OIS NO-HIT 0

Source of Activity SOURCE OF ACTIVITY

Source of Activity

CATEGORICAL Use of Force Statistics, OIS No-Hit

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Private Person Call Radio Call

Radio Call

Pre-Planned Ambush

Observation

Observation

0

0 1 2TOTAL 3 4 - No 5Hit OIS DEPARTMENT

6

7

2011

9 Pre-Planned 6

OIS - No Hit Department Total

Ambush 2011

2012

Off-Duty

2011

2013

2012

0

2014

2013

1

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

15

8

12

4

10

2015

2014

2015

3

4

2

2

3

4

2012

Private Person Call

Private Person Call 12

0

1

5

6

7

0

8

In 2015, Department personnel were involved in 10 OIS No Hit incidents. 2011 In the four period from through 2012 year 2013 2014 2011 2015 2014, there were a total of 39 OIS No Hit incidents, resulting

in an annual average of 9.75 incidents. There were no patterns or trends noted during the five-year period.

2013

2014

2015

Officer Unit Assigned In 2015, three of the Department’s 10 OIS No Hit incidents, orPre-Planned 30 percent, originated from radio calls generated by Communications Division. Four incidents, or 40 percent, Ambush during field detentions, based on officers’ occurred observations (e.g. pedestrian and traffic stops).

Administrative Metropolitan Patrol Specialized Investigative Custody Services Off-Duty Other

Off-Duty

0

0

1 2011

2

2

3

2012 Officer 2013 Ethnicity2014

4

6

8

OFFICER ETHNICITY

Source

2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

4

10

Filipino

Classification

6 Classification

6

2011

2015 I 2014 II 2013 III 2012 IV 2011

5 4 3

6 6 0 2 0 1 0 15

V VI VII TOTAL

2 1 I

2011

II

III

2012

IV

2013

V

2014

3

4

2012 2 4 0 1 1 0 0 8

2013 3 4 0 3 1 1 0 12

2014 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 4

2015 5 4 0 0 0 1 0 10

VI

5

Less than 1

Other

4

1-5

0

2

4

6

8

3 4 0 1 0 0 2 0 10

II

Black Filipino 2015 Hispanic 2015 2014 White 2014 2013 Other 10 2013 2012 TOTAL

2012

2011

2012

2013

2014

0 1 0 0 10 6 0 17

0 0 0 0 8 3 0 11

0 0 0 0 10 5 0 15

0 0 0 0 3 2 0 5

III

IV

V

2015

VI

0 0 0 0 8 6 0 14

2011 2015 2011 2 6 - 10 In 2015, eight Hispanic officers were involved in OIS No In 2015, six White officers were involved in OIS No Hit 1 incidents, which represented 43 percent of the 14 total 11 - 20Hit incidents, which represented 57 percent of the 14 total0 officers. When compared to the 2011 through 2014 officers. When compared to the 2011 through 2014 I II III Officer IV VI Gender V More than 20annual average of 7.75 Hispanic officers, 2015 was 0.25 annual average of four White officers, 2015 was two White 0 2 6 8 10 Hispanic officers, or4 three percent, above the four year officers, or 50 percent, above the four year annual average annual average for the respective ethnic group. for the respective ethnic group. 3

2011

2011

2015

Nine out of 10 suspects were verified to be armed with a firearm during 2015 OIS No Hit incidents. In 2015, five of the 10 OIS No Hit incidents, or 50 percent, were categorized as Classification I shootings. Four of the incidents, or 40 percent, were Classification II shootings.

White

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

3 2 2015 1 Ethnicity 2014 2013 0 Indian American I 2012 Asian/Pacific Islander 2011

Hispanic

2 2 5 5 0 1 0 3 0 0 Classification 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 12

4

2015

Classification Officer Years of Service

3 7 0 4 0 0 1 0 15

TOTAL5

American Indian Black

0

2

2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 20142015 2015

Radio Call Observation Private Person Call Pre-Planned Station Call Ambush Off-Duty Other 6

Asian/Pac

CLASSIFICATION

1

8

15

3

Off-Duty

2012

2013

2012

2014

2013

2014

2015

Officer Injuries Classification I II III IV V VI VII

Description

OFFICER INJURIES

15

Male

4

Suspect verified with firearm – fired at officer or 3rd party Suspect verified with firearm – firearm in hand or position to fire, but did not fire Perception shooting – firearm present but not drawn Perception shooting – no firearm found Shooting of person armed with weapon other than firearm Shooting of person with no weapon - Serious bodily injury to self/others Other

Female

2015 2014 Category 2013 Injured 2012 Deceased 2011 TOTAL

3 2

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

3 0 3

0 0 0

4 0 4

0 0 0

3 0 3

1 0

Injured

2011 15

44

|


2012

Deceased

2013

2014

2015

No Department personnel were killed during OIS No Hit incidents for the period of 2011 through 2015, however, 10 sustained injuries during the same five year period.

Officer injuries include any injury sustained by an officer during the incident, but were not necessarily caused by the suspect.


|

45

2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

5

CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE, OIS NO-HIT

0

OFFICER UNIT ASSIGNED Unit

Administrative Metropolitan Patrol Specialized Investigative Custody Services Off-Duty Other 2

2011

4

2012

6

8

2013

2012

2013

2014

2015

0 0 10 5 1 0 1 0 17

0 1 5 3 2 0 0 0 11

0 1 5 6 3 0 0 0 15

0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5

1 2 4 6 1 0 0 0 14

Administrative Metropolitan Patrol 2015 Specialized 2014 2013 Investigative 2012 Custody 2011 Off-Duty Other TOTAL

Officer Unit Assigned

0

2011

10

2014

2015

Officer Years of Service

From 2011 through 2015, patrol officers were overwhelmingly the largest personnel group involved in OIS No Hit incidents, with a total of 29 out of 62 officers, or 47 percent.

Handgun

Shotgun


Rifle

AVERAGE NUMBER OF ROUNDS PER INCIDENT BY OFFICERS Average Rounds

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

OIS - No Hit Average Rounds

2011

2011

2012

2013

2012

2014

2015

2013

2014

2015

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

5.8

4.1

7.0

4.0

7.2

In 2015, an average of 7.2 rounds was fired during OIS No Hit incidents. When compared to the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 5.2 rounds fired per incident, 2015 was two rounds, or 38 percent, above the four year annual average.

Average Distance 200

NUMBER Less than 1OF OFFICERS FIRING PER INCIDENT 1-5

2015 2014 No.2013 of Shooters 2012 1 2011

Number of Officers Firing Per Incident

15

6 - 10

12

11 - 20

9 More than 20 0

6

1

2

2011

9

4

6

8

10

Number of Officers Firing Per Incident

3 15 0 12

2

4

6

3

2012

4

Officer Injuries 5-10 11 or More

2013

2014

2015

3

Number of Rounds Fired Per Incident

3 12 0 10

2

3

4

5-10

Injured

12 0 10

Deceased

Number of Rounds Fired Per Incident

2

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51 or more

8 6 4 2 0

Total Rounds 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51 or more

2011

2012

100

2013

2014

2015

2014

2015

9 3 0 0 0 0 12

3 1 0 0 0 0 4

7 2 1 0 0 0 10

In 2015, there were seven single officer OIS No Hit incidents

6 - 10 11 - 15 2015 16 - 20 2014 21 - 25 2013 26 - 30 2012 31 - 35 2011 36 - 40 41 - 45 46 - 50 51 or more TOTAL

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

11 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15

6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

8 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 12

3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

6 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

In 2015, there were six OIS No Hit incidents in which 1 to 5 rounds were fired, which represented 60 percent of all incidents. This was consistent with the 2011 through 2014 period.

80 60

2013

5 3 0 0 0 0 8

2015 and two OIS No Hit incidents involving two officers. This 2014 was consistent with the 2011 through 2014 period. 2013 2015 2014 2012 2013 2011 2015 2014 2013 No. of Rounds 2012 2011 1-5

11 or More

NUMBER OF1 ROUNDS FIRED PER 8 6 INCIDENT BY 0 OFFICERS 4

2012

13 2 0 0 0 0 15

2012 2011

2

1

2 2015 3 2014 4 2013 5 - 10 2012 11 or more 2011 TOTAL

2011

Total Rounds

150 SUSPECT ETHNICITY Suspect Ethnicity 100

American Indian 50 Asian/Pac Black Filipino 0 2011 Hispanic White Other Unknown 0 1

2011

2012

2

2012

2013

3

2014

4

5

2013

2015 Ethnicity 2014 American Indian 2013 Asian/Pacific Islander 2012 2011 Black

2015

6

7

2014

8

2015

In 2015, four Black suspects were involved in OIS No Hit incidents, which represented 40 percent of the 10 total suspects. When compared to the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 5.25 Black Suspect suspects, Age2015 was 1.25 Black suspects, or 24 percent, below the four year annual average.

0-17 18-23 In 2015, two White suspects were involved in OIS No Hit 24-29 incidents,30-39 which represented 20 percent of the 10 total suspects.40-49 When compared to the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 0.75 White suspects, 2015 was 1.25 50-59 60suspects, & Above or 167 percent, above the four year annual White Unknown average. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

0 0 8 0 6 0 0 1 15

0 0 4 0 2 2 0 0 8

0 0 7 0 4 1 0 0 12

0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 4

0 0 4 0 1 2 1 2 10

Filipino Hispanic White Other Unknown TOTAL

In 2015, one Hispanic suspect was involved in an OIS No Hit incident, which represented 10 percent of the 10 total suspects. When compared to the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 3.5 Hispanic suspects, 2015 was 2.5 Hispanic suspects, or 71 percent, below the four year annual average.

2015 2014 From 2011 through 2013 2012 categories had a total 2011

2015, the Other and Unknown of one suspect, or two percent, and three suspects, or six percent, respectively.

Suspect Gender

2011

2012

Male

2013

Female

2014

2015

Unknown

40 10020

46

80 0

|

2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2011

2012

2013

2014

2015


|

47

Suspect Injuries - OIS Hit

CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE, OIS NO-HIT 30 2015 25

SUSPECT 15AGE 20

2014 2013 2012 2011

Suspect Age

10

15 12

0

Deceased

Indication of Mental Illness - OIS Hit 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2013 2014 2015 Suspect Gender From 2011 through 2015, the 18 to 23 age group 6 represented 16 out of the 49 total suspects, or 33 percent, 3 involved in OIS No Hit incidents. The 30 to 39 age group 9

2011

Injured

2011 0

2012

2012

Male

2013

Female

Adjudication Age

2015 0-17 2014 18-23 2013 2012 24-29 2011 30-39

5

0-17 18-23 24-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 & Above Unknown

2014

40-49 50-59 60 and Above Unknown 2015 TOTAL 2014

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

1 7 3 3 0 0 0 1 15

1 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 8

0 3 2 3 2 1 0 1 12

0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 4

1 2 2 1 1 0 1 2 10

SUSPECT GANG MEMBERSHIP Gang Membership All with Applicable Force Finding 12

20152015 2014 20132014 20122013 2011 2012

Tactics

10 Draw & Exhibit 8 Non-Lethal 6 Less Lethal 4

Lethal

2

0

0

2012 was the

second largest, with 10 suspects, or 20 percent, 2011 by the 24 to 29 age group with eight suspects, or followed 16 percent.

2015

2015 2014 2013 2012 Mental Illness 2011 Yes

Non-Lethal

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

0

1

1

0

1

0

2014

20

No/Unknown

2012

2013 In Policy

2014

5

10

15

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

11 4 15

3 5 8

7 5 12

3 1 4

5 5 10

2015 2015

suspects, or 59 percent, involved in OIS No Hit incidents 2014 2013 verified as documented gang members. were 2012 2011

20

2015

In 2015, one of the 10 suspects involved in OIS No Hit incidents, or 10 percent, had an indication of mental illness. The 2015 percentage of suspects who had an indication of mental illness experienced a year-over-year increase of 100 percentage points when compared to

zero percent in 2014. Additionally, the 2015 percentage exceeded the 2011 through 2014 annual average of five percent by five percentage points.

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015 Category 2014 Tactics 2013 Drawing and Exhibiting 2012 Non-Lethal 2011

2015

Less Lethal Lethal 0

2011 2013

15

Gang Member 2011 Yes No/Unknown TOTAL

ADJUDICATION (OUT POLICY) OutOF of Policy

1

2012

10

Tactics In 2015, of the 10 suspects involved in OIS No Hit incidents, Drawsuspects, & Exhibit five or 50 percent, were verified as documented Non-Lethal gang members. The remaining five suspects were either notLess documented gang members had anFired unknown gang Lethal Number of Incidents Whereor Suspects at Officers affiliation. From 2011 through 2015, 29 of the 49 total Lethal 08 7 6 5 4 3 2 Tactics 1 Draw & Exhibit 0

Unknown

5

Yes

2011

2013

SUSPECT INDICATION OF Indication of Mental Illness - OIS No Hit MENTAL ILLNESS16

2011


5

10

2012

2013

15

2014

20

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

6 0 0 0 2 8

7 1 0 0 2 10

5 0 0 0 4 9

2 0 0 0 1 3

0 0 0 0 0 0

Less Lethal Lethal TOTAL

2015

TACTICS

LETHAL FORCE

Two findings, or 40 percent, were “Administrative Disapproval” in 2014.

One finding, or 20 percent, was “Out of Policy (Administrative Disapproval)” in 2014.

A majority of the 2015 CUOF incidents, including OIS Hit investigations, had yet to be adjudicated at the time the data was collected for the year-end report as the investigative process was still ongoing.

A majority of the 2015 CUOF incidents, including OIS Hit investigations, had yet to be adjudicated at the time the data was collected for the year-end report as the investigative process was still ongoing.

Indication of mental illness was determined based on records with the Department’s Mental Evaluation Unit (MEU) and the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health (DMH). 16

48

|



|

49

17

Map excludes OIS incidents that occurred outside of the Los Angeles city limits.

SAN FERNANDO

17

19

CATEGORICAL Use of Force Statistics, Other

16

in addition to OIS Hit and No Hit incidents, there are

21 10

9

nine other categories classified as CUOF incidents. Those categories are:

BURBANK

15

GLENDALE

g g g g g g g g g

PASADENA

6 8

BEVERLY HILLS

20

7 SANTA MONICA


SOUTH PASADENA

11 4

2 1

MONTEREY PARK

3 CULVER CITY

2015 Violent Crime Occurrence and OIS Hit and No-Hit Incidents

12

14

Central Area

12

77th Street Area

2

Rampart Area

13

Newton Area

3

Southwest Area

14

Pacific Area

4

Hollenbeck Area

15

North Hollywood Area

5

Harbor Area

16

Foothill Area

6

Hollywood Area

17

Devonshire Area

7

Wilshire Area

18

Southeast Area

8

West Los Angeles Area

19

Mission Area

9

Van Nuys Area

20

Olympic Area

10

West Valley Area

21

Topanga Area

11

Northeast Area

Case No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

HUNTINGTON PARK

INGLEWOOD

18 LYNWOOD EL SEGUNDO

if Pa c ic COMPTON GARDENA

Oce an TORRANCE

Police Stations

OIS Incidents

A review of these categories was unremarkable in terms of the number of incidents and was void of any discernible trends. There was one exception, however, in ICD incidents. In 2015, the Department experienced 12 ICD incidents, which was an increase of eight, or 200 percent,

Two decedents were not under the influence of narcotics and/or alcohol and no force was used by Department personnel. The following table details the 2015 ICD incidents:18

VERNON

Geographical Areas 1

A closer examination of the 12 ICD incidents in 2015 revealed that six of these decedents were confirmed to be under the influence of narcotics. Two of these cases involved use of force by Department personnel. Four ICD incidents are pending autopsy reports. There were indications that three of the decedents in the pending cases were under the influence of narcotics and/or alcohol. The remaining case was a suicide inside a Department jail facility.

Animal Shooting Carotid Restraint Control Hold Head Strike In-Custody Death (ICD) K-9 Contact Requiring Hospitalization Law Enforcement Related Injury Investigation (LERII) Unintentional Discharge Other Use of Lethal Force Warning Shot

13

17

compared to four in 2014. In the four year period from 2011 through 2014, there were a total of 21 ICD incidents, resulting in an annual average of 5.25 incidents.

CARSON

Cause of Death Overdose Suicide Overdose Overdose Overdose Pending from Coroner Accidental Pending from Coroner Pending from Coroner Pending from Coroner Pending from Coroner Pending from Coroner

Force Used? Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No

Under the Influence? Yes No Toxicology Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Pending from Coroner Pending from Coroner Pending from Coroner Pending from Coroner

Violent Crime Occurrence

Hit Incidents No-Hit Incidents

Very Low Density Low Density

LOMITA

Medium Density

LONG BEACH

5

High Density Very High Density RANCHO PALOS VERDES

18

Prepared by LAPD/ADSD/GIS Mapping 02.16.16

50

|

0

1

2

3

4

5 Miles


Los Angeles Harbor

The County of Los Angeles Department of Medical Examiner – Coroner, defines accidental deaths as any death due to injury where there is no evidence of intent to harm.


|

51

NON-CATEGORICAL Use of Force Statistics DEPARTMENT TOTALS NCUOF - Annual Totals 2000

2015 2014

1900

2013

1800

2012

NCUOF - Year Totals

1700

2011

1600 1500

NCUOF - Time of Occurence 500

2011 400

2012

2013

2014

2015

300

NCUOF -were Level Totals In 2015, Department personnel involved in 1,825 200 NCUOF incidents. This figure remained relatively 2000 100 consistent when compared to the four year average from 1500 0 2011 through 1,788 incidents. 0000 -2014 0359 0400of - 0759 0800 - 1159 1200 - 1559 1600 - 1959 2000 - 2359 1000

0

Level I

2014

2015

Department Total

1725

1763

1802

1863

1825

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

109 617 832 23 144 0 1725

105 623 866 15 154 0 1763

139 632 895 18 118 0 1802

135 609 941 24 154 0 1863

120 549 1006 20 128 2 1825

2015 2014

2013 2012 2011

2015 2014 2013

NCUOF -Source of Activity

Private Person Call

2015

Obervation

2014

Category

Radio Call Station Call Other 0

2011

200

2012

400

600

2013

800

1000

2014

1200

2015

In 2015, of the 1,825 NCUOF incidents, radio calls generated by Communications Division and field detentions, based on officers’ observations, continued to be the most significant sources for NCUOF incidents. Radio calls and officer’s


2013

Level II

Unknown

|

2012

2011

SOURCE OF ACTIVITY

52

2011

2012

500

NON-CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

NCUOF

Private Person Call 2013 Obervation 2012 Radio Call 2011 Station Call Other Unknown TOTAL

observations represented 55 percent and 30 percent of the total incidents, respectively.


|

53

NON-CATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE


Percentage of NCUOF Incidents Each Force Option was Applied

OFFICER INJURIES20NCUOF - Officer Injuries

OFFICERNCUOF FORCE OPTION19 - Force Option TASER

2015

Taser Baton/Impact Device

on/Impact Device OC Spray

Beanbag Shotgun

2014 2013

OC Spray

2012

Beanbag Shotgun

2011

Strike/Kick/Punch

trike/Kick/Punch Firm Grip/Joint Lock

m Grip/Joint Lock

Body Weight

Body Weight Takedown/Leg Sweep

down/Leg Sweep

Physical Force

Physical Force

Other 0%

Other 0

1000

20%

2000

3000

40% 4000

60% 5000

80%

2015

5000

2014

4000

Force Option 2013

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

TASER 2012 Baton/Impact Device OC Spray 2011 Beanbag Shotgun Strike/Kick/Punch Firm Grip/Joint Lock Body Weight Takedown/Leg Sweep Physical Force Other

21% 4% 10% 2% 31% 75% 70% 45% 36% 12%

20% 4% 7% 2% 27% 81% 72% 47% 39% 15%

22% 3% 6% 3% 23% 80% 71% 44% 44% 13%

22% 3% 5% 3% 19% 83% 72% 42% 45% 18%

28% 3% 5% 4% 16% 82% 71% 40% 43% 18%

100%

6000

There were 1,825 NCUOF incidents in 2015. A TASER was deployed in 28 percent of those incidents, and beanbag shotguns were utilized in four percent of the NCUOF incidents.2015The TASER utilization percentage (per 2014by six percentage points in 2015, when incident) increased

compared to 22 percent in 2014, and the beanbag shotgun rate increased by one percentage point when compared to three percent in 2014. All other force options remained unchanged or decreased when compared to 2014.

2015 2014 2013

3000

2012

2000

Injuries

1000 0

Yes

2011

No

2012

2013

2014

2015

2011

Yes No TOTAL

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

630 3972 4602

670 4216 4886

669 4272 4941

633 4598 5231

650 4868 5518

Six hundred and fifty Department employees sustained injuries as a result of NCUOF incidents in 2015. This was an increase of 17 employees, or three percent, compared to the 2014 total of 633 injured employees. The 2015 total was equal to the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 650 injured employees.

2013

2012 2011

OFFICER ETHNICITY

SUSPECT ETHNICITY21

NCUOF - Officer Ethnicity

NCUOF - Suspect Ethnicity

American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White Other 0

2011

500

2012

1000

1500

2013

2000

2014

2500

3000

Ethnicity 2015

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2014 American Indian Asian 2013 Black 2012 2011 Hispanic White Other TOTAL

7 424 345 2250 1572 4 4602

16 455 361 2411 1636 7 4886

26 479 353 2435 1629 19 4941

19 440 379 2632 1747 14 5231

18 469 383 2910 1718 20 5518

American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White Other Unknown 0

2011

2015

The percentage breakdown for NCUOF incidents, based on officer’s ethnicity for 2015 compared to the 2011 through - Officer Gender 2014 annual average, was asNCUOF follows:

Black: 383 NCUOF incidents; Average 360; 6 percent increase; g Other: 20 NCUOF incidents, Average 11; 81 percent g Hispanic: 2,910 NCUOF incidents, Average 2,432; 20 increase; and, g American Indian: 18 NCUOF incidents, Average 17; 6 percent increase; 2012incidents, 2013Average 2014 g White: 2011 1,718 NCUOF 1,646; 42015 percent increase. percent increase; g Asian: 469 NCUOF incidents, Average 450; 4 percent Male Female increase; g

200

400

2012

2013

Each applicable force option category applied by officers was counted once per incident. Therefore, the force options are not mutually exclusive, as multiple options could have been used during the incident.

54

|


800

2014

1000

2015

The percentage breakdown for NCUOF incidents, based on suspects’ ethnicity for 2015 compared to the 2011 through 2014 annual average, was as follows: NCUOF - Suspect Gender

American Indian: One suspect, Average One, g Asian: 27 suspects, Average 21; 29 percent increase, g Black: 652 suspects; Average 657; One percent decrease, 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 g Hispanic: 870 suspects, Average 839; Four percent increase, g

Male

19

600

Female

2015 Ethnicity 2014 American Indian 2013 Asian 2012 Black 2011 Hispanic White Other Unknown TOTAL

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2 28 621 851 277 39 14 1832

0 19 629 827 326 38 14 1853

0 16 667 832 289 43 14 1861

0 19 709 844 308 51 2 1933

1 27 652 870 278 60 6 1894

White: 278 suspects, Average 300; Seven percent decrease, g Other: 60 suspects, Average 43; 40 percent increase, and g Unknown: Six suspects, Average 11; 45 percent decrease. g

Unknown

Officer injuries include any injury sustained by an officer during the incident, but were not necessarily caused by the suspect. The total number of suspects exceeds the total incident count, as multiple suspects may have been involved in an incident.

20 21


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55



NCUOF - Suspect Age

SUSPECT AGE

SUSPECT PERCEIVED UNDER THE INFLUENCE23NCUOF - Suspect Impairment (Perceived)

2015

0 - 17 18 - 22 23 - 27

NCUOF - Suspect Impairment (Perceived)

28 - 32 Alcohol 33 - 37 Drug and Alcohol Drug38 - 42

Drug or Alcohol43 - 47 No Impression48 - 52 Unknown 53 - 57 0 58 and Above

200

400

600

800

1000

Unknown 0

100

200

300

400

2014

Alcohol

2013

Drug and Alcohol

Age 2012

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Drug

02011 - 17 2015 18 - 22 2014 23 - 27 2013 28 - 32 33 - 37 2012 38 - 42 2011 43 - 47 48 - 52 53 - 57 58 and Above Unknown TOTAL

174 398 330 251 176 147 117 108 70 45 16 1832

120 411 328 275 196 151 151 97 70 40 14 1853

91 372 386 293 212 145 124 101 75 40 22 1861

121 381 400 306 203 169 130 95 69 51 8 1933

91 360 414 301 217 150 136 91 58 60 16 1894

Drug or Alcohol No Impression Unknown

Alcohol Drug and Alcohol

900 500

0

Yes

No/Unknown

Yes

No

200

800

2012

2013

2014

2015

288 1523 21 1832

324 1496 33 1853

379 1452 30 1861

403 1508 22 1933

455 1427 12 1894

Unknown

2013 2012

2014

NCUOF - Suspect Mental Illness (Perceived)

2012

Homeless 2015 Yes2015 2014 No/Unknown 2014 2013 TOTAL 2013 2012

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

200 1632 1832

287 1566 1853

305 1556 1861

354 1579 1933

427 1467 1894

2011

Yes Yes

0

No

2012

2013

No/Unknown Unknown

2014

2015

In 2011 2015, 427 of the 1,894 suspects involved in the NCUOF incidents, or 23 percent, were perceived to be homeless. For the same year, 1,467 suspects, or 77 percent, were not perceived to be, or unknown if, homeless.

NCUOF - Suspect Mental Illness (Perceived) 0

100

200

300

400

500

2015 2014 2013

1000

2012

SUSPECT INJURIES

2011

NCUOF - Suspect Injuries

500

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 In 2015, 455 suspects of the 1,894 total, or 24 percent, were perceived to have a mental illness. Suspects with perceived mental illness have increased over the past five years.

2014

2013

Unknown 2000 1500

2011

2012

2011

2011

378 79 290 94 901 152 1894

2015

2011

58 and Above

Yes 2012 No Unknown2011 TOTAL

2015

402 77 263 73 993 125 1933

2013 unknown if 152 suspects, or eight percent, were impaired 2012 by narcotics and/or alcohol.

NCUOF - Suspect Homelessness

500

Mental Illness

2014

399 75 242 83 940 122 1861

2011

1000

53 - 57

2013

468 59 197 58 938 133 1853

2015

1500

48 0 - 52

2012

511 47 180 50 922 122 1832

2014

1000

500 43 - 47

2013

0

1000

2011

2015

2015

1000 38 - 42

2011

2014

500

1000

2014

NCUOF 400- Suspect Age 600

23 - 27 2000 28 - 32 2000 1500 33 - 37

2014 20132011

2015

1000

2013

800

24 0 Yes No/Unknown SUSPECT PERCEIVED HOMELESSNESS 18 - 22

NCUOF - Suspect Mental Illness (Perceived)

1500

2012

600

0 - 17

the second 2015 highest with 371 individuals, or 20 percent. Beyond the 23 to 27 age group, the number of suspects 2014 in the age categories becomes less frequently involved in 20152013 NCUOF2012 incidents.

22 SUSPECT PERCEIVEDNoMENTAL ILLNESS 0 Yes Unknown

2000

400

500

2012

600 0 300

2011

Unknown

NCUOF - Suspect Homelessness

1200

200

In Drug 2015, 841 suspects of the 1,894 total, or 44 percent, NCUOF - Suspect Homelessness were Drug or Alcoholperceived to be impaired by narcotics and/or alcohol. 2000 901 suspects, or 48 percent, did not display Additionally, No Impression signs or1500 symptoms of alcohol or narcotics impairment. It is

500

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2000 From 2011 through 2015, the 18 to 22 age group - Suspect Injuriesof suspects represented the highest NCUOF annual average 1500 involved in NCUOF incidents with 384 out of 1,875 1500 individuals, or 20 percent. The 23 to 27 age group was 1000

NCUOF - Suspect Impairment (Perceived)

0

2015 Impairment 2014 Alcohol Impaired 2013 Drug and Alcohol Impaired 2012 Drug Impaired or Alcohol Impaired Drug2011 No Impression Unknown TOTAL

1500 0 1200

Yes

Unknown

No

900

300

Yes

2011

No

2012

2013

Unknown

2014

2014 2013 Injuries

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2012

1325 495 12 1832

1351 492 10 1853

1312 538 11 1861

1334 598 1 1933

1311 579 4 1894

Yes No 2011 Unknown TOTAL

600

0

2015

2015

In 2015, 1,633 suspects sustained injuries during, or as a result of, NCUOF incidents. The 2015 total exceeded the 2011 through 2014 annual average of 1,615 injured suspects by 18, or one percent. 22

Perceived mental illness for NCUOF incidents was determined based on officers’ observations and was not verified with MEU or DMH.

56

|


Perceived under the influence for NCUOF incidents was determined based on officers’ observations and was not verified through field sobriety tests. Perceived homelessness for NCUOF incidents was determined based on officers’ observations and statements made by suspects.

23 24


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57

Prepared by: Use of Force Review Division

L O S

58

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LAPD

A N G E L E S

P O L I C E

D E P A R T M E N T


|

59

L O S A N G E L E S P O L I C E

|

D E P A R T M E N T

60

Los Angeles Police Department 2015 Use of Force Year-End Review Executive Summary 2015 USE OF FORCE YEAR-END REVIEW, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY