Your Guide to Hiking Safely.cdr - Trail Hiking

TRAIL HIKING GUIDES - DISCOVER YOUR NEXT ADVENTURE YOUR GUIDE TO

SAFELY HIKING UPDATED - AUGUST 2017

LEADING HIKES FOR ALL MEMBERS OF YOUR PARTY

FIRST AID AND SURVIVAL KITS

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COMMON MISTAKES

Hiking is a fun, healthy, and affordable activity that is open to anyone. Anyone can get the most out of hiking and remain safe at the same time.

KEEPING THE BLOOD SUCKERS AT BAY

www.trailhiking.com.au #trailhikingaust © 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

10 ESSENTIALS TO KEEP YOU SAFE OUTDOORS

WHATʼS INSIDE 8 COMMON MISTAKES 3

DID YOU KNOW?

PREVENTING INJURIES 4-5

Trail Hiking Australia is not a commercial initiative. I have personally funded and developed the website and eBooks and offer them FREE for the outdoor community.

FIRST AID & SURVIVAL KITS 6 10 TIPS FOR FIRST AIDERS 7 CLOTHING 8

Kind of my way of giving back.

HEAT EXHAUSTION 9

Any support you can offer will be greatly appreciated. I would love to receive new hiking trails, tips, articles or financial donations; all which will help further develop these tools for you.

DEHYDRATION 9 PREPARE FOR THE WORST 10 DISTRESS BEACONS 11 WATER PURIFICATION 12

Darren Edwards

GETTING LOST 13 PLAN FOR YOUR GROUP 14 TASTE TESTING FOOD 14 THINGS THAT BITE 15 TIPS FOR COLD WEATHER 16 TIPS FOR HOT WEATHER 16 HIKING IN SNOW 17 PREDICTING THE WEATHER 18 SAFE RIVER CROSSING 19

This eBook has been prepared with the aim of enhancing your hiking experience. If you’re looking for another adventure checkout my site, join me on Facebook and if you are able to, please feel free to donate. Your support will go a long way to helping out. Darren Edwards Author

Trail Hiking Australia Get involved in our community. #trailhikingaust to be featured. trailhiking TrailHikingAust TrailHikingAust TrailHikingAustralia

PASSIONATE ABOUT HIKING WHY I HIKE

WHY I STARTED WWW.TRAILHIKING.COM.AU

I have been running my own design agency for the past 24 years and spend a lot of time sitting at my desk in front of a computer. I didn't do a lot of exercise apart from a few short walks and a bit of manual labour. One day I woke up and realised that I was not as fit or skinny as I used to be and running around after my two young boys would leave me feeling exhausted. I had just passed the 40-year mark too and felt like if I didn't make a change now then the second half of my life would really be tough.

I love detail, analysing and information. As soon as I started hiking I tracked and photographed every trail that I hiked. When I returned home from the hike I would write up detailed trail notes and would store all of this information on my PC for my own personal use.

I have always enjoyed the outdoors, walking, camping, fishing but had never truly hiked. In Christmas 2012 we were holidaying at the Grampians with friends when I decided I’d had enough of sitting around the campsite so I headed to the Pinnacle for a short hike. It was so tiring and felt like it took me hours to finally reach the summit. But I loved it. It hurt but it felt good. So the next day I work up at 5:30am, grabbed my pack and breakfast and headed up there again to watch the sun rise. I did that every day for an entire week before we returned home. I was fortunate to be living on the edge of the Lerderderg State Park in Victoria's west so when we returned home I purchased a topographical map of the area and started hiking. I hiked every weekend, sometimes on both days and after approximately four months I was astonished that I had lost 14kg. I hiked for fitness and I hiked for mental well-being. I found that getting up early on Saturday morning and going for a hike separated my working life from my family life and I could better engage with everyone around me. That is where it started and I have never looked back. Now hiking has become my life!

In 2013 I joined a hiking group as I wanted to start to experience more remote locations that I didn't feel comfortable visiting alone. After speaking with people on hikes I was quite amazed at how little people knew of the local trails and parks close to Melbourne and beyond. As my background is in web design I decided to set up a blog so that I could easily share trails with others. The site quickly grew and after two years of hiking I already had in excess of 150 trails that I had hiked, I had to find more. Today my goal is to: Encourage everyone to care for their health through hiking ! Make it easier for the community to find quality web-based information on hiking trails ! Provide a central source of information regarding all things hiking including trail information, gear reviews, safety tips and planning advice ! Connect adventurers with each other and encourage everyone to ‘discover their next adventure!’ ! Reinforce Australia as a great hiking destination !

The addition of trails to the website is an ongoing process. I am well on the way, but have a reasonable way to go before all of Australia’s trails are published on this site – so please be patient if your favourite trail isn’t there yet. Or better still, submit your favourite trails today.

www.trailhiking.com.au © 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

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8 COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID

ALWAYS CONSIDER THE ELEMENTS, YOUR ROUTE AND THE TERRAIN WHEN PLANNING YOUR HIKE There are many reasons we should be getting outside more often: Researchers have found that spending time in state and national parks can help us to better cope with stress and recover from illness and injury. Hiking is a fun, healthy, and affordable activity that is open to anyone. Anyone can get the most out of hiking and remain safe at the same time. Because hiking isn't quite as simple as putting one foot in front of the other I wanted to share the top mistakes that tend to trip people up.

1.

Not checking the weather

The weather, par ticularly in southern states of Australia, can be unpredictable. Sunny one minute, bucketing down with rain the next. Always carry a good water and windproof jacket, preferably thigh length with integral hood, NOT padded and NOT a light nylon “spray jacket”. Waterproof over-pants. Not jeans.

2. Not wearing suitable clothes Quite simply, the right clothing for hiking ensures you enjoy hiking in both comfort and safety. Your clothing for hiking is important as it is your first line of protection from the cold, the wind, rain, sun, insects, snakes and the scrub. A number of light, adjustable layers is preferable to a few layers of thick fabric (like denim jeans). Adjust zippers and layers to minimize sweating during exercise and be sure to add layers before you feel cold at rest stops. Always wear comfortable, well treaded footwear. Many hikers prefer boots with ankle support when pack carrying or hiking on rough ground. Thick well fitting woolen socks are invaluable. Gaiters give protection from grass seeds, stones, scrub, snow, snakes and leeches.

© 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

words by Darren Edwards

3.

Under or over packing

You don't want to end up with 15 kilograms of gear on your back for an easy afternoon hike - and you don't want to be caught empty-handed in an emergency. I am often stunned to see people on 15km+ day hikes carrying nothing but a 600ml water bottle and the clothes on their backs, even in alpine conditions. For a day hike, my pack always contains these 10 essentials: ! A map and a compass ! Sunscreen and sunglasses, especially if you're hiking above the tree line. There's less shade, and UV rays are stronger at higher elevations ! Insulation. Hat, gloves, jacket, extra clothing for coldest possible weather during current season ! Illumination. Headlamp, torch, batteries. LED bulb is preferred to extend battery life ! First-aid supplies, plus insect repellent ! Butane lighter or matches in waterproof container ! Mini survival and repair kit ! Fluids. I recommend 2-3 litres of water per day for each person in your group. This will all depend on the weather of course ! Nutrition. Add extra food for one additional day (for emergency). Dry food is preferred to save weight and usually needs water ! Emergency shelter. Tarp, bivouac sack, space blanket, plastic tube tent, jumbo trash bags, insulated sleeping pad.

4.

Taking the wrong trail

I see this time and again. Not only do newbies wander onto trails that are too tough, but people looking for an intense workout accidentally choose an easy amble, get bored and go back to the treadmill at the gym. Hiking trails are usually graded by difficulty on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 and 2 presenting low risks of real danger. Grade 3, you might have to use your hands here and there to balance or scramble. Grade 4, you're using both hands to pull yourself up, and Grade 5 is basically for the super experienced and is definitely not for beginners. If you are new to hiking I would never tackle a hike that is above Grade 3 level.

5. Not paying attention to the terrain Take smaller steps on steep or rocky sections. This will keep your hips over your feet. When heading uphill, lean forward as the pitch gets steeper. Taking large, fast steps up an ascending rock face can strain your calf and Achilles tendon. The reason most falls occur walking downhill (we rarely fall when walking uphill), is that when stepping up, we land with each foot almost directly below our body – a balanced position – whereas when walking downhill, we land on a foot that’s out in front of our body, a position that’s more off-balance.

6. Not carrying a map or can’t read one I often meet other hikers on the trail who seem confused about their location or direction of travel. Most are not carrying a map and simply expect that their will be an obvious trail or markers to define the way. Other people I meet have a map but simply cannot read it. They try to make the map fit the terrain around them, thinking they know where they are, they look at the map and say, 'This peak must be that one there; this pile of rocks must be that one over there...' It's easy to convince yourself and others in your group that you know exactly where you are. Your ego or instinct may keep you forging on optimistically, even if the markers on the map don't match up exactly to what you see in front of you. But be ready to admit you are unsure and be willing to listen to others and change course if necessary. Keep an eye out for ‘catching features’ too. These are features that you cannot miss such as a road, ridge or gully that extend in both directions across your intended path. If the map says you should be hitting a road or a bridge soon then if you don't hit it in the next 10 to 15 minutes, stop and think about where you might actually be. My advice; learn how to read a map and use a compass and always carry them with you on all your hikes.

7. Thinking hiking poles are for old people I recently helped lead a group on a 2-day wilderness hike in Victoria. All of the more experienced hikers had poles and I had offered a tip in our planning that poles would be a wide idea. None of the younger hikers brought them and after a few days of picking their way over boulders and down steep spurs, they were all confessing to pole envy. Poles take some of the weight off your knees, hips and ankles when going downhill; they're highly recommended for hikers with knee or hip issues. Poles can also help redistribute your weight while walking uphill and take a lot of the work out of your legs as you are engaging more of your upper body and arms. You'll burn more calories this way, which is a benefit if you're hiking to improve your fitness.

8. Not drinking enough water Keeping yourself hydrated during any season is extremely important. If you are hiking during summer physical exertion and hot, dry conditions can cause you to become dehydrated very quickly. The easiest way to combat dehydration and heat exhaustion is to drink lots of fluids before during and after any adventure and not hike during the hottest part of the day.

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Whether you are training for an extended trek or hiking on the weekends, we’ve all felt the effects of sore muscles, blistered feet, or aching joints. Injuries can prevent you from doing what you are passionate about and hamper training efforts when working towards that next big adventure. With a few tips on how to prevent and treat common hiking injuries, you can keep doing what you love and hiking towards your goal. Some hiking injuries are preventable; others are easily treatable on your own. The suggestions here should never take the place of medical treatment or guidance in your training regimen, but they can help you to begin understanding common hiking injuries and how to manage them. Blisters Even the most experienced hikers can get blisters on their feet. Unfamiliar terrain and inclines add more stress to footgear. Wear sturdy shoes that fit well and specialised hiking socks. Found in any outdoors store, hiking socks are made of wicking material, fit snugly (loose material bunches up) and may have extra cushioning. I will always layer my socks for added blister protection. There are also base layer socks such as ArmaSkin that will enhance your blister protection. Hiking pole blisters Switch your grip often. Use your wrist loops so you can grip more lightly. You rarely need to white-knuckle those grips to accomplish the goal. In most instances your hands should simply sit in the straps with a light touch on the hand grips. It is good to imagine you are holding a tube of toothpaste so that you don’t grip too tightly. Most importantly, make sure you are using the wrist loops properly: hands should come up into the loop from underneath, not from above.

CAIRNS You may see rock cairns (piles of rocks) along the trail. Don’t destroy them, but don’t add to them either.

Don’t get into the habit of building cairns, tree blazes, or any other sign to mark the trail – people should be able to navigate their own route and scarring the landscape doesn’t help anyone. The authority with responsibility for managing the land will determine which markings are appropriate.

PREVENTING COMMON HIKING INJURIES words by Darren Edwards

With a few tips on how to prevent and treat common hiking injuries, you can keep doing what you love. Hiking. Knee pain Many people think of knee pain as unavoidable as you get older. In cases of past injury or other pre-existing conditions it can be difficult to manage, but for most people knee pain can be prevented. Regularly stretching your quads and hamstring muscles can minimise tension on the joint, a common cause of pain. Hiking with hiking poles is extremely helpful to individuals with a predisposition toward joint pain. Hiking poles allow for a better distribution of weight with each step.

many of the solutions here, this should be done on a regular basis and just before hiking. Try kneeling with your knees on the ground and your feet under your buttocks. Your toes should be on the ground as if you were standing on them (pointing forward) so the arches of your feet are exposed fully to anyone standing behind you. If it’s comfortable, try hinging your upper body back a few inches to add more intensity. The most common reason for this sort of pain is plantar fasciitis which can be prevented, but if the pain persists you should see a doctor.

Shoulder pain In order to prevent back pain, you should take great care in picking out a pack with the proper fit. Ask for help from a professional at whichever outdoor store you are purchasing from. You will want to test the pack in person (fully loaded) before you buy. It is also important that you load your pack properly so that weight is distributed in a way that will not pull on your shoulder muscles. The load of your pack should be riding close to your body and most of the weight should be distributed across your hips.

Twisted/Sprained ankle If you’re hiking on an uneven trail that contains rocks, hidden obstacles, or slippery surfaces, a twisted ankle can be hard to avoid. While some twists can be fixed by the “walk it off” approach, others need a little more attention if you intend to finish your hike. To avoid these time-sucking injuries, wearing the appropriate boots with ankle protection is a good place to start. Beyond that, carrying a hiking pole or some kind of stabilizer will help you balance your steps. If you do twist your ankle to the point of needing to take a seat, be sure to elevate the injury, know how to make a proper ankle brace, and take a rest day if you can afford it to let the swelling subside. If you happen to be near a creek or river I would suggest soaking your foot for 20 minutes in cold water to help reduce the swelling.

Low back pain Low back pain is often the result of sitting for extended periods of time, whether at a desk or during your commute. Sitting for long periods of time can cause our hip flexors and hamstrings to get tight, creating a muscular imbalance that strains the lower back. Stretching out the hips often, and especially before a hike, can help. There are many easy hip-opening stretches to help prevent this. Foot arch pain A lot of people switch boots a dozen times and still experience arch pain before finally giving up hiking altogether. Stretching may be all you need though. Yes, it’s possible to stretch your feet, and you should. Like


Muscle cramping Nothing is more debilitating than having your legs cramp with every step you take, or that feeling of your toes curling in on themselves as you lay in your tent at night. Cramping is another common hiking injury that is commonly produced by dehydration. Sounds simple enough then, to avoid cramping make sure you are drinking a lot of water. But sometimes in the heat of the moment, especially if the moment is particularly cold, it can be hard to remember to drink the

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Preventing Common Hiking Injuries continued... appropriate amount of fluids. Stretching before your big hike can help, and if you find yourself succumbing to a painful cramp, stretching further can alleviate some of the pain. Consider applying hot and cold temperatures to the cramp and refuelling with electrolytes. These solutions can often get you the rest of the way home. Skin injuries Another common injury on hiking trails is skinned knees or elbows that occur when we neglect to watch the ground or our surroundings. Tree roots and loose rocks can cause slips and falls and branches can scrape the face, neck, arms and legs. You can always pack a small first-aid kit, but being aware of your surroundings is the most important step you can take. I also always wear long pants when I am hiking to help minimise the scrapes and bumps on my shins. A long sleeve top will also protect your arms. Chaffing Even if you don’t like discussing the area between your legs the irritation of chaffing can put a real damper on your hiking experience. This common hiking injury isn’t cured by long sleeves either, instead choosing the appropriate active underwear over your average cotton briefs will go a long way in avoiding the “long day in the saddle” look at night. Think wool or synthetic nylon when choosing your adventure undies, and if you still find yourself scratching at places that shouldn’t be scratched in public, a good handful of body powder can go a long way. I would also recommend not swimming in salt water during your hike as the salt residue will lead top painful chafing as the day progresses. Joint injury You can do more than skin your knee if you trip or slip on the trail. Sprained ankles and knee injuries can result from a fall on uneven terrain. Prevention through attention – note your surroundings and step with care because limping back or having to be carried back to civilisation is a drag on everyone concerned. If you experience joint injury to the point of needing to take a break, be sure to elevate the injury, know how to make a proper brace, and take a rest day if you can afford it to let any pain and swelling subside. Swollen hands Your blood flows really well while hiking, which is a good thing. If it’s causing uncomfortable swelling in your hands though, try looping your thumbs into your pack straps somewhere, level with or higher than your heart. This stops the centrifugal force that is pushing too much blood into your hands. Using hiking poles can also help. Headache This can be a tricky one, but there are a few common and very treatable reasons hikers get headaches while on the trail. The most obvious reason for a headache while hiking is dehydration. If it improves when you lie down, this is usually the case. Solution: drink more water. Try doubling whatever you’re drinking now up to 1 litre per hour. Skip any electrolyte additions and instead have a few salty snacks. For snacks, it is sometimes best to avoid peanut butter, peanuts, and chocolate, which can exacerbate a headache in some people. If your headache does not get better when you lie down, or if it feels better when you’re standing up, you may be suffering from hyponatremia; meaning you’ve drank too much water and need more salts, sugars, and electrolytes in your bloodstream. Take a break and have the saltiest snack you can find (or two). Try to urinate and consider limiting your water for the next few hours if you’ve been drinking more than 1 litre per hour. Add an electrolyte powder to your water for the rest of your hike. Stomach ache Stomach ache can be related to over-hydration. Try drinking less water or, and having a small snack or two to help process that water through your body. Heat can also cause an upset stomach in some people. The best cure for this reaction is relaxation and shade. If you drink contaminated water from a creek or river this can also upset your digestive system. To prevent this, always filter or treat your water before consuming. Constipation / Diarrhea It’s a taboo conversation topic at the dinner table, but open communication about your digestive condition is an important safety factor on the trail. An upset stomach is not only an inconvenience to your overall mood and performance, but left untreated it can lead to gut-busting medical emergencies. Combined with the extra exercise and trail food diet, stomachs can respond differently to hiking life. Diarrhea can most commonly be caused by dehydration or bacterial infection and can be prevented by staying hydrated, cooking all food properly (and avoiding unfamiliar berries) and treating all water you consume. Constipation can be caused by many different reasons, and on the trail it can be associated with new diets and physical and mental stress. By carrying a small supply of Imodium and Laxatives, it can help things go a little smoother.


SAFETY TIP LEAVING THE TRAIL?

Leaving the trail to look at something or for a toilet stop? Leave a Sign. Leave your pack behind on the trail so that others know where you left the trail. It’s a lot easier to find you if people know where to start looking.

Dehydration We live in a dry climate and dehydration can happen faster than you think, even on a short hike. Prehydrate–drink before you start. Many experts say to drink 250ml every few kilometres. My recommendation is that you should consume 250ml every 30 to 45 minutes. Keep the water flowing into your body even if you don’t feel thirsty. Wearing a Camelback type hydration system is one of the easiest ways to carry a volume of water. By the end of a 4-hour hike, you should have consumed two litres of water and you should be able to go to the toilet. Urine that is light yellow (straw colour) is a good indication that you’re getting enough fluid. If you don’t need to urinate then all the water you drank left your body as perspiration and you still need to drink more water to re-hydrate. Following a hike, you should drink additional water with electrolytes until you need to use the toilet. I don’t mean scull it down, just drink half a cup every 5 minutes or so. Insect bites Depending on where your hike takes you, you can run into any manner of flying, stinging creatures. Apply insect repellent if hiking near water or in any area you know has biting insects. If you have a severe insect allergy, you should always carry appropriate emergency medicine (i.e. epi pen). Covering up with loose clothing is also an excellent prevention as the creepy crawlies will have greater difficulty locating a nice area of skin to bite. Sunburn Sunburn is always a danger in Australia, even on a cloudy day. Always apply sunscreen before you begin your hike, and re-apply sunscreen periodically throughout the day. Pay particular attention to re-application after sweating a lot or getting wet in rain, creeks and rivers. Now get out there, remember these tips and enjoy your next adventure.

SAFETY TIP TELL SOMEONE YOUR PLANS

Leave your hike plan with someone you trust. Include your group size, levels of experience, trail head, intended direction of travel, exit points and expected time of return. And always tell them when you have returned.

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CARRY A FIRST AID

SURVIVAL KITS

& THE BIG 5 OF SURVIVAL I personally carry and highly recommend that you always have a personal survival kit, even on day hikes. Your Survival Kit should contain all the necessary items for survival in the wilderness. The ‘Big 5’ priorities of survival are water, warmth, shelter, signals and food. With a well prepared and practical kit you will be better positioned to survive in the Australian wilderness until you walk out or assistance arrives. Your kits should be packed in a compact, durable and lightweight container, small enough to fit into a large pocket and ideally should weigh less than 500 grams. Items to include in your kit are: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Duct Tape Safety Pins Heavy Duty Sewing Needle Heavy Duty Nylon Thread Compass Water sterilisation agents Water procurement bags Nylon Cord, Braided Safety Wire, Stainless Steel Knife or Scalpel Blade Signal Mirror or Flash Fish Hooks, Fishing Line, Sinkers and Swivels Firestarter or Flint Tinder Waterproof Paper Pencil Waterproof Survival Instructions Whistle Emergency blanket or bivvy Mini survival cards Tea Bag (so you relax while you think of a plan)


KIT


Keep a First Aid Kit with you at all times. Even if you are going for a short hike, there is always a small possibility you could break a limb, cut yourself or get bitten by insects or snakes, so you need to be prepared for the worst. Most first aid kits are compact and contain all the essential items you’ll need. Update your first aid kit. Inspect your emergency and first aid kits before each hike. Replace consumed items before you head out. If you are building a First Aid Kit from scratch I recommend taking: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Compact first aid manual Pressure immobilisation bandages Regular roller bandages Triangular bandage for breaks Gauze or cotton pads for wounds Assorted bandaids for blisters and cuts Moleskin and/or blister kit Ointment for insect bites Antiseptic cream Tweezers and splinter needles Soluble pain relievers Antihistamine Insect repellent Salt (for leeches) Matches and Flint Personal medications – with instructions Notepad and pencil

SAFETY TIP KEEP DRY Water is critical for staying alive, but it is also deadly when mixed with cold on the trail. Keep yourself and your gear dry. Keep Dry. Put items in zip-lock bags, sleeping bag in heavy-duty plastic garbage bag, clothes in waterproof bags. Carry and use rain-gear.

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WATER KEEP YOURSELF

HYDRATED Water is YOUR most critical survival tool – whether in the wild or at home. Water and Hydration Rule of 3: You can live 3 minutes without air. You can live 3 days without water. (they wont be very pleasant ones) You can live 3 weeks without food. You’ll have air to breathe unless you’re under water or in a cave-in. If you run out of food, you can struggle on for 150 miles if needed. But, if you run out of water, you have only a day or so to figure out a solution. It consistently amazes me how many times I see people out for a walk or hike with nothing but the clothes they are wearing. Sure when you are walking around the suburbs you don’t have to be too concerned about carrying water, snacks and basic medical supplies but when you venture into the bush even for as little as for a leisurely stroll you need to be prepared to come back alive. That may sound a bit dramatic but I have read countless stories about people becoming lost and coming close to or meeting their demise on short walks into the great unknown. Don’t even think of starting on a hike that takes you more than a kilometre from the trail head without a bottle of water along. You should have at least one litre with you and consume 250ml every 30 to 45 minutes. Keep the water flowing into your body even if you don’t feel thirsty. Do you realize that by the time you actually feel thirsty you are already dehydrated? If you are hiking, you are losing moisture and you need to replace it. By the end of a 4-hour hike, you should have consumed two litres of water and you should be able to go to the toilet. Urine that is light yellow (straw colour) is a good indication that you’re getting enough fluid. If you don’t need to urinate then all the water you drank left your body as perspiration and you still need to drink more water to re-hydrate. Following a hike, you should drink additional water with electrolytes until you need to use the toilet. I don’t mean scull it down, just drink half a cup every 5 minutes or so.


Update your first aid kit.

TEN TIPS FOR FIRST AIDERS words by Great Walks Magazine

1. Stay calm Many moons ago, during a military first aid course, I was once told to stop and have a cigarette before treating a patient. I’d argue that advice is probably a bit too blasé, but the point is the cooler heads always prevail. Stop, breathe, assess. 2. Don’t put yourself or others in danger This concept is repeated ad nauseam, but it is pretty much impossible to be dispassionate about a friend or loved one in danger. Remember, you are their best chance of survival. Your safety and that of others is paramount. Without this, treatment cannot occur. 3. Review your kit for each expedition There is no such thing as a perfect first aid kit for any given trip, much less for all occasions. Your needs will vary greatly by terrain, country, climate, time spent in the field, time from definitive care and risk acceptance. Be sure to review before each expedition and replace used items. 4. Be prepared to improvise I don’t know about you, but I rarely carry a cervical spine collar, traction splint or stretcher on my expeditions. If we possessed all the medical equipment we could ever need, we’d probably be in a hospital. Be prepared to think outside the box and use trekking poles, jackets, sticks, socks… whatever! 5. Emphasise patient comfort The main difference between wilderness and urban first aid is the length of care, often measured in days rather than minutes. Keeping your patient as warm, dry and comfortable as possible is not just a nice thing to do, it also increases their chance of survival.

Inspect your first aid kit before every hike. Replace consumed items before you head out. See what to pack in your First Aid Kit at... www.trailhiking.com.au/hike-safety/first-aid-kit/ 6. Have a contingency plan It helps to have considered your options before ever stepping foot on the trail. If an injury occurs and evacuation is necessary, what are your options? Are there alternate routes? Can you backtrack? Is a helicopter a possibility or will you need to hoof it? Don’t wait until the heat of the moment. 7. Be super careful of head injuries There’s a tendency toward a “she’ll be right, mate” attitude amongst Australians. We like to think of ourselves as a hardy bunch. However, head injuries should ALWAYS be treated with suspicion. If there is any loss of consciousness, evacuate immediately. Even if there isn’t, continue to monitor the patient vigilantly. 8. Consider MOI There is an awful lot of credence given to spinal injuries in many first aid courses, but it pays to consider the Mechanism of Injury (MOI). Did the nature of the incident warrant concern for the spinal column? If not, it’s possible that there are plenty of other factors that are significantly more pressing. 9. Don’t get tunnel vision The wilderness is four dimensional – look around, look up, look out. Before you begin treatment, consider the environment around you and remove any hazards if it is safe to do so. Remember to monitor factors such as weather and available daylight as you continue treatment. 10. Get trained, stay current Knowledge is power. A Wilderness First Responder (or “Woofer”) course is your best bet to arming yourself with the amount of information and skills you’ll need for responsible wilderness travel.

Whether you are training for an extended trek or hiking on the weekends, we’ve all felt the effects of sore muscles, blistered feet, or aching joints. Injuries can prevent you from doing what you are passionate about and hamper training efforts when working towards that next big adventure. With a few tips on how to prevent and treat common hiking injuries, you can keep doing what you love and hiking towards your goal.

Find out How to Prevent Common Hiking Injuries at www.trailhiking.com.au/prevent-common-hiking-injuries

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CLOTHING

YOUR FIRST LINE OF PROTECTION words by Darren Edwards

Quite simply, the right clothing for hiking ensures you enjoy hiking in both comfort and safety. Your clothing for hiking is important as it is your first line of protection from the cold, the wind, rain, sun, insects, snakes and the scrub. A number of light, adjustable layers is preferable to a few layers of thick fabric. Adjust zippers and layers to minimize sweating during exercise and be sure to add layers before you feel cold at rest stops.

Cotton My personal opinion (and that of many others) is to leave all your cotton clothes at home. Cotton can Kill. Cotton is not a good wicking fabric, does not breathe well and will make you cold when wet. I experienced this on many hikes where I have been forced to remove my cotton clothing due to over saturation. It’s just not worth the hassle.

COTTON

Avoid wearing garments that are labelled as corduroy, denim or flannel. These are all made with cotton. ! Advantage: Cool sun protection, non irritant ! Disadvantage: Cold when wet, slow drying

KILLS

Clothing keeps you warm by trapping warm air near your skin. That’s how cotton kills. When cotton gets wet, it ceases to insulate you because all of the air pockets in the fabric fill up with water. When you hike, you perspire, and any cotton clothing touching your skin will absorb your sweat like a sponge. If the air is colder than your body temperature , you’ll feel cold because your cotton clothing is saturated and no longer providing any insulation. This can lead to disorientation, hypothermia, and potentially death if you become too chilled. Remember, hypother mia can occur in temperatures well above freezing and become serious if you get wet and chilled. Avoid wearing garments that are labelled as corduroy, denim, flannel, or duck. These are all made with cotton. In addition, steer clear of cotton-polyester blends, for example 50/50. They’ll still kill you, although it may take a little longer. © 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

Wool ! Advantage: Warm when wet, low flammability ! Disadvantage: Skin irritant, slow drying, heavy when wet (unless superfine merino) Synthetics ! Advantage: High warmth/weight ratio, absorbs little moisture, quick drying ! Disadvantage: Warm in hot weather, often expensive, non fire resistant When choosing your clothing for a specific trip make allowances for dealing with the expected terrain and the worst weather conditions that may be encountered in the walk area. In alpine regions be prepared for rapid change to blizzard conditions in all seasons. Neither should the danger from the sun be underestimated. Despite the deceptively cooler air temperatures generally encountered at altitude, ultraviolet levels are significantly higher, and reflection from snow can reach parts of the body not usually exposed to the sun’s rays. Resist the temptation to reduce pack weight by leaving spare clothing behind.

Consider the following elements when determining what you will wear or pack for your hike. Terrain Always wear comfortable, well treaded footwear. Many hikers prefer boots with ankle support when pack carrying or hiking on rough ground. Thick well fitting woolen socks are invaluable. Gaiters give protection from grass seeds, stones, scrub, snow, snakes and leeches. Rain The weather, par ticularly in southern states of Australia, can be unpredictable. Sunny one minute, bucketing down with rain the next. Always carry a good water and windproof jacket, preferably thigh length with integral hood, NOT padded and NOT a light nylon “spray jacket”. Waterproof over-pants. Not jeans. Cold Beanie/balaclava, mittens/gloves, jumper/polar fleece, windproof shirt, thermal underwear, woolen socks. Not jeans. Sun Hat, light weight long-sleeved shirt. Additional Items Keep a pair of spare socks with you. I always take a spare change of socks on a day hike in case my feet get wet or sweaty. A change of socks can be improve your mood dramatically when hiking as well as prevent blisters. You might want to carry warm clothing in case you get caught out after dark.

8

HEAT HEAT EXHAUSTION SO HOW EXACTLY DO YOU SPOT AND TREAT HEAT EXHAUSTION? Heat exhaustion can occur when you have inadequate or unbalanced replacement of fluids caused by physical exer tion during high temperatures. Many hikers, backpackers, and climbers who are participating in activities in the desert, high temperatures, and high humidity levels will be more susceptible to heat exhaustion. When the body temperature increases and is unable to cool itself properly heat exhaustion can occur. The best way to keep from getting heat exhaustion is to stay hydrated and do not hike or climb during the hottest part of the day. Heat exhaustion is a step above dehydration, but less severe than heat stroke. Heat exhaustion can be easily treated as long as the symptoms are noticed early and treatment administered as soon as the symptoms begin. If they symptoms continue this can be a sign of heat stroke.

Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Headache Nausea Muscle cramps Cool, moist skin with goose bumps when in the heat Heavy sweating Faintness Dizziness Fatigue Weak, rapid pulse Becoming light headed or dizzy when standing. up

How to Treat Heat Exhaustion ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

Stop your activity and find shade Loosen clothing or take off any unnecessary layers Wet a rag or shirt and place around neck Pour water on head and face Drink cool water or non-alcoholic, noncaffeinated beverages like sports drinks to help restore electrolyte balance Massage or stretch cramping muscles Monitor your temperature for changes in your condition that suggest heat stroke (If temp is 39°C or greater seek immediate medical assistance) If you are able to get to an air conditioned building or vehicle do so. (Do not sit in hot vehicle while waiting for vehicle to cool down. Instead sit outside in the shade.)


HOW TO SPOT AND TREAT MILD DEHYDRATION words by Darren Edwards

Dehydration and heat exhaustion can occur when you have inadequate or unbalanced replacement of fluids caused by physical exertion during high temperatures. Keeping yourself hydrated during any adventure is extremely important. If you are backpacking in the desert or snow showing in a winter wonder land physical exertion and dry conditions can cause you to become dehydrated very quickly. The easiest way to combat dehydration is to drink lots of fluids before during and after any adventure. To help keep you hydrated we have put together a list of symptoms and ways to treat mild dehydration so that you know how to spot and treat mild dehydration. Mild to moderate dehydration symptoms ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Dry, sticky mouth Headache Thirst Decreased need to urinate Dry skin Dizziness or lightheaded Sleepiness or tiredness — children are likely to be less active than usual Constipation

Severe dehydration symptoms ! Extreme thirst ! Rapid heartbeat ! Rapid breathing ! Very dry mouth, skin and mucous membranes ! Extreme fussiness or sleepiness in infants and children; irritability and confusion in adults ! Little or no urination — urine that is passed is a dark yellow or gold colour. ! Sunken eyes ! Shrivelled and dry skin that lacks elasticity and doesn’t “bounce back” when pinched into a fold ! Low blood pressure ! No tears when crying ! Fever ! In the most serious cases, delirium or unconsciousness

The Skin Test Using tow fingers grab a small amount of skin on the back of your hand. The best location to do this between your wrist and where your fingers start. Pull the skin up and let the skin go. The skin should spring back to normal position very quickly. If this takes more than a couple of seconds for the skin to bounce back you might be dehydrated. Urine Check If you are well hydrated you will be “Clear and Copious”. This little saying was taught to me many years ago in Boy Scouts. It means that if you are urinating often and it is clear or mostly clear then you are staying hydrated. If you find yourself sweating a lot but are unsure the last time you urinated was you need to stop and drink fluids. Stay away from dark coloured beverages, caffeinated beverages, and alcohol. Water or some type of high electrolyte drink such as Gatorade or a mix in supplement is best. The warning colours to watch for range in colour from light yellow (chardonnay) to dark yellow. If your urine colour is orange you need to seek immediate medial help. Prevent Hydration ! Drink lots of fluids. This includes before you set out on your adventure during and after. ! Switch out some of your snacks like nuts chips and pretzels for fresh fruits and vegetables. ! Wear appropriate clothing for your activity, location and weather. ! Take a rest and drink water, eat food, and rest in a shady spot. ! Plan your activities around the hottest time of day.

9


PREPARE FOR THE WORST & YOU MIGHT NEVER NEED RESCUING

PLBs

Do you regularly head out into the far reaches of the bush for a hiking adventure?

If you were to run into any trouble, you need a way for rescuers to be able to find you and take you to safety. Emergency Position-Indicating Radiobeacons (EPIRBs) and Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) are the ideal companion for those who want peace of mind when heading out into any remote areas. As much as they are a great companion they are no substitute for thorough planning and always carrying a map and compass. Hundreds of hikes are rescued in Australia every year through poor planning and their 'she'll be right mate, I have a PLB' attitude.

What is the difference between an EPIRB, ELT and PLB? EPIR Emergency Position-Indicating Radiobeacons EPIRBs are used in ships and boats and are designed to float upright using the water plane as a reflector to more efficiently get the signal to the satellite. For this reason they have ballast built in and need to be a certain minimum size to ensure they float correctly and their size and weight make them impractical for use by hikers. EPIRBs are commonly confused with PLBs. Whilst they are both distress beacons they are intended for different purposes and EPIRBs are not suitable for hiking. AMSA has discussed with BWRS its wish for the correct terminology to be used for beacons, so please try to refer to the units suitable for hiking as “PLB”.


ALWAYS LEAVE A TRAIL MAP

As part of your hike planning for remote and extended trips, prepare a trail map.

Include with this map, details of your group, levels of experience, intended route, exit points and emergency contacts. Make sure you leave a map or a copy of these documents in your vehicle at the trail head so that rescuers know your intended route and will have greater success at locating you if something goes wrong. A copy of these documents should also be left with your reliable emergency contact and registered with emergency services and the Australian Maritime Services Authority. When you return, don’t forget to let your contact and authorities know so that a full scale search is not launched.

ARE YOU PREPARED?

If you ever find yourself in a life threatening situation where two-way communication is unavailable, activate your distress beacon to alert search and rescue authorities. Never use them because you are simply tired, running behind schedule or it is getting dark, cold and you forgot your torch. ELT Emergency Locator Transmitters ELTs are designed for aviation and are larger, generally fixed units in aircraft that are automatically activated when an aircraft crashes. Again they are not suitable for hikers as they are too large and heavy.

PLB Personal Locator Beacon PLBs for hiking use are called Personal Locator Beacons or PLB. These are small, lightweight units suitable for hiking use. All 406MHz beacons should be registered. Be aware that some overseas beacons are not compatible with the Australian system. The safest way to avoid this problem is to purchase your PLB from a reputable Australian retailer, but if you wish to purchase internationally you must ensure the unit you are purchasing is compatible with the Australian system. See the Australian Maritime Services Authority website for a more detailed information about the system and how to use it. If you own a PLB ensure that is registered and on every remote trip.

10

Are you

PREPARED for your next hiking adventure? words by Australian Maritime Safety Authority

Before adventuring off the beaten track, it is important to ensure you are well prepared and carrying the correct safety equipment for all possible emergency situations. This includes a means of communicating and emergency to Search and Rescue Authorities. In a life-threatening situation, two way communication like a mobile phone or satellite phone is the most effective way of explaining your circumstances. When two-way communication is unavailable, activate a distress beacon (PLB) to alert authorities of your location. But don't forget to register your beacon! The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) manages the database of all Australian 406 MHz distress beacons with over 500,000 beacons registered. If your beacon is registered, AMSA can immediately ring your emergency contacts to obtain useful information that assists search and rescue authorities to coordinate an effective response. You can also upload trip plans and details on your online beacon registration account, which provides additional information if things were to go wrong. Beacon registration speeds up the response process, so it is essential to keep your registration details up to date.


An incident involving a snake bite victim in the Girraween National Park demonstrates the importance of following the correct steps in an emergency. On a recent school bushwalking trip, a 16-year-old girl was bitten by a snake and required medical attention. After alerting authorities by mobile phone, the school group was instructed by authorities to activate their distress beacon to assist the rescue helicopter in locating them. As verbal communications was their first means of alerting distress, authorities were aware of the emergency and were able to ensure the correct equipment was on board the helicopter to apply first aid and subsequently transfer the young girl to hospital. Another important element to this rescue operation was the fact that the beacon was correctly registered. In this case, the group hired a beacon from a company who, once contacted by authorities, validated their information and provided their position and additional registration information to the Police. A registered GPS beacon, can make all the difference in a lifethreatening situation. To register your beacon or for more information, visit the Distress Beacons website at www.amsa.gov.au/beacons or phone AMSA on (02) 6279 5751. You can also check out AMSA’s advice on “Things to know before you go” for land based activities. (www.amsa.gov.au/search-and-rescue/things-toknow-before-you-go/land/)

How to prepare your beacon before your next adventure Register your beacon AMSA has recently improved the online beacon registration system to make it more mobile friendly for registering and updating your beacon information from your mobile, tablet or laptop. Save your proof of registration When required by law, providing proof of registration is easy. The four options are: ! SMS – Save your SMS registration confirmation on your mobile phone ! Email – Save your confirmation email on your mobile phone or tablet ! Print – Print your registration confirmation, or if you have no email, request a printed copy to be sent via mail ! Online – Check your beacon registration status online Note: If you have an existing beacon registration sticker it will remain valid until it expires. Update your registration details Make sure your details are up to date in your online beacon registration account. This includes your contact details and emergency contacts. You can also now upload details about your trip plans and photos of your vessel or vehicle to help us identify you in an emergency. Check your battery expiry date Regularly check your battery expiry date and test your beacon as per the manufacturers' instructions. Note that even if the light operates when you are testing your beacon after the battery expiry date, this does not guarantee your beacon will work correctly in a distress situation. So make sure you service and replace the battery before it expires. If you choose to replace your beacon, ensure that you dispose of it responsibly. Australia's search and rescue system commits many hours and valuable resources searching for unwanted beacons in rubbish tips. This diverts important search and rescue resources away from real distress situations.

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WATER KEEP YOURSELF

HYDRATED words by Darren Edwards

Water is YOUR most critical survival tool – whether in the wild or at home. Water and Hydration Rule of 3: You can live 3 minutes without air. You can live 3 days without water. (they wont be very pleasant ones) You can live 3 weeks without food. You’ll have air to breathe unless you’re under water or in a cave-in. If you run out of food, you can struggle on for 150 miles if needed. But, if you run out of water, you have only a day or so to figure out a solution. It consistently amazes me how many times I see people out for a walk or hike with nothing but the clothes they are wearing. Sure when you are walking around the suburbs you don’t have to be too concerned about carrying water, snacks and basic medical supplies but when you venture into the bush even for as little as for a leisurely stroll you need to be prepared to come back alive. That may sound a bit dramatic but I have read countless stories about people becoming lost and coming close to or meeting their demise on short walks into the great unknown.

Water Purification words by Darren Edwards

There are a handful of Water Purification methods available, and after reading this ar ticle, you’ll understand the pros and cons of each method. But remember, you stake your life on your water sources, so never take chances that you can avoid, and always use the absolute best purification method available to you under the circumstances. Boiling Boiling is the easiest way to purify water, but it does have some drawbacks; it is usually the slowest method available, requires valuable firewood, gives away your position, and can’t eliminate certain impurities, such as heavy metals or certain chemicals. Boiling the water kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, or protozoans that can cause disease, making it microbiologically safe. You should bring it to a rolling boil in a suitably sized container, then let it cool before use. Bleach I’m not a big fan of ingesting chemicals, but you can use liquid household bleach, free of additives and scents, to disinfect your water. It should contain a hypochlorite solution of at least 5.25%. If the water is clear, add 8 drops of bleach (about ¼ teaspoon) per gallon of water; add twice that amount (16 drops, or ½ teaspoon) per gallon if the water is cloudy. After adding bleach, the water should be stirred and allowed to stand for at least 30 minutes before use. Water purification tablets We go back to the chemicals issue again, but if no other options are available, you’ll just have to suck it up. Due to variations in manufacturing, rely on the instructions on the label. Also, pay close attention to the expiration date; the shelf life of purification tablets is ridiculously short.

Water filters This is my go-to solution when possible. Commercial filters are available in a variety of sizes, styles, and capabilities. One of my personal favourites is the LifeStraw because it removes things that many others don’t and will filter up to 1,000 litres of contaminated water. Katadyn manufactures an outstanding bottle purifier, and MSR produces a highly rated pump-style filter. During an extended emergency, though, it’s important to know how to improvise your own water filter; it’s surprisingly simple (expect a tutorial on that soon) and requires a container, some cloth, sand, and charcoal. A quality filter is one of only two methods that can remove nearly everything from contaminated water. UV water purifier I’m not sold on UV water purifiers for several reasons. 1.) They require batteries—I’m not willing to risk my ability to remain hydrated (and alive) on that. 2.) While the technology is well-established and utilized in commercial operations, these hand-held units can only treat small quantities of water. 3.) The device will only purify clear water, and since you’re more likely to find cloudy or dirty water in an emergency, that makes it pretty much worthless. That being said, I wouldn’t be against picking a few up as a backup purification method, but I certainly wouldn’t rely on them. SODIS This is a method of disinfecting water using only sunlight and plastic PET bottles that is a free and effective. At a water temperature of about 30°C, about 5 hours of direct sunlight is required for this method to be effective. It’s important to point out that with the exception of the batteries, the same weaknesses of the UV water purifier apply to SODIS. Distillation Without a doubt, the most effective means of purifying water is distillation, but it’s certainly not the most convenient. It requires staying in a fixed area, and a bit of ingenuity. You could use the same type of still used for making alcohol to quickly produce a substantial amount of pure water in a short time but that requires specific hardware and a fire which may give away your position. Another option is a solar still in certain environments under certain circumstances. The biggest upside of distillation is that it eliminates everything; bacteria, viruses, protozoans, heavy metals, and other chemicals.

Don’t even think of starting on a hike that takes you more than a kilometre from the trail head without a bottle of water along. You should have at least one litre with you and consume 250ml every 30 to 45 minutes. Keep the water flowing into your body even if you don’t feel thirsty. Do you realize that by the time you actually feel thirsty you are already dehydrated? If you are hiking, you are losing moisture and you need to replace it. By the end of a 4-hour hike, you should have consumed two litres of water and you should be able to go to the toilet. Urine that is light yellow (straw colour) is a good indication that you’re getting enough fluid. If you don’t need to urinate then all the water you drank left your body as perspiration and you still need to drink more water to re-hydrate. Following a hike, you should drink additional water with electrolytes until you need to use the toilet. I don’t mean scull it down, just drink half a cup every 5 minutes or so.


12

GET LOST? words by Darren Edwards

When heading out on the trail, correct planning will help you to avoid Getting Lost. But what to do if you get lost to ensure you get home safely.

ALWAYS CARRY A MAP AND COMPASS, ALWAYS

IS THERE AN APP FOR THAT?

!

Stop and think. Stay calm

!

Recheck navigation and map

!

Re tracing your steps a short distance may assist. Locate your last known point if possible

!

Gaining some height may assist in orientation

!

If above does not help STAY WHERE YOU ARE

!

Find or make shelter to stay warm and dry

!

Call for help using any communication devices you have with you; e.g. radios, mobile phones, satellite phones. Call your designated Contact People and/or local emergency services

!

If other communications are not possible, and there is a threat of grave and imminent danger, activate a Distress Beacon (PLB or EPIRB) if you have one

!

Attempt to make your position visible to searchers on land and in the air; e.g. lighting a fire or leaving bright clothing in an open area that can be seen

!

If you are in a group stay together, never separate

!

Be aware it can take a considerable time for rescuers to reach you so your priority is to remain warm and dry

!

Ration your food and water if necessary. Source local water if possible and safe to do so.

You want topographical And know how to use them. maps and offline GPS If you want to know how to get from point A to point B navigation when you’re without getting lost (and your GPS is on the fritz), no need to ask for directions: just pull out your trusty (and hiking into the wilderness?

probably dusty) map! Knowing how to read a map isn’t difficult. The symbols, topography lines and direction helpers all might require a little understanding, but the answers are all right there! We’ll show you how to find the key to finding your way! For all hikes I undertake I actually use my smart phone and hand held GPX for a quick update on my current trail position but I always plan my hikes using a scaled topographical map and I always carry a map and compass in my pack.

Using a compass is a life saving skill – possibly your own life or someone in your group could be saved by your skill at reading a map and navigating your way to safety. Read more about map and compass techniques under HIKE SAFETY at www.trailhiking.com.au

Then Google Maps probably isn’t going to cut it. To be honest, neither is your smartphone. Always carry a map and compass and leave electronic devices as a backup only. Smartphone Trail Navigation is very common as a hiking tool. Unfortunately, some people think they are magical devices that keep people from getting lost – Nope! They are useful tools but should never be relied on. Continued use of GPS running in the background can dramatically decrease battery life. If they run out of batteries, get wet, or break, then it is a good idea to have a compass and a map as a back-up. For all hikes I undertake I actually use my smart phone and hand held GPS as a quick update on my current trail position but I always plan my hikes using a scaled topographical map and I always carry a map and compass in my pack. Most important tip is to select an app with off-line map mode to ensure that you are never left stranded without mobile coverage and it will save your battery life too. © 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

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PLAN FOR THE SLOWEST PERSON They will respect you for it. Plan a hike that is suited to everyone in your party and let the slower person set the pace. You can still lead the hike directly behind them and offer words of encouragement and assist them in learning how to navigate the trail. You might not know how slow they will be during the pre-hike planning so ask questions as they sign up to the hike. If you don’t find out until you are on the trail, then be accommodating enough to adjust your plans, pace and route (if need be) accordingly. It can be frustrating for a group to be waiting and equally as fr ustrating and embarrassing for a slow hiker who feels like they are ‘letting the team down’. Don’t be responsible for creating a potentially dangerous situation with a slow hiker falling behind the group and becoming lost.

HIKE IN A GROUP FOR A SAFER EXPERIENCE Particularly if you are new to hiking or not confident with navigation and map reading. It is a good idea to always have at least one other person with you if you are going on lowtraffic trails. This may not always be possible for a number of reasons so if hiking solo, be prepared with navigation tools, medical supplies, shelter etc. There are a lot of benefits to hiking in a group. Some of these include: !

!

! ! !

Learning from more experienced hikers or pass on your knowledge to others sharing your hike Improve your navigation skills including reading terrain, trail markers, map and compass use Distributing loads across the group, particularly on day and multi-day hikes Social benefits. Humans are social creatures Assistance in case of injury

Please Note: If you are unsure about whether or not food is safe to eat, do not consume. You must be certain that you will not be affected by the consumption of a wild food when in a survival situation.


KEEPING YOUR HIKING GROUP TOGETHER words by Darren Edwards

Leading a hike is not always as simple as strapping on your pack and expecting the rest of the group to follow. There are different levels of fitness, capabilities, experience, skills, personalities and pace of individuals to consider when keeping your hiking group together.

Whether you hike with hiking friends or with a large group this is a potential challenge that you need to prepare for.

A regular problem that can occur in larger hiking groups is that the group can easily spread out as the hike progresses. Some of your par ty will get chatting, some will stop to take photos, some are faster over rocky terrain or rock scrambles, some are simply fitter than others and can maintain a faster pace. Inevitably, a gap between the lead and whip of your group opens up and the main role of the group leader is to make sure that the gap doesn’t get so wide as to become unmanageable to the point where one part of the group can’t locate the other.

TASTE TESTING

FOOD Can I really eat that? While most plants are edible, although not necessarily nutritious, and only a small portion poisonous, you still need to be very careful when choosing to eat wild foods in the bush. A simple method of testing food before consumption is the “taste test” method. Taste Testing Food requires you to simply trial the proposed food on your body before consuming it for energy.

The steps are as follows: Break open the plant or fruit and rub a small component of its insides on a sensitive area of your body, for example the inside of your forearm where the skin is sensitive. Wait 15 minutes. If there is no reaction after step one, break open the plant or fruit and blotch it on your lips, without chewing or consuming. Wait 15 minutes. If there is no reaction after step two, chew a piece of the plant or fruit and spit it out, do not swallow. Wait 15 minutes. If there is no reaction after step three, chew a piece of the plant, swallow it. Wait 15 minutes.

If there is no reaction after step four then you can be confident that the food you are testing is OK to eat. Always, always be cautious though and if there is ever any doubt repeat the process or stop consuming the food immediately. Be extra careful when it comes to fungi as some symptoms of poisoning may not occur for up to 14 hours after consumption and may cause liver failure. It is extremely important to be able to positively identify the species of fungi you choose to eat before consuming it. Remember: the art of survival is about increasing your chances of survival, not reducing them. Please Note: If you are unsure about whether or not food is safe to eat, do not consume. You must be certain that you will not be affected by the consumption of a wild food when in a survival situation.

14

OUCH

KEEPING AWAY FROM THINGS THAT BITE Some facts about snakes in words by Darren Edwards

Australia

Australia is known for its dangerous snakes, and we have many – but in reality few people die from bites.

KEEPING PESKY BLOOD SUCKERS AT BAY Insect repellents helps in keeping pesky blood suckers at bay. They prevent and control the outbreak of insectborne diseases such as Malaria, Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Bubonic Plague and West Nile Fever. These infectious pathogens are carried and transmitted via blood sucking insects such as fleas, fly’s, Mosquitoes, and the arachnid tick.

But how can you avoid, these life threatening diseases? There are many methods of keeping these micro predators at bay, saving us grief, but first we have to understand what attracts them to us. Mosquitoes have highly developed receptors that they use to detect both carbon dioxide (from our breath), humidity (sweat and body warmth) and particular chemicals our skin emits. There are 300 or so chemicals produced by the human skin such as lactic acid, ammonia, phenols amongst others. some of these have par ticular chemical ‘scents’ that mosquitoes and other insects can lock into and zero in straight for our vulnerable flesh. Knowing this we can utilise particular chemical compounds such as DEET ( N,N-Diethyl-metatoluamide) to mask these odours and build a ‘barrier’ to prevent these vapours from attracting these tiny villains. Despite the name, repellents don’t always actually repel but rather mask the unique signals that attract blood-suckers.

Types of Repellent There are many types of repellent such as PERMETHRIN, NATURAL REPELLENTS & DEET. Some by far are more effective at keeping bugs at bay, however not all solutions are suitable for all applications.

Australia has some 170 species of land snakes, some equipped with venom more toxic than any other snakes in the world. But bites are actually quite rare in Australia and, since the development of anti-venom, fatalities have been low – between four to six deaths a year. From Spring through to Winter it is Snake season and time to keep a constant eye out for our little slithery friends. When on the trail avoid hiking in areas where snakes are known to be. Stay out of tall grass and on the trail as much as possible. If you must invade snake territory, wear long pants, ankle-high boots, or even snake-proof gaiters. Be careful when stepping in areas where snakes could be hiding, such as under rocks or logs.

FACTS ABOUT SNAKE BITES There is a common misconception that snakes are “aggressive” or malevolent. This is simply not the case; most if not all human bites are a selfdefence reaction. Get the facts at www.trailhiking.com.au/ facts-snake-bites/

If you are entering an area where you can not see your feet, kick ahead of you to give snakes enough warning and time to slither away. Always keep your hands and feet out of areas where you are unable to see them and be careful around rocks or while picking up firewood. Snakes can strike from a distance of half their body length. Let the snake slip away, or walk around it. When scrambling up rocky trails, watch where you put your hands, especially on sunny ledges. A lot of people believe that snakes will only be out, sunning themselves, during the hottest part of the day. In Australia this is simply not the case. Snakes despise the blistering heat and will often come out of hiking in the cooler mornings, evenings and even during the night.

Living with Snakes Snakes are not naturally aggressive and always prefer to retreat. They will only attack humans if hurt or provoked – most bites occur when people try to kill or capture snakes. If you come across a snake in the bush, just calmly walk the other way. If you find a snake in your home or garden and would like it removed, contact a licensed herpetologist. Contributed by Paddy Pallin

Find out more at www.trailhiking.com.au/ keeping-pesky-blood-suckers-bay/


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When the cold weather rolls in, your hiking adventures don’t need to stop. There are a range of things you can do to stay safe and comfortable during your winter hikes. Here are some of our top tips. Layer Your Clothing Learn how to layer properly to maximise your warmth and comfort on the trail. The Mountain Designs How to Layer guide takes you through each step if you’re not sure where to start. Here’s a brief run-down of each layer: ! Base layer: This layer manages moisture and heat. You’ll want to choose a material that is breathable, moisture wicking and warm. ! Mid layer: This is used to protect you against the wind and keep you dry. Your mid layer should also be breathable and moisture wicking while protecting you from the wind. ! Outer layer: Your outer layer is a shield against the rain and wind. This should fit comfortably over your base and mid layer without being too big. Choose Fast Drying Clothes Choose fast drying clothes for your hike to minimise heat loss from sweat or rain. They’re also handy if you’re on a multi-day hike and need to wash and dry them overnight. Thermos Take a thermos with your favourite hot drink or soup. A quality thermos can keep your drink or food warm for up to 8 hours – that’s a solid day of hiking! Stay Hydrated and Eat Your body uses up energy to stay warm in the cold. It’s important to drink plenty of water and choose energy-high foods such as jerky, nuts, dried fruits and bread to compensate.

10

TIPS


HOT

COLD HOW TO STAY SAFE AND COMFORTABLE DURING WINTER HIKES

GET READY FOR HOT WEATHER HIKING words by Darren Edwards

For most destinations, summer is possibly the best time to get outdoors and go hiking. Clear, sunny skies and long daylight hours can all mean and amazingly full day on the trail. Unfortunately here in Australia summer can also feel like the worst possible time to go outside, let alone hike. It is possible to still enjoy the outdoors in our brutal summer weather. You just have to adjust your thinking a bit and take a few extra precautions beyond the basics (like making sure to tell someone where you’re hiking). You don’t have to let high temperatures keep you off the trails. Here’s my ten tips for hot weather hiking.

Don’t Sweat It Be aware that sweat will bring your temperature down because it’s your body’s way of cooling off. If you start to sweat, take a layer off. Look After Your Extremities Maximise your warmth with a beanie, gloves, warm socks and a neck gaiter. These are small and easy to pack away if you don’t need them, but can make a big difference if it’s chilly outside. Take Short Breaks The longer your break, the colder you get. It’s as simple as that. If you do need a longer break to recharge, put on another layer until you start moving again. Take a Waterproof Pack Cover There’s no point carrying extra layers if they get wet. A good pack cover is lightweight and compact, making them easy to add to your gear. Even if you’re not expecting rain, it’s better to be safe than sorry. Don’t let cold weather hold you back – use these simple tips to improve your winter hiking experience. © 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Start your hike early Cover up Keep yourself hydrated Identify heat exhaustion Eat lots of chips Rest often Check the weather forecast Be fire ready Snake season Plan your hike

If it is too hot, then simply change your plans and don’t go. Check out the full details at www.trailhiking.com.au/10-tips-hot-weather-hiking/ Oh, and by the way, point 5 is not quite true, that was just to see if you were reading.

FIRE

BE

READY

Check the Forecast A simple but important thing to do is check the forecast. Check the temperatures, wind chill and weather predictions for the day you’ll be hiking.

While you are checking the weather forecast you should also take the time to check for any fire warnings in the region you will be hiking. Don’t just check the immediate area of your hike but check the conditions in a 50km radius from your route. Fires can more rapidly in hot, dry conditions, particularly if the wind pushing the fire front along. It is your responsibility to be aware of the conditions and never rely on one source of information alone. While you are planning your hike make yourself aware of any rivers, creeks or large bodies of water where you can seek refuge should things turn bad and plan any possible escape routes. If you are using a campfire for cooking and/or warmth make sure you extinguish it thoroughly so that you don’t start a bush fire yourself. Being prepared will increase your chance of returning safely so plan your hike thoroughly and stay alert at all times.

16


NEW TO

SNOW

NEVER GO ALONE

HIKING

Many hikers prefer to venture out in the milder months but there is something to be said for accepting the challenge of year round hiking. The winter months shouldn’t be out of bounds – so long as you prepare yourself and your gear correctly. Winter hiking requires more preparation, especially if you intend to hike areas which have seen fresh snowfall or at an altitude where snowy conditions are the norm. New to hiking in the snow? Here are our top tips: Never go alone If it’s your first time hiking in winter, choose somewhere you know well or even better go with an experienced guide. There is safety in numbers so never go alone. Dress appropriately What you wear will make or break your day so layer up for the most effective way to keep warm. Avoid cotton (it holds moisture and will make you cold when wet) and stick to wool or synthetics for your base layer. A fleece is the ideal mid-layer whilst a waterproof and breathable shell jacket will protect you from bad weather. If you need more insulation, a lightweight jacket, worn between the fleece and shell, will provide extra insulation if needed. On your legs layer base layer thermals under synthetic hiking pants (lined if possible) with waterproof over pants. If you know temperatures are going to be sub-zero you might consider a pair waterproof ski pants. Frostbite is a real danger in sub-zero temperatures and is most likely to affect fingers, toes and face so covering the extremities is vital. You might consider two pairs of gloves- a warm liner and a waterproof outer pair (possibly opt for waterproof ski gloves for greater insulation). A good quality hat, preferably one with thinsulate, and a neck gaiter or balaclava will help keep you warm. Think about your feet What you wear on your feet is of utmost importance; your lightweight summer hiking boots won’t cut it! A boot with a much sturdier sole, designed for tougher conditions, are a must. Chances are you will need to wear either crampons or snowshoes at some point so choose a pair of boots that are compatible. The correct sock choice is also paramount. Merino wool is a good choice as it is supremely warm. Whilst silk sock liners might seem a luxury they are really inexpensive and will provide that much needed extra warmth without the bulk. Make sure you have sufficient room in your boots to move your toes around. Come prepared Seasoned winter hikers will tell you: “take sufficient gear that you would need to overnight in the wilderness,” so you are prepared for any situation. A compact sleeping bag, roll mat and emergency shelter should be top of the list. © 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

Always pack more water and food than you think you’ll need so you have enough for emergency rations. Boil in the bag food is ideal as is soup and hot chocolate to keep you warm. You will also need something to cook on, fuel for the stove, head torch, flare(s), hand / feet warmers, first aid kit, pocket knife or multi-tool, a compass and map of the local area. Naturally, you need to ensure you have a bag large enough to carry all this gear. A 55-65 litre bag will give you sufficient space to carry this and extra layers when you aren’t wearing them. Make sure your bag has external pockets to store items you might need quickly, and also somewhere to stow rope and axes if you are using them. Communication is key Always let someone at home and, if staying locally, someone at the accommodation know where you are going. This is true whatever time of year you choose to hike but is even more important in winter where weather can change suddenly. Ensure your mobile is fully charged and you are able to make calls (carry backup power too). Make sure you know how to contact mountain rescue and that you have the means to attract attention if you need to be found. Watch the weather For a week prior to your trip keep an eye on what the weather has been like at your destination and check what the predicted weather is for the next 48 hours. Knowing what the conditions are like before you arrive will help you adequately prepare. Never be afraid to cut your day short or even cancel if conditions are so bad you are not confident to go ahead. Start and finish early Sunlight hours are limited in winter so travel whilst the sun is rising so you can make best use of the available daylight. Be realistic about what you can achieve in a day as ice and snow can make trails much trickier. A realistic target is 2 to 2.5 kilometres an hour where a heavy sodden trail might be 3 kilometres per hour. Pack for all situations Take everything with you, if you leave something back in the car park or at the hotel it won’t help you out on the trail! Use hiking poles If you’ve never used hiking poles now’s the time to start! Not only will the extra contact points help steady you but they are useful for finding snow banks and holes in the path that can become hidden.

Be wary of natural hazards Frozen rivers covered over with snow and ice can be very dangerous. Always have your wits about you and know where you are and where the hazards are. Watch out for overhangs and bluffs which could shed snow and cause avalanches. If possible, stay below the treeline as this will give a natural protection barrier and reduce risk of being caught out. Learn how to use an ice axe An ice axe is a very useful tool in winter hiking. It can be used for support whilst ascending, cutting steps into hard packed snow and ice with the back of the axe or arresting your descent should you fall. Learn how to ascend and descend in snow Going uphill, take short steps and “kick in” to the snow bank. Try not to use kicked steps from previous days’ travellers, they may be very icy. If traversing a slope, make sure you have your ice axe on the rise side for support. Going downhill, learn a technique known as plunge stepping. In a nutshell, it is a gravity assisted step down, not forward. Don’t lock out your leg otherwise you may and up jarring your knee. Keep your ice axe angled in front of you for self-arresting if you lose your footing. Know when to use crampons and snowshoes Crampons should only be used on hard packed snow or ice, their jagged teeth are designed to bite into the surface and give you good purchase. Using them on loose or fresh snow will increase the likelihood of slipping and injuring yourself. Learn how to put on and take off your crampons before you need to use them! Snowshoes are used in situations where snow is not heavily packed down. They help to evenly distribute your weight over a larger surface area so that you do not sink into the snow, making traversing the terrain easier. Snowshoes should only be used on relatively flat areas as they offer little in the way of grip. As with crampons, learn how the wear them correctly prior to needing them.

Take eye protection Sunglasses with UV400 protection or goggles are essential for winter hiking as snow glare can be seriously hazardous. If a blizzard kicks up you won’t be able to keep your eyes open and will get into trouble very quickly. Equally important is lip balm to protect your lips from wind chill.

17


PREDICTING WEATHER BY THE CLOUDS

Apart from their beauty and interest, clouds can provide a useful indication of weather conditions, both current and approaching. Being able to recongise and interpret cloud formations is a vital skill to master when hiking. This skill will assist during your trip preparation and will provide you with increased knowledge on approaching weather systems so you can stay safe during your hike.

The Ten Main Cloud Types There are ten main cloud types, which are further divided into 27 sub-types according to their height shape, colour and associated weather, Clouds are categorised as low (from the earth’s surface to 2.5 km), middle (2.5 to 6 km), or high (above 6 km). They are given Latin names which describe their characteristics, e.g. cirrus (a hair), cumulus (a heap), stratus (a layer) and nimbus (rain-bearing). It’s an interesting fact that all clouds are white, but when viewed from the ground some appear grey or dark grey according to their depth and shading from higher cloud.

Of all weather phenomena, clouds are among the most fascinating. From the silky filaments to high altitude cirrus to the towering, threatening mass of storm-bearing cumulonimbus, clouds are as varied as the weather itself.

Typical examples of the ten main cloud types are shown

High Level Clouds

1

Cirrus clouds are the most common of the high clouds. They are composed of ice and are thin, wispy clouds blown in high winds into long streamers. Cirrus clouds are usually white and predict fair to pleasant weather. By watching the movement of cirrus clouds you can tell from which direction weather is approaching. When you see cirrus clouds, it usually indicates that a change in the weather will occur within 24 hours.

2

Cirrostratus clouds are thin, sheetlike high clouds that often cover the entire sky. They are so thin that the sun and moon can be seen through them. Cirrostratus clouds usually come 12-24 hours before a rain or snow storm.

3

Cirrocumulus clouds appear as small, rounded white puffs that appear in long rows. The small ripples in the cirrocumulus clouds sometime resemble the scales of a fish. Cirrocumulus clouds are usually seen in the winter and indicate fair, but cold weather. In tropical regions, they may indicate an approaching hurricane.


Mid Level Clouds

4

Altostratus clouds are gray or blue-gray mid level clouds composed of ice crystals and water droplets. The clouds usually cover the entire sky. In the thinner areas of the clouds, the sun may be dimly visible as a round disk. Altostratus clouds often form ahead of storms with continuous rain or snow.

5

Altocumulus clouds are mid level clouds that are made of water droplets and appear as gray puffy masses. They usually form in groups. If you see altocumulus clouds on a warm, sticky morning, be prepared to see thunderstorms late in the afternoon.

6

Nimbostratus clouds form a dark gray, wet looking cloudy layer associated with continuously falling rain or snow. They often produce precipitation that is usually light to moderate.

Low Level Clouds

7

Cumulus clouds are white, puffy clouds that look like pieces of floating cotton. Cumulus clouds are often called “fair-weather clouds”. The base of each cloud is flat and the top of each cloud has rounded towers. When the top of the cumulus clouds resemble the head of a cauliflower, it is called cumulus congestus or towering cumulus. These clouds grow upward and they can develop into giant cumulonimbus clouds, which are thunderstorm clouds.

8

Stratus clouds are uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky. They resemble fog that doesn’t reach the ground. Light mist or drizzle sometimes falls out of these clouds.

9

Cumulonimbus clouds are thunderstorm clouds. High winds can flatten the top of the cloud into an anvil-like shape. Cumulonimbus clouds are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning and even tornadoes. The anvil usually points in the direction the storm is moving.

10

Stratocumulus clouds are low, puffy and gray. Most form in rows with blue sky visible in between them. Rain rarely occurs with stratocumulus clouds, however, they can turn into nimbostratus clouds.

18

CROSSING

RIVERS SAFELY words by Darren Edwards

Knowing how to cross a river SAFELY is a critical hiking skill. Take the time to learn correct river crossing techniques. The fact is that crossing rivers, especially when they’re running high, is among the riskier things you can do on the trail. Rocks and logs may offer a bridge to the opposite bank. But they’re often wet or covered with algae and mosses. That can lead to slips and falls, and, therefore, any number of things that you really don’t want to experience: head injuries, broken bones, and the chance to get swept downstream.

The rate of runoff in streams and rivers is highly variable. In years of light snowfall and hot spring days, streams may run at low-to-moderate levels by early summer. However, in years with heavy and lateseason snows, rivers can run so high that trails, even ones with actual bridges, remain impassable well into summer. Two keys to remember: Don’t take any unnecessary risks. And don’t push anyone past their skill and confidence level. You’re only as capable as the weakest hiker in your group.

Where to Cross

DON’T PUSH OR TAKE UNNECESSARY RISKS © 2017 Darren Edwards - Trail Hiking Australia

If you have to cross then consider !

Run out

!

Nature of river bed

!

Speed of river flow

!

Turbulence of the river

!

Depth of water

!

Shape of water

!

Entry and Exit points

!

Capabilities of the group

!

Coldness of the water Safer alternatives

!

Move side on to the current

!

!

Take small shuffling steps

!

Watch the far bank

!

Move diagonally across the river to utilize the effect of the current

!

Don’t fight the current

Acceptable Crossing Places Shallow water (approximately thigh deep) flowing above shingly or gravelly beds and with accessible banks ! Shallow water flowing over a boulder bed with a variable current ! Deep and slow flowing river but not too wide

!

Don’t clutch logs or rocks under the water

!

Keep your boots on

!

Avoid loose, baggy clothing

!

Wear woollen or appropriate synthetic clothing next to the skin in cold conditions

!

Waterproof pack contents

!

Loosen pack shoulder straps

!

Unfasten pack waist band

!

Unacceptable Crossing Places ! High and Discoloured water ! Excessive river flow and volume ! Excessive river width I have summarised some of the crossing techniques at www.trailhiking.com.au/river-crossing-techniques/

19

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OVER

WITH GPX FILES

DESKTOP AND MOBILE

AUSTRALIA

1,800 TRAILS My boys on the summit of Mount Feathertop

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